1
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Song D, Koo B, Kang H, Seo K, Kim C. Chiral Acetal-Based Stereo-Controlled Degradable Polymer Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202402064. [PMID: 38923725 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202402064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The precise synthesis of chiral polymers remains a significant challenge in polymer chemistry, particularly for applications in advanced biomedical and electronic materials. The development of degradable polymers is important for eco-friendly and advanced materials. Here, we introduce a stereo-controlled degradable polymer via cascade enyne metathesis polymerization and enantioselective acetal synthesis through Pd-catalyzed asymmetric hydroamination. This approach allows for the creation of chiral acetal-based polymers with controlled stereochemistry and degradability, highlighting their potential for use in drug delivery and electronic applications. This concept article reviews the background, development, and potential applications of these stereo-controlled degradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Song
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonwoo Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Houng Kang
- Department of Chemistry Education, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongdeok Seo
- Infectious Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Choeljae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
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2
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Wang X, Xu Y, Wang J. Efficient Dienyl End-Capping of Ruthenium Catalyzed Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization with Allyl Compounds through Base-Promoted Metallacyclobutane Decomposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409534. [PMID: 38869845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate an effective and facile end-capping technique for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using readily available allyl compounds as a new type of terminating agents. This new type of end-capping reactions, which are based on the base-promoted decomposition of ruthenocyclobutane intermediates, introduce diene moiety onto the chain end of ROMP polymers while simultaneously deactivating the ruthenium complex. These termination reactions are highly efficient, typically completing within 1 minute at 0 °C with >95 % end-capping fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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3
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Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. A Versatile Reversible, Degenerative Chain Transfer Mechanism for the Catalytic Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409781. [PMID: 38979659 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Most metathesis polymers based on norbornene derivatives carry a vinyl end group. Here we show that these vinyl end groups readily undergo a degenerative exchange of the terminal methylene unit in the presence of sub-stoichiometric amounts of a propagating metathesis polymer carrying a Grubbs ruthenium complex. We show that this degenerative exchange can be exploited in synthesizing ROMP polymers in a catalytic living fashion. Chain transfer agents based on styrene, or monosubstituted conjugated 1,3 diene derivatives are used as initiating sites for the catalytic living polymerization. Suitable derivatives of these chain transfer agents not only allow the linear living growth of polymers but also the synthesis of block copolymers from macro-initiators or star polymers from multi-functional chain transfer agents. This reversible exchange mechanism offers a cheaper, greener, and more sustainable alternative for the synthesis of living ROMP polymers compared to the classical synthetic route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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4
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Sathe D, Yoon S, Wang Z, Chen H, Wang J. Deconstruction of Polymers through Olefin Metathesis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7007-7044. [PMID: 38787934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The consumption of synthetic polymers has ballooned; so has the amount of post-consumer waste generated. The current polymer economy, however, is largely linear with most of the post-consumer waste being either landfilled or incinerated. The lack of recycling, together with the sizable carbon footprint of the polymer industry, has led to major negative environmental impacts. Over the past few years, chemical recycling technologies have gained significant traction as a possible technological route to tackle these challenges. In this regard, olefin metathesis, with its versatility and ease of operation, has emerged as an attractive tool. Here, we discuss the developments in olefin-metathesis-based chemical recycling technologies, including the development of new materials and the application of olefin metathesis to the recycling of commercial materials. We delve into structure-reactivity relationships in the context of polymerization-depolymerization behavior, how experimental conditions influence deconstruction outcomes, and the reaction pathways underlying these approaches. We also look at the current hurdles in adopting these technologies and relevant future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devavrat Sathe
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Seiyoung Yoon
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Zeyu Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Hanlin Chen
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Junpeng Wang
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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5
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Lin H, Yang X, Liu SY, Jäkle F. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of the Dewar Isomer of 1,2-Azaborinine, a B-N Isostere of Benzene. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:21-27. [PMID: 38095183 PMCID: PMC10842419 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The successful polymerization of the Dewar isomer of an azaborinine heterocycle is reported. Controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization was accomplished with Grubbs and Hoveya-Grubbs second generation catalysts (G2, HG2), as well as a Z-selective Ru catalyst (HGM2001). The structure of the polymers containing 4-membered B-N heterocycles was verified by GPC and multinuclear and 2D NMR. Differences in stereochemistry of polymers derived from G2/HG2 versus the Z-selective catalyst HGM2001 were substantiated by 2D NOESY, FT-IR, and Raman analyses. The incorporation of B-N heterocycles into these polymer structures is promising as a route to functional polymers that contain polar side groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huina Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University - Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02135, United States
| | - Shih-Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02135, United States
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University - Newark, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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6
