1
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Chakraborty D, Pradhan S, Clegg JK, Mukherjee PS. Mechanically Interlocked Water-Soluble Pd 6 Host for the Selective Separation of Coal Tar-Based Planar Aromatic Molecules. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14924-14932. [PMID: 39129449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Research on the synthesis of catenated cages has been a growing field of interest in the past few years. While multiple types of catenated cages with different structures have been synthesized, the application of such systems has been much less explored. Specifically, the use of catenated cages in the separation of industrially relevant molecules that are present in coal tar has not been explored before. Herein, we demonstrate the use of a newly synthesized interlocked cage 1 [C184H240N76O48Pd6] (M6L4), formed through the self-assembly of ligand L.HNO3 (tris(4-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)benzylidene)hydrazine-1-carbohydrazonhydrazide) with acceptor cis-[(tmchda)Pd(NO3)2] [tmchda = ±N,N,N',N'-tetramethylcyclohexane-1,2-diamine] (M). The interlocked cage 1 was able to separate the isomers (anthracene and phenanthrene) using a simple solvent extraction technique. Using the same technique, the much more difficult separation of structurally and physiochemically similar compounds acenaphthene and acenaphthylene was performed for the first time with 1 as the host. Other noninterlocked hexanuclear Pd6 cages having a wider cavity proved inefficient for such separation, demonstrating the uniqueness of the interlocked cage 1 for such challenging separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debsena Chakraborty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sailendra Pradhan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Jack Kay Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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2
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Chen Q, Zhu K. Advancements and strategic approaches in catenane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5677-5703. [PMID: 38659402 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Catenanes, a distinctive category of mechanically interlocked molecules composed of intertwined macrocycles, have undergone significant advancements since their initial stages characterized by inefficient statistical synthesis methods. Through the aid of molecular recognition processes and principles of self-assembly, a diverse array of catenanes with intricate structures can now be readily accessed utilizing template-directed synthetic protocols. The rapid evolution and emergence of this field have catalyzed the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, leading to the development of increasingly integrated functional systems and materials. This review endeavors to explore the pivotal advancements in catenane synthesis from its inception, offering a comprehensive discussion of the synthetic methodologies employed in recent years. By elucidating the progress made in synthetic approaches to catenanes, our aim is to provide a clearer understanding of the future challenges in further advancing catenane chemistry from a synthetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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3
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Cortés-Martínez A, von Baeckmann C, Hernández-López L, Carné-Sánchez A, Maspoch D. Giant oligomeric porous cage-based molecules. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7992-7998. [PMID: 38817590 PMCID: PMC11134396 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01974a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Most reported porous materials are either extended networks or monomeric discrete cavities; indeed, porous structures of intermediate size have scarcely been explored. Herein, we present the stepwise linkage of discrete porous metal-organic cages or polyhedra (MOPs) into oligomeric structures with a finite number of MOP units. The synthesis of these new oligomeric porous molecules entails the preparation of 1-connected (1-c) MOPs with only one available azide reactive site on their surface. The azide-terminated 1-c MOP is linked through copper(i)-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry with additional alkyne-terminated 1-c MOPs, 4-c clusters, or 24-c MOPs to yield three classes of giant oligomeric molecules: dimeric, tetrameric, or satellite-like, respectively. Importantly, all the giant molecules that we synthesised are soluble in water and permanently porous in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cortés-Martínez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Hernández-López
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Arnau Carné-Sánchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
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4
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Basford AR, Bennett SK, Xiao M, Turcani L, Allen J, Jelfs KE, Greenaway RL. Streamlining the automated discovery of porous organic cages. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6331-6348. [PMID: 38699265 PMCID: PMC11062116 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembly through dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) can yield a range of multi-component organic assemblies. The reversibility and dynamic nature of DCC has made prediction of reaction outcome particularly difficult and thus slows the discovery rate of new organic materials. In addition, traditional experimental processes are time-consuming and often rely on serendipity. Here, we present a streamlined hybrid workflow that combines automated high-throughput experimentation, automated data analysis, and computational modelling, to accelerate the discovery process of one particular subclass of molecular organic materials, porous organic cages. We demonstrate how the design and implementation of this workflow aids in the identification of organic cages with desirable properties. The curation of a precursor library of 55 tri- and di-topic aldehyde and amine precursors enabled the experimental screening of 366 imine condensation reactions experimentally, and 1464 hypothetical organic cage outcomes to be computationally modelled. From the screen, 225 cages were identified experimentally using mass spectrometry, 54 of which were cleanly formed as a single topology as determined by both turbidity measurements and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Integration of these characterisation methods into a fully automated Python pipeline, named cagey, led to over a 350-fold decrease in the time required for data analysis. This work highlights the advantages of combining automated synthesis, characterisation, and analysis, for large-scale data curation towards an accessible data-driven materials discovery approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel R Basford
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Steven K Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Muye Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Lukas Turcani
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Jasmine Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane W12 0BZ UK
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5
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Chen Y, Cao Z, Feng T, Zhang X, Li Z, Dong X, Huang S, Liu Y, Cao X, Sue ACH, Peng C, Lin X, Wang L, Li H. Enantioselective Self-Assembly of a Homochiral Tetrahedral Cage Comprising Only Achiral Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400467. [PMID: 38273162 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
