1
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Maurer SJ, Petrarca de Albuquerque JL, McCallum ME. Recent Developments in the Biosynthesis of Aziridines. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400295. [PMID: 38830838 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Only 0.016 % of all known natural products contain an aziridine ring, but this unique structural feature imparts high reactivity and cytotoxicity to the compounds in which it is found. Until 2021, no naturally occurring aziridine-forming enzymes had been identified. Since 2021, the biosynthetic enzymes for ~10 % of known aziridine containing natural products have been identified and characterized. This article describes the recent advances in our understanding of enzyme-catalyzed aziridine formation in the context of historical methods for aziridine formation through synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina J Maurer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Monica E McCallum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 S. 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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2
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Matsuda K, Wakimoto T. Bacterial Hydrazine Biosynthetic Pathways Featuring Cupin/Methionyl tRNA Synthetase-like Enzymes. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300874. [PMID: 38458972 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-Nitrogen (N-N) bond-containing functional groups in natural products and synthetic drugs play significant roles in exerting biological activities. The mechanisms of N-N bond formation in natural organic molecules have garnered increasing attention over the decades. Recent advances have illuminated various enzymatic and nonenzymatic strategies, and our understanding of natural N-N bond construction is rapidly expanding. A group of didomain proteins with zinc-binding cupin/methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS)-like domains, also known as hydrazine synthetases, generates amino acid-based hydrazines, which serve as key biosynthetic precursors of diverse N-N bond-containing functionalities such as hydrazone, diazo, triazene, pyrazole, and pyridazinone groups. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on hydrazine synthetase mechanisms and the various pathways employing this unique bond-forming machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Wakimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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3
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Aldeguer-Riquelme B, Antón J, Santos F. Distribution, abundance, and ecogenomics of the Palauibacterales, a new cosmopolitan thiamine-producing order within the Gemmatimonadota phylum. mSystems 2023; 8:e0021523. [PMID: 37345931 PMCID: PMC10469786 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00215-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylum Gemmatimonadota comprises mainly uncultured microorganisms that inhabit different environments such as soils, freshwater lakes, marine sediments, sponges, or corals. Based on 16S rRNA gene studies, the group PAUC43f is one of the most frequently retrieved Gemmatimonadota in marine samples. However, its physiology and ecological roles are completely unknown since, to date, not a single PAUC43f isolate or metagenome-assembled genome (MAG) has been characterized. Here, we carried out a broad study of the distribution, abundance, ecotaxonomy, and metabolism of PAUC43f, for which we propose the name of Palauibacterales. This group was detected in 4,965 16S rRNA gene amplicon datasets, mainly from marine sediments, sponges, corals, soils, and lakes, reaching up to 34.3% relative abundance, which highlights its cosmopolitan character, mainly salt-related. The potential metabolic capabilities inferred from 52 Palauibacterales MAGs recovered from marine sediments, sponges, and saline soils suggested a facultative aerobic and chemoorganotrophic metabolism, although some members may also oxidize hydrogen. Some Palauibacterales species might also play an environmental role as N2O consumers as well as suppliers of serine and thiamine. When compared to the rest of the Gemmatimonadota phylum, the biosynthesis of thiamine was one of the key features of the Palauibacterales. Finally, we show that polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) are widely distributed within the Gemmatimonadota so that they are not restricted to Bacteroidetes, as previously thought. Our results expand the knowledge about this cryptic phylum and provide new insights into the ecological roles of the Gemmatimonadota in the environment. IMPORTANCE Despite advances in molecular and sequencing techniques, there is still a plethora of unknown microorganisms with a relevant ecological role. In the last years, the mostly uncultured Gemmatimonadota phylum is attracting scientific interest because of its widespread distribution and abundance, but very little is known about its ecological role in the marine ecosystem. Here we analyze the global distribution and potential metabolism of the marine Gemmatimonadota group PAUC43f, for which we propose the name of Palauibacterales order. This group presents a saline-related character and a chemoorganoheterotrophic and facultatively aerobic metabolism, although some species might oxidize H2. Given that Palauibacterales is potentially able to synthesize thiamine, whose auxotrophy is the second most common in the marine environment, we propose Palauibacterales as a key thiamine supplier to the marine communities. This finding suggests that Gemmatimonadota could have a more relevant role in the marine environment than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borja Aldeguer-Riquelme