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Zhao Y, Rettner EM, Harry KL, Hu Z, Miscall J, Rorrer NA, Miyake GM. Chemically recyclable polyolefin-like multiblock polymers. Science 2023; 382:310-314. [PMID: 37856598 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyolefins are the most important and largest volume plastics produced. Unfortunately, the enormous use of plastics and lack of effective disposal or recycling options have created a plastic waste catastrophe. In this work, we report an approach to create chemically recyclable polyolefin-like materials with diverse mechanical properties through the construction of multiblock polymers from hard and soft oligomeric building blocks synthesized with ruthenium-mediated ring-opening metathesis polymerization of cyclooctenes. The multiblock polymers exhibit broad mechanical properties, spanning elastomers to plastomers to thermoplastics, while integrating a high melting transition temperature (Tm) and low glass transition temperature (Tg), making them suitable for use across diverse applications (Tm as high as 128°C and Tg as low as -60°C). After use, the different plastics can be combined and efficiently deconstructed back to the fundamental hard and soft building blocks for separation and repolymerization to realize a closed-loop recycling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Emma M Rettner
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Katherine L Harry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Joel Miscall
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Nicholas A Rorrer
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
- BOTTLE Consortium, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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7
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Frasca F, Duhamel J. Characterization of Polyisobutylene Succinic Anhydride (PIBSA) and Its PIBSI Products from the Reaction of PIBSA with Hexamethylene Diamine. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102350. [PMID: 37242925 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The nature of the end-groups of a PIBSA sample, namely a polyisobutylene (PIB) sample, where each chain is supposedly terminated at one end with a single succinic anhydride group, was characterized through a combination of pyrene excimer fluorescence (PEF), gel permeation chromatography, and simulations. The PIBSA sample was reacted with different molar ratios of hexamethylene diamine to generate PIBSI molecules with succinimide (SI) groups in the corresponding reaction mixtures. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the different reaction mixtures was determined by fitting the gel permeation chromatography traces with sums of Gaussians. Comparison of the experimental MWD of the reaction mixtures with those simulated by assuming that the reaction between succinic anhydride and amine occurs through stochastic encounters led to the conclusion that 36 wt% of the PIBSA sample constituted unmaleated PIB chains. Based on this analysis, the PIBSA sample was found to be constituted of 0.50, 0.38, and 0.12 molar fractions of PIB chains that were singly maleated, unmaleated, and doubly maleated, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Frasca
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jean Duhamel
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Polymer Research, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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8
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Wang L, Zheng X, Kouznetsova TB, Yen T, Ouchi T, Brown CL, Craig SL. Mechanochemistry of Cubane. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22865-22869. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Xujun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | | | - Tiffany Yen
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Cameron L. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L. Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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9
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Mandal I, Mandal A, Rahman MA, Kilbinger AFM. Chain transfer agents for the catalytic ring opening metathesis polymerization of norbornenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12469-12478. [PMID: 36382288 PMCID: PMC9629056 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04078f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a detailed study of the metathesis activity of conjugated 1,3 diene derivatives in ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) using Grubbs' 3rd generation catalyst (G3). A comprehensive screening of those derivatives revealed that monosubstituted 1,3 dienes show similar reactivities towards G3-alkylidenes as norbornene derivatives. Therefore, they represent perfect candidates for chain transfer agents in a kinetically controlled catalytic ROMP. This unprecedented reactivity allowed us to catalytically synthesize mono-end-functional poly(norborneneimide)s on the gram scale. Much more complex architectures such as star-shaped polymers could also be synthesized catalytically for the very first time via ROMP. This inexpensive and greener route to produce telechelic ROMP polymers was further utilized to synthesize ROMP block copolymers using bifunctional ROMP and ATRP/NCL initiators. Finally, the regioselective reaction of G3 with 1,3 diene derivatives was also exploited in the synthesis of a ROMP-PEG diblock copolymer initiated from a PEG macroinitiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Md Atiur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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10
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Mechanical reinforcement of isoprene rubbers via metal-coordinated crosslink of carboxyl-terminated telechelic polymers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Wang X, Sun Y, Yao XQ, Xu Y, Wang J. Diazoacetates as Terminating Agents in Living Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Synthesis of Chain-End-Functionalized Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yichen Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Xing-Qi Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) and Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200032, China
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12
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Jahan N, Das A, Ansary I. Synthesis of Dibenzo‐Fused 15‐Membered Dioxa‐ketone Macrocycles through Ring‐Closing Metathesis Reaction. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Jahan
- Department of Chemistry The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 India
| | - Arijit Das
- Department of Chemistry The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 India
| | - Inul Ansary
- Department of Chemistry The University of Burdwan Burdwan 713104 India
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13