How Nature synthesizes enantiomerically pure substances from achiral or racemic resources remains a mystery. In this study, we aimed to emulate this natural phenomenon by constructing chiral tetrahedral cages through self-assembly, achieved by condensing two achiral compounds-a trisamine and a trisaldehyde. The occurrence of intercomponent CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions among the phenyl building blocks within the cage frameworks results in twisted conformations, imparting planar chirality to the tetrahedrons. In instances where the trisaldehyde precursor features electron-withdrawing ester side chains, we observed that the intermolecular CH⋅⋅⋅π forces are strong enough to prevent racemization. To attain enantioselective self-assembly, a chiral amine was introduced during the imine formation process. The addition of three equivalents of chiral amino mediator to one equivalent of the achiral trisaldehyde precursor formed a trisimino intermediate. This chiral compound was subsequently combined with the achiral trisamino precursor, leading to an imine exchange reaction that releasing the chiral amino mediator and formation of the tetrahedral cage with an enantiomeric excess (ee) of up to 75 %, exclusively composed of achiral building blocks. This experimental observation aligns with theoretical calculations based on the free energies of related cage structures. Moreover, since the chiral amine was not consumed during the imine exchange cycle, it enabled the enantioselective self-assembly of the tetrahedral cage for multiple cycles when new batches of the achiral trisaldehyde and trisamino precursors were successively added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ze Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tinglong Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xue Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shaoying Huang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yingchun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Andrew C-H Sue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chuanhui Peng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xufeng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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6
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Séjourné S, Labrunie A, Dalinot C, Canevet D, Guechaichia R, Bou Zeid J, Benchohra A, Cauchy T, Brosseau A, Allain M, Chamignon C, Viger-Gravel J, Pintacuda G, Carré V, Aubriet F, Vanthuyne N, Sallé M, Goeb S. Chiral Truxene-Based Self-Assembled Cages: Triple Interlocking and Supramolecular Chirogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400961. [PMID: 38284742 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating chiral elements in host-guest systems currently attracts much attention because of the major impact such structures may have in a wide range of applications, from pharmaceuticals to materials science and beyond. Moreover, the development of multi-responsive and -functional systems is highly desirable since they offer numerous benefits. In this context, we describe herein the construction of a metal-driven self-assembled cage that associates a chiral truxene-based ligand and a bis-ruthenium complex. The maximum separation between both facing chiral units in the assembly is fixed by the intermetallic distance within the lateral bis-ruthenium complex (8.4 Å). The resulting chiral cavity was shown to encapsulate polyaromatic guest molecules, but also to afford a chiral triply interlocked [2]catenane structure. The formation of the latter occurs at high concentration, while its disassembly could be achieved by the addition of a planar achiral molecule. Interestingly the planar achiral molecule exhibits induced circular dichroism signature when trapped within the chiral cavity, thus demonstrating the ability of the cage to induce supramolecular chirogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Séjourné
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | | | - David Canevet
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Cauchy
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | | | - Magali Allain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Cécile Chamignon
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jasmine Viger-Gravel
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guido Pintacuda
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, Université de Lyon (UMR 5082 CNRS/Ecole Normale Supérieure/Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), 69100, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Vincent Carré
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, F-57000, Metz, France
| | | | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, FSCM, Chiropole, F-13397, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Sallé
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Goeb
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, F-49000, Angers, France
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7
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Xu Z, Ye Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Jiang S. Design and assembly of porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2261-2282. [PMID: 38318641 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent a notable category of porous materials, showing remarkable material properties due to their inherent porosity. Unlike extended frameworks which are constructed by strong covalent or coordination bonds, POCs are composed of discrete molecular units held together by weak intermolecular forces. Their structure and chemical traits can be systematically tailored, making them suitable for a range of applications including gas storage and separation, molecular separation and recognition, catalysis, and proton and ion conduction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of POCs, covering their synthesis methods, structure and properties, computational approaches, and applications, serving as a primer for those who are new to the domain. A special emphasis is placed on the growing role of computational methods, highlighting how advanced data-driven techniques and automation are increasingly aiding the rapid exploration and understanding of POCs. We conclude by addressing the prevailing challenges and future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yangzhi Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yilan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Huiyu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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8
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Li Y, Jiang H, Zhang W, Zhao X, Sun M, Cui Y, Liu Y. Hetero- and Homointerlocked Metal-Organic Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3147-3159. [PMID: 38279915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Interlocked molecular assemblies constitute a captivating ensemble of chemical topologies, comprising two or more separate components that exhibit remarkably intricate structures. The interlocked molecular assemblies are typically identical, and heterointerlocked systems that comprise structurally distinct assemblies remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that metal-templated synthesis can be exploited to afford not only a homointerlocked cage but also a heterointerlocked cage. Treatment of a carboxylated 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp) or Cu(I) bis-dmp linker with a Ni4-p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene cluster affords noninterlocked octahedron and quadruply interlocked double cages consisting of two identical tetragonal pyramids, respectively. In contrast, when a mixture of dmp and Cu(I) bis-dmp linkers is used, a quadruply heterointerlocked cage is produced, consisting of a tetragonal pyramid and an octahedron. With photoredox-active [Cu(dmp)2]+ in the structures, both interlocked cages exhibit remarkable performance as photocatalysts for atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions of trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride with alkenes or oxo-azidations of vinyl arenes. These interlocked structures serve the dual purpose of stabilizing photocatalytically active components against deactivation and encapsulating substrates within the cavity, resulting in yields comparable to or even surpassing those of their molecular counterparts. This work thus provides a new strategy that combines metal templating and nontemplating approaches to design new types of interlocked assemblies with intriguing architectures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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9
