1
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Norman RX, Chen YC, Recchia EE, Loi J, Rosemarie Q, Lesko SL, Patel S, Sherer N, Takaku M, Burkard ME, Suzuki A. One step 4x and 12x 3D-ExM: robust super-resolution microscopy in cell biology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.13.607782. [PMID: 39185153 PMCID: PMC11343106 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.13.607782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has become an indispensable tool across diverse research fields, offering unprecedented insights into biological architectures with nanometer scale resolution. Compared to traditional nanometer-scale imaging methods such as electron microscopy, super-resolution microscopy offers several advantages, including the simultaneous labeling of multiple target biomolecules with high specificity and simpler sample preparation, making it accessible to most researchers. In this study, we introduce two optimized methods of super-resolution imaging: 4-fold and 12-fold 3D-isotropic and preserved Expansion Microscopy (4x and 12x 3D-ExM). 3D-ExM is a straightforward expansion microscopy method featuring a single-step process, providing robust and reproducible 3D isotropic expansion for both 2D and 3D cell culture models. With standard confocal microscopy, 12x 3D-ExM achieves a lateral resolution of under 30 nm, enabling the visualization of nanoscale structures, including chromosomes, kinetochores, nuclear pore complexes, and Epstein-Barr virus particles. These results demonstrate that 3D-ExM provides cost-effective and user-friendly super-resolution microscopy, making it highly suitable for a wide range of cell biology research, including studies on cellular and chromatin architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan X Norman
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Emma E Recchia
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jonathan Loi
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Quincy Rosemarie
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Sydney L Lesko
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Smit Patel
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Nathan Sherer
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Motoki Takaku
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Science, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Mark E Burkard
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Aussie Suzuki
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Lead Contact
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2
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Black EM, Ramírez Parrado CA, Trier I, Li W, Joo YK, Pichurin J, Liu Y, Kabeche L. Chk2 sustains PLK1 activity in mitosis to ensure proper chromosome segregation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.08.584115. [PMID: 38559033 PMCID: PMC10979866 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.08.584115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) protects against genome instability by ensuring timely and accurate mitotic cell division. PLK1 activity is tightly regulated throughout the cell cycle. Although the pathways that initially activate PLK1 in G2 are well-characterized, the factors that directly regulate PLK1 in mitosis remain poorly understood. Here, we identify that human PLK1 activity is sustained by the DNA damage response kinase Checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) in mitosis. Chk2 directly phosphorylates PLK1 T210, a residue on its T-loop whose phosphorylation is essential for full PLK1 kinase activity. Loss of Chk2-dependent PLK1 activity causes increased mitotic errors, including chromosome misalignment, chromosome missegregation, and cytokinetic defects. Moreover, Chk2 deficiency increases sensitivity to PLK1 inhibitors, suggesting that Chk2 status may be an informative biomarker for PLK1 inhibitor efficacy. This work demonstrates that Chk2 sustains mitotic PLK1 activity and protects genome stability through discrete functions in interphase DNA damage repair and mitotic chromosome segregation.
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3
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Tsuji K, Tamamura H, Burke TR. Application of a Fluorescence Recovery-Based Polo-Like Kinase 1 Binding Assay to Polo-Like Kinase 2 and Polo-Like Kinase 3. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1282-1287. [PMID: 38987177 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Assay systems for evaluating compound protein-binding affinities are essential for developing agonists and/or antagonists. Targeting individual members of a protein family can be extremely important and for this reason it is critical to have methods for evaluating selectivity. We have previously reported a fluorescence recovery assay that employs a fluorescein-labelled probe to determine IC50 values of ATP-competitive type 1 inhibitors of polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1). This probe is based on the potent Plk1 inhibitor BI2536 [fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-lysine (Lys) (BI2536) 1]. Herein, we extend this approach to the highly homologous Plk2 and Plk3 members of this kinase family. Our results suggest that this assay system is suitable for evaluating binding affinities against Plk2 and Plk3 as well as Plk1. The new methodology represents the first example of evaluating N-terminal catalytic kinase domain (KD) affinities of Plk2 and Plk3. It represents a simple and cost-effective alternative to traditional kinase assays to explore the KD-binding compounds against Plk2 and Plk3 as well as Plk1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tsuji
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Terrence R Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
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4
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Milletti G, Colicchia V, Cecconi F. Cyclers' kinases in cell division: from molecules to cancer therapy. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:2035-2052. [PMID: 37516809 PMCID: PMC10482880 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Faithful eucaryotic cell division requires spatio-temporal orchestration of multiple sequential events. To ensure the dynamic nature of these molecular and morphological transitions, a swift modulation of key regulatory pathways is necessary. The molecular process that most certainly fits this description is phosphorylation, the post-translational modification provided by kinases, that is crucial to allowing the progression of the cell cycle and that culminates with the separation of two identical daughter cells. In detail, from the early stages of the interphase to the cytokinesis, each critical step of this process is tightly regulated by multiple families of kinases including the Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), kinases of the Aurora, Polo, Wee1 families, and many others. While cell-cycle-related CDKs control the timing of the different phases, preventing replication machinery errors, the latter modulate the centrosome cycle and the spindle function, avoiding karyotypic abnormalities typical of chromosome instability. Such chromosomal abnormalities may result from replication stress (RS) and chromosome mis-segregation and are considered a hallmark of poor prognosis, therapeutic resistance, and metastasis in cancer patients. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of how different families of kinases concur to govern cell cycle, preventing RS and mitotic infidelity. Additionally, considering the growing number of clinical trials targeting these molecules, we review to what extent and in which tumor context cell-cycle-related kinases inhibitors are worth exploiting as an effective therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Milletti
- DNA Replication and Cancer Group, Danish Cancer Institute, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology and of Cell and Gene Therapy, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valeria Colicchia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- IRBM S.p.A., Via Pontina Km 30.60, 00070, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Francesco Cecconi