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Pal S, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. Controlled Alternating Metathesis Copolymerization of Terminal Alkynes. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:847-853. [PMID: 35736023 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Terminal alkynes display high reactivity toward Ru-carbene metathesis catalysts. However, the formation of a less reactive bulky carbene hinders their homopolymerization. Simultaneously, the higher reactivity of alkynes does not allow efficient cross propagation with sterically less-hindered cycloalkene monomers, resulting in inefficient copolymerization. Nonetheless, terminal alkynes undergo rapid cross-metathesis with vinyl ethers. Therefore, an efficient cross propagation can be achieved with terminal alkynes and cyclic enol ether monomers. Here, we show that terminal alkyne derivatives can be copolymerized in an alternating fashion with 2,3-dihydrofuran using Grubbs' third generation catalyst (G3). A linear relationship of the number-average molecular weight versus monomer to initiator ratio and block copolymer synthesis confirmed a controlled copolymerization. The SEC and NMR analyses of the synthesized copolymers confirmed the excellent control over molecular weight and exclusive alternating nature of the copolymer. The regioselective chain transfer of G3 to vinyl ether and the high reactivity of the Fischer-type Ru carbene toward terminal alkynes was also exploited for polymer conjugation. Finally, the presence of an acid labile backbone functionality in the synthesized alternating copolymers allowed complete degradation of the copolymer within a short time interval which was confirmed by SEC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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14
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Yasir M, Singh M, Kilbinger AFM. A Single Functionalization Agent for Heterotelechelic ROMP Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:813-817. [PMID: 35674524 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterotelechelic polymers are an important class of materials finding applications in bioconjugation, imaging, sensing, and synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid systems with interesting features. However, the synthesis of such polymers is challenging. Here, we report a mechanistically unique and most efficient method based on a single functionalization agent to prepare heterotelechelic polymers by a ring-opening metathesis polymerization. Different functionalization agents can be synthesized in one simple step from inexpensive commercial starting materials. The functionalization agents initially generate a functional initiator from commercial Grubbs' first-generation ruthenium benzylidene catalyst. During this process, a functional dihydrofuran derivative is produced. After functional initiation and propagation of a suitable monomer, the dihydrofuran derivative functionally terminates the polymerization yielding a primary alcohol-terminated heterotelechelic polymer. Molecular weight control is achieved by varying the ratio between monomer and Grubbs' first-generation catalyst. This method may emerge as a popular choice to prepare heterotelechelic polymers due to its simplicity and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yasir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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15
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Wang Z, Chan CLC, Parker RM, Vignolini S. The Limited Palette for Photonic Block-Copolymer Materials: A Historical Problem or a Practical Limitation? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117275. [PMID: 35446459 PMCID: PMC9325480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Block-copolymer self-assembly has proven to be an effective route for the fabrication of photonic films and, more recently, photonic pigments. However, despite extensive research on this topic over the past two decades, the palette of monomers and polymers employed to produce such structurally colored materials has remained surprisingly limited. In this Scientific Perspective, the commonly used block-copolymer systems reported in the literature are summarized (considering both linear and brush architectures) and their use is rationalized from the point of view of both their historical development and physicochemical constraints. Finally, the current challenges facing the field are discussed and promising new areas of research are highlighted to inspire the community to pursue new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | | | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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16
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Wang Z, Chan CLC, Parker RM, Vignolini S. The Limited Palette for Photonic Block-Copolymer Materials: A Historical Problem or a Practical Limitation? ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 134:e202117275. [PMID: 38528985 PMCID: PMC10962576 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Block-copolymer self-assembly has proven to be an effective route for the fabrication of photonic films and, more recently, photonic pigments. However, despite extensive research on this topic over the past two decades, the palette of monomers and polymers employed to produce such structurally colored materials has remained surprisingly limited. In this Scientific Perspective, the commonly used block-copolymer systems reported in the literature are summarized (considering both linear and brush architectures) and their use is rationalized from the point of view of both their historical development and physicochemical constraints. Finally, the current challenges facing the field are discussed and promising new areas of research are highlighted to inspire the community to pursue new directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | | | - Richard M. Parker
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Silvia Vignolini
- Yusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
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17
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Polynorbornene-Derived Block Copolymer Micelles via Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization with Capacity of Hydrogen Sulfide Generation. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Dong Z, Liu P, Crochet A, Kilbinger AFM. Fast Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Tricyclic Oxanorbornene Derivatives. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghao Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Aurelien Crochet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Museé 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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19
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Mandal A, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. Pulsed-Addition ROMP: Catalytic Syntheses of Heterotelechelic Polymers via Regioselective Chain Transfer Agents. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:491-497. [PMID: 35575332 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective chain transfer agents are used to synthesize narrowly dispersed heterotelechelic polymers with a 15-fold decrease in catalyst consumption using the pulsed addition ROMP (PA-ROMP) technique. The commercially available Grubbs' third-generation catalyst (G3) is easily prefunctionalized with chain transfer agents in a short reaction time (30 min). After addition and consumption of a monomer, the excess chain transfer agent in the reaction medium end-functionalizes the polymer chain and regenerates the initiator very quickly (within 10 min) via a ring-opening-ring-closing sequence. This regenerated catalyst then initiates the polymerization of a subsequent batch of monomers, and the process is iterated for 15 times. Excellent control over molecular weight and dispersity from SEC analyses (over 15 pulses) confirmed the high efficacy of the chain transfer agents under this PA-ROMP method. The chain transfer agents are also extremely compatible with the synthesis of high molecular weight polymers (M/C = 150) with minimal catalyst decomposition. 1H NMR as well as MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry further confirmed the high degree of chain end functionalization of the synthesized polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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20