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Yu HM, Du MH, Shu J, Deng YH, Xu ZM, Huang ZW, Zhang Z, Chen B, Braunstein P, Lang JP. Self-Assembly of Cluster-Mediated 3D Catenanes with Size-Specific Recognition Behavior. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25103-25108. [PMID: 37938934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Although interlocked three-dimensional molecules display unique properties associated with their spatial structures, their synthesis and study of their host-guest properties remain challenging. We report the formation of a novel [2]catenane, [Et4N]@[(Tp*WS3Cu3Cl)2(cis-bpype)3]2(OTf)5 ([Et4N][1](OTf)5), by self-assembly of the cluster node [Tp*WS3Cu3Cl]+ and the organic linker (Z)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-bis(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)ethene (cis-bpype). Single-crystal X-ray and NMR analyses established that [1]4+ is formed by the interpenetration of two cluster-organic cages. Unique cation-in-cation host-guest complexes were observed with this catenane. The crystalline, empty catenane was formed by taking advantage of the electrostatic repulsion-induced weak binding of the host. Encapsulation experiments also reveal that the empty catenane can adaptively encapsulate cations such as [Et4N]+ and [Pr4N]+ in the cross cavity but is unable to encapsulate [Bu4N]+ and [Me4N]+, although the size of the latter is compatible with that of the cavity. Theoretical calculations and volume analysis allow to unravel the ingenious role of catenane structures and the interplay between electrostatic repulsion and attractive noncovalent interactions for size-specific recognition behavior in host-guest systems involving species with similar electric charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ming-Hao Du
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Shu
- Analysis and Testing Center, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun-Hu Deng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ze-Ming Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingbing Chen
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jian-Ping Lang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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10
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Drożdż W, Ciesielski A, Stefankiewicz AR. Dynamic Cages-Towards Nanostructured Smart Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307552. [PMID: 37449543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The interest in capsular assemblies such as dynamic organic and coordination cages has blossomed over the last decade. Given their chemical and structural variability, these systems have found applications in diverse fields of research, including energy conversion and storage, catalysis, separation, molecular recognition, and live-cell imaging. In the exploration of the potential of these discrete architectures, they are increasingly being employed in the formation of more complex systems and smart materials. This Review highlights the most promising pathways to overcome common drawbacks of cage systems (stability, recovery) and discusses the most promising strategies for their hybridization with systems featuring various dimensionalities. Following the description of the most recent advances in the fabrication of zero to three-dimensional cage-based systems, this Review will provide the reader with the structure-dependent relationship between the employed cages and the properties of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Drożdż
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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11
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Chen Y, Tang H, Chen H, Li H. Self-Assembly via Condensation of Imine or Its N-Substituted Derivatives. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2838-2850. [PMID: 37751270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusCompared to traditionally used irreversible chemical reactions, dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) including imine formation represents a more advanced technique in the preparation of molecules with complex structures and topologies, whose syntheses require the formation of many bonds. By allowing the occurrence of error checking and self-correcting, it is likely that the target molecules with high enough thermodynamic stability could be self-assembled in high or even quantitative yield. Two questions are raised herein. First, it becomes a central problem in self-assembly that how to endow a target product with high enough thermodynamic stability so that it can be produced as the major or the only product within the self-assembly library. Second, the reversible nature of dynamic bonds jeopardizes the intrinsic stability of the products. More specifically, the imine bond which represents the mostly used dynamic covalent bond, is apt to undergo hydrolysis in the presence of water. Developing new approaches to make imine more robust and compatible with water is thus of importance. In this account, we summarized the progress made in our group in the field of self-assembly based on C═N bond formation. In organic solvent where an imine bond is relatively robust, we focus on studying how to enhance the thermodynamic stability of a target molecule by introducing intramolecular forces. These noncovalent interactions either release enthalpy to favor the formation of the target molecule or preorganize the building blocks into specific conformations that mimic the product, so that the entropy loss of the formation of the latter is thus suppressed. In water, which often leads to imine hydrolysis, we developed two strategies to enhance the water-compatibility. By taking advantage of multivalency, namely, multiple bonds are often more robust than a single bond, self-assembly via condensation of imine was performed successfully in water, a solvent that is considered as forbidden zone of imine. Another approach is to replace typical imine with its more robust and water compatible derivatives, namely, either hydrazone or oxime, whose C═N bonds are generally less electrophilic compared to typical imine. With the water-compatible dynamic bonds in hand, a variety topological nontrivial molecules such as catenanes and knots was self-assembled successfully in aqueous media, driven by hydrophobic effect. When the self-assembled molecules in the form of rings and cages were designed for supramolecular purposes, water-compatibility endows a merit that allows the hosts to take advantage of hydrophobic effect to drive host-guest recognition, enabling various tasks to be accomplished, such as separation of guest isomers with similar physical properties, recognition of highly hydrated anions, as well as stabilization of guest dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31125, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 31125, China
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12
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Chen Q, Li Z, Lei Y, Chen Y, Tang H, Wu G, Sun B, Wei Y, Jiao T, Zhang S, Huang F, Wang L, Li H. The sharp structural switch of covalent cages mediated by subtle variation of directing groups. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4627. [PMID: 37532710 PMCID: PMC10397198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is considered a more formidable task to precisely control the self-assembled products containing purely covalent components, due to a lack of intrinsic templates such as transition metals to suppress entropy loss during self-assembly. Here, we attempt to tackle this challenge by using directing groups. That is, the self-assembly products of condensing a 1:2 mixture of a tetraformyl and a biamine can be precisely controlled by slightly changing the substituent groups in the aldehyde precursor. This is because different directing groups provide hydrogen bonds with different modes to the adjacent imine units, so that the building blocks are endowed with totally different conformations. Each conformation favors the formation of a specific product that is thus produced selectively, including chiral and achiral cages. These results of using a specific directing group to favor a target product pave the way for accomplishing atom economy in synthesizing purely covalent molecules without relying on toxic transition metal templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Bin Sun
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Songna Zhang
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311215, PR China.
