1
|
Tang S, Wang X. Spin Frustration in Organic Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310147. [PMID: 37767854 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Spin frustration, which results from geometric frustration and a systematical inability to satisfy all antiferromagnetic (AF) interactions between unpaired spins simultaneously, is under the spotlight for its importance in physics and materials science. Spin frustration is treated as the structural basis of quantum spin liquids (QSLs). Featuring flexible chemical structures, organic radical species exhibit great potential in building spin-frustrated molecules and lattices. So far, the reported examples of spin-frustrated organic radical compounds include triradicals, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) radicals and derivatives, [Pd(dmit)2 ] compounds (dmit=1,3-dithiol-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate), nitronyl nitroxides, fullerenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other heterocyclic compounds where the spin frustration is generated intra- or intermolecularly. In this Minireview, we provide a brief summary of the reported radical compounds that possess spin frustration. The related data, including magnetic exchange coupling parameters, spin models, frustration parameters, and crystal lattices, are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxuan Tang
- Sinopec (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Sinopec Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han H, Huang Y, Tang C, Liu Y, Krzyaniak MD, Song B, Li X, Wu G, Wu Y, Zhang R, Jiao Y, Zhao X, Chen XY, Wu H, Stern CL, Ma Y, Qiu Y, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Spin-Frustrated Trisradical Trication of PrismCage. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18402-18413. [PMID: 37578165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic trisradicals featuring threefold symmetry have attracted significant interest because of their unique magnetic properties associated with spin frustration. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a triangular prism-shaped organic cage for which we have coined the name PrismCage6+ and its trisradical trication─TR3(•+). PrismCage6+ is composed of three 4,4'-bipyridinium dications and two 1,3,5-phenylene units bridged by six methylene groups. In the solid state, PrismCage6+ adopts a highly twisted conformation with close to C3 symmetry as a result of encapsulating one PF6- anion as a guest. PrismCage6+ undergoes stepwise reduction to its mono-, di-, and trisradical cations in MeCN on account of strong electronic communication between its 4,4'-bipyridinium units. TR3(•+), which is obtained by the reduction of PrismCage6+ employing CoCp2, adopts a triangular prism-shaped conformation with close to C2v symmetry in the solid state. Temperature-dependent continuous-wave and nutation-frequency-selective electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of TR3(•+) in frozen N,N-dimethylformamide indicate its doublet ground state. The doublet-quartet energy gap of TR3(•+) is estimated to be -0.08 kcal mol-1, and the critical temperature of spin-state conversion is found to be ca. 50 K, suggesting that it displays pronounced spin frustration at the molecular level. To the best of our knowledge, this example is the first organic radical cage to exhibit spin frustration. The trisradical trication of PrismCage6+ opens up new possibilities for fundamental investigations and potential applications in the fields of both organic cages and spin chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuheng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yiming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, The Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuguo Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Centre for the Soft Matter Science and Engineering, The Key Lab of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yunyan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pennachio M, Zhou Z, Wei Z, Tsybizova A, Gershoni-Poranne R, Petrukhina MA. Interplay of Charge and Aromaticity Upon Chemical Reduction of p-Quinquephenyl with Alkali Metals. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Pennachio
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Cao’an Road, Shanghai 201804, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Alexandra Tsybizova
- Laboratory for Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou Z, Üngör Ö, Wei Z, Shatruk M, Tsybizova A, Gershoni-Poranne R, Petrukhina MA. Tuning Magnetic Interactions Between Triphenylene Radicals by Variation of Crystal Packing in Structures with Alkali Metal Counterions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14844-14853. [PMID: 34524808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The monoanion of triphenylene (C18H12, 1) was generated in THF using several alkali metals (Na, K, Rb, and Cs) as reducing agents and crystallized with the corresponding cations in the presence of 18-crown-6 ether. The UV-vis spectroscopy points to the metal-dependent coordination environment of the triphenylene monoanion-radicals, 1·-, in solution. The X-ray diffraction characterization confirmed the formation of a solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) with sodium ions, [{Na+(18-crown-6)(THF)2}(1·-)] (2), and three contact-ion pair (CIP) complexes formed by larger alkali metal ions, [{K+(18-crown-6)}(1·-)] (3), [{Rb+(18-crown-6)}(1·-)] (4), and [{Cs+(18-crown-6)}(1·-)] (5). Structural analysis of the series reveals a notable geometry perturbation of the triphenylene framework in 2 caused by one-electron acquisition, which is further enhanced by direct metal binding in 3-5. This has been correlated with the aromaticity changes and charge redistribution upon one-electron reduction of 1, as revealed by the computational studies. The EPR spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements confirm antiferromagnetic interactions corresponding to an S = 1/2 system in the solid state. The magnetic behavior of 3-5 correlates with the arrangement of triphenylene radicals in the crystal structures. All three compounds exhibit antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions between S = 1/2 radicals in the solid state, but the exchange coupling in 4 and 5 is notably stronger than that in 3, which leads to AFM ordering at 3.8 K in 4 and at 2.0 K in 5. The magnetic phase transitions in 4 and 5 can be interpreted as originating from interactions between the chains of the AFM-coupled S = 1/2 radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | | | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Marina A Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