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Sun Z, Kobori K, Nomura K, Asano MS. Star-Shaped ROMP Polymers Coated with Oligothiophenes That Exhibit Unique Emission. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13270-13279. [PMID: 35474816 PMCID: PMC9026110 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of oligo(thiophene)-modified "soluble" star-shaped ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) polymers were prepared by sequential living ROMP of norbornene and a cross-linking agent using a molybdenum-alkylidene catalyst, followed by Wittig-type coupling for termination with oligo(thiophene) carboxaldehydes. The resultant star-shaped ROMP polymers displayed unique emission properties affected by the core size and arm repeat units as well as the kind of oligothiophene coated. The effects of the thiophene groups on photophysical properties of star-shaped/linear polymers were studied via time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence lifetimes were determined in THF as 400, 640, 730, and 820 ps for Star 3TPh, Linear 3TPh, Star 4T, and Linear 4T, respectively. A significant enhancement of the nonradiative rate constants k nr in the star-shaped polymers results in relatively lower fluorescence quantum yields and shorter fluorescence lifetimes compared to the corresponding linear polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ken Kobori
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Motoko S. Asano
- Division
of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Tenjincho, Kiryu, Gunma 376-8515, Japan
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21
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Dirauf M, Muljajew I, Weber C, Schubert US. Recent advances in degradable synthetic polymers for biomedical applications – Beyond polyesters. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Burkey AA, Fischbach DM, Wentz CM, Beers KL, Sita LR. Highly Versatile Strategy for the Production of Telechelic Polyolefins. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:402-409. [PMID: 35575371 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A general and versatile synthetic strategy for producing practical quantities of a wide range of phenyl-group-terminated hetero- and homotelechelic semicrystalline polyethenes and amorphous atactic and semicrystalline isotactic poly(α-olefins) is reported. The phenyl groups serve as synthons for functionalities of additional classes of telechelic polyolefins that can be "unmasked" through simple high yielding postpolymerization reactions. A demonstration of the value of these materials as building blocks for structural classes of polyolefin-based synthetic polymers was provided by syntheses of well-defined polyolefin-polyester di- and triblock copolymers that were shown to adopt microphase-segregated nanostructured mesophases in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Burkey
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Danyon M. Fischbach
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Charlotte M. Wentz
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Kathryn L. Beers
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Sita
- Laboratory for Applied Catalyst Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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23
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Owusu F, Tress M, Nüesch FA, Lehner S, Opris DM. Synthesis of polar polynorbornenes with high dielectric relaxation strength as candidate materials for dielectric applications. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:998-1006. [PMID: 35178520 PMCID: PMC8784959 DOI: 10.1039/d1ma00704a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Materials with high dielectric permittivity and dielectric relaxation strength are sought for thermal and pressure sensors and electrical energy generators. However, most polymers have either too low dielectric permittivity or are so polar that their glass transition temperature (T g) is too high and thus decomposition and side reactions occur before an electric field can polarize the polar groups. Here, we use the power and versatility of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to synthesize polar polymers with high dielectric relaxation strength and T g significantly below the decomposition temperature. We first synthesized six polar norbornene monomers by conventional esterification, which were then polymerized by ROMP using Grubbs first- and third-generation catalysts. The structure of the polynorbornenes obtained were verified by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, molecular weights determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and thermal properties evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additionally, their dielectric permittivity, conductivity, and dielectric losses were measured at different temperatures and frequencies ranging between 0.1 and 106 Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Owusu
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers Überlandstr. 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Martin Tress
- Leipzig University, Peter Debye Institute for Soft Matter Physics Linné straße 5 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Frank A Nüesch
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers Überlandstr. 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, EPFL Station 6 CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux Station 12 CH 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Sandro Lehner
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Fibers Lerchenfeldstrasse 5 9014 St. Gallen Switzerland
| | - Dorina M Opris
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Laboratory for Functional Polymers Überlandstr. 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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24
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Zhou D, Zhu LW, Wu BH, Xu ZK, Wan LS. End-functionalized polymers by controlled/living radical polymerizations: synthesis and applications. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01252e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on end-functionalized polymers synthesized by controlled/living radical polymerizations and the applications in fields including bioconjugate formation, surface modification, topology construction, and self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang-Wei Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bai-Heng Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Ling-Shu Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, and Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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25