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13
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Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Wagner P, Rominger F, Gross JH, Mastalerz M. Solvent-Controlled Quadruple Catenation of Giant Chiral [8+12] Salicylimine Cubes Driven by Weak Hydrogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217251. [PMID: 36695113 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked structures are fascinating synthetic targets and the topological complexity achieved through catenation offers numerous possibilities for the construction of new molecules with exciting properties. In the structural space of catenated organic cage molecules, only few examples have been realized so far, and control over the catenation process in solution is still barely achieved. Herein, we describe the formation of a quadruply interlocked catenane of giant chiral [8+12] salicylimine cubes. The formation could be controlled by the choice of solvent used in the reaction. The interlocked structure was unambiguously characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and weak hydrogen bonding was identified as a central driving force for the catenation. Furthermore, scrambling experiments using partially deuterated cages were performed, revealing that the catenane formation occurs through mechanical interlocking of preformed single cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wagner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Benke BP, Kirschbaum T, Graf J, Gross JH, Mastalerz M. Dimeric and trimeric catenation of giant chiral [8 + 12] imine cubes driven by weak supramolecular interactions. Nat Chem 2023; 15:413-423. [PMID: 36456691 PMCID: PMC9986109 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01094-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically interlocked structures, such as catenanes and rotaxanes, are fascinating synthetic targets and some are used for molecular switches and machines. Today, the vast majority of catenated structures are built upon macrocycles and only a very few examples of three-dimensional shape-persistent organic cages forming such structures have been reported. However, the catenation in all these cases was based on a thermodynamically favoured π-π-stacking under certain reaction conditions. Here, we show that catenane formation can be induced by adding methoxy or thiomethyl groups to one of the precursors during the synthesis of chiral [8 + 12] imine cubes, giving dimeric and trimeric catenated organic cages. To elucidate the underlying driving forces, we reacted 11 differently 1,4-disubstituted terephthaldehydes with a chiral triamino tribenzotriquinacene under various conditions to study whether monomeric cages or catenated cage dimers are the preferred products. We find that catenation is mainly directed by weak interactions derived from the substituents rather than by π-stacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahiru Punja Benke
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kirschbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Graf
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen H Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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16
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Ovalle M, Kathan M, Toyoda R, Stindt CN, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Light-Fueled Transformations of a Dynamic Cage-Based Molecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214495. [PMID: 36453623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In a chemical equilibrium, the formation of high-energy species-in a closed system-is inefficient due to microscopic reversibility. Here, we demonstrate how this restriction can be circumvented by coupling a dynamic equilibrium to a light-induced E/Z isomerization of an azobenzene imine cage. The stable E-cage resists intermolecular imine exchange reactions that would "open" it. Upon switching, the strained Z-cage isomers undergo imine exchange spontaneously, thus opening the cage. Subsequent isomerization of the Z-open compounds yields a high-energy, kinetically trapped E-open species, which cannot be efficiently obtained from the initial E-cage, thus shifting an imine equilibrium energetically uphill in a closed system. Upon heating, the nucleophile is displaced back into solution and an opening/closing cycle is completed by regenerating the stable all-E-cage. Using this principle, a light-induced cage-to-cage transformation is performed by the addition of a ditopic aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ovalle
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
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17
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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18
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Thomas CM, Liang W, Preston D, Doonan CJ, White NG. Post‐Synthetic Modification of a Porous Hydrocarbon Cage to Give a Discrete Co
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Organometallic Complex**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200958. [PMID: 35863888 PMCID: PMC9544953 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A new alkyne‐based hydrocarbon cage was synthesized in high overall yield using alkyne‐alkyne coupling in the cage forming step. The cage is porous and displays a moderately high BET surface area (546 m2 g−1). The cage loses crystallinity on activation and thus is porous in its amorphous form, while very similar cages have been either non‐porous, or retained crystallinity on activation. Reaction of the cage with Co2(CO)8 results in exhaustive metalation of its 12 alkyne groups to give the Co24(CO)72 adduct of the cage in good yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chriso M. Thomas
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Weibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced MaterialsThe University of AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Dan Preston
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced MaterialsThe University of AdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Nicholas G. White
- Research School of ChemistryThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
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19
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Feng T, Sun B, Hao Q, Li J, Xu Y, Shang H, Wang D. Ambient synthesis of metal-covalent organic frameworks with Fe-iminopyridine linkages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8830-8833. [PMID: 35848845 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly crystalline Fe-COFs were constructed from the building blocks carrying pyridyl-aldehyde and triamine moieties in the presence of Fe(OTf)2 and acetic acid under ambient conditions via a subcomponent assembly strategy. The spectral results prove the coordination of atomically distributed Fe(II) ions with the nitrogen species of covalently formed iminopyridine linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Feng
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Bing Sun
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
| | - Qing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Shang
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, P. R. China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China.
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20
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Lei Y, Li Z, Wu G, Zhang L, Tong L, Tong T, Chen Q, Wang L, Ge C, Wei Y, Pan Y, Sue ACH, Wang L, Huang F, Li H. A trefoil knot self-templated through imination in water. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3557. [PMID: 35729153 PMCID: PMC9213439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of topologically nontrivial molecules is often assisted by covalent, supramolecular or coordinative templates that provide spatial pre-organization for all components. Herein, we report a trefoil knot that can be self-assembled efficiently in water without involving additional templates. The direct condensation of three equivalents of a tetraformyl precursor and six equivalents of a chiral diamine produces successfully a [3 + 6] trefoil knot whose intrinsic handedness is dictated by the stereochemical configuration of the diamine linkers. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that imine condensation is not amenable to use in water, the multivalent cooperativity between all the imine bonds within the framework makes this trefoil knot robust in the aqueous environment. Furthermore, the presence of water is proven to be essential for the trefoil knot formation. A topologically trivial macrocycle composed of two tetraformyl and four diamino building blocks is obtained when a similar reaction is performed in organic media, indicating that hydrophobic effect is a major driving force behind the scene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Zhaoyong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, Zhejiang Normal University, Hangzhou, 311231, PR China
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Tianyi Tong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Chenqi Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Yuxi Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Andrew C-H Sue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, PR China.
| | - Linjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Excited-State Materials of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China.
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21
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Chakraborty D, Mukherjee PS. Recent trends in organic cage synthesis: push towards water-soluble organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5558-5573. [PMID: 35420101 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01014c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research on organic cages has blossomed over the past few years into a mature field of study which can contribute to solving some of the challenging problems. In this review we aim to showcase the recent trends in synthesis of organic cages including a brief discussion on their use in catalysis, gas sorption, host-guest chemistry and energy transfer. Among the organic cages, water-soluble analogues are a special class of compounds which have gained renewed attention in recent times. Due to their advantage of being compatible with water, such cages have the potential of showing biomimetic activities and can find use in drug delivery and also as hosts for catalysis in aqueous medium. Hence, the synthetic strategies for the formation of water-soluble organic cages shall be discussed along with their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debsena Chakraborty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
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22
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Abstract
SignificanceDuring the past decades, the development of efficient methodologies for the creation of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), such as catenanes and rotaxanes, has not only laid the foundation for the design and syntheses of artificial molecular machines (AMMs) but also opened up new research opportunities in multiple disciplines, ranging from contemporary chemistry to materials science. In this study, we describe a suitane-based strategy for the construction of three-dimensional (3D) catenanes, a subset of MIMs that are far from easy to make. Together with synthetic methodologies based on the metal coordination and dynamic covalent chemistry, this approach brings us one step closer to realizing routine syntheses of 3D catenanes.
