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Sachs S, Madzia D, Thuy B, Kear BP. The rise of macropredatory pliosaurids near the Early-Middle Jurassic transition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17558. [PMID: 37845269 PMCID: PMC10579310 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of gigantic pliosaurid plesiosaurs reshaped the trophic structure of Mesozoic marine ecosystems, and established an ~ 80 million-year (Ma) dynasty of macropredatory marine reptiles. However, the timescale of their 'defining' trait evolution is incompletely understood because the fossil record of gigantic pliosaurids is scarce prior to the late-Middle Jurassic (Callovian), ~ 165.3 Ma. Here, we pinpoint the appearance of large body size and robust dentitions to early-Middle Jurassic (Bajocian) pliosaurids from northeastern France and Switzerland. These specimens include a new genus that sheds light on the nascent diversification of macropredatory pliosaurids occurring shortly after the Early-Middle Jurassic transition, around ~ 171 Ma. Furthermore, our multivariate assessment of dental character states shows that the first gigantic pliosaurids occupied different morphospace from coeval large-bodied rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurs, which were dominant in the Early Jurassic but declined during the mid-Jurassic, possibly facilitating the radiation and subsequent ecomorph acme of pliosaurids. Finally, we posit that while the emergence of macropredatory pliosaurids was apparently coordinated with regional faunal turnover in the epeiric basins of Europe, it paralleled a globally protracted extinction of other higher trophic-level marine reptiles that was not completed until after the earliest-Late Jurassic, ~ 161.5 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Sachs
- Abteilung Geowissenschaften, Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld, Adenauerplatz 2, 33602, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Madzia
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00818, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ben Thuy
- Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, 25, rue Münster, 2160, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Benjamin P Kear
- The Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Ma D, Zhang Z, Zhou C, Cheng D, Hong H, Meng H, Yu X, Peng Z. Element Geochemical Characteristics and Geological Significance of Mudstones from the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:29979-30000. [PMID: 37636928 PMCID: PMC10448696 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Thick sequences of terrestrial multicolored mudstones of the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation in the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China, effectively recorded paleoclimate and paleoenvironment changes. The paleoenvironment of the Shaximiao Formation is reconstructed by using detailed sedimentological and elemental geochemical analysis of the multicolored mudstones. The provenance, paleoclimate, paleosalinity, and paleoredox conditions are distinguished by using the discriminant indicators of CIA, C-value, Sr/Cu, Rb/Sr, Th/U, V/Cr, and V/(V + Ni). The results show that all samples derive primarily from felsic igneous rocks and intermediate rocks rather than recycled sediments. The mudstone sequences were deposited under semiarid and semihumid regions with paleoclimate evolved to drier and cooler conditions from lower to upper Shaximiao Formation. Such a paleoclimate coincided with the records of several basins in the lower paleolatitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and were possibly affected by the Middle Jurassic global geological events such as wildfire, paleogeographic reorganizations, and seaway dynamics change. The paleowater body belongs to a typical terrestrial freshwater environment, although the paleosalinity increased significantly during arid periods. The multicolored mudstones were deposited in oxidation and weak-oxidation to weak-anoxic conditions. We also propose a detailed conceptual paleoenvironment model for Shaximiao Formation, with a large perennial lake surrounded by limited alluvial plain during a period of high lake level and small ephemeral lakes scattering extensive alluvial plain during a phase of low lake level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Ma
- School
of Energy Resources, China University of
Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhijie Zhang
- Research
Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuanmin Zhou
- Research
Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dawei Cheng
- Research
Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haitao Hong
- PetroChina
Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Research
Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinghe Yu
- School
of Energy Resources, China University of
Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zixiao Peng
- School
of Energy Resources, China University of
Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
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3