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Hakobyan K, Xu J, Müllner M. The challenges of controlling polymer synthesis at the molecular and macromolecular level. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01581h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we outline advances and challenges in controlling the structure of polymers at various size regimes in the context of structural features such as molecular weight distribution, end groups, architecture, composition and sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hakobyan
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Markus Müllner
- Key Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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26
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Mandal A, Mandal I, Kilbinger AFM. One-Pot Heterotelechelic Metathesis Polymers via Regioselective Chain Transfer Agents. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1487-1492. [PMID: 35549150 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Single chain transfer agents are used to synthesize narrowly distributed heterotelechelic ROMP polymers in one pot, exploiting a new mechanistic and synthetic approach. The chain transfer agents carrying different functional groups are synthesized in a few straightforward steps. Prefunctionalization of commercially available Grubbs' third-generation catalyst is realized in situ using regioselective chain transfer agents within a short reaction period. After monomer consumption, the excess chain transfer agent in the reaction medium automatically end-functionalizes the polymer chain, yielding a heterotelechelic polymer via a ring-opening-ring-closing sequence. 1H NMR, MALDI-ToF, and SEC analyses confirmed end-group functionalization as well as excellent control over molecular weight and dispersity. This strategy highlights a new way of synthesizing one-pot heterotelechelic ROMP polymers straightforwardly and efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Indradip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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27
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Zhang T, Sui X, Gutekunst WR. Convergent Synthesis of Branched Metathesis Polymers with Enyne Reagents. Macromolecules 2021; 54:8435-8442. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xuelin Sui
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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28
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Chelidamic acid derivatives: Precursors to functionalized pyridyl cryptands & functionalized metal ligands. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Shieh P, Hill MR, Zhang W, Kristufek SL, Johnson JA. Clip Chemistry: Diverse (Bio)(macro)molecular and Material Function through Breaking Covalent Bonds. Chem Rev 2021; 121:7059-7121. [PMID: 33823111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the two decades since the introduction of the "click chemistry" concept, the toolbox of "click reactions" has continually expanded, enabling chemists, materials scientists, and biologists to rapidly and selectively build complexity for their applications of interest. Similarly, selective and efficient covalent bond breaking reactions have provided and will continue to provide transformative advances. Here, we review key examples and applications of efficient, selective covalent bond cleavage reactions, which we refer to herein as "clip reactions." The strategic application of clip reactions offers opportunities to tailor the compositions and structures of complex (bio)(macro)molecular systems with exquisite control. Working in concert, click chemistry and clip chemistry offer scientists and engineers powerful methods to address next-generation challenges across the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan R Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenxu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samantha L Kristufek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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30
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Wang TW, Huang PR, Chow JL, Kaminsky W, Golder MR. A Cyclic Ruthenium Benzylidene Initiator Platform Enhances Reactivity for Ring-Expansion Metathesis Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7314-7319. [PMID: 33960766 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ring-expansion metathesis polymerization (REMP) has shown potential as an efficient strategy to access cyclic macromolecules. Current approaches that utilize cyclic olefin feedstocks suffer from poor functional group tolerance, low initiator stability, and slow reaction kinetics. Improvements to current initiators will address these issues in order to develop more versatile and user-friendly technologies. Herein, we report a reinvigorated tethered ruthenium-benzylidene initiator, CB6, that utilizes design features from ubiquitous Grubbs-type initiators that are regularly applied in linear polymerizations. We report the controlled synthesis of functionalized cyclic poly(norbornene)s and demonstrate that judicious ligand modifications not only greatly improve kinetics but also lead to enhanced initiator stability. Overall, CB6 is an adaptable platform for the study and application of cyclic macromolecules via REMP.
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31
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Pal S, Alizadeh M, Kong P, Kilbinger AFM. Oxanorbornenes: promising new single addition monomers for the metathesis polymerization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6705-6711. [PMID: 34040745 PMCID: PMC8133030 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher ring-opening metathesis propagation rates of exo-norbornene derivatives over endo derivatives are well established in the literature. Here, we report for the first time that endo-isomers of oxanorbornene derivatives show higher reactivity towards ring-opening metathesis with Grubbs' 3rd generation catalyst (G3) than the corresponding exo-isomers. A very high selectivity for the reaction of G3 with endo over the exo-isomers could be shown. Furthermore, single molecular addition of the endo-isomers with G3 was observed. On the other hand, pure exo-monomers could successfully be homopolymerized. Mixtures of exo- and endo- monomers, however, prevented the homopolymerization of the exo-monomer. Such mixtures could successfully be copolymerized with cycloalkenes, resulting in alternating copolymers. An oxanorbornadiene derivative could be shown to undergo single addition reactions, exploited in the preparation of mono-end functional ROMP polymers. These could be selectively derivatized via endgroup selective thiol-ene click reactions. A thiol and alcohol end functional ROMP polymer was synthesized, and the efficient end functionalization was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-ToF spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Pal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mahshid Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Phally Kong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas F M Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
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32