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Josefa Antón
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Institute of Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Fernando Santos
- Department of Physiology, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
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4
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Cheng Y, Yi X, Zhang Y, He Q, Chen D, Cao W, Fang P, Liu W. Oxidase Heterotetramer Completes 1-Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Formation with the Association of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:8896-8907. [PMID: 37043819 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Ficellomycin, azinomycins, and vazabitide A are nonribosomal peptide natural products characterized by an amino acid unit that contains a similar 1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane (ABCH) pharmacophore. This unit is derived from diamino-dihydroxy-heptanic acid (DADH); however, the process through which linear DADH is cyclized to furnish an ABCH ring system remains poorly understood. Based on the reconstitution of the route of the ABCH-containing unit by blending genes/enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of ficellomycin and azinomycins, we report that ABCH formation is completed by an oxidase heterotetramer with the association of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS). The DADH precursor was prepared in Escherichia coli to produce a conjugate subjected to in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis for offloading from an amino-group carrier protein. To furnish an aziridine ring, DADH was processed by C7-hydroxyl sulfonation and sulfate elimination-coupled cyclization. Further cyclization leading to an azabicyclic hexane pharmacophore was proved to occur in the NRPS, where the oxidase heterotetramer functions in trans and catalyzes α,β-dehydrogenation to initiate the formation of a fused five-membered nitrogen heterocycle. The identity of ABCH was validated by utilization of the resultant ABCH-containing unit in the total biosynthesis of ficellomycin. Biochemical characterization, crystal structure, and site-specific mutagenesis rationalize the catalytic mechanism of the unusual oxidase heterotetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weiguo Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Rd, Baoshan, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Kurosawa S, Okamura H, Yoshida A, Tomita T, Sone Y, Hasebe F, Shinada T, Takikawa H, Kosono S, Nishiyama M. Mechanisms of Sugar Aminotransferase-like Enzymes to Synthesize Stereoisomers of Non-proteinogenic Amino Acids in Natural Product Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:385-395. [PMID: 36669120 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
(2,6)-Diamino-(5,7)-dihydroxyheptanoic acid (DADH), a non-proteinogenic amino acid, is converted to 1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring-containing amino acids that are subsequently incorporated into ficellomycin and vazabitide A. The present study revealed that the sugar aminotransferase-like enzymes Fic25 and Vzb9, with a high amino acid sequence identity (56%) to each other, synthesized stereoisomers of DADH with (6S) and (6R) configurations, respectively. The crystal structure of the Fic25 complex with a PLP-(6S)-N2-acetyl-DADH adduct indicated that Asn45 and Gln197 (Asn205 and Ala53 in Vzb9) were located at positions that affected the stereochemistry of DADH being synthesized. A modeling study suggested that amino acid substitutions between Fic25 and Vzb9 allowed the enzymes to bind to the substrate with almost 180° rotation in the C5-C7 portions of the DADH molecules, accompanied by a concomitant shift in their C1-C4 portions. In support of this result, the replacement of two corresponding residues in Fic25 and Vzb9 increased (6R) and (6S) stereoselectivities, respectively. The different stereochemistry at C6 of DADH resulted in a different stereochemistry/orientation of the aziridine portion of the 1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring, which plays a crucial role in biological activity, between ficellomycin and vazabitide A. A phylogenic analysis suggested that Fic25 and Vzb9 evolved from sugar aminotransferases to produce unusual building blocks for expanding the structural diversity of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Kurosawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hironori Okamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeo Tomita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sone
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Saori Kosono
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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6
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Kurosawa S, Hasebe F, Okamura H, Yoshida A, Matsuda K, Sone Y, Tomita T, Shinada T, Takikawa H, Kuzuyama T, Kosono S, Nishiyama M. Molecular Basis for Enzymatic Aziridine Formation via Sulfate Elimination. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16164-16170. [PMID: 35998388 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Natural products containing an aziridine ring, such as mitomycin C and azinomycin B, exhibit antitumor activities by alkylating DNA via their aziridine rings; however, the biosynthetic mechanisms underlying the formation of these rings have not yet been elucidated. We herein investigated the biosynthesis of vazabitide A, the structure of which is similar to that of azinomycin B, and demonstrated that Vzb10/11, with no similarities to known enzymes, catalyzed the formation of the aziridine ring via sulfate elimination. To elucidate the detailed reaction mechanism, crystallization of Vzb10/11 and the homologous enzyme, AziU3/U2, in the biosynthesis of azinomycin B was attempted, and the structure of AziU3/U2, which had a new protein fold overall, was successfully determined. The structural analysis revealed that these enzymes adjusted the dihedral angle between the amino group and the adjacent sulfate group of the substrate to almost 180° and enhanced the nucleophilicity of the C6-amino group temporarily, facilitating the SN2-like reaction to form the aziridine ring. The present study reports for the first time the molecular basis for aziridine ring formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Kurosawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hironori Okamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ayako Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sone