- Cell Stress and Survival Group, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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5
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Houston J, Ohta M, Gómez-Cavazos JS, Deep A, Corbett KD, Oegema K, Lara-Gonzalez P, Kim T, Desai A. BUB-1-bound PLK-1 directs CDC-20 kinetochore recruitment to ensure timely embryonic mitoses. Curr Biol 2023; 33:2291-2299.e10. [PMID: 37137308 PMCID: PMC10270731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosomes assemble kinetochores to dynamically couple with spindle microtubules.1,2 Kinetochores also function as signaling hubs directing mitotic progression by recruiting and controlling the fate of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) activator CDC-20.3,4,5 Kinetochores either incorporate CDC-20 into checkpoint complexes that inhibit the APC/C or dephosphorylate CDC-20, which allows it to interact with and activate the APC/C.4,6 The importance of these two CDC-20 fates likely depends on the biological context. In human somatic cells, the major mechanism controlling mitotic progression is the spindle checkpoint. By contrast, progression through mitosis during the cell cycles of early embryos is largely checkpoint independent.7,8,9,10 Here, we first show that CDC-20 phosphoregulation controls mitotic duration in the C. elegans embryo and defines a checkpoint-independent temporal mitotic optimum for robust embryogenesis. CDC-20 phosphoregulation occurs at kinetochores and in the cytosol. At kinetochores, the flux of CDC-20 for local dephosphorylation requires an ABBA motif on BUB-1 that directly interfaces with the structured WD40 domain of CDC-20.6,11,12,13 We next show that a conserved "STP" motif in BUB-1 that docks the mitotic kinase PLK-114 is necessary for CDC-20 kinetochore recruitment and timely mitotic progression. The kinase activity of PLK-1 is required for CDC-20 to localize to kinetochores and phosphorylates the CDC-20-binding ABBA motif of BUB-1 to promote BUB-1-CDC-20 interaction and mitotic progression. Thus, the BUB-1-bound pool of PLK-1 ensures timely mitosis during embryonic cell cycles by promoting CDC-20 recruitment to the vicinity of kinetochore-localized phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Houston
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Midori Ohta
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J Sebastián Gómez-Cavazos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Amar Deep
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kevin D Corbett
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karen Oegema
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Pablo Lara-Gonzalez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Taekyung Kim
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Arshad Desai
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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6
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Loi J, Qu X, Suzuki A. Semi-automated 3D fluorescence speckle analyzer (3D-Speckler) for microscope calibration and nanoscale measurement. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213839. [PMID: 36715673 PMCID: PMC9929931 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of fluorescence microscopy has prompted the ongoing development of tools aiming to improve resolution and quantification accuracy for study of biological questions. Current calibration and quantification tools for fluorescence images face issues with usability/user experience, lack of automation, and comprehensive multidimensional measurement/correction capabilities. Here, we developed 3D-Speckler, a versatile, and high-throughput image analysis software that can provide fluorescent puncta quantification measurements such as 2D/3D particle size, spatial location/orientation, and intensities through semi-automation in a single, user-friendly interface. Integrated analysis options such as 2D/3D local background correction, chromatic aberration correction, and particle matching/filtering are also encompassed for improved precision and accuracy. We demonstrate 3D-Speckler microscope calibration capabilities by determining the chromatic aberrations, field illumination uniformity, and response to nanometer-scale emitters above and below the diffraction limit of our imaging system using multispectral beads. Furthermore, we demonstrated 3D-Speckler quantitative capabilities for offering insight into protein architectures and composition in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Loi
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaofei Qu
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aussie Suzuki
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Biophysics Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA,Correspondence to Aussie Suzuki:
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7
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Barbosa J, Sunkel CE, Conde C. The Role of Mitotic Kinases and the RZZ Complex in Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments: Doing the Right Link. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:787294. [PMID: 35155423 PMCID: PMC8832123 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.787294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, the interaction of kinetochores (KTs) with microtubules (MTs) drives chromosome congression to the spindle equator and supports the segregation of sister chromatids. Faithful genome partition critically relies on the ability of chromosomes to establish and maintain proper amphitelic end-on attachments, a configuration in which sister KTs are connected to robust MT fibers emanating from opposite spindle poles. Because the capture of spindle MTs by KTs is error prone, cells use mechanisms that sense and correct inaccurate KT-MT interactions before committing to segregate sister chromatids in anaphase. If left unresolved, these errors can result in the unequal distribution of chromosomes and lead to aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the molecular strategies that monitor the formation and fine-tuning of KT-MT attachments. We describe the complex network of proteins that operates at the KT-MT interface and discuss how AURORA B and PLK1 coordinate several concurrent events so that the stability of KT-MT attachments is precisely modulated throughout mitotic progression. We also outline updated knowledge on how the RZZ complex is regulated to ensure the formation of end-on attachments and the fidelity of mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio E. Sunkel
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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Tsuji K, Hymel D, Ma B, Tamamura H, Nussinov R, Burke TR. Development of ultra-high affinity bivalent ligands targeting the polo-like kinase 1. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1111-1120. [PMID: 36128509 PMCID: PMC9428768 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00153e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an important mediator of cell cycle regulation and a recognized anti-cancer molecular target. In addition to its catalytic kinase domain (KD), Plk1 contains a polo-box domain (PBD), which engages in protein–protein interactions (PPIs) essential to proper Plk1 function. We have developed a number of extremely high-affinity PBD-binding peptide inhibitors. However, we have reached an apparent limit to increasing the affinities of these monovalent ligands. Accordingly, we undertook an extensive investigation of bivalent ligands, designed to engage both KD and PBD regions of Plk1. This has resulted in bivalent constructs exhibiting more than 100-fold Plk1 affinity enhancement relative to the best monovalent PBD-binding ligands. Startlingly, and in contradiction to widely accepted notions of KD–PBD interactions, we have found that full affinities can be retained even with minimal linkers between KD and PBD-binding components. In addition to significantly advancing the development of PBD-binding ligands, our findings may cause a rethinking of the structure – function of Plk1. The polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an important mediator of cell cycle regulation and a recognized anti-cancer molecular target.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tsuji