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Kishimoto F, Hisano K, Wakihara T, Okubo T. Aryl radical initiators accumulated within layered silicates realize polystyrene with directly and regioselectively bonded aryl-terminal groups. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:835-839. [PMID: 33443528 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The arbitrary design of a terminal group of polymers exploits the still-veiled functions of polymers with potential for application in fields such as drug delivery systems, photonics, and energy conversions. Here we demonstrate for the first time that polystyrenes with directly and regioselectively bonded aryl-terminal groups can be obtained via styrene radical polymerization initialized by arbitrary aryl radicals accumulated within the interlayer space of smectite clay minerals, which can be prepared by our developed 'Clay Catalysed ab intra Deamination (CCD)' method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminao Kishimoto
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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33
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Abstract
A comprehensive review of all the methodologies developed for the synthesis of telechelic polyolefins is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Damien Guironnet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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34
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Tennie IK, Kilbinger AFM. Polymeric 19F MRI Contrast Agents Prepared by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization/Dihydroxylation. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iris K. Tennie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Andreas F. M. Kilbinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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35
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Vidal F, McQuade J, Lalancette R, Jäkle F. ROMP-Boranes as Moisture-Tolerant and Recyclable Lewis Acid Organocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:14427-14431. [PMID: 32787237 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c05454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although widely used in catalysis, the multistep syntheses and high loadings typically employed are limiting broader implementation of highly active tailor-made arylborane Lewis acids and Lewis pairs. Attempts at developing recyclable systems have thus far met with limited success, as general and versatile platforms are yet to be developed. We demonstrate a novel approach that is based on the excellent control and functional group tolerance of ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The ROMP of highly Lewis acidic borane-functionalized phenylnorbornenes afforded both a soluble linear copolymer and a cross-linked organogel. The polymers proved highly efficient as recyclable catalysts in the reductive N-alkylation of arylamines under mild conditions and at exceptionally low catalyst loadings. The modular design presented herein can be readily adapted to other finely tuned triarylboranes, enabling wide applications of ROMP-borane polymers as well-defined supported organocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - James McQuade
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Roger Lalancette
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Frieder Jäkle
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University-Newark, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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36
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Sun Z, Unruean P, Aoki H, Kitiyanan B, Nomura K. Phenoxide-Modified Half-Titanocenes Supported on Star-Shaped ROMP Polymers as Catalyst Precursors for Ethylene Copolymerization. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Palawat Unruean
- The Petroleum and Petrochemicals College, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hirotaka Aoki
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Boonyarach Kitiyanan
- The Petroleum and Petrochemicals College, Chulalongkorn University, Soi Chulalongkorn 12, Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kotohiro Nomura
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 minami Osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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37
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Programmed folding into spiro-multicyclic polymer topologies from linear and star-shaped chains. Commun Chem 2020; 3:97. [PMID: 36703363 PMCID: PMC9814586 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00355-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of precise folding techniques for synthetic polymer chains that replicate the unique structures and functions of biopolymers has long been a key challenge. In particular, spiro-type (i.e., 8-, trefoil-, and quatrefoil-shaped) polymer topologies remain challenging due to their inherent structural complexity. Herein, we establish a folding strategy to produce spiro-type multicyclic polymers via intramolecular ring-opening metathesis oligomerization of the norbornenyl groups attached at predetermined positions along a synthetic polymer precursor. This strategy provides easy access to the desired spiro-type topological polymers with a controllable number of ring units and molecular weight while retaining narrow dispersity (Ɖ < 1.1). This effective strategy marks an advancement in the development of functionalized materials composed of specific three-dimensional nanostructures.
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38
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Self-assembled nanostructures from amphiphilic block copolymers prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Wang X, Dai L, Jie S, Bu Z, Li B. Telechelic Carboxyl‐Terminated Polynorbornenes and Copolym‐ers via Chain‐Transfer Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Suyun Jie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhiyang Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bo‐Geng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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40
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Su JK, Lee SY, Elling BR, Xia Y. Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of 1,1-Disubstituted 1-Methylcyclopropenes. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Su
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - So Young Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Elling
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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41