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23
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Lu T, Chen Q. Independent gradient model based on Hirshfeld partition: A new method for visual study of interactions in chemical systems. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:539-555. [PMID: 35108407 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 229.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The powerful independent gradient model (IGM) method has been increasingly popular in visual analysis of intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in recent years. However, we frequently observed that there is an evident shortcoming of IGM map in graphically studying weak interactions, that is its isosurfaces are usually too bulgy; in these cases, not only the graphical effect is poor, but also the color on some areas on the isosurfaces is inappropriate and may lead to erroneous analysis conclusions. In addition, the IGM method was originally proposed based on promolecular density, which is quite crude and does not take actual electronic structure into account. In this article, we propose an improvement version of IGM, namely IGM based on Hirshfeld partition of molecular density (IGMH), which replaces the free-state atomic densities involved in the IGM method with the atomic densities derived by Hirshfeld partition of actual molecular electron density. This change makes IGM have more rigorous physical background. A large number of application examples in this article, including molecular and periodic systems, weak and chemical bond interactions, fully demonstrate the important value of IGMH in intuitively understanding interactions in chemical systems. Comparisons also showed that the IGMH usually has markedly better graphical effect than IGM and overcomes known problems in IGM. Currently IGMH analysis has been supported in our wavefunction analysis code Multiwfn (http://sobereva.com/multiwfn). We hope that IGMH will become a new useful method among chemists for exploring interactions in wide variety of chemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinxue Chen
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Li P, Sun Z, Chen J, Zuo Y, Yu C, Liu X, Yang Z, Chen L, Fu E, Wang W, Zhang J, Liu Z, Hu J, Zhang S. Spontaneous Resolution of Racemic Cage-Catenanes via Diastereomeric Enrichment at the Molecular Level and Subsequent Narcissistic Self-Sorting at the Supramolecular Level. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1342-1350. [PMID: 35029983 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous resolution of racemates, from natural compounds to artificial structures, has long been pursued to shed light on the origin of homochirality in life. Even though diverse synthetic systems have been elegantly devised to elaborate the underlying principles of spontaneous symmetry breaking, their complexity is still unparalleled to the natural masterpieces including DNA helix and proteins, which convey remarkable coalescence at both molecular and supramolecular levels. Here, we report on the spontaneous resolution of a pair of homochiral entities from a racemic mixture of a triply interlocked cage-catenane comprising 720 possible stereoisomers. This cage-catenane comprises six methyldithiane ring-containing linkers (denoted rac-2). As each methyldithiane ring has two chiral centers, it exhibits four possible diastereomers. These otherwise equimolar diastereomers are preferentially differentiated with the equatorial conformers over their axial analogues, leading to the dominant formation of (S, R)-2 and (R, S)-2, i.e., diastereomeric enrichment at the molecular level. This diastereomeric enrichment is unbiasedly transferred from precursor rac-2 to cage-catenane rac-4, from which a pair of homochirals (S, R)6-4 and (R, S)6-4 is narcissistically self-sorted upon crystallization. This powerful symmetry breaking is attributed to a supramolecular synergy of directional π-π stacking with the multivalency of erstwhile weak S···S contacts (with an unusual distance of 3.09 Å) that are cooperatively arranged in a helical fashion. This work highlights the attainability of complex homochiral entities by resorting to coalesced covalent and noncovalent contributions and therefore provides additional clues to the symmetry breaking of sophisticated yet well-defined architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongwei Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiaolong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chunyang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lihua Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Enguang Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Shaodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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25
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Wang D, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Template-Free Synthesis of an Interlocked Covalent Organic Molecular Cage. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2767-2772. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danbo Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
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26
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Chen Y, Lei Y, Tong L, Li H. Stabilization of Dynamic Covalent Architectures by Multivalence. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202102910. [PMID: 34591343 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of imine bond is reversible. This feature has been taken advantage of by chemists for accomplishing high yielding self-assembly. On the other hand, it also jeopardizes the intrinsic stability of these self-assembled products. However, some recent discoveries demonstrate that some of these imine bond containing molecules could be rather stable or kinetically inert. A deep investigation indicated that such enhanced stability results from, at least partially, multivalence. Such results also inspire chemists to use imine condensation for self-assembly in water, a solvent that is considered not compatible with imine bond for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
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27
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Tang X, Li Z, Liu H, Qu H, Gao W, Dong X, Zhang S, Wang X, Sue ACH, Yang L, Tan K, Tian Z, Cao X. Hollow and highly diastereoselective face-rotating polyhedra constructed through rationally engineered facial units. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11730-11734. [PMID: 34659708 PMCID: PMC8442696 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03428f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular face-rotating polyhedra (FRP) exhibit complex stereochemistry, rendering it challenging to manipulate their assembly in a stereoselective manner. In our previous work, stereocontrolled FRP were gained at the cost of losing the confined inner space, which hampers their host–guest interactions and potential applications. Through a rational design approach, herein we demonstrate the successful construction of hollow FRP with high diastereoselectivity. Whereas the [4 + 4] imine condensation of meta-formyl substituted C3h-symmetric TAT-m and C3-symmetric Tri-NH2 led to the formation of all feasible FRP-12 diastereoisomers; the para-substituted constitutional isomer, TAT-p, exclusively assembled into a pair of homo-directional enantiomeric FRP-13-CCCC/AAAA with a cavity size larger than 600 Å3. Detailed structural characterizations and theoretical investigations revealed the thermodynamic landscape of FRP assembly can be effectively shaped by modulating the van der Waals repulsive forces among the facial building blocks. Our work provided a novel strategy towards stereospecific assembly of pure organic cages, opening up new opportunities for further applications of these chiral materials. The rationally engineered facial units, TAT-m and TAT-p, resulted in distinct diastereoselectivity of face-rotating polyhedra (FRP).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Haoliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Wenbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shilin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Andrew C-H Sue
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Liulin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Kai Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhongqun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy and Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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28