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - David Hymel
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Buyong Ma
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terrence R. Burke
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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9
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Nguyen AL, Fadel MD, Cheeseman IM. Differential requirements for the CENP-O complex reveal parallel PLK1 kinetochore recruitment pathways. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:712-721. [PMID: 33596090 PMCID: PMC8108507 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-11-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Similar to other core biological processes, the vast majority of cell division components are essential for viability across human cell lines. However, recent genome-wide screens have identified a number of proteins that exhibit cell line-specific essentiality. Defining the behaviors of these proteins is critical to our understanding of complex biological processes. Here, we harness differential essentiality to reveal the contributions of the four-subunit centromere-localized CENP-O complex, whose precise function has been difficult to define. Our results support a model in which the CENP-O complex and BUB1 act in parallel pathways to recruit a threshold level of PLK1 to mitotic kinetochores, ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. We demonstrate that targeted changes to either pathway sensitizes cells to the loss of the other component, resulting in cell-state dependent requirements. This approach also highlights the advantage of comparing phenotypes across diverse cell lines to define critical functional contributions and behaviors that could be exploited for the targeted treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Diane Fadel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Iain M. Cheeseman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
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10
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Cell-cycle phospho-regulation of the kinetochore. Curr Genet 2021; 67:177-193. [PMID: 33221975 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetochore is a mega-dalton protein assembly that forms within centromeric regions of chromosomes and directs their segregation during cell division. Here we review cell cycle-mediated phosphorylation events at the kinetochore, with a focus on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the insight gained from forced associations of kinases and phosphatases. The point centromeres found in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae are one of the simplest such structures found in eukaryotes. The S. cerevisiae kinetochore comprises a single nucleosome, containing a centromere-specific H3 variant Cse4CENP-A, bound to a set of kinetochore proteins that connect to a single microtubule. Despite the simplicity of the budding yeast kinetochore, the proteins are mostly homologous with their mammalian counterparts. In some cases, human proteins can complement their yeast orthologs. Like its mammalian equivalent, the regulation of the budding yeast kinetochore is complex: integrating signals from the cell cycle, checkpoints, error correction, and stress pathways. The regulatory signals from these diverse pathways are integrated at the kinetochore by post-translational modifications, notably phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, to control chromosome segregation. Here we highlight the complex interplay between the activity of the different cell-cycle kinases and phosphatases at the kinetochore, emphasizing how much more we have to understand this essential structure.
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11
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Geraghty Z, Barnard C, Uluocak P, Gruneberg U. The association of Plk1 with the astrin-kinastrin complex promotes formation and maintenance of a metaphase plate. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs251025. [PMID: 33288550 PMCID: PMC7803464 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.251025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Errors in mitotic chromosome segregation can lead to DNA damage and aneuploidy, both hallmarks of cancer. To achieve synchronous error-free segregation, mitotic chromosomes must align at the metaphase plate with stable amphitelic attachments to microtubules emanating from opposing spindle poles. The astrin-kinastrin (astrin is also known as SPAG5 and kinastrin as SKAP) complex, also containing DYNLL1 and MYCBP, is a spindle and kinetochore protein complex with important roles in bipolar spindle formation, chromosome alignment and microtubule-kinetochore attachment. However, the molecular mechanisms by which astrin-kinastrin fulfils these diverse roles are not fully understood. Here, we characterise a direct interaction between astrin and the mitotic kinase Plk1. We identify the Plk1-binding site on astrin as well as four Plk1 phosphorylation sites on astrin. Regulation of astrin by Plk1 is dispensable for bipolar spindle formation and bulk chromosome congression, but promotes stable microtubule-kinetochore attachments and metaphase plate maintenance. It is known that Plk1 activity is required for effective microtubule-kinetochore attachment formation, and we suggest that astrin phosphorylation by Plk1 contributes to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Geraghty
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Christina Barnard
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Pelin Uluocak
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Ulrike Gruneberg
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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12
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Singh P, Pesenti ME, Maffini S, Carmignani S, Hedtfeld M, Petrovic A, Srinivasamani A, Bange T, Musacchio A. BUB1 and CENP-U, Primed by CDK1, Are the Main PLK1 Kinetochore Receptors in Mitosis. Mol Cell 2021; 81:67-87.e9. [PMID: 33248027 PMCID: PMC7837267 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Reflecting its pleiotropic functions, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) localizes to various sub-cellular structures during mitosis. At kinetochores, PLK1 contributes to microtubule attachments and mitotic checkpoint signaling. Previous studies identified a wealth of potential PLK1 receptors at kinetochores, as well as requirements for various mitotic kinases, including BUB1, Aurora B, and PLK1 itself. Here, we combine ectopic localization, in vitro reconstitution, and kinetochore localization studies to demonstrate that most and likely all of the PLK1 is recruited through BUB1 in the outer kinetochore and centromeric protein U (CENP-U) in the inner kinetochore. BUB1 and CENP-U share a constellation of sequence motifs consisting of a putative PP2A-docking motif and two neighboring PLK1-docking sites, which, contingent on priming phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and PLK1 itself, bind PLK1 and promote its dimerization. Our results rationalize previous observations and describe a unifying mechanism for recruitment of PLK1 to human kinetochores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marion E Pesenti
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefano Maffini
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sara Carmignani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marius Hedtfeld
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Arsen Petrovic
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anupallavi Srinivasamani
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tanja Bange
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andrea Musacchio
- Department of Mechanistic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany.