The development of potential magnetic materials in metal-doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been a research hotspot in recent years. Here we have successfully synthesized stable potassium-doped 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene samples. The combination of first-principles calculations and XRD results identifies that doping of potassium into 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene forms a monoclinic structure with a molar ratio of 1:2 between potassium and molecule. The red shifts in the Raman spectra indicate that potassium 4s electrons are transferred to the organic molecules. The magnetic measurements show that the doped materials exhibit a temperature-independent magnetization in the temperature region of 1.8–300 K, which is consistent with the Pauli paramagnetic behavior. This is distinct from the diamagnetism of pristine material. Compared to the previous focus on benzene ring structure, our study of aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives of benzene ring opens a new route for the development of this field.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gadjieva NA, Szirmai P, Sági O, Alemany P, Bartholomew AK, Stone I, Conejeros S, Paley DW, Hernández Sánchez R, Fowler B, Peurifoy SR, Náfrádi B, Forró L, Roy X, Batail P, Canadell E, Steigerwald ML, Nuckolls C. Intermolecular Resonance Correlates Electron Pairs Down a Supermolecular Chain: Antiferromagnetism in K-Doped p-Terphenyl. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20624-20630. [PMID: 33236891 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent interest in potassium-doped p-terphenyl has been fueled by reports of superconductivity at Tc values surprisingly high for organic compounds. Despite these interesting properties, studies of the structure-function relationships within these materials have been scarce. Here, we isolate a phase-pure crystal of potassium-doped p-terphenyl: [K(222)]2[p-terphenyl3]. Emerging antiferromagnetism in the anisotropic structure is studied in depth by magnetometry and electron spin resonance. Combining these experimental results with density functional theory calculations, we describe the antiferromagnetic coupling in this system that occurs in all 3 crystallographic directions. The strongest coupling was found along the ends of the terphenyls, where the additional electron on neighboring p-terphenyls antiferromagnetically couple. This delocalized bonding interaction is reminiscent of the doubly degenerate resonance structure depiction of polyacetylene. These findings hint toward magnetic fluctuation-induced superconductivity in potassium-doped p-terphenyl, which has a close analogy with high Tc cuprate superconductors. The new approach described here is very versatile as shown by the preparation of two additional salts through systematic changing of the building blocks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Gadjieva
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | | | - Pere Alemany
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | | | - Ilana Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sergio Conejeros
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Católica del Norte, Avenida Angamos 0610, Antofagasta 124000, Chile
| | - Daniel W Paley
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Raúl Hernández Sánchez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Brandon Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Samuel R Peurifoy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | | | | | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Patrick Batail
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States.,MOLTECH-Anjou, UMR 6200, CNRS, Universite d'Angers, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Enric Canadell
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hiley CI, Inglis KK, Zanella M, Zhang J, Manning TD, Dyer MS, Knaflič T, Arčon D, Blanc F, Prassides K, Rosseinsky MJ. Crystal Structure and Stoichiometric Composition of Potassium-Intercalated Tetracene. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12545-12551. [PMID: 32805995 PMCID: PMC7482393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The products of the solid-state reactions between potassium metal and tetracene (K:Tetracene, 1:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1) are fully structurally characterized. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction shows that only K2Tetracene forms under the reaction conditions studied, with unreacted tetracene always present for x < 2. Diffraction and 13C MAS NMR show that K2Tetracene has a crystal structure that is analogous to that of K2Pentacene, but with the cations ordered on two sites because of the influence of the length of the hydrocarbon on possible cation positions. K2Tetracene is a nonmagnetic insulator, thus further questioning the nature of reported superconductivity in this class of materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig I Hiley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth K Inglis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Zanella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Jiliang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Troy D Manning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew S Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| | - Tilen Knaflič
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Denis Arčon
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, United Kingdom.,Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Kosmas Prassides
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.,Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, 2-2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Konarev DV, Kuzmin AV, Khasanov SS, Shestakov AF, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Kitagawa H, Lyubovskaya RN. Decacyclene Radical Anions Showing Strong Low‐energy Intramolecular Absorption and Magnetic Coupling of Spins in a Hexagonal Network. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:2689-2695. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V. Konarev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka, Moscow region 142432 Russia