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Ivanova S, Köster E, Holstein JJ, Keller N, Clever GH, Bein T, Beuerle F. Isoreticular Crystallization of Highly Porous Cubic Covalent Organic Cage Compounds*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17455-17463. [PMID: 33905140 PMCID: PMC8362030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modular frameworks featuring well-defined pore structures in microscale domains establish tailor-made porous materials. For open molecular solids however, maintaining long-range order after desolvation is inherently challenging, since packing is usually governed by only a few supramolecular interactions. Here we report on two series of nanocubes obtained by co-condensation of two different hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacenes (TBTQs) and benzene-1,4-diboronic acids (BDBAs) with varying linear alkyl chains in 2,5-position. n-Butyl groups at the apical position of the TBTQ vertices yielded soluble model compounds, which were analyzed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In contrast, methyl-substituted cages spontaneously crystallized as isostructural and highly porous solids with BET surface areas and pore volumes of up to 3426 m2 g-1 and 1.84 cm3 g-1 . Single crystal X-ray diffraction and sorption measurements revealed an intricate cubic arrangement of alternating micro- and mesopores in the range of 0.97-2.2 nm that are fine-tuned by the alkyl substituents at the BDBA linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Niklas Keller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS)Butenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS)Butenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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29
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Ivanova S, Köster E, Holstein JJ, Keller N, Clever GH, Bein T, Beuerle F. Isoretikuläre Kristallisation von hochporösen kubischen kovalentorganischen Käfigverbindungen**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Niklas Keller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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30
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Chen Y, Wu G, Chen B, Qu H, Jiao T, Li Y, Ge C, Zhang C, Liang L, Zeng X, Cao X, Wang Q, Li H. Self‐Assembly of a Purely Covalent Cage with Homochirality by Imine Formation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Binbin Chen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Yintao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Chenqi Ge
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lixin Liang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xiuqiong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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31
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Chen Y, Wu G, Chen B, Qu H, Jiao T, Li Y, Ge C, Zhang C, Liang L, Zeng X, Cao X, Wang Q, Li H. Self-Assembly of a Purely Covalent Cage with Homochirality by Imine Formation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18815-18820. [PMID: 34129262 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of host molecules in aqueous media via metal-ligand coordination is well developed. However, the preparation of purely covalent counterparts in water has remained a formidable task. An anionic tetrahedron cage was successfully self-assembled in a [4+4] manner by condensing a trisamine and a trisformyl in water. Even although each individual imine bond is rather labile and apt to hydrolyze in water, the tetrahedron is remarkably stable or inert due to multivalence. The tetrahedral cages, as well as its neutral counterparts dissolved in organic solvent, have homochirality, namely that their four propeller-shaped trisformyl residues adopt the same rotational conformation. The cage is able to take advantage of hydrophobic effect to accommodate a variety of guest molecules in water. When a chiral guest was recognized, the formation of one enantiomer of the cage became more favored relative to the other. As a consequence, the cage could be produced in an enantioselective manner. The tetrahedron is able to maintain its chirality after removal of the chiral guest-probably on account of the cooperative occurrence of intramolecular forces that restrict the intramolecular flipping of phenyl units in the cage framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Binbin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yintao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenqi Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Lixin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiuqiong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
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32
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Wang W, Li C, Zhang H, Zhang J, Lu L, Jiang Z, Cui L, Liu H, Yan L, Ding Y. Enhancing the activity, selectivity, and recyclability of Rh/PPh3 system-catalyzed hydroformylation reactions through the development of a PPh3-derived quasi-porous organic cage as a ligand. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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33
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Wang H, Jin Y, Sun N, Zhang W, Jiang J. Post-synthetic modification of porous organic cages. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:8874-8886. [PMID: 34180920 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent an emerging class of organic materials with intrinsic porosity. They have found various applications in supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and many other related disciplines, which stem from their molecular host-guest interactions, intrinsic and inter-cage porosity in solid state as well as the diversity of functionalities. Post-synthetic modification (PSM) has emerged as a highly viable strategy for broadening the functions and applications of POCs. Intricate structures, enhanced stability, tunable porosity and guest binding selectivity and sensitivity have been realized through PSM of POCs, which cannot be directly achieved via the predesign and bottom-up assembly from small molecule building blocks. For example, an unstable imine-linked POC can be transformed into a more stable amine-linked cage, whose cavity size can be further tuned by selective binding of some amine groups, offering unusual gas adsorption selectivity for noble gases (e.g., preferred uptake of Xe over Kr). Such improvement of the chemical stability and gas separation properties through the consolidation of linkage and adjustment of porosity is challenging to achieve otherwise. In this tutorial review, we highlight the importance and impact of PSM in engineering the properties of POC molecules, their frameworks, and composites going beyond the direct predesign synthetic strategy. The primary PSM strategies for exploring new compositions, functions and applications as well as their structure-property relationship have been summarized, including cage-to-cage transformation at the molecular level, covalent or noncovalent assembly of POCs into frameworks, and formation of composites with guest species or other additives encapsulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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34
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Tran NM, Yoo H. Recent advances in heteroleptic multiple-stranded metallosupramolecules. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:11819-11827. [PMID: 32797124 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Well-ordered combination of defined coordination spheres and multiple types of ligands (heteroleptic) in a given structure can expand the structural complexity and functional diversity of the resulting metallosupramolecules. Such heteroleptic metallosupramolecular architectures are expected to afford advanced utility in a variety of applications. In this concise review article, recent advances in the development of multi-nuclear-cluster-based heteroleptic multiple-stranded (HLMS) metallosupramolecules are summarized and demonstrated. To construct HLMS metallosupramolecules, one type of multitopic ligands can be employed for building up multiple strands, while another type of ligands can be utilized to construct multi-nuclear clusters. Most HLMS metallosupramolecules adopt helical geometries and have high molecular symmetry, which can be key factors for the structural completion. HLMS metallosupramolecules can be used as basic building blocks for the fabrication of higher-order polymeric or discrete assembly architectures with well-defined geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Minh Tran
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyojong Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, Republic of Korea.