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13
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Ong JY, Bradley MC, Torres JZ. Phospho-regulation of mitotic spindle assembly. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:558-578. [PMID: 33280275 PMCID: PMC7898546 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of the bipolar mitotic spindle requires the careful orchestration of a myriad of enzyme activities like protein posttranslational modifications. Among these, phosphorylation has arisen as the principle mode for spatially and temporally activating the proteins involved in early mitotic spindle assembly processes. Here, we review key kinases, phosphatases, and phosphorylation events that regulate critical aspects of these processes. We highlight key phosphorylation substrates that are important for ensuring the fidelity of centriole duplication, centrosome maturation, and the establishment of the bipolar spindle. We also highlight techniques used to understand kinase-substrate relationships and to study phosphorylation events. We conclude with perspectives on the field of posttranslational modifications in early mitotic spindle assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michelle C Bradley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jorge Z Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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14
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Mitra S, Srinivasan B, Jansen LE. Stable inheritance of CENP-A chromatin: Inner strength versus dynamic control. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202005099. [PMID: 32931551 PMCID: PMC7659725 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation during cell division is driven by mitotic spindle attachment to the centromere region on each chromosome. Centromeres form a protein scaffold defined by chromatin featuring CENP-A, a conserved histone H3 variant, in a manner largely independent of local DNA cis elements. CENP-A nucleosomes fulfill two essential criteria to epigenetically identify the centromere. They undergo self-templated duplication to reestablish centromeric chromatin following DNA replication. More importantly, CENP-A incorporated into centromeric chromatin is stably transmitted through consecutive cell division cycles. CENP-A nucleosomes have unique structural properties and binding partners that potentially explain their long lifetime in vivo. However, rather than a static building block, centromeric chromatin is dynamically regulated throughout the cell cycle, indicating that CENP-A stability is also controlled by external factors. We discuss recent insights and identify the outstanding questions on how dynamic control of the long-term stability of CENP-A ensures epigenetic centromere inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyoshi Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bharath Srinivasan
- Mechanistic Biology and Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Tsuji K, Hymel D, Burke TR. A new genre of fluorescence recovery assay to evaluate polo-like kinase 1 ATP-competitive inhibitors. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4418-4421. [PMID: 32970049 PMCID: PMC7523589 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01223h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using a probe consisting of a fluorescein-labeled variant of the potent polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) inhibitor BI2536 [FITC-PEG-Lys(BI2536) 4], we were able to determine half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ATP-competitive Type 1 inhibitors of Plk1 by means of a fluorescence recovery assay. This methodology represents a cost-effective and simple alternative to traditional kinase assays for initial screening of potential Plk1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Tsuji
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, 21702 USA.
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16
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Ólafsson G, Thorpe PH. Polo kinase recruitment via the constitutive centromere-associated network at the kinetochore elevates centromeric RNA. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008990. [PMID: 32810142 PMCID: PMC7455000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore, a multi-protein complex assembled on centromeres, is essential to segregate chromosomes during cell division. Deficiencies in kinetochore function can lead to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy-a hallmark of cancer cells. Kinetochore function is controlled by recruitment of regulatory proteins, many of which have been documented, however their function often remains uncharacterized and many are yet to be identified. To identify candidates of kinetochore regulation we used a proteome-wide protein association strategy in budding yeast and detected many proteins that are involved in post-translational modifications such as kinases, phosphatases and histone modifiers. We focused on the Polo-like kinase, Cdc5, and interrogated which cellular components were sensitive to constitutive Cdc5 localization. The kinetochore is particularly sensitive to constitutive Cdc5 kinase activity. Targeting Cdc5 to different kinetochore subcomplexes produced diverse phenotypes, consistent with multiple distinct functions at the kinetochore. We show that targeting Cdc5 to the inner kinetochore, the constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN), increases the levels of centromeric RNA via an SPT4 dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guðjón Ólafsson
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Thorpe
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Barbosa J, Conde C, Sunkel C. RZZ-SPINDLY-DYNEIN: you got to keep 'em separated. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1716-1726. [PMID: 32544383 PMCID: PMC7469663 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1780382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain genome stability, chromosomes must be equally distributed among daughter cells at the end of mitosis. The accuracy of chromosome segregation requires sister-kinetochores to stably attach to microtubules emanating from opposite spindle poles. However, initial kinetochore-microtubule interactions are able to turnover so that defective attachment configurations that typically arise during early mitosis may be corrected. Growing evidence supports a role for the RZZ complex in preventing the stabilization of erroneous kinetochore-microtubule attachments. This inhibitory function of RZZ toward end-on attachments is relieved by DYNEIN-mediated transport of the complex as chromosomes congress and appropriate interactions with microtubules are established. However, it remains unclear how DYNEIN is antagonized to prevent premature RZZ removal. We recently described a new mechanism that sheds new light on this matter. We found that POLO kinase phosphorylates the DYNEIN adaptor SPINDLY to promote the uncoupling between RZZ and DYNEIN. Elevated POLO activity during prometaphase ensures that RZZ is retained at kinetochores to allow the dynamic turnover of kinetochore-microtubule interactions and prevent the stabilization of erroneous attachments. Here, we discuss additional interpretations to explain a model for POLO-dependent regulation of the RZZ-SPINDLY-DYNEIN module during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barbosa
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudio Sunkel
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciência Biomédicas Abel Salazar da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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18
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Ehlén Å, Martin C, Miron S, Julien M, Theillet FX, Ropars V, Sessa G, Beaurepere R, Boucherit V, Duchambon P, El Marjou A, Zinn-Justin S, Carreira A. Proper chromosome alignment depends on BRCA2 phosphorylation by PLK1. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1819. [PMID: 32286328 PMCID: PMC7156385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The BRCA2 tumor suppressor protein is involved in the maintenance of genome integrity through its role in homologous recombination. In mitosis, BRCA2 is phosphorylated by Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Here we describe how this phosphorylation contributes to the control of mitosis. We identify a conserved phosphorylation site at T207 of BRCA2 that constitutes a bona fide docking site for PLK1 and is phosphorylated in mitotic cells. We show that BRCA2 bound to PLK1 forms a complex with the phosphatase PP2A and phosphorylated-BUBR1. Reducing BRCA2 binding to PLK1, as observed in BRCA2 breast cancer variants S206C and T207A, alters the tetrameric complex resulting in unstable kinetochore-microtubule interactions, misaligned chromosomes, faulty chromosome segregation and aneuploidy. We thus reveal a role of BRCA2 in the alignment of chromosomes, distinct from its DNA repair function, with important consequences on chromosome stability. These findings may explain in part the aneuploidy observed in BRCA2-mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Åsa Ehlén
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
- Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
- Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Simona Miron
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Manon Julien
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
- Department of Biology, École Normale Supérieure, 94230, Cachan, France
| | - François-Xavier Theillet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Virginie Ropars
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France
| | - Gaetana Sessa
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
- Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Romane Beaurepere
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
- Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Virginie Boucherit
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
- Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Patricia Duchambon
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
- INSERM U1196, 91405, Orsay, Cedex, France
| | - Ahmed El Marjou
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France
- CNRS UMR144, 12 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, Cedex, France.