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Ferrari M, Hautmann M. Gastropods underwent a major taxonomic turnover during the end-Triassic marine mass extinction event. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276329. [PMID: 36322518 PMCID: PMC9629647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on an exhaustive database of gastropod genera and subgenera during the Triassic-Jurassic transition, origination and extinction percentages and resulting diversity changes are calculated, with a particular focus on the end-Triassic mass extinction event. We show that gastropods suffered a loss of 56% of genera and subgenera during this event, which was higher than the average of marine life (46.8%). Among molluscs, gastropods were more strongly affected than bivalves (43.4%) but less than ammonoids, which were nearly annihilated. However, there were also pronounced differences among gastropod subclasses. The most strongly affected subclass was the Neritimorphia, which lost 72.7% of their Rhaetian genera; on the other extreme, the Heterobranchia remained nearly unaffected (11% loss). We analysed this extinction pattern with respect to larval development, palaeobiogeography, shell size, and anatomy and found that putative feeding of the pelagic larval stage, adaptation to tropical-temperate water temperatures, and flexibility of the mantle attachment were among the factors that might explain extinction resilience of heterobranchs during the end-Triassic crisis. Among molluscs, extinction magnitude roughly correlates with locomotion activity and thus metabolic rates. We suggest three potential kill mechanisms that could account for these observations: global warming, ocean acidification, and extinction of marine plankton. The end-Triassic extinction of gastropods therefore fits to proposed extinction scenarios for this event, which invoke the magmatic activity of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province as the ultimate cause of death. With respect to gastropods, the effect of the end-Triassic mass extinction was comparable to that of the end-Permian mass extinction. Notably, Heterobranchia was relatively little affected by both events; the extinction resilience of this subclass during times of global environmental changes was therefore possibly a key aspect of their subsequent evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Ferrari
- Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología, IPGP (CCT CONICET-CENPAT), Puerto Madryn, Provincia de Chubut, Argentina
| | - Michael Hautmann
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Alternating regimes of shallow and deep-sea diversification explain a species-richness paradox in marine fishes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123544119. [PMID: 36252009 PMCID: PMC9618140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123544119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The deep sea contains a surprising diversity of life, including iconic fish groups such as anglerfishes and lanternfishes. Still, >65% of marine teleost fish species are restricted to the photic zone <200 m, which comprises less than 10% of the ocean's total volume. From a macroevolutionary perspective, this paradox may be explained by three hypotheses: 1) shallow water lineages have had more time to diversify than deep-sea lineages, 2) shallow water lineages have faster rates of speciation than deep-sea lineages, or 3) shallow-to-deep sea transition rates limit deep-sea richness. Here we use phylogenetic comparative methods to test among these three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses. While we found support for all hypotheses, the disparity in species richness is better described as the uneven outcome of alternating phases that favored shallow or deep diversification over the past 200 million y. Shallow marine teleosts became incredibly diverse 100 million y ago during a period of warm temperatures and high sea level, suggesting the importance of reefs and epicontinental settings. Conversely, deep-sea colonization and speciation was favored during brief episodes when cooling temperatures increased the efficiency of the ocean's carbon pump. Finally, time-variable ecological filters limited shallow-to-deep colonization for much of teleost history, which helped maintain higher shallow richness. A pelagic lifestyle and large jaws were associated with early deep-sea colonists, while a demersal lifestyle and a tapered body plan were typical of later colonists. Therefore, we also suggest that some hallmark characteristics of deep-sea fishes evolved prior to colonizing the deep sea.
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5
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Xu T, Qi L, Kong L, Li Q. Mitogenomics reveals phylogenetic relationships of Patellogastropoda (Mollusca, Gastropoda) and dynamic gene rearrangements. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Lu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Qingdao China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education Ocean University of China Qingdao China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao China
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6