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35
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Huang S, Lei Z, Jin Y, Zhang W. By-design molecular architectures via alkyne metathesis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9591-9606. [PMID: 34349932 PMCID: PMC8293811 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01881g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shape-persistent purely organic molecular architectures have attracted tremendous research interest in the past few decades. Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (DCvC), which deals with reversible covalent bond formation reactions, has emerged as an efficient synthetic approach for constructing these well-defined molecular architectures. Among various dynamic linkages, the formation of ethynylene linkages through dynamic alkyne metathesis is of particular interest due to their high chemical stability, linearity, and rigidity. In this review, we focus on the synthetic strategies of discrete molecular architectures (e.g., macrocycles, molecular cages) containing ethynylene linkages using alkyne metathesis as the key step, and their applications. We will introduce the history and challenges in the synthesis of those architectures via alkyne metathesis, the development of alkyne metathesis catalysts, the reported novel macrocycle structures, molecular cage structures, and their applications. In the end, we offer an outlook of this field and remaining challenges. The recent synthesis of novel shape-persistent 2D and 3D molecular architectures via alkyne metathesis is reviewed and the critical role of catalysts is also highlighted.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 USA
| | - Zepeng Lei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 USA
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder 80309 USA
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36
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Hierarchical communication of chirality for aromatic oligoamide sequences. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2659. [PMID: 33976219 PMCID: PMC8113567 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22984-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication of chirality at a molecular and supramolecular level is the fundamental feature capable of transmitting and amplifying chirality information. Yet, the limitation of one-step communication mode in many artificial systems has precluded the ability of further processing the chirality information. Here, we report the chirality communication of aromatic oligoamide sequences within the interpenetrated helicate architecture in a hierarchical manner, specifically, the communication is manipulated by three sequential steps: (i) coordination, (ii) concentration, and (iii) ion stimulus. Such approach enables the information to be implemented progressively and reversibly to different levels. Furthermore, the chiral information on the side chains can be accumulated and transferred to the helical backbones of the sequences, resulting in that one of ten possible diastereoisomers of the interpenetrated helicate is finally selected. The circular dichroism experiments with a mixture of chiral and achiral ligands demonstrate a cooperative behavior of these communications, leading to amplification of chiral information. Communication of chirality at a molecular level is the fundamental for transmitting chirality information but one-step communication modes in many artificial systems limits further processing the chirality information. Here, the authors report chirality communication of aromatic oligoamide sequences within interpenetrated helicate architecture in a hierarchical manner.
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37
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Zhu D, Fang S, Tong L, Lei Y, Wu G, Chudhary T, Li H. A cylinder-shaped macrocycle formed via Friedel-Crafts reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:4440-4443. [PMID: 33949457 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00498k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
By performing Friedel-Crafts reaction with a mixture of 1,3,5-tri(furan-2-yl) benzene (TFB) and acetone, we successfully synthesized a cylinder-shaped macrocycle. The isolated yield of 36% is relatively high, considering that twelve C-C bonds are formed simultaneously. The structure of this macrocycle was confirmed using 1H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X-ray crystallography. This macrocycle is able to recognize a variety of cationic guests driven by cation-dipole and CH-π interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingsheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
| | - Tayba Chudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China.
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38
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Chakraborty D, Modak R, Howlader P, Mukherjee PS. De novo approach for the synthesis of water-soluble interlocked and non-interlocked organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:3995-3998. [PMID: 33885682 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00627d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Research on self-assembled metallosupramolecular architectures has bloomed in recent times. Analogous metal-free organic architectures with water solubility are highly challenging. We report here a unique class of triazine based immidazolium water-soluble metal-free interlocked organic cage (1), which was synthesized in a one-pot reaction without using dynamic covalent chemistry and without any chromatographic separation. An analogous non-interlocked cage (2) was also successfully achieved by steric control using different positional isomers of the building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debsena Chakraborty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Ritwik Modak
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Prodip Howlader
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
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39
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Kudo H, Shimoyama D, Sekiya R, Haino T. Programmed Dynamic Covalent Chemistry System of Addition-condensation Reaction of Phenols and Aldehydes. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Kudo
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35 Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Daisuke Shimoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryo Sekiya
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takeharu Haino
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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40
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The Ionic Organic Cage: An Effective and Recyclable Testbed for Catalytic CO2 Transformation. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POC) are a class of relatively new molecular porous materials, whose concept was raised in 2009 by Cooper’s group and has rarely been directly used in the area of organic catalysis. In this contribution, a novel ionic quasi-porous organic cage (denoted as Iq-POC), a quaternary phosphonium salt, was easily synthesized through dynamic covalent chemistry and a subsequent nucleophilic addition reaction. Iq-POC was applied as an effective nucleophilic catalyst for the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 and epoxides. Owing to the combined effect of the relatively large molecular weight (compared with PPh3+I−) and the strong polarity of Iq-POC, the molecular catalyst Iq-POC displayed favorable heterogeneous nature (i.e., insolubility) in this catalytic system. Therefore, the Iq-POC catalyst could be easily separated and recycled by simple centrifugation method, and the catalyst could be reused five times without obvious loss of activity. The molecular weight augmentation route in this study (from PPh3+I− to Iq-POC) provided us a “cage strategy” of designing separable and recyclable molecular catalysts.