| | - Aura Carreira
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France.
- Paris Sud University, Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405, Orsay, France.
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19
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Johnson JM, Hebert AS, Drane QH, Lera RF, Wan J, Weaver BA, Coon JJ, Burkard ME. A Genetic Toggle for Chemical Control of Individual Plk1 Substrates. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:350-362.e8. [PMID: 32017920 PMCID: PMC7239509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 has hundreds of substrates and multiple functions that operate within the ∼60 min of mitosis. Herein, we describe a chemical-genetic system that allows particular substrates to be "toggled" into or out of chemical control using engineered phosphoacceptor selectivity. Biochemical assays and phosphoproteomic analysis of mitotic cell extracts showed that Plk1S (L197F) and Plk1T (L197S/L211A) selectively phosphorylate Ser and Thr, respectively. Plk1S but not Plk1T sustains mitotic progression to anaphase, affording the opportunity to toggle substrate residues between Ser and Thr to place them under chemical control. Using this system, we evaluated Kif2b, a known substrate of Plk1 that regulates chromosome alignment. Toggling Ser to Thr on Kif2b places these phosphorylation sites under reversible chemical control, as indicated by a sharp increase in the frequency of misaligned chromosomes and prometaphase arrest. Thus, we demonstrate the ability to chemically control a single substrate by a genetic Ser/Thr toggle.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 6059, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alexander S Hebert
- Genome Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Quentin H Drane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 6059, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert F Lera
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 6059, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Physiology Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Beth A Weaver
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Oncology/McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Joshua J Coon
- Genome Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Mark E Burkard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue, WIMR 6059, Madison, WI 53705, USA; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Oncology/McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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20
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Bucko PJ, Lombard CK, Rathbun L, Garcia I, Bhat A, Wordeman L, Smith FD, Maly DJ, Hehnly H, Scott JD. Subcellular drug targeting illuminates local kinase action. eLife 2019; 8:e52220. [PMID: 31872801 PMCID: PMC6930117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering how signaling enzymes operate within discrete microenvironments is fundamental to understanding biological processes. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) restrict the range of action of protein kinases within intracellular compartments. We exploited the AKAP targeting concept to create genetically encoded platforms that restrain kinase inhibitor drugs at distinct subcellular locations. Local Kinase Inhibition (LoKI) allows us to ascribe organelle-specific functions to broad specificity kinases. Using chemical genetics, super resolution microscopy, and live-cell imaging we discover that centrosomal delivery of Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) and Aurora A (AurA) inhibitors attenuates kinase activity, produces spindle defects, and prolongs mitosis. Targeted inhibition of Plk1 in zebrafish embryos illustrates how centrosomal Plk1 underlies mitotic spindle assembly. Inhibition of kinetochore-associated pools of AurA blocks phosphorylation of microtubule-kinetochore components. This versatile precision pharmacology tool enhances investigation of local kinase biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Bucko
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Chloe K Lombard
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Lindsay Rathbun
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - Irvin Garcia
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Akansha Bhat
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and BiophysicsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - F Donelson Smith
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Dustin J Maly
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | - John D Scott
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
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21
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Lera RF, Norman RX, Dumont M, Dennee A, Martin‐Koob J, Fachinetti D, Burkard ME. Plk1 protects kinetochore-centromere architecture against microtubule pulling forces. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e48711. [PMID: 31468671 PMCID: PMC6776907 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, sister chromatids attach to microtubules which generate ~ 700 pN pulling force focused on the centromere. We report that chromatin-localized signals generated by Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) maintain the integrity of the kinetochore and centromere against this force. Without sufficient Plk1 activity, chromosomes become misaligned after normal condensation and congression. These chromosomes are silent to the mitotic checkpoint, and many lag and mis-segregate in anaphase. Their centromeres and kinetochores lack CENP-A, CENP-C, CENP-T, Hec1, Nuf2, and Knl1; however, CENP-B is retained. CENP-A loss occurs coincident with secondary misalignment and anaphase onset. This disruption occurs asymmetrically prior to anaphase and requires tension generated by microtubules. Mechanistically, centromeres highly recruit PICH DNA helicase and PICH depletion restores kinetochore disruption in pre-anaphase cells. Furthermore, anaphase defects are significantly reduced by tethering Plk1 to chromatin, including H2B, and INCENP, but not to CENP-A. Taken as a whole, this demonstrates that Plk1 signals are crucial for stabilizing centromeric architecture against tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Lera
- Division of Hematology/OncologyDepartment of MedicineSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Roshan X Norman
- Division of Hematology/OncologyDepartment of MedicineSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Marie Dumont
- Institut CurieCNRS, UMR 144PSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Alexandra Dennee
- Division of Hematology/OncologyDepartment of MedicineSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | - Joanne Martin‐Koob
- Division of Hematology/OncologyDepartment of MedicineSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | | | - Mark E Burkard
- Division of Hematology/OncologyDepartment of MedicineSchool of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- UW Carbone Cancer CenterUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
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22