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takeo Tomita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Saori Kosono
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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7
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Yu Y, van der Donk WA. Biosynthesis of 3-thia-α-amino acids on a carrier peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205285119. [PMID: 35787182 PMCID: PMC9303977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205285119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of natural products, such as polyketides and nonribosomal peptides, is biosynthesized while tethered to a carrier peptide via a thioester linkage. Recently, we reported that the biosyntheses of 3-thiaglutamate and ammosamide, single amino acid-derived natural products, employ a very different type of carrier peptide to which the biosynthetic intermediates are bound via an amide linkage. During their biosyntheses, a peptide aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) ligase (PEARL) first loads an amino acid to the C terminus of the carrier peptide for subsequent modification by other enzymes. Proteolytic removal of the modified C-terminal amino acid yields the mature product. We termed natural products that are biosynthesized using such pathways pearlins. To investigate the diversity of pearlins, in this study we experimentally characterized another PEARL-encoding biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) from Tistrella mobilis (tmo). The enzymes encoded in the tmo BGC transformed cysteine into 3-thiahomoleucine both in vitro and in Escherichia coli. During this process, a cobalamin-dependent radical S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme catalyzes C-isopropylation. This work illustrates that the biosynthesis of amino acid-derived natural products on a carrier peptide is a widespread strategy in nature and expands the spectrum of thiahemiaminal analogs of amino acids that may serve a broader, currently unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- HHMI, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- HHMI, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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8
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McLaughlin MI, Yu Y, van der Donk WA. Substrate Recognition by the Peptidyl-( S)-2-mercaptoglycine Synthase TglHI during 3-Thiaglutamate Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:930-940. [PMID: 35362960 PMCID: PMC9016710 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
3-Thiaglutamate is a recently identified amino acid analog originating from cysteine. During its biosynthesis, cysteinyl-tRNA is first enzymatically appended to the C-terminus of TglA, a 50-residue ribosomally translated peptide scaffold. After hydrolytic removal of the tRNA, this cysteine residue undergoes modification on the scaffold before eventual proteolysis of the nascent 3-thiaglutamyl residue to release 3-thiaglutamate and regenerate TglA. One of the modifications of TglACys requires a complex of two polypeptides, TglH and TglI, which uses nonheme iron and O2 to catalyze the removal of the peptidyl-cysteine β-methylene group, oxidation of this Cβ atom to formate, and reattachment of the thiol group to the α carbon. Herein, we use in vitro transcription-coupled translation and expressed protein ligation to characterize the role of the TglA scaffold in TglHI recognition and determine the specificity of TglHI with respect to the C-terminal residues of its substrate TglACys. The results of these experiments establish a synthetically accessible TglACys fragment sufficient for modification by TglHI and identify the l-selenocysteine analog of TglACys, TglASec, as an inhibitor of TglHI. These insights as well as a predicted structure and native mass spectrometry data set the stage for deeper mechanistic investigation of the complex TglHI-catalyzed reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin I. McLaughlin
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Department of Chemistry and Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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Yasuno Y, Okamura H, Shinada T. Stereoselective Synthesis of Dehydroamino Acids and Its Application to the Synthesis of Nitrogen-containing Natural Products. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Okamura H, Yasuno Y, Nakayama A, Takikawa H, Shinada T. Stereoselective Synthesis of (2
S
,6
R
)‐Diamino‐(5
R
,7)‐dihydroxy‐heptanoic Acid (DADH): An Unusual Amino Acid from
Streptomyces
sp. SANK 60404. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Okamura
- Graduate School of Science Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi 558-8585 Osaka Japan
| | - Yoko Yasuno
- Graduate School of Science Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi 558-8585 Osaka Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakayama
- Graduate School of Science Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi 558-8585 Osaka Japan