| | - Aleksey V. Kuzmin
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region 142432 Russia
| | - Salavat S. Khasanov
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS Chernogolovka Moscow Region 142432 Russia
| | - Alexander F. Shestakov
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka, Moscow region 142432 Russia
| | - Akihiro Otsuka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Research Center for Low Temperature and Materials Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hideki Yamochi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
- Research Center for Low Temperature and Materials Sciences Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science Kyoto University Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Rimma N. Lyubovskaya
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS Chernogolovka, Moscow region 142432 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoon T, Koo JY, Choi HC. High Yield Organic Superconductors via Solution-Phase Alkali Metal Doping at Room Temperature. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:612-617. [PMID: 31825627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Alkali metal doping is an essential process for developing organic superconductors. The conventional vapor-phase alkali metal doping, however, frequently suffers from low efficiency and poor reproducibility mainly due to the inhomogeneous reaction between alkali metal vapor and target organic molecule powder. To overcome this issue, here we developed a facile and highly reproducible solution-phase alkali metal doping (SPD) and successfully applied it to prepare potassium-doped fullerene (K3C60) superconductors. Different from the conventional vapor-phase alkali metal doping, the SPD method resulted in almost perfect diamagnetism with an unprecedented high shielding fraction (∼99.5%) with high reproducibility (>80%). It works well with popular commercially available solvents, like ammonia solution in THF, methylamine solution in THF, and even pure THF at room temperature. We believe that our highly facile and efficient SPD approach will be a great help for the finding of next-generation organic superconductors, especially searching for high-Tc organic superconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taekyung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Koo
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Cheul Choi
- Department of Chemistry , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Colman RH, Okur HE, Kockelmann W, Brown CM, Sans A, Felser C, Jansen M, Prassides K. Elusive Valence Transition in Mixed-Valence Sesquioxide Cs 4O 6. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14532-14541. [PMID: 31633914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cs4O6 is a mixed-valence molecular oxide with a cubic structure, comprising valency-delocalized O24/3- units and with properties highly sensitive to cooling protocols. Here we use neutron powder diffraction to authenticate that, while upon deep quenching the cubic phase is kinetically arrested down to cryogenic temperatures, ultraslow cooling results in an incomplete structural transition to a contracted tetragonal phase. Two dioxygen anions in a 1:2 ratio are identified, providing evidence that the transition is accompanied by charge and orbital order and stabilizes a Robin-Day Class II mixed-valence state, comprising O22- and O2- anions. The phenomenology of the phase change is consistent with that of a martensitic transition. The response of the low-temperature phase assemblage to heating is complex, involving a series of successive interconversions between the coexisting phases. Notably, a broad interconversion plateau is present near 260 K, signifying reentrant kinetic arrest of the tetragonal phase upon heating because of the combined effects of increased steric hindrance for molecular rotation and melting of charge and orbital order. The geometrically frustrated pyrochlore lattice adopted by the paramagnetic S = 1/2 O2- units provides an intimate link between the crystal and magnetic properties of charge-ordered Cs4O6, naturally accounting for the absence of magnetic order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ross H Colman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics , Charles University , Prague 121 16 , Czech Republic
| | - H Esma Okur
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Bursa Technical University , Bursa TR-16310 , Turkey
| | - Winfried Kockelmann
- ISIS Facility , Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory , Harwell OX11 0QX , United Kingdom
| | - Craig M Brown
- Center for Neutron Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Annette Sans
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Claudia Felser
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids , Nöthnitzer Straße 40 , Dresden 01187 , Germany
| | - Martin Jansen
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1 , Stuttgart 70569 , Germany
| | - Kosmas Prassides
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8531 , Japan.,Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR) , Tohoku University , Sendai 980-8577 , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang CF, Huang ZB, Yan XW, Lin HQ. Charge transfer effect on Raman shifts of aromatic hydrocarbons with three phenyl rings from ab initio study. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:074306. [PMID: 30795678 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the charge transfer effect on Raman spectra of aromatic hydrocarbons, we investigate the Raman shifts of phenanthrene, p-terphenyl, and anthracene and their negatively charged counterparts by using density functional theory. For the three molecules, upon charge increasing, the computed Raman peaks generally shift down with the exception of a few shifting up. The characteristic Raman modes in the 0-1000 cm-1 region persist up, while some high-frequency ones change dramatically with three charges transferred. The calculated Raman shifts for one- and two-electron transfer are in agreement with the measured Raman spectra, and in accordance to the stoichiometric ratios 1:1 and 2:1 of the metal atom and aromatic hydrocarbon molecule in recent experimental and theoretical studies. Our theoretical results provide the fundamental information to elucidate the Raman shifts and the stoichiometric ratios for alkali-metal-doped aromatic hydrocarbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, China