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Zhang X, Zhuang R, Ye Q, Zhuo J, Chen K, Lu D, Wei X, Xie H, Xu X, Zheng S. High Expression of Human AugminComplex Submit 3 Indicates Poor Prognosis and Associates with Tumor Progression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2019; 10:1434-1443. [PMID: 31031853 PMCID: PMC6485217 DOI: 10.7150/jca.28317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of human augmin complex unit 3(Haus3), a component of the HAU augmin-like complex, in various cancers is not clear. This study aims to elucidate the clinical significance and the role of Haus3 in tumor progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We analyzed the expression of Haus3 in 50 HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 137 HCC patients in our hospital. Compared with adjacent normal tissue, Haus3 expression assessed by immunohistochemical staining was dramatically increased in tumor tissues. A high level of Haus3 expression was significantly correlated with large tumor size (p=0.025) and tumor multiplicity (p=0.004). Univariate and multivariate survival analysis showed thatexpression of Haus3 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival ofHCCpatients. Western blot analysis showed that Haus3 regulated the phosphorylation of PLK1-T210 and activity of the Cdk1/cyclin B1 complex, indicating that Haus3 disrupted G2/M phase arrest. In immunofluorescence studies, expression of Haus3 correlated with the level ofα-tubulin and γ-tubulin. In summary, Haus3 plays a vital role in regulatingtheactivityof PLK2-T210 and Cdk1/cyclin B1 complex in G2/M phasetransition and the expression of tubulins to ensure normal mitotic progression. Our data suggest that Haus3 might be a promising prognostic biomarker and molecular target of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Zhang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Runzhou Zhuang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qianwei Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianyong Zhuo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Kangchen Chen
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Di Lu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003,China.,NHFPC Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310003, China
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23
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Moura M, Conde C. Phosphatases in Mitosis: Roles and Regulation. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E55. [PMID: 30736436 PMCID: PMC6406801 DOI: 10.3390/biom9020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitosis requires extensive rearrangement of cellular architecture and of subcellular structures so that replicated chromosomes can bind correctly to spindle microtubules and segregate towards opposite poles. This process originates two new daughter nuclei with equal genetic content and relies on highly-dynamic and tightly regulated phosphorylation of numerous cell cycle proteins. A burst in protein phosphorylation orchestrated by several conserved kinases occurs as cells go into and progress through mitosis. The opposing dephosphorylation events are catalyzed by a small set of protein phosphatases, whose importance for the accuracy of mitosis is becoming increasingly appreciated. This review will focus on the established and emerging roles of mitotic phosphatases, describe their structural and biochemical properties, and discuss recent advances in understanding the regulation of phosphatase activity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Moura
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Conde
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
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24
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Colicino EG, Hehnly H. Regulating a key mitotic regulator, polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:481-494. [PMID: 30414309 PMCID: PMC7113694 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, duplicated genetic material is separated into two distinct daughter cells. This process is essential for initial tissue formation during development and to maintain tissue integrity throughout an organism's lifetime. To ensure the efficacy and efficiency of this process, the cell employs a variety of regulatory and signaling proteins that function as mitotic regulators and checkpoint proteins. One vital mitotic regulator is polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a highly conserved member of the polo-like kinase family. Unique from its paralogues, it functions specifically during mitosis as a regulator of cell division. PLK1 is spatially and temporally enriched at three distinct subcellular locales; the mitotic centrosomes, kinetochores, and the cytokinetic midbody. These localization patterns allow PLK1 to phosphorylate specific downstream targets to regulate mitosis. In this review, we will explore how polo-like kinases were originally discovered and diverged into the five paralogues (PLK1-5) in mammals. We will then focus specifically on the most conserved, PLK1, where we will discuss what is known about how its activity is modulated, its role during the cell cycle, and new, innovative tools that have been developed to examine its function and interactions in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica G. Colicino
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUpstate Medical UniversitySyracuseNew York
- Department of BiologySyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew York
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25
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Abstract
Mitosis is controlled by reversible protein phosphorylation involving specific kinases and phosphatases. A handful of major mitotic protein kinases, such as the cyclin B-CDK1 complex, the Aurora kinases, and Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), cooperatively regulate distinct mitotic processes. Research has identified proteins and mechanisms that integrate these kinases into signaling cascades that guide essential mitotic events. These findings have important implications for our understanding of the mechanisms of mitotic regulation and may advance the development of novel antimitotic drugs. We review collected evidence that in vertebrates, the Aurora kinases serve as catalytic subunits of distinct complexes formed with the four scaffold proteins Bora, CEP192, INCENP, and TPX2, which we deem "core" Aurora cofactors. These complexes and the Aurora-PLK1 cascades organized by Bora, CEP192, and INCENP control crucial aspects of mitosis and all pathways of spindle assembly. We compare the mechanisms of Aurora activation in relation to the different spindle assembly pathways and draw a functional analogy between the CEP192 complex and the chromosomal passenger complex that may reflect the coevolution of centrosomes, kinetochores, and the actomyosin cleavage apparatus. We also analyze the roles and mechanisms of Aurora-PLK1 signaling in the cell and centrosome cycles and in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Joukov
- N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Saint-Petersburg 197758, Russian Federation.