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41
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Deegan MM, Dworzak MR, Gosselin AJ, Korman KJ, Bloch ED. Gas Storage in Porous Molecular Materials. Chemistry 2021; 27:4531-4547. [PMID: 33112484 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with permanent porosity in the solid state have been studied for decades. Porosity in these systems is governed by intrinsic pore space, as in cages or macrocycles, and extrinsic void space, created through loose, intermolecular solid-state packing. The development of permanently porous molecular materials, especially cages with organic or metal-organic composition, has seen increased interest over the past decade, and as such, incredibly high surface areas have been reported for these solids. Despite this, examples of these materials being explored for gas storage applications are relatively limited. This minireview outlines existing molecular systems that have been investigated for gas storage and highlights strategies that have been used to understand adsorption mechanisms in porous molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Aeri J Gosselin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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42
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Lei Y, Chen Q, Liu P, Wang L, Wang H, Li B, Lu X, Chen Z, Pan Y, Huang F, Li H. Molecular Cages Self‐Assembled by Imine Condensation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4705-4711. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Peiren Liu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hongye Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bingda Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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43
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Lei Y, Chen Q, Liu P, Wang L, Wang H, Li B, Lu X, Chen Z, Pan Y, Huang F, Li H. Molecular Cages Self‐Assembled by Imine Condensation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Peiren Liu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hongye Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bingda Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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44
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Yang X, Huang S, Ortiz M, Wang X, Cao Y, Kareem O, Jin Y, Huang F, Wang X, Zhang W. Truxene-based covalent organic polyhedrons constructed through alkyne metathesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic alkyne metathesis has successfully been employed toward the synthesis of a truxene-based shape-persistent covalent organic polyhedron (COP) with high binding affinity for fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xubo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yunhao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Oula Kareem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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45
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Yu C, Yang Y, Wang Y. Stable and soluble oligomers of porous organic cages through post-synthesized modification. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03965b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The porous organic cage oligomers as giant molecules were fabricated through post-synthesized modification in a controlled way and moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Yu
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yanping Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, 333 Longteng Road, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China
| | - Youfu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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46
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Chen XY, Shen D, Cai K, Jiao Y, Wu H, Song B, Zhang L, Tan Y, Wang Y, Feng Y, Stern CL, Stoddart JF. Suit[3]ane. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20152-20160. [PMID: 33180476 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suitanes are a class of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) that consist of two components: a body with limbs protruding outward and a suit that fits appropriately around it, so that there is no easy way for the suit to be removed from the body. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of a suit[3]ane, which contains a benzotrithiophene derivative (THBTT) with three protruding hexyl chains as the body and a 3-fold symmetric, extended pyridinium-based cage, namely, HexaCage6+, as the suit. Central to its realization is effective templation, provided by THBTT during cage formation, an observation that has been supported by the strong binding constant between benzotrithiophene (BTT) and the empty cage. The solid-state structure of the suit[3]ane reveals that the body is confined within the suit's cavity with its alkyl chains protruding outward through the orifices in the cage. Notably, such a seemingly unstable molecule, having three flexible alkyl chains as its only protruding limbs, does not dissociate after prolonged heating in CD3CN at 100 °C under pressure for 7 days. No evidence for guest exchange with the host was observed at this temperature in a 2:1 mixture of THBTT and HexaCage6+ in CD3CN. The results indicate that flexible protruding limbs are sufficient for a suit[3]ane to remain mechanically stable even at high temperatures in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dengke Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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47
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Sakagami R, Saito Y, Mori R, Satake M, Okayasu M, Kikkawa S, Hikawa H, Azumaya I. Cylindrical macrocyclic compounds synthesized by connecting two bowl-shaped calix[3]aramide moieties: structures and chiroptical properties. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34549-34555. [PMID: 35514401 PMCID: PMC9056864 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07060b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Calix[3]aramide-based macrocycles 1 were successfully synthesized by a Glaser coupling reaction of two meta-calix[3]aramide moieties that have three ethynyl groups. The obtained macrocycles have stereoisomers: an enantiomeric pair and a meso form based on a combination of amide bond directions in the calix[3]aramide moieties at both ends of the molecule. Characteristic absorption spectra derived from the 1,4-diphenylbutadiyne structure were observed, while their ECD spectra were mirror-images. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that each stereoisomer had a cylindrical rigid shape, and the absolute structure of the chiral-form was also assigned by comparing the Flack parameters. Mirror-image VCD spectra were observed for the enantiomeric chiral forms, and a VCD signal pattern of one enantiomer corresponded to that predicted by the relationship between the dihedral angle of the pair of C
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O groups. Chiral macrocyclic compounds whose absolute configurations were derived from the amide bond direction were synthesized by homo coupling of meta-calix[3]aramide derivatives.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Sakagami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Yuuki Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Ryuichi Mori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Misa Satake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Misaki Okayasu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Shoko Kikkawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Hidemasa Hikawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Isao Azumaya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University 2-2-1 Miyama Funabashi Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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48
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Gianga TM, Audibert E, Trandafir A, Kociok-Köhn G, Pantoş GD. Discovery of an all-donor aromatic [2]catenane. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9685-9690. [PMID: 34094233 PMCID: PMC8162110 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04317f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We report herein the first all-donor aromatic [2]catenane formed through dynamic combinatorial chemistry, using single component libraries. The building block is a benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene derivative, a π-donor molecule, with cysteine appendages that allow for disulfide exchange. The hydrophobic effect plays an essential role in the formation of the all-donor [2]catenane. The design of the building block allows the formation of a quasi-fused pentacyclic core, which enhances the stacking interactions between the cores. The [2]catenane has chiro-optical and fluorescent properties, being also the first known DCC-disulphide-based interlocked molecule to be fluorescent. An all-donor [2]catenane has been synthesised via dynamic combinatorial chemistry. It features stacked benzodithiophenes which are quasi-pentacyclic through hydrogen bonding.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Materials and Chemical Characterisation Facility (MC2), University of Bath BA2 7AY Bath UK
| | - G Dan Pantoş
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath BA2 7AY Bath UK
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49
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Feng T, Li X, An Y, Bai S, Sun L, Li Y, Wang Y, Han Y. Backbone‐Directed Self‐Assembly of Interlocked Molecular Cyclic Metalla[3]Catenanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan An
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Li‐Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Yao‐Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
| | - Ying‐Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 P. R. China
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50
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Zhang YW, Bai S, Wang YY, Han YF. A Strategy for the Construction of Triply Interlocked Organometallic Cages by Rational Design of Poly-NHC Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13614-13621. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Sha Bai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P. R. China
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