1
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Tikhonov DS, Lee JWL, Schnell M. On the thermodynamic stability of polycations. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:244110. [PMID: 38934634 DOI: 10.1063/5.0207526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a simple approximation to estimate the largest charge that a given molecule can hold until fragmentation into smaller charged species becomes more energetically favorable. This approximation solely relies on the ionization potentials, electron affinities of the parent and fragment species, and also on the neutral parent's dissociation energy. By parameterizing these quantities, it is possible to obtain analytical phase diagrams of polycationic stability. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by discussing the maximal charge dependence on the size of the molecular system. A numerical demonstration for linear polyenes, monocyclic annulenes, and helium clusters is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis S Tikhonov
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jason W L Lee
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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2
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Yao YR, Chen ZC, Chen L, Zheng SY, Yang S, Deng SL, Echegoyen L, Tan YZ, Xie SY, Zheng LS. Two Metastable Endohedral Metallofullerenes Sc 2C 2@ C1(39656)-C 82 and Sc 2C 2@ C1(51383)-C 84: Direct-C 2-Insertion Products from Their Most Stable Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37406618 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) are sub-nano carbon materials with diverse applications, yet their formation mechanism, particularly for metastable isomers, remains ambiguous. The current theoretical methods focus mainly on the most stable isomers, leading to limited predictability of metastable ones due to their low stabilities and yields. Herein, we report the successful isolation and characterization of two metastable EMFs, Sc2C2@C1(39656)-C82 and Sc2C2@C1(51383)-C84, which violate the isolated pentagon rule (IPR). These two non-IPR EMFs exhibit a rare case of planar and pennant-like Sc2C2 clusters, which can be considered hybrids of the common butterfly-shaped and linear configurations. More importantly, the theoretical results reveal that despite being metastable, these two non-IPR EMFs survived as the products from their most stable precursors, Sc2C2@C2v(5)-C80 and Sc2C2@Cs(6)-C82, via a C2 insertion during the post-formation annealing stages. We propose a systematic theoretical method for predicting metastable EMFs during the post-formation stages. The unambiguous molecular-level structural evidence, combined with the theoretical calculation results, provides valuable insights into the formation mechanisms of EMFs, shedding light on the potential of post-formation mechanisms as a promising approach for EMF synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Rong Yao
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuo-Chang Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lingfang Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shan-Yu Zheng
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shun-Liu Deng
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Institut Catalá d́Investigació Química, Ave. Països Catalans 16, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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3
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Sun J, Wang Y. How Does Spin Play with the Cycloaddition to Paramagnetic Endohedral Metallofullerenes? The Curious Case of TiSc 2N@C 80. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19183-19192. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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4
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Self-driven carbon atom implantation into fullerene embedding metal-carbon cluster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2202563119. [PMID: 36122234 PMCID: PMC9522327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2202563119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of members have been synthesized and versatile applications have been promised for endofullerenes (EFs) in the past 30 y. However, the formation mechanism of EFs is still a long-standing puzzle to chemists, especially the mechanism of embedding clusters into charged carbon cages. Here, based on synthesis and structures of two representative vanadium-scandium-carbido/carbide EFs, VSc2C@Ih (7)-C80 and VSc2C2@Ih (7)-C80, a reasonable mechanism-C1 implantation (a carbon atom is implanted into carbon cage)-is proposed to interpret the evolution from VSc2C carbido to VSc2C2 carbide cluster. Supported by theoretical calculations together with crystallographic characterization, the single electron on vanadium (V) in VSc2C@Ih (7)-C80 is proved to facilitate the C1 implantation. While the V=C double bond is identified for VSc2C@Ih (7)-C80, after C1 implantation the distance between V and C atoms in VSc2C2@Ih (7)-C80 falls into the range of single bond lengths as previously shown in typical V-based organometallic complexes. This work exemplifies in situ self-driven implantation of an outer carbon atom into a charged carbon cage, which is different from previous heterogeneous implantation of nonmetal atoms (Group-V or -VIII atoms) driven by high-energy ion bombardment or high-pressure offline, and the proposed C1 implantation mechanism represents a heretofore unknown metal-carbon cluster encapsulation mechanism and can be the fundamental basis for EF family genesis.