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26
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Bourmoum M, Charles R, Claing A. ARF6 protects sister chromatid cohesion to ensure the formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs216598. [PMID: 29724911 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sister chromatid cohesion, facilitated by the cohesin protein complex, is crucial for the establishment of stable bipolar attachments of chromosomes to the spindle microtubules and their faithful segregation. Here, we demonstrate that the GTPase ARF6 prevents the premature loss of sister chromatid cohesion. During mitosis, ARF6-depleted cells normally completed chromosome congression. However, at the metaphase plate, chromosomes failed to establish stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments because of the impaired cohesion at centromeres. As a result, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) was active and cyclin B ubiquitylation and degradation were blocked. Chromosomes and/or chromatids in these cells scattered gradually from the metaphase plate to the two poles of the cell or remained blocked at the metaphase plate for hours. Our study demonstrates that the small GTP-binding protein ARF6 is essential for maintaining centromeric cohesion between sister chromatids, which is necessary for the establishment of stable k-fibres, SAC satisfaction and the onset of anaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bourmoum
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1J4
| | - Ricardo Charles
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1J4
| | - Audrey Claing
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128 Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3T 1J4
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27
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Nasa I, Kettenbach AN. Coordination of Protein Kinase and Phosphoprotein Phosphatase Activities in Mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:30. [PMID: 29623276 PMCID: PMC5874294 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic changes in protein phosphorylation govern the transitions between different phases of the cell division cycle. A "tug of war" between highly conserved protein kinases and the family of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP) establishes the phosphorylation state of proteins, which controls their function. More than three-quarters of all proteins are phosphorylated at one or more sites in human cells, with the highest occupancy of phosphorylation sites seen in mitosis. Spatial and temporal regulation of opposing kinase and PPP activities is crucial for accurate execution of the mitotic program. The role of mitotic kinases has been the focus of many studies, while the contribution of PPPs was for a long time underappreciated and is just emerging. Misconceptions regarding the specificity and activity of protein phosphatases led to the belief that protein kinases are the primary determinants of mitotic regulation, leaving PPPs out of the limelight. Recent studies have shown that protein phosphatases are specific and selective enzymes, and that their activity is tightly regulated. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of PPPs in mitosis and their regulation of and by mitotic kinases, as well as mechanisms that determine PPP substrate recognition and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, United States.,Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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28
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Feitosa WB, Hwang K, Morris PL. Temporal and SUMO-specific SUMOylation contribute to the dynamics of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and spindle integrity during mouse oocyte meiosis. Dev Biol 2018; 434:278-291. [PMID: 29269218 PMCID: PMC5805567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian meiosis, Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is essential during cell cycle progression. In oocyte maturation, PLK1 expression is well characterized but timing of posttranslational modifications regulating its activity and subcellular localization are less clear. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) posttranslational modifier proteins have been detected in mammalian gametes but their precise function during gametogenesis is largely unknown. In the present paper we report for mouse oocytes that both PLK1 and phosphorylated PLK1 undergo SUMOylation in meiosis II (MII) oocytes using immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation and in vitro SUMOylation assays. At MII, PLK1 is phosphorylated at threonine-210 and serine-137. MII oocyte PLK1 and phosphorylated PLK1 undergo SUMOylation by SUMO-1, -2 and -3 as shown by individual in vitro assays. Using these assays, forms of phosphorylated PLK1 normalized to PLK1 increased significantly and correlated with SUMOylated PLK1 levels. During meiotic progression and maturation, SUMO-1-SUMOylation of PLK1 is involved in spindle formation whereas SUMO-2/3-SUMOylation may regulate PLK1 activity at kinetochore-spindle attachment sites. Microtubule integrity is required for PLK1 localization with SUMO-1 but not with SUMO-2/3. Inhibition of SUMOylation disrupts proper meiotic bipolar spindle organization and spindle-kinetochore attachment. The data show that both temporal and SUMO-specific-SUMOylation play important roles in orchestrating functional dynamics of PLK1 during mouse oocyte meiosis, including subcellular compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weber Beringui Feitosa
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - KeumSil Hwang
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Patricia L Morris
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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29
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Dumitru AMG, Rusin SF, Clark AEM, Kettenbach AN, Compton DA. Cyclin A/Cdk1 modulates Plk1 activity in prometaphase to regulate kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. eLife 2017; 6:e29303. [PMID: 29154753 PMCID: PMC5706962 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fidelity of chromosome segregation in mitosis is safeguarded by the precise regulation of kinetochore microtubule (k-MT) attachment stability. Previously, we demonstrated that Cyclin A/Cdk1 destabilizes k-MT attachments to promote faithful chromosome segregation. Here, we use quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify 156 Cyclin A/Cdk1 substrates in prometaphase. One Cyclin A/Cdk1 substrate is myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1), and we show that MYPT1 localization to kinetochores depends on Cyclin A/Cdk1 activity and that MYPT1 destabilizes k-MT attachments by negatively regulating Plk1 at kinetochores. Thus, Cyclin A/Cdk1 phosphorylation primes MYPT1 for Plk1 binding. Interestingly, priming of PBIP1 by Plk1 itself (self-priming) increased in MYPT1-depleted cells showing that MYPT1 provides a molecular link between the processes of Cdk1-dependent priming and self-priming of Plk1 substrates. These data demonstrate cross-regulation between Cyclin A/Cdk1-dependent and Plk1-dependent phosphorylation of substrates during mitosis to ensure efficient correction of k-MT attachment errors necessary for high mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria G Dumitru
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Scott F Rusin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Amber E M Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Arminja N Kettenbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
| | - Duane A Compton
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverUnited States
- Norris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonUnited States
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30