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Chen J, Garcia ES, Zimmerman SC. Intramolecularly Cross-Linked Polymers: From Structure to Function with Applications as Artificial Antibodies and Artificial Enzymes. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1244-1256. [PMID: 32441091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cross-linking of polymers significantly alters their physical properties, greatly expanding their everyday utility. Indeed, the polymeric networks resulting from linkages between polymer chains are found in everyday materials from soft contact lenses and automobile tires to enamel coatings and high-performance adhesives. In contrast, intramolecularly cross-linked polymers have received far less attention until recent years, in large part because they are synthetically more challenging to prepare. In this Account, we trace our own efforts to develop the chemistry of intramolecularly cross-linked macromolecules, starting with dendrimers. Dendrimers provided an excellent starting point for investigating intramolecular cross-linking because they are single molecular entities. We showed that the end groups of dendrimers can be extensively cross-linked using the ring-closing metathesis reaction and that the discrete structure of the dendrimer provides unique opportunities for characterizing the number and location of the cross-links as well as some physical properties of the macromolecule such as its size and rigidity. Increasing the number of ring-closing metathesis reactions correlated with a reduction in size and an increase in rigidity. The general strategy applied to dendrimers was extended to star polymers and hyperbranched polyglycerols. Each of these macromolecules has a core or an initiating group from which the branches emanate. Linking the end groups or branches of these polymers presents a unique opportunity to chemically remove the core of the cross-linked macromolecule in a process that is reminiscent of that used to produce covalent molecular imprinted polymers. Recognizing this analogy, we sought a compelling application for cross-linked dendrimers, the first example of unimolecular imprinting, where a single polymer contains a single molecular imprint. The quality of the imprinting was mixed but pointed to an alternative general strategy for molecular imprinting in polymers. The effort also focused attention on synthetic antibodies and the general biomimicry provided by this class of macromolecules. Indeed, cross-linking of polymers either covalently or non-covalently bears a loose resemblance to folding of proteins into defined three-dimensional shapes. The synthesis and study of cross-linked linear polymers, often called single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs), has emerged as a very active area of research in the past few years. Our experience with the cross-linking of branched polymers combined with an interest in performing organic synthesis within living cells led us to develop copper-containing SCNPs as artificial clickases. These polymeric clickases exhibit all of the hallmarks of enzymatic catalysis. One clickase containing a polyacrylamide backbone performs low-concentration copper-assisted alkyne-azide click reactions at unprecedented rates. Another performs click reactions within living cells. Other organic transformations can be performed intracellularly, and some of the most advanced SCNPs engage in concurrent and tandem catalysis with a naturally occurring biocatalyst. By tracing our own efforts, this Account provides a few entry points into the broader literature and also points to both the remaining challenges and overall promising future envisioned for this unique class of functional macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Edzna S. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Steven C. Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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42
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Kensy VK, Tritt RL, Haque FM, Murphy LM, Knorr DB, Grayson SM, Boydston AJ. Molecular Weight Control via Cross Metathesis in Photo-Redox Mediated Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9074-9079. [PMID: 32059058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Photo-redox mediated ring-opening metathesis polymerization (photo-ROMP) is an emerging ROMP technique that uses an organic redox mediator and a vinyl ether initiator, in contrast to metal-based initiators traditionally used in ROMP. The reversibility of the redox-mediated initiation and propagation steps enable spatiotemporal control over the polymerization. Herein, we explore a simple, inexpensive means of controlling molecular weight, using alpha olefins as chain transfer agents. This method enables access to low molecular weight oligomers, and molecular weights between 1 and 30 kDa can be targeted simply by altering the stoichiometry of the reaction. This method of molecular weight control was then used to synthesize a functionalized norbornene copolymer in a range of molecular weights for specific materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel L Tritt
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel B Knorr
- U. S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA
| | | | - Andrew J Boydston
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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43
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Kensy VK, Tritt RL, Haque FM, Murphy LM, Knorr DB, Grayson SM, Boydston AJ. Molecular Weight Control via Cross Metathesis in Photo‐Redox Mediated Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Daniel B. Knorr
- U. S. Army Research Laboratory Aberdeen Proving Ground MD 21005 USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Boydston
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
- University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
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44
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Jiang Z, Liu H, He H, Ribbe AE, Thayumanavan S. Blended Assemblies of Amphiphilic Random and Block Copolymers for Tunable Encapsulation and Release of Hydrophobic Guest Molecules. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Huan He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alexander E. Ribbe
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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45
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Wei G, Yan Z, Tian J, Zhao G, Guang S, Xu H. Efficient Polymer Pendant Approach toward High Stable Organic Fluorophore for Sensing Ultratrace Hg 2+ with Improved Biological Compatibility and Cell Permeability. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3293-3301. [PMID: 31973517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and efficient method to eliminate the aggregation effect of organic photoelectric sensing materials and to improve biological compatibility and cell permeability as well was developed by hanging organic fluorophores on a polymer chain, for example, fluorescein fluorophores had been controllably hung on polyacrylamide main chains with a 1:2 stoichiometric ratio by a simple copolymerization strategy. The results showed that introduction of water-soluble bioactive polyacrylamide main chains into fluorescein fluorophores via covalent bonds could effectively improve their optical stability by deteriorating π-π stack and charge-transfer interactions among different fluorophores. More importantly, the resultant materials possessed low toxicity and excellent cell permeability ten times larger than their precursor fluorescein fluorophore, which made it express an especially turn-on fluorescent response to ultratrace Hg2+ both in aqueous and living cells by forming stable 5-member-ring complexes with Hg2+ with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and a low detection limit of 4.0 × 10-10 mol·L-1. This work provides promising insight into constructing some practical sensing materials for environmentally-friendly biological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Zhengquan Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qufu Normal University , Qufu 273165 , China
| | - Jiachan Tian
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement & College of Materials Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Gang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Shanyi Guang
- Research Center for Analysis and Measurement & College of Materials Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