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Vickers ML, Bernasconi SM, Ullmann CV, Lode S, Looser N, Morales LG, Price GD, Wilby PR, Hougård IW, Hesselbo SP, Korte C. Marine temperatures underestimated for past greenhouse climate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19109. [PMID: 34580353 PMCID: PMC8476565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the Earth's climate system during past periods of high atmospheric CO2 is crucial for forecasting climate change under anthropogenically-elevated CO2. The Mesozoic Era is believed to have coincided with a long-term Greenhouse climate, and many of our temperature reconstructions come from stable isotopes of marine biotic calcite, in particular from belemnites, an extinct group of molluscs with carbonate hard-parts. Yet, temperatures reconstructed from the oxygen isotope composition of belemnites are consistently colder than those derived from other temperature proxies, leading to large uncertainties around Mesozoic sea temperatures. Here we apply clumped isotope palaeothermometry to two distinct carbonate phases from exceptionally well-preserved belemnites in order to constrain their living habitat, and improve temperature reconstructions based on stable oxygen isotopes. We show that belemnites precipitated both aragonite and calcite in warm, open ocean surface waters, and demonstrate how previous low estimates of belemnite calcification temperatures has led to widespread underestimation of Mesozoic sea temperatures by ca. 12 °C, raising estimates of some of the lowest temperature estimates for the Jurassic period to values which approach modern mid-latitude sea surface temperatures. Our findings enable accurate recalculation of global Mesozoic belemnite temperatures, and will thus improve our understanding of Greenhouse climate dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine L. Vickers
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XFaculty of Science, Geology Section, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Stefano M. Bernasconi
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Geologisches Institut, Dep. Erdwissenschaften, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Clemens V. Ullmann
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN UK ,grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - Stefanie Lode
- grid.13508.3f0000 0001 1017 5662Department of Petrology and Economic Geology, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Nathan Looser
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Geologisches Institut, Dep. Erdwissenschaften, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luiz Grafulha Morales
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Geologisches Institut, Dep. Erdwissenschaften, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Scientific Centre for Optical and Electron Microscopy (ScopeM), ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gregory D. Price
- grid.11201.330000 0001 2219 0747School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Plymouth University, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA UK
| | - Philip R. Wilby
- grid.474329.f0000 0001 1956 5915British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG UK ,grid.9918.90000 0004 1936 8411School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH UK
| | - Iben Winther Hougård
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XFaculty of Science, Geology Section, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Stephen P. Hesselbo
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Camborne School of Mines, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE Cornwall UK
| | - Christoph Korte
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XFaculty of Science, Geology Section, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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7
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Reconstruction of the evolutionary biogeography reveal the origins and diversification of oysters (Bivalvia: Ostreidae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 164:107268. [PMID: 34302948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oysters (Bivalvia: Ostreidae Rafinesque, 1815) live in the intertidal and shallow subtidal areas worldwide. Despite their long evolutionary histories, abundant fossil records, global distribution, and ecological significance, a systematic time-dependent biogeographical analysis of this family is still lacking. Using combined mitochondrial (COI and 16S rRNA) and nuclear (18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, H3 and ITS2) gene makers for 80% (70/88) of the recognized extant Ostreidae, we reconstructed the global phylogenetic and biogeographical relationships throughout the evolutionary history of oysters. The result provided a holistic view of the origin, migration and dispersal patterns of Ostreidae. The phylogenetic results and fossil evidence indicated that Ostreidae originated from the circum-Arctic region in the Early Jurassic. The widening of the Atlantic Ocean and changes in the Tethys Ocean further facilitated their subsequent diversification during the Cretaceous and the Palaeogene periods. In particular, Crassostrea and Saccostrea exhibited relatively low dispersal abilities and their major diversifications were consistent with the tectonic events. Environmental adaptations and reproductive patterns, therefore, should play key roles in the formation of oyster distribution patterners, rather than the dispersal ability of their planktonic larvae. The diversity dynamics inferred by standard phylogenetic are consistent with the fossil record, however, further systematic classification, especially for fossil genus Ostrea, would enhance our understanding on extant and fossil oysters. The present study of the historical biogeography of oysters provides new insights into the evolution and speciation of oysters. Our findings also provide a foundation for the assessment of evolutionary patterns and ecological processes in intertidal and inshore life.