| | - Hirosato Takikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo 1-1-1 Yayoi Bunkyo-ku 113-8657 Tokyo Japan
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto Sumiyoshi 558-8585 Osaka Japan
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Zeng Z, Zeng G, Xiao R, Wang Y, Hu Y, Tang L, Feng C. Sensors for the environmental pollutant detection: Are we already there? Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Katsuyama Y, Matsuda K. Recent advance in the biosynthesis of nitrogen–nitrogen bond–containing natural products. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 59:62-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Kurosawa S, Matsuda K, Hasebe F, Shiraishi T, Shin-Ya K, Kuzuyama T, Nishiyama M. Guanidyl modification of the 1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring in ficellomycin essential for its biological activity. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:5137-5144. [PMID: 32582897 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00339e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The 1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring is a key moiety in natural products for biological activities against bacteria, fungi, and tumor through DNA alkylation. Ficellomycin is a dipeptide that consists of l-valine and a non-proteinogenic amino acid with the 1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring structure. Although the biosynthetic gene cluster of ficellomycin has been identified, the biosynthetic pathway currently remains unclear. We herein report the final stage of ficellomycin biosynthesis involving ring modifications and successive dipeptide formation. After the ring is formed, the hydroxy group of the ring is converted into the guanidyl unit by three enzymes, which include an aminotransferase with a novel inter ω-ω amino-transferring activity. In the last step, the resulting 1-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring-containing amino acid is connected with l-valine by an amino acid ligase to yield ficellomycin. The present study revealed a new machinery that expands the structural and biological diversities of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumire Kurosawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Matsuda
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan.
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan.
| | - Taro Shiraishi
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan. and Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-Ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan. and Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan. and Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8567, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Natural nonproteinogenic amino acids vastly outnumber the well-known 22 proteinogenic amino acids. Such amino acids are generated in specialized metabolic pathways. In these pathways, diverse biosynthetic transformations, ranging from isomerizations to the stereospecific functionalization of C-H bonds, are employed to generate structural diversity. The resulting nonproteinogenic amino acids can be integrated into more complex natural products. Here we review recently discovered biosynthetic routes to freestanding nonproteinogenic α-amino acids, with an emphasis on work reported between 2013 and mid-2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason B Hedges
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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15
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Molloy EM, Dell M, Hertweck C. Discovery of Amidotemplated Natural Product Assembly. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4583-4584. [PMID: 31710464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Molloy
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry , Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI , Beutenbergstrasse 11a , 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - M Dell
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry , Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI , Beutenbergstrasse 11a , 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - C Hertweck
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry , Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, HKI , Beutenbergstrasse 11a , 07745 Jena , Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , 07743 Jena , Germany
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16
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Washburn LA, Foley B, Martinez F, Lee RP, Pryor K, Rimes E, Watanabe CMH. Transketolase Activity in the Formation of the Azinomycin Azabicycle Moiety. Biochemistry 2019; 58:5255-5258. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Washburn
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Brendan Foley
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Flor Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Rachel P. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kendall Pryor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Emily Rimes
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Coran M. H. Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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17