| | - Hongyao Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , China
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46
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Levi AE, Fu L, Lequieu J, Horne JD, Blankenship J, Mukherjee S, Zhang T, Fredrickson GH, Gutekunst WR, Bates CM. Efficient Synthesis of Asymmetric Miktoarm Star Polymers. Macromolecules 2020; 53:702-710. [PMID: 32489220 PMCID: PMC7266137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric miktoarm star polymers comprising an unequal number of chemically-distinct blocks connected at a common junction produce unique material properties, yet existing synthetic strategies are beleaguered by complicated reaction schemes that are restricted in both monomer scope and yield. Here, we introduce a new synthetic approach coined "μSTAR" - Miktoarm Synthesis by Termination After Ring-opening metathesis polymerization - that circumvents these traditional synthetic limitations by constructing the block-block junction in a scalable, one-pot process involving (1) grafting-through polymerization of a macromonomer followed by (2) in-situ enyne-mediated termination to install a single mikto-arm with exceptional efficiency. This modular μSTAR platform cleanly generates AB n and A(BA') n miktoarm star polymers with unprecedented versatility in the selection of A and B chemistries as demonstrated using many common polymer building blocks: poly(siloxane), poly(acrylate), poly(methacrylate), poly(ether), poly(ester), and poly(styrene). The average number of B or BA' arms (n) is easily controlled by the molar equivalents of macromonomer relative to Grubbs catalyst in the initial ring-opening metathesis polymerization step. While these materials are characterized by dispersity in n that arises from polymerization statistics, they self-assemble into mesophases that are identical to those predicted for precise miktoarm stars as evidenced by small-angle X-ray scattering experiments and self-consistent field theory simulations. In summary, the μSTAR technique provides a significant boost in design flexibility and synthetic simplicity while retaining the salient phase behavior of precise miktoarm star materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E. Levi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Liangbing Fu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Joshua Lequieu
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jacob D. Horne
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jacob Blankenship
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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47
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Feist JD, Xia Y. Enol Ethers Are Effective Monomers for Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Synthesis of Degradable and Depolymerizable Poly(2,3-dihydrofuran). J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:1186-1189. [PMID: 31880922 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Enol ethers are widely used as quenching reagents for Grubbs catalysts. However, we report the surprisingly effective ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclic enol ethers, because the resulting electron-rich ruthenium alkylidene complex remains active toward metathesis of electron-rich olefins, despite its deactivation toward hydrocarbon olefins. We demonstrate the first example of ROMP of cyclic enol ethers, using 2,3-dihydrofuran as the monomer, producing a new type of degradable and depolymerizable poly(enol ether). The polymers exhibited perfect regioregularity, and their molecular weights can be regulated by the loading of Grubbs initiators or by the use of a linear vinyl ether as the chain transfer agent. We also developed protocols to deactivate the catalyst following metathesis of enol ethers and cleave the catalyst off the resulting polymers using H2O2 oxidation. The resulting poly(dihydrofuran) can be recycled to monomer via depolymerization with Grubbs catalyst or degraded to small molecules by hydrolysis under acidic conditions. This work opens exciting opportunities for a new class of ROMP monomers that lead to degradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Feist
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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48
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Khedaioui D, Burcher B, Gajan D, Montarnal D, D'Agosto F, Boisson C. One-pot syntheses of heterotelechelic α-vinyl,ω-methoxysilane polyethylenes and condensation into comb-like and star-like polymers with high chain end functionality. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00638f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline and functional comb-like and star-like polyethylene architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Gajan
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques UMR 5280 (CNRS/Université Lyon1/ENS Lyon)
- Université Lyon
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs
- 69100 Villeurbanne
- France
| | | | - Franck D'Agosto
- Univ Lyon
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1
- CPE Lyon
- CNRS
- UMR 5265
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49
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Messina MS, Messina KMM, Bhattacharya A, Montgomery HR, Maynard HD. Preparation of Biomolecule-Polymer Conjugates by Grafting-From Using ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP. Prog Polym Sci 2020; 100:101186. [PMID: 32863465 PMCID: PMC7453843 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomolecule-polymer conjugates are constructs that take advantage of the functional or otherwise beneficial traits inherent to biomolecules and combine them with synthetic polymers possessing specially tailored properties. The rapid development of novel biomolecule-polymer conjugates based on proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids has ushered in a variety of unique materials, which exhibit functional attributes including thermo-responsiveness, exceptional stability, and specialized specificity. Key to the synthesis of new biomolecule-polymer hybrids is the use of controlled polymerization techniques coupled with either grafting-from, grafting-to, or grafting-through methodology, each of which exhibit distinct advantages and/or disadvantages. In this review, we present recent progress in the development of biomolecule-polymer conjugates with a focus on works that have detailed the use of grafting-from methods employing ATRP, RAFT, or ROMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco S Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Kathryn M M Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Arvind Bhattacharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Hayden R Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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50
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Zhang T, Gutekunst WR. Pulsed-addition ring-opening metathesis polymerization with functional enyne reagents. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00965e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Functional enyne reagents enable the synthesis of low dispersity heterotelechelic polymers using catalytic quantities of ruthenium initiator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
| | - Will R. Gutekunst
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Atlanta
- USA
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