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Combes G, Alharbi I, Braga LG, Elowe S. Playing polo during mitosis: PLK1 takes the lead. Oncogene 2017; 36:4819-4827. [PMID: 28436952 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), the prototypical member of the polo-like family of serine/threonine kinases, is a pivotal regulator of mitosis and cytokinesis in eukaryotes. Many layers of regulation have evolved to target PLK1 to different subcellular structures and to its various mitotic substrates in line with its numerous functions during mitosis. Collective work is starting to illuminate an important set of substrates for PLK1: the mitotic kinases that together ensure the fidelity of the cell division process. Amongst these, recent developments argue that PLK1 regulates the activity of the histone kinases Aurora B and Haspin to define centromere identity, of MPS1 to initiate spindle checkpoint signaling, and of BUB1 and its pseudokinase paralog BUBR1 to coordinate spindle checkpoint activation and inactivation. Here, we review the recent work describing the regulation of these kinases by PLK1. We highlight common themes throughout and argue that a major mitotic function of PLK1 is as a master regulator of these key kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Combes
- Program in Molecular and Cellular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - I Alharbi
- Program in Molecular and Cellular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - L G Braga
- Program in Molecular and Cellular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - S Elowe
- Program in Molecular and Cellular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Axe of Reproduction, Mother and Youth Health, CHU de Québec Research Centre, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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31
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Ikeda M, Tanaka K. Plk1 bound to Bub1 contributes to spindle assembly checkpoint activity during mitosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8794. [PMID: 28821799 PMCID: PMC5562746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
For faithful chromosome segregation, the formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment and its monitoring by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) are coordinately regulated by mechanisms that are currently ill-defined. Here, we show that polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1), which is instrumental in forming stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments, is also involved in the maintenance of SAC activity by binding to Bub1, but not by binding to CLASP2 or CLIP-170. The effect of Plk1 on the SAC was found to be mediated through phosphorylation of Mps1, an essential kinase for the SAC, as well as through phosphorylation of the MELT repeats in Knl1. Bub1 acts as a platform for assembling other SAC components on the phosphorylated MELT repeats. We propose that Bub1-bound Plk1 is important for the maintenance of SAC activity by supporting Bub1 localization to kinetochores in prometaphase, a time when the kinetochore Mps1 level is reduced, until the formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment is completed. Our study reveals an intricate mechanism for coordinating the formation of stable kinetochore-microtubule attachment and SAC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ikeda
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kozo Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
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32
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Wright G, Golubeva V, Remsing Rix LL, Berndt N, Luo Y, Ward GA, Gray JE, Schonbrunn E, Lawrence HR, Monteiro AN, Rix U. Dual Targeting of WEE1 and PLK1 by AZD1775 Elicits Single Agent Cellular Anticancer Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1883-1892. [PMID: 28557434 PMCID: PMC5551971 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the WEE1 tyrosine kinase enhances anticancer chemotherapy efficacy. Accordingly, the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 (previously MK-1775) is currently under evaluation in clinical trials for cancer in combination with chemotherapy. AZD1775 has been reported to display high selectivity and is therefore used in many studies as a probe to interrogate WEE1 biology. However, AZD1775 also exhibits anticancer activity as a single agent although the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Using a chemical proteomics approach, we here describe a proteome-wide survey of AZD1775 targets in lung cancer cells and identify several previously unknown targets in addition to WEE1. In particular, we observed polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as a new target of AZD1775. Importantly, in vitro kinase assays showed PLK1 and WEE1 to be inhibited by AZD1775 with similar potency. Subsequent loss-of-function experiments using RNAi for WEE1 and PLK1 suggested that targeting PLK1 enhances the pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative effects observed with WEE1 knockdown. Combination of RNAi with AZD1775 treatment suggested WEE1 and PLK1 to be the most relevant targets for mediating AZD1775's anticancer effects. Furthermore, disruption of WEE1 by CRISPR-Cas9 sensitized H322 lung cancer cells to AZD1775 to a similar extent as the potent PLK1 inhibitor BI-2536 suggesting a complex crosstalk between PLK1 and WEE1. In summary, we show that AZD1775 is a potent dual WEE1 and PLK1 inhibitor, which limits its use as a specific molecular probe for WEE1. However, PLK1 inhibition makes important contributions to the single agent mechanism of action of AZD1775 and enhances its anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Wright
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Volha Golubeva
- Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Lily L. Remsing Rix
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Norbert Berndt
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Yunting Luo
- Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Grace A. Ward
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
- Cancer Biology PhD Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Jhanelle E. Gray
- Thoracic Oncology Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Ernst Schonbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
- Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Harshani R. Lawrence
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
- Chemical Biology Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Alvaro N.A. Monteiro
- Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Uwe Rix
- Drug Discovery Department, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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33
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Liu J, Zhang C. The equilibrium of ubiquitination and deubiquitination at PLK1 regulates sister chromatid separation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2127-2134. [PMID: 28188342 PMCID: PMC11107562 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PLK1 regulates almost every aspect of mitotic events, including mitotic entry, spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, sister chromatid segregation, metaphase-anaphase transition, cytokinesis, etc. In regulating the chromosome alignment and sister chromatid segregation, PLK1 has to be localized to and removed from kinetochores at the right times, and the underlying mechanism that regulates PLK1 both spatially and temporally only became clearer recently. It has been found that deubiquitination and ubiquitination of PLK1 are responsible for its localization to and dissociation from the kinetochores, respectively. The equilibrium of this ubiquitination and deubiquitination plays an important role in regulating proper chromosome alignment and timely sister chromatid segregation. Here, we summarize and discuss the recent findings in investigating the spatial and temporal regulation of PLK1 during chromosome alignment and sister chromatid segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, 91768, USA.
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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