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Ting CP, Funk MA, Halaby SL, Zhang Z, Gonen T, van der Donk WA. Use of a scaffold peptide in the biosynthesis of amino acid-derived natural products. Science 2019; 365:280-284. [PMID: 31320540 PMCID: PMC6686864 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau6232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing of environmental bacteria allows identification of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding unusual combinations of enzymes that produce unknown natural products. We identified a pathway in which a ribosomally synthesized small peptide serves as a scaffold for nonribosomal peptide extension and chemical modification. Amino acids are transferred to the carboxyl terminus of the peptide through adenosine triphosphate and amino acyl-tRNA-dependent chemistry that is independent of the ribosome. Oxidative rearrangement, carboxymethylation, and proteolysis of a terminal cysteine yields an amino acid-derived small molecule. Microcrystal electron diffraction demonstrates that the resulting product is isosteric to glutamate. We show that a similar peptide extension is used during the biosynthesis of the ammosamides, which are cytotoxic pyrroloquinoline alkaloids. These results suggest an alternative paradigm for biosynthesis of amino acid-derived natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi P. Ting
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael A. Funk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Steve L. Halaby
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhengan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
- Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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18
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Yashiro T, Sakata F, Sekimoto T, Shirai T, Hasebe F, Matsuda K, Kurosawa S, Suzuki S, Nagata K, Kasakura K, Nishiyama M, Nishiyama C. Immunosuppressive effect of a non-proteinogenic amino acid from Streptomyces through inhibiting allogeneic T cell proliferation. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1111-1116. [PMID: 30898076 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1591262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive activity of myriocin (ISP-1), a lead compound of fingolimod (FTY720), is derived from its 2-amino-1,3-propandiol structure. A non-proteinogenic amino acid, (2S,6R)-diamino-(5R,7)-dihydroxy-heptanoic acid (DADH), that contains this structure, was recently identified as a biosynthetic intermediate of a dipeptide secondary metabolite, vazabitide A, in Streptmyces sp. SANK 60404; however its effect on adaptive immunity has not yet been examined. In this study, we examined whether DADH suppresses mixed lymphocyte reaction using mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and allogeneic splenic T cells. Although T cell proliferation induced by cross-linking CD3 and CD28 were not suppressed by DADH unlike ISP-1, the pre-incubation of BMDCs with DADH but not ISP-1 significantly decreased allogeneic CD8+ T cell expansion. Based on these results, we concluded that DADH suppresses DC-mediated T cell activation by targeting DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yashiro
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Fumiya Sakata
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Takahiro Sekimoto
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shirai
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- b Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuda
- b Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Sumire Kurosawa
- b Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shodai Suzuki
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagata
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- b Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan.,c Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology , The University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- a Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology , Tokyo University of Science , Tokyo , Japan
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19
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McErlean M, Overbay J, Van Lanen S. Refining and expanding nonribosomal peptide synthetase function and mechanism. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 46:493-513. [PMID: 30673909 PMCID: PMC6460464 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-02130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are involved in the biosynthesis of numerous peptide and peptide-like natural products that have been exploited in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology, among other fields. As a consequence, there have been considerable efforts aimed at understanding how NRPSs orchestrate the assembly of these natural products. This review highlights several recent examples that continue to expand upon the fundamental knowledge of NRPS mechanism and includes (1) the discovery of new NRPS substrates and the mechanism by which these sometimes structurally complex substrates are made, (2) the characterization of new NRPS activities and domains that function during the process of peptide assembly, and (3) the various catalytic strategies that are utilized to release the NRPS product. These findings continue to strengthen the predictive power for connecting genes to products, thereby facilitating natural product discovery and development in the Genomics Era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt McErlean
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jonathan Overbay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Steven Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
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20
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Kelly GT, Washburn LA, Watanabe CMH. The Fate of Molecular Oxygen in Azinomycin Biosynthesis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2991-2996. [PMID: 30680995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The azinomycins are a family of aziridine-containing antitumor antibiotics and represent a treasure trove of biosynthetic reactions. The formation of the azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane ring and functionalization of this ring system remain the least understood aspects of the pathway. This study reports the incorporation of 18O-labeled molecular oxygen in azinomycin biosynthesis including both oxygens of the diol that ultimately adorn the aziridino[1,2- a]pyrrolidine moiety. Likewise, two other sites of heavy atom incorporation are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert T Kelly