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5
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Ma J, Wang Y. Structures and Electromagnetic Properties of Boron Nitride Nanoribbons Doped with Transition Metals. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200144. [PMID: 35332988 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the recent discovery of the Ti-doped BN nanocages, here we report the design of novel BN nanoribbons (BNNRs) doped with fourth-row transition metals (Sc-Cu) and the prediction of their structural and electromagnetic properties. First-principles calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that Ti-doped BNNR possesses both thermodynamic and kinetic stability at high temperatures for synthesis of BN materials. Metal doping may make the nonmagnetic pristine BNNR ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic, depending on the metal. The doping with all considered metals reduces substantially the band gap of pristine BNNR. For example, Sc-doped BNNR is ferromagnetic with an indirect band gap of 1.18 eV, while V-doped nanoribbon is antiferromagnetic with a direct gap of 2.50 eV. Remarkably, the carrier mobility in both materials is significantly enhanced compared to the pristine BNNR. Our findings suggest that doping with different metals may endow BNNRs with versatile electronic and magnetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Ma
- Yangzhou University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou, CHINA
| | - Yang Wang
- Yangzhou University, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 180 Siwangting Street, 225002, Yangzhou, CHINA
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6
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Han Y, Li M, Zhao X. Effects of orbital angles on the modeling of conjugated systems with curvature. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:27467-27473. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03549a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Models with angle corrections give well predictions of both neutral and charged fullerenes. The integrals of nonparallel orbitals explain why angle features of designed and deep-learning models are necessary to describe conjugated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Han
- Institute of Molecular Science and Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Science and Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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7
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Wang Y. Extension and Quantification of the Fries Rule and Its Connection to Aromaticity: Large-Scale Validation by Wave-Function-Based Resonance Analysis. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:5136-5148. [PMID: 34428367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Fries rule is a simple, intuitive tool to predict the most dominant Kekulé structures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which is valuable for understanding the structure, stability, reactivity, and aromaticity of these conjugated compounds. However, it still remains an empirical hypothesis, with limited qualitative applications. Herein, we verify, generalize, and quantify the Fries rule based on the recently developed resonance analysis of the DFT wave functions of over 1500 PAH and fullerene molecules with over a billion Kekulé structures. The extended rules, counting the numbers of electrons within all rings (not just sextets), are able to rank the relative importance of all Kekulé structures for all considered systems. The statistically meaningful quantification also opens a way to evaluate ring aromaticity based on the resonance theory, which generally agrees well with conventional aromaticity descriptors. Furthermore, we propose a purely graph-based aromaticity indicator nicely applicable to PAHs and fullerenes, with no need of any quantum chemistry calculations, so that it can make valuable predictions for molecular properties that are related to local aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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8
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Wang L, Wang Y. Exploring Reactivity and Regioselectivity of Dimerization of Paramagnetic Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10962-10975. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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9
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Pla P, Wang Y, Alcamí M. When is the Bell-Evans-Polanyi principle fulfilled in Diels-Alder reactions of fullerenes? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8846-8852. [PMID: 32285866 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study on the thermodynamic and kinetic reactivity of Diels-Alder cycloadditions to several empty fullerenes in order to investigate the relationship between reaction energies and energy barriers. The results show that fullerenes with large HOMO-LUMO gaps present good correlation coefficients. In all other cases, two factors are responsible for the lack of correlation. First, the formation of unexpected adducts which are not the ones resulting from a [4+2] addition and second the change in the electronic structure of some adducts due to the mixing of the ground state with excited states close in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pla
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain and Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Wu B, Jiang L, Luo Y, Wang C. The Effect of the Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon in the Formation of Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotecnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Li Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotecnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2 Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Department of Chemical Physics Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry School of Biotechnology Royal Institute of Technology AlbaNova 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotecnology Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2 Beijing 100190 China
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11