| | - Zhong-Bing Huang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xun-Wang Yan
- College of Physics and Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Hai-Qing Lin
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Konarev DV, Khasanov SS, Shimizu Y, Kuzmin AV, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. Fullerene and endometallofullerene Kagome lattices with symmetry-forced spin frustration. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1645-1649. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07017b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Salts of fullerene C60˙− (1) and endometallofullerene Sc3N@Ih-C80˙− (2) radical anions with the Bu3MeP+ cation were obtained. These radical anions form Kagome lattices with equilateral fullerene triangles. The strong antiferromagnetic coupling of spins in 1 and 2 without magnetic ordering down to 1.5–1.9 K indicates strong spin frustration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasuhiro Shimizu
- Department of Physics
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8602
- Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Otsuka
- Division of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Hideki Yamochi
- Division of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8502
- Japan
| | - Gunzi Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture
- Meijo University
- Nagoya 468-8502
- Japan
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang J, Whitehead GFS, Manning TD, Stewart D, Hiley CI, Pitcher MJ, Jansat S, Prassides K, Rosseinsky MJ. Reactivity of Solid Rubrene with Potassium: Competition between Intercalation and Molecular Decomposition. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:18162-18172. [PMID: 30499664 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of the K+-intercalated rubrene (C42H28) phase, K2Rubrene (K2R), and identify the coexistence of amorphous and crystalline materials in samples where the crystalline component is phase-pure. We suggest this is characteristic of many intercalated alkali metal-polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) systems, including those for which superconductivity has been claimed. The systematic investigation of K-rubrene solid-state reactions using both K and KH sources reveals a complex competition between K intercalation and the decomposition of rubrene, producing three K-intercalated compounds, namely, K2R, K(RR*), and K xR' (where R* and R' are rubrene decomposition derivatives C42H26 and C30H20, respectively). K2R is obtained as the major phase over a wide composition range and is accompanied by the formation of amorphous byproducts from the decomposition of rubrene. K(RR*) is synthesized as a single phase, and K xR' is obtained only as a secondary phase to the majority K2R phase. The crystal structure of K2R was determined using high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction, revealing that the structural rearrangement from pristine rubrene creates two large voids per rubrene within the molecular layers in which K+ is incorporated. K+ cations accommodated within the large voids interact strongly with the neighboring rubrene via η6, η3, and η2 binding modes to the tetracene cores and the phenyl groups. This contrasts with other intercalated PAHs, where only a single void per PAH is created and the intercalated K+ weakly interacts with the host. The decomposition products of rubrene are also examined using solution NMR, highlighting the role of the breaking of C-Cphenyl bonds. For the crystalline decomposition derivative products K(RR*) and K xR', a lack of definitive structural information with regard to R* and R' prevents the crystal structures from being determined. The study illustrates the complexity in accessing solvent-free alkali metal salts of reduced PAH of the type claimed to afford superconductivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhang
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , U.K
| | - George F S Whitehead
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , U.K
| | - Troy D Manning
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , U.K
| | - David Stewart
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , U.K
| | - Craig I Hiley
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , U.K
| | - Michael J Pitcher
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , U.K
| | - Susanna Jansat
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , U.K
| | - Kosmas Prassides
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka Prefecture University , Osaka 599-8531 , Japan.,WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR) , Tohoku University , 2-2-1 Katahira , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577 , Japan
| | - Matthew J Rosseinsky
- Materials Innovation Factory, Department of Chemistry , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool L7 3NY , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang RS, Cheng J, Wu XL, Yang H, Chen XJ, Gao Y, Huang ZB. Superconductivity at 3.5 K and/or 7.2 K in potassium-doped triphenylbismuth. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:144502. [PMID: 30316270 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop a two-step synthesis method-ultrasound treatment and low temperature annealing to explore superconductivity in potassium-doped triphenylbismuth, which is composed of one bismuth atom and three phenyl rings. The combination of dc and ac magnetic measurements reveals that one hundred percent of synthesized samples exhibit superconductivity at 3.5 K and/or 7.2 K at ambient pressure. The magnetization hysteresis loops provide a strong piece of evidence of type-II superconductors. It is found that the doped materials crystallize into the triclinic P1 structure, with a mole ratio of 4:1 between potassium and triphenylbismuth. Both the calculated electronic structure and measured Raman spectra indicate that superconductivity is realized by transferring electrons from the K-4s to C-2p orbital. Our study opens an encouraging window for the search of organic superconductors in organometallic molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Shu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jia Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Chen
- Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yun Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zhong-Bing Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Physics and Electronic Technology, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dai YZ, Dong BW, Kao Y, Wang ZY, Un HI, Liu Z, Lin ZJ, Li L, Xie FB, Lu Y, Xu MX, Lei T, Sun YJ, Wang JY, Gao S, Jiang SD, Pei J. Chemical Modification toward Long Spin Lifetimes in Organic Conjugated Radicals. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:2972-2977. [PMID: 30085398 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors for spin-based devices require long spin relaxation times. Understanding their spin relaxation mechanisms is critical to organic spintronic devices and applications for quantum information processing. However, reports on the spin relaxation mechanisms of organic conjugated molecules are rare and the research methods are also limited. Herein, we study the molecular design and spin relaxation mechanisms by systematically varying the structure of a conjugated radical. We found that solid-state relaxation times of organic materials are largely different from that in solution state. We demonstrate that substitution of a lower gyromagnetic ratio nucleus (e. g. D, Cl) on the para-position of the aryl rings in the triphenylmethyl (TM) radical can significantly improve their coherence times (Tm ). Flexible thin films based on such radicals exhibit ultra-long spin-lattice relaxation times (T1 ) up to 35.6(6) μs and Tm up to 1.08(4) μs under ambient conditions, which are among the longest values in films. More importantly, using the TM radical derivative (5CM), we observed room-temperature quantum coherence and Rabi cycles in thin film for the first time, suggesting that organic conjugated radicals have great potentials for spin-based information processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Zhong Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bo-Wei Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Kao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC) School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fang-Bai Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mei-Xing Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology Biodynamic Optical Imaging Center (BIOPIC) School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shang-Da Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering,Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center of Soft Matter Science and Engineering College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heguri S, Tanigaki K. Carrier-doped aromatic hydrocarbons: a new platform in condensed matter chemistry and physics. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2881-2895. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03745g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
High quality bulk samples of the first four polyacenes, naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene, doped with alkali metal in 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 stoichiometries were prepared and their fundamental properties were systematically studied. The carrier doped typical aromatic hydrocarbons showed a large variety of properties as well as charge transfer complexes and metal doped fullerides. We open a new category in condensed matter chemistry and physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Heguri
- Department of Physics
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
- Graduate School of Material Science
| | - Katsumi Tanigaki
- Department of Physics
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8577
- Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Romero FD, Pitcher MJ, Hiley CI, Whitehead GFS, Kar S, Ganin AY, Antypov D, Collins C, Dyer MS, Klupp G, Colman RH, Prassides K, Rosseinsky MJ. Redox-controlled potassium intercalation into two polyaromatic hydrocarbon solids. Nat Chem 2017. [PMID: 28644481 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Alkali metal intercalation into polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been studied intensely after reports of superconductivity in a number of potassium- and rubidium-intercalated materials. There are, however, no reported crystal structures to inform our understanding of the chemistry and physics because of the complex reactivity of PAHs with strong reducing agents at high temperature. Here we present the synthesis of crystalline K2Pentacene and K2Picene by a solid-solid insertion protocol that uses potassium hydride as a redox-controlled reducing agent to access the PAH dianions, and so enables the determination of their crystal structures. In both cases, the inserted cations expand the parent herringbone packings by reorienting the molecular anions to create multiple potassium sites within initially dense molecular layers, and thus interact with the PAH anion π systems. The synthetic and crystal chemistry of alkali metal intercalation into PAHs differs from that into fullerenes and graphite, in which the cation sites are pre-defined by the host structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Denis Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - M J Pitcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - C I Hiley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - G F S Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - S Kar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - A Y Ganin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - D Antypov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - C Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - M S Dyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| | - G Klupp
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - R H Colman
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - K Prassides
- WPI-AIMR, Tohoku University, 2-2-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, ERATO Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - M J Rosseinsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|