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8
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Fischer V, Weis R, Thuy B. Refining the marine reptile turnover at the Early-Middle Jurassic transition. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10647. [PMID: 33665003 PMCID: PMC7906043 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though a handful of long-lived reptilian clades dominated Mesozoic marine ecosystems, several biotic turnovers drastically changed the taxonomic composition of these communities. A seemingly slow paced, within-geological period turnover took place across the Early–Middle Jurassic transition. This turnover saw the demise of early neoichthyosaurians, rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurians and early plesiosauroids in favour of ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurians and cryptoclidid and pliosaurid plesiosaurians, clades that will dominate the Late Jurassic and, for two of them, the entire Early Cretaceous as well. The fossil record of this turnover is however extremely poor and this change of dominance appears to be spread across the entire middle Toarcian–Bathonian interval. We describe a series of ichthyosaurian and plesiosaurian specimens from successive geological formations in Luxembourg and Belgium that detail the evolution of marine reptile assemblages across the Early–Middle Jurassic transition within a single area, the Belgo–Luxembourgian sub-basin. These fossils reveal the continuing dominance of large rhomaleosaurid plesiosaurians, microcleidid plesiosaurians and Temnodontosaurus-like ichthyosaurians up to the latest Toarcian, indicating that the structuration of the upper tier of Western Europe marine ecosystems remained essentially constant up to the very end of the Early Jurassic. These fossils also suddenly record ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurians and cryptoclidid plesiosaurians by the early Bajocian. These results from a geographically-restricted area provide a clearer picture of the shape of the marine reptile turnover occurring at the early–Middle Jurassic transition. This event appears restricted to the sole Aalenian stage, reducing the uncertainty of its duration, at least for ichthyosaurians and plesiosaurians, to 4 instead of 14 million years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Fischer
- Evolution & Diversity Dynamics Lab, UR Geology, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Robert Weis
- Department of palaeontology, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Ben Thuy
- Department of palaeontology, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg
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9
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Johnson MM, Young MT, Brusatte SL. The phylogenetics of Teleosauroidea (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) and implications for their ecology and evolution. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9808. [PMID: 33083104 PMCID: PMC7548081 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleosauroidea was a clade of ancient crocodylomorphs that were a key element of coastal marine environments during the Jurassic. Despite a 300-year research history and a recent renaissance in the study of their morphology and taxonomy, macroevolutionary studies of teleosauroids are currently limited by our poor understanding of their phylogenetic interrelationships. One major problem is the genus Steneosaurus, a wastebasket taxon recovered as paraphyletic or polyphyletic in phylogenetic analyses. We constructed a newly updated phylogenetic data matrix containing 153 taxa (27 teleosauroids, eight of which were newly added) and 502 characters, which we analysed under maximum parsimony using TNT 1.5 (weighted and unweighted analyses) and Bayesian inference using MrBayes v3.2.6 (standard, gamma and variation). The resulting topologies were then analysed to generate comprehensive higher-level phylogenetic hypotheses of teleosauroids and shed light on species-level interrelationships within the clade. The results from our parsimony and Bayesian analyses are largely consistent. Two large subclades within Teleosauroidea are recovered, and they are morphologically, ecologically and biogeographically distinct from one another. Based on comparative anatomical and phylogenetic results, we propose the following major taxonomic revisions to Teleosauroidea: (1) redefining Teleosauridae; (2) introducing one new family and three new subfamilies; (3) the resurrection of three historical genera; and (4) erecting seven new generic names and one new species name. The phylogeny infers that the Laurasian subclade was more phenotypically plastic overall than the Sub-Boreal-Gondwanan subclade. The proposed phylogeny shows that teleosauroids were more diverse than previously thought, in terms of morphology, ecology, dispersal and abundance, and that they represented some of the most successful crocodylomorphs during the Jurassic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark T Young
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen L Brusatte
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
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10
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Warm afterglow from the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event drives the success of deep-adapted brachiopods. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6549. [PMID: 32300235 PMCID: PMC7162941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of the supposed hyperthermal Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, Early Jurassic, c. 182 Ma) are well understood but a lack of robust palaeotemperature data severely limits reconstruction of the processes that drove the T-OAE and associated environmental and biotic changes. New oxygen isotope data from calcite shells of the benthic fauna suggest that bottom water temperatures in the western Tethys were elevated by c. 3.5 °C through the entire T-OAE. Modelling supports the idea that widespread marine anoxia was induced by a greenhouse-driven weathering pulse, and is compatible with the OAE duration being extended by limitation of the global silicate weathering flux. In the western Tethys Ocean, the later part of the T-OAE is characterized by abundant occurrences of the brachiopod Soaresirhynchia, which exhibits characteristics of slow-growing, deep sea brachiopods. The unlikely success of Soaresirhynchia in a hyperthermal event is attributed here to low metabolic rate, which put it at an advantage over other species from shallow epicontinental environments with higher metabolic demand.