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Wu B, Jiang L, Luo Y, Wang C. The Effect of the Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon in the Formation of Fullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3942-3947. [PMID: 31883185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous advances in nanoscience have been made since the discovery of fullerenes. However, the short timescale of the growth process and high-energy conditions of synthesis result in severe constraints to investigation of the mechanism of fullerene formation. In this work, we attempted to reveal the formation process by analyzing the variation in the yield of fullerenes under different conditions. Experiments and theoretical analysis show that the formation of fullerenes could be affected by the addition of polycyclic aromatic compounds. It is proposed that the formation of C60 during arc-discharge synthesis is fragment assembling, while the yield of C2m (m=35, 38, 39) is strongly enhanced by building-block splicing. In addition, several features of the building blocks are put forward to predict the extent of their influence to the formation of larger fullerenes C2n (n≥42). This work not only provides essential insight into the formation process of fullerenes, but more importantly also paves the way to improving the yield of larger fullerenes selectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotecnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotecnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yi Luo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotecnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street No. 2, Beijing, 100190, China
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12
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Li R, Wang Y. Modification of boron nitride nanocages by titanium doping results unexpectedly in exohedral complexes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4908. [PMID: 31659166 PMCID: PMC6961409 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their early experimental production and observation, the unambiguous molecular structures of metal-containing boron nitride (BN) nanocages still remain mysterious. It has been commonly assumed that this family of compounds has the metal atom confined inside the cage, just like their isoelectronic cousins, carbon metallofullerenes do. Here, we demonstrate that Ti(BN)n (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$n$$\end{document}n = 12–24) complexes have, unexpectedly, an exohedral structure instead of an endohedral one, which could be verified by collision-induced dissociation experiments. The predicted global minimum structures exhibit some common bonding features accounting for their high stability, and could be readily synthesized under typical conditions for generating BN nanoclusters. The Ti doping dramatically changes not only the cage topology, but the arrangement of B and N atoms, endowing the resultant compounds with potential for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\mathrm{CO}}_{2}$$\end{document}CO2 capture and nitrogen fixation. These findings may expand or alter the understanding of BN nanostructures functionalized with other transition metals. Although isolated experimentally, the molecular structures of metal-containing boron nitride cages are still unknown. Here the authors show via DFT calculations that externally bound complexes of boron nitride fullerenes doped with a single titanium atom are strikingly more stable than the endohedral ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Hennrich F, Schneider E, Weis P, Kappes MM. Comparing Empty and Filled Fullerene Cages with High-Resolution Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:1973-1980. [PMID: 31240563 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have used trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) to obtain highly accurate experimental collision cross sections (CCS) for the fullerene C80- and the endohedral metallofullerenes La2@C80-, Sc3N@C80-, and Er3N@C80- in molecular nitrogen. The CCS values of the endohedral fullerenes are 0.2% larger than that of the empty cage. Using a combination of density functional theory and trajectory calculations, we were able to reproduce these experimental findings theoretically. Two effects are discussed that contribute to the CCS differences: (i) a small increase in fullerene cage size upon endohedral doping and (ii) charge transfer from the encapsulated moieties to the cage thus increasing the attractive charge-induced dipole interaction between the (endohedral) fullerene ion and the nitrogen bath gas molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 6980, 76049, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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14
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Obaid R, Schnorr K, Wolf TJA, Takanashi T, Kling NG, Kooser K, Nagaya K, Wada SI, Fang L, Augustin S, You D, Campbell EEB, Fukuzawa H, Schulz CP, Ueda K, Lablanquie P, Pfeifer T, Kukk E, Berrah N. Photo-ionization and fragmentation of Sc 3N@C 80 following excitation above the Sc K-edge. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:104308. [PMID: 31521092 DOI: 10.1063/1.5110297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the ionization and fragmentation of a metallo-endohedral fullerene, Sc3N@C80, using ultrashort (10 fs) x-ray pulses. Following selective ionization of a Sc (1s) electron (hν = 4.55 keV), an Auger cascade leads predominantly to either a vibrationally cold multiply charged parent molecule or multifragmentation of the carbon cage following a phase transition. In contrast to previous studies, no intermediate regime of C2 evaporation from the carbon cage is observed. A time-delayed, hard x-ray pulse (hν = 5.0 keV) was used to attempt to probe the electron transfer dynamics between the encapsulated Sc species and the carbon cage. A small but significant change in the intensity of Sc-containing fragment ions and coincidence counts for a delay of 100 fs compared to 0 fs, as well as an increase in the yield of small carbon fragment ions, may be indicative of incomplete charge transfer from the carbon cage on the sub-100 fs time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razib Obaid
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | | | - Thomas J A Wolf
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, PULSE Institute, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Tsukasa Takanashi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Nora G Kling
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
| | - Kuno Kooser
- Deparment of Physics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kiyonobu Nagaya
- Department of Physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Wada