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Lauren A Washburn
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
| | - Coran M H Watanabe
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas 77843 , United States
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21
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Du YL, Ryan KS. Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions in the biosynthesis of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:430-457. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00049b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We review reactions catalyzed by pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes, highlighting enzymes reported in the recent natural product biosynthetic literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Katherine S. Ryan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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22
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Amino group carrier protein, a new platform in primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. N Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Ogasawara Y, Dairi T. Biosynthesis of Oligopeptides Using ATP-Grasp Enzymes. Chemistry 2017; 23:10714-10724. [PMID: 28488371 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are biologically occurring oligomers of amino acids linked by amide bonds and are indispensable for all living organisms. Many bioactive peptides are used as antibiotics, antivirus agents, insecticides, pheromones, and food preservatives. Nature employs several different strategies to form amide bonds. ATP-grasp enzymes that catalyze amide bond formation (ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine ligases) utilize a strategy of activating carboxylic acid as an acylphosphate intermediate to form amide bonds and are involved in many different biological processes in both primary and secondary metabolisms. The recent discovery of several new ATP-dependent carboxylate-amine ligases has expanded the diversity of this group of enzymes and showed their usefulness for generating oligopeptides. In this review, an overview of findings on amide bond formation catalyzed by ATP-grasp enzymes in the past decade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Ogasawara
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-8628, Japan
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24
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Matsuda K, Hasebe F, Shiwa Y, Kanesaki Y, Tomita T, Yoshikawa H, Shin-ya K, Kuzuyama T, Nishiyama M. Genome Mining of Amino Group Carrier Protein-Mediated Machinery: Discovery and Biosynthetic Characterization of a Natural Product with Unique Hydrazone Unit. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:124-131. [PMID: 28103675 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.6b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We recently revealed that a Streptomyces strain possesses the gene encoding amino group carrier protein (AmCP). AmCP is involved in the biosynthesis of a previously unidentified nonproteinogenic amino acid, (2S,6R)-diamino-(5R,7)-dihydroxy-heptanoic acid (DADH), which is a core compound for the synthesis of the dipeptide-containing novel natural product vazabitide A. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening to investigate the diversity of the biosynthetic machinery that uses AmCP; the results revealed that genes encoding AmCP are widely distributed among actinomycetes. The heterologous expression of the AmCP-containing gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. SoC090715LN-17 led to the discovery of s56-p1, a novel natural product. The structure of s56-p1 was determined by spectroscopic analysis; the results revealed that s56-p1 has a putative DADH-derived molecule as the core and also possesses a unique hydrazone unit that is rarely observed in natural products. Our results pave the way for investigations of unexploited AmCP-mediated biosynthesis routes among actinomycetes and of the biosynthetic mechanism of the unique hydrazone unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Matsuda
- Biotechnology Research
Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 133-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- Biotechnology Research
Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 133-8657, Japan
| | - Yuh Shiwa
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research
Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Yu Kanesaki
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research
Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Takeo Tomita
- Biotechnology Research
Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 133-8657, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Yoshikawa
- Genome Research Center, NODAI Research
Institute, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shin-ya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064 Japan
| | - Tomohisa Kuzuyama
- Biotechnology Research
Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 133-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Biotechnology Research
Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 133-8657, Japan
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25
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Abstract
A personal selection of 32 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products such as hitorin A from Chloranthus japonicus.
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