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11
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Piazza V, Ullmann CV, Aberhan M. Temperature-related body size change of marine benthic macroinvertebrates across the Early Toarcian Anoxic Event. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4675. [PMID: 32170120 PMCID: PMC7069967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE, Early Jurassic, ~182 Ma ago) was characterised by severe environmental perturbations which led to habitat degradation and extinction of marine species. Warming-induced anoxia is usually identified as main driver, but because marine life was also affected in oxygenated environments the role of raised temperature and its effects on marine life need to be addressed. Body size is a fundamental characteristic of organisms and is expected to decrease as a response to heat stress. We present quantitative size data of bivalves and brachiopods across the TOAE from oxygenated habitats in the Iberian Basin, integrated with geochemical proxy data (δ13C and δ18O), to investigate the relationship between changes in temperature and body size. We find a strong negative correlation between the mean shell size of bivalve communities and isotope-derived temperature estimates, suggesting heat stress as a main cause of body size reduction. While within-species size changes were minor, we identify changes in the abundance of differently sized species as the dominant mechanism of reduced community shell size during the TOAE. Brachiopods experienced a wholesale turnover across the early warming phase and were replaced by a virtually monotypic assemblage of a smaller-sized, opportunistic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Piazza
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Clemens V Ullmann
- University of Exeter, Camborne School of Mines, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Martin Aberhan
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
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12
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Abstract
Cyclic variations in Earth’s orbit drive periodic changes in the ocean–atmosphere system at a time scale of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. The Mochras δ13CTOC record illustrates the continued impact of long-eccentricity (405-ky) orbital forcing on the carbon cycle over at least ∼18 My of Early Jurassic time and emphasizes orbital forcing as a driving mechanism behind medium-amplitude δ13C fluctuations superimposed on larger-scale trends that are driven by other variables such as tectonically determined paleogeography and eruption of large igneous provinces. The dataset provides a framework for distinguishing between internal Earth processes and solar-system dynamics as the driving mechanism for Early Jurassic δ13C fluctuations and provides an astronomical time scale for the Sinemurian Stage. Global perturbations to the Early Jurassic environment (∼201 to ∼174 Ma), notably during the Triassic–Jurassic transition and Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, are well studied and largely associated with volcanogenic greenhouse gas emissions released by large igneous provinces. The long-term secular evolution, timing, and pacing of changes in the Early Jurassic carbon cycle that provide context for these events are thus far poorly understood due to a lack of continuous high-resolution δ13C data. Here we present a δ13CTOC record for the uppermost Rhaetian (Triassic) to Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic), derived from a calcareous mudstone succession of the exceptionally expanded Llanbedr (Mochras Farm) borehole, Cardigan Bay Basin, Wales, United Kingdom. Combined with existing δ13CTOC data from the Toarcian, the compilation covers the entire Lower Jurassic. The dataset reproduces large-amplitude δ13CTOC excursions (>3‰) recognized elsewhere, at the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian transition and in the lower Toarcian serpentinum zone, as well as several previously identified medium-amplitude (∼0.5 to 2‰) shifts in the Hettangian to Pliensbachian interval. In addition, multiple hitherto undiscovered isotope shifts of comparable amplitude and stratigraphic extent are recorded, demonstrating that those similar features described earlier from stratigraphically more limited sections are nonunique in a long-term context. These shifts are identified as long-eccentricity (∼405-ky) orbital cycles. Orbital tuning of the δ13CTOC record provides the basis for an astrochronological duration estimate for the Pliensbachian and Sinemurian, giving implications for the duration of the Hettangian Stage. Overall the chemostratigraphy illustrates particular sensitivity of the marine carbon cycle to long-eccentricity orbital forcing.