- Department of Physical Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Li Fang
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Sven Augustin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daehyun You
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Eleanor E B Campbell
- EastCHEM and School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hironobu Fukuzawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | | | - Kiyoshi Ueda
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Pascal Lablanquie
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Edwin Kukk
- Deparment of Physics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Nora Berrah
- Department of Physics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, USA
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15
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Celaya CA, Muñiz J, Sansores LE. Structure, stability, and electronic structure properties of quasi-fullerenes Cn-q (n = 42, 48 and 60) doped with transition metal atoms (M = Sc, Ti, V and Cr): A Density Functional Theory study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Chan B, Kawashima Y, Dawson W, Katouda M, Nakajima T, Hirao K. A Simple Model for Relative Energies of All Fullerenes Reveals the Interplay between Intrinsic Resonance and Structural Deformation Effects in Medium-Sized Fullerenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:1255-1264. [PMID: 30701966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fullerenes are sheets of sp2 carbon atoms wrapped around to form spheres. With this simple consideration, we have in the present study devised and (with over 3600 DFT data points) successfully validated a simple model, termed R+D, for estimating the relative energies of fullerenes. This model contains a resonance component to account for the intrinsic differences between the π-energies of different fullerenes, and a deformation component for treating the distortions from planarity. Notably, we find that both terms (and they alone) are required to obtain good relative energies, which lends support to the formulation of the R+D model. An interesting finding is that for some medium-sized IPR fullerenes, their isomers show similar variations in the two components. We deduce that these fullerenes may represent a good opportunity for tuning molecular properties for practical applications. We hope that the promising results of the present study will encourage further investigations into fullerenes from a fundamental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bun Chan
- Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Bunkyo 1-14 , Nagasaki-shi , Nagasaki 852-8521 , Japan
| | - Yukio Kawashima
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science , 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi , Chuo-ku, Kobe , Hyogo 650-0047 , Japan
| | - William Dawson
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science , 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi , Chuo-ku, Kobe , Hyogo 650-0047 , Japan
| | - Michio Katouda
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science , 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi , Chuo-ku, Kobe , Hyogo 650-0047 , Japan
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science , 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi , Chuo-ku, Kobe , Hyogo 650-0047 , Japan
| | - Kimihiko Hirao
- RIKEN Center for Computational Science , 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi , Chuo-ku, Kobe , Hyogo 650-0047 , Japan
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17
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Alcamí M, Martín F. Aromaticity, Coulomb repulsion, π delocalization or strain: who is who in endohedral metallofullerene stability? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:124-131. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06707d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Three different models for endohedral metallofullerene structure prediction are compared, revealing the physical origin of the stability of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
- Departamento de Química
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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18
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Weis P, Hennrich F, Fischer R, Schneider EK, Neumaier M, Kappes MM. Probing the structure of giant fullerenes by high resolution trapped ion mobility spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18877-18892. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03326b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We present high-resolution trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) measurements for fullerene ions in molecular nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76049 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Frank Hennrich
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Regina Fischer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76049 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Erik K. Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76049 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Marco Neumaier
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76021 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76049 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology
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19
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Foroutan-Nejad C, Andrushchenko V, Straka M. Dipolar molecules inside C 70: an electric field-driven room-temperature single-molecule switch. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:32673-32677. [PMID: 27892557 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06986j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose a two-state electric field-driven room-temperature single-molecule switch based on a dipolar molecule enclosed inside ellipsoidal fullerene C70. We show that the two low-energy minima of the molecular dipole inside the C70 cage provide distinguishable molecular states of the system that can be switched by application of an external electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5/A4, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Valery Andrushchenko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám 1, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Straka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám 1, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic.
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20
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Alcamí M, Martín F. Topology-Based Approach to Predict Relative Stabilities of Charged and Functionalized Fullerenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2018; 14:1791-1810. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.7b01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Pla P, Wang Y, Alcamí M. Simple bond patterns predict the stability of Diels–Alder adducts of empty fullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4156-4159. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01709c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study of Diels–Alder cycloadditions to empty fullerenes reveals that π effects control site preference. Simple Hückel calculation allows to obtain quantitative descriptors and to understand why addition occurs preferentially at certain types of bonds. A couple of simple rules are proposed as a visual guide for a rapid prediction of Diels–Alder reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pla
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Yang Wang
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem)
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22
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Zhang F. Comparative theoretical study of three C 56 fullerenes, their chlorinated derivatives, and chlorofullerene oxides. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Celaya CA, Muñiz J, Sansores LE. New nanostructures of carbon: Quasi-fullerenes C n-q (n = 20, 42, 48, 60). COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Garcia-Borràs M, Osuna S, Luis JM, Solà M. Rationalizing the relative abundances of trimetallic nitride template-based endohedral metallofullerenes from aromaticity measures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:4140-4143. [PMID: 28352903 PMCID: PMC5436040 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc01750b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) from a carbon soot sample of an arc discharge leads to a variety of EMFs that are obtained in different relative abundances. In the present work, we show that these abundances can be predicted from aromaticity calculations. In particular, we use the normalized Additive Local Aromaticity (ALAN) index. Our results show that the most abundant Sc3N-based and Y3N-based EMFs in fullerene soot are the most aromatic. This study reinforces the idea that aromaticity plays a key role in determining the stability of EMFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garcia-Borràs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. and Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - S Osuna
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - J M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - M Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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25
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Alcamí M, Martín F. Relative Stability of Empty Exohedral Fullerenes: π Delocalization versus Strain and Steric Hindrance. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1609-1617. [PMID: 28080042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Predicting and understanding the relative stability of exohedral fullerenes is an important aspect of fullerene chemistry, since the experimentally formed structures do not generally follow the rules that govern addition reactions or the making of pristine fullerenes. First-principles theoretical calculations are of limited applicability due to the large number of possible isomeric forms, for example, more than 50 billion for C60X8. Here we propose a simple model, exclusively based on topological arguments, that allows one to predict the relative stability of exohedral fullerenes without the need for electronic structure calculations or geometry optimizations. The model incorporates the effects of π delocalization, cage strain, and steric hindrance. We show that the subtle interplay between these three factors is responsible for (i) the formation of non-IPR (isolated pentagon rule) exohedral fullerenes in contrast with their pristine fullerene counterparts, (ii) the appearance of more pentagon-pentagon adjacencies than predicted by the PAPR (pentagon-adjacency penalty rule), (iii) the changes in regioisomer stability due to the chemical nature of the addends, and (iv) the variations in fullerene cage stability with the progressive addition of chemical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia) , 28049 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Alcamí M, Martín F. Generalized structural motif model for studying the thermodynamic stability of fullerenes: from C60to graphene passing through giant fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19646-19655. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01598d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A generalized motif model to describe the stability of neutral fullerenes, covering the full range of cage sizes, starting from C60, going through giant fullerenes, and ultimately leading to graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química
- Módulo 13
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
- 28049 Madrid
- Spain
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27
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Wang Y, Díaz-Tendero S, Martín F, Alcamí M. Key Structural Motifs To Predict the Cage Topology in Endohedral Metallofullerenes. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1551-60. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Díaz-Tendero
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Alcamí
- Departamento
de Química, Módulo 13, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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