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13
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De Lena LF, Taylor D, Guex J, Bartolini A, Adatte T, van Acken D, Spangenberg JE, Samankassou E, Vennemann T, Schaltegger U. The driving mechanisms of the carbon cycle perturbations in the late Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic). Sci Rep 2019; 9:18430. [PMID: 31804521 PMCID: PMC6895128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54593-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Early Jurassic (late Pliensbachian to early Toarcian) was a period marked by extinctions, climate fluctuations, and oceanic anoxia. Although the causes of the early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxia Event (OAE) have been fairly well studied, the events that lead to the Toarcian OAE, i.e. the events in the late Pliensbachian, have not been well constrained. Scenarios of the driving mechanism of biotic and environmental changes of the late Pliensbachian have ranged from LIP volcanism (the Karoo-Ferrar LIP), ocean stagnation, and changing ocean circulation, to orbital forcing. The temporal relationship between the Karoo LIP and the late Pliensbachian (Kunae-Carlottense ammonite Zones) are investigated in an effort to evaluate a causal relationship. We present the first absolute timescale on the Kunae and Carlottense Zones based on precise high-precision U-Pb geochronology, and additional geochemical proxies, for a range of environmental proxies such as bulk organic carbon isotope compositions, Hg concentration, and Hg/TOC ratios, and Re-Os isotopes to further explore their causal relationship. The data presented here show that causality between the Karoo LIP and the late Pliensbachian events cannot be maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F De Lena
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - David Taylor
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Jean Guex
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annachiara Bartolini
- Center for Research on Palaeontology - Paris, UMR7207, MNHN, CNRS, SU, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Adatte
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David van Acken
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences (iCRAG), UCD School of Earth Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jorge E Spangenberg
- Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elias Samankassou
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Urs Schaltegger
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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A major sea-level drop briefly precedes the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event: implication for Early Jurassic climate and carbon cycle. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12518. [PMID: 31467345 PMCID: PMC6715628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea-level change is an important parameter controlling the expansion of oxygen-depleted conditions in neritic settings during oceanic anoxic events (OAEs). Despite this fundamental role, it remains on a short timescale (<1 Myr) one of the least constrained parameters for numerous OAEs. Here we present sedimentological and geochemical evidence from Morocco and East Greenland showing that a forced regression shortly precedes (ca.102 kyr) the major transgression associated with the Toarcian OAE. The forced regression can be correlated over distances greater than 3000 km in numerous Tethyan and Boreal basins, indicating that the relative sea-level change was driven by eustastic fluctuations. The major amplitude (>50 m) and short duration of the forced regression suggests that it was most likely related to the transient waxing and waning of polar ice sheet. We suggest that this short-lived glaciation might have a genetic link with the inception of the Toarcian OAE. Indeed, during the deglaciation and the accompanying sea-level rise, the thawing permafrost may have released important quantities of methane into the atmosphere that would have contributed to the Toarcian OAE rapid warming and its characteristic negative carbon isotope excursion. This study offers a hypothesis on how some hyperthermal events might be rooted in short-lived “cold-snap” episodes.
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15
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Charcoal evidence that rising atmospheric oxygen terminated Early Jurassic ocean anoxia. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15018. [PMID: 28497785 PMCID: PMC5437290 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE) was characterized by a major disturbance to the global carbon(C)-cycle, and depleted oxygen in Earth's oceans resulting in marine mass extinction. Numerical models predict that increased organic carbon burial should drive a rise in atmospheric oxygen (pO2) leading to termination of an OAE after ∼1 Myr. Wildfire is highly responsive to changes in pO2 implying that fire-activity should vary across OAEs. Here we test this hypothesis by tracing variations in the abundance of fossil charcoal across the T-OAE. We report a sustained ∼800 kyr enhancement of fire-activity beginning ∼1 Myr after the onset of the T-OAE and peaking during its termination. This major enhancement of fire occurred across the timescale of predicted pO2 variations, and we argue this was primarily driven by increased pO2. Our study provides the first fossil-based evidence suggesting that fire-feedbacks to rising pO2 may have aided in terminating the T-OAE. Numerical models predict that during an oceanic anoxic event (OAE), increased organic carbon burial drives a rise in atmospheric oxygen leading to the event's termination. Here, the authors present evidence suggesting that the Toarcian OAE was terminated by rising oxygen and associated fire-feedbacks.
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16
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Solbakken MH, Rise ML, Jakobsen KS, Jentoft S. Successive Losses of Central Immune Genes Characterize the Gadiformes' Alternate Immunity. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:3508-3515. [PMID: 27797950 PMCID: PMC5203787 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Great genetic variability among teleost immunomes, with gene losses and expansions of central adaptive and innate components, has been discovered through genome sequencing over the last few years. Here, we demonstrate that the innate Myxovirus resistance gene (Mx) is lost from the ancestor of Gadiformes and the closely related Stylephorus chordatus, thus predating the loss of Major Histocompatibility Complex class II (MHCII) in Gadiformes. Although the functional implication of Mx loss is still unknown, we demonstrate that this loss is one of several ancient events appearing in successive order throughout the evolution of teleost immunity. In particular, we find that the loss of Toll-like receptor 5 predates the loss of Mx involving the entire Paracanthopterygii lineage. Using a time-calibrated phylogeny, we show that loss of MHCII and Mx overlap with major paleoclimatic and geological events indicating that these genetic changes were adaptive responses to the changing environment at the time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica H Solbakken
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Kjetill S Jakobsen
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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