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Charbonnier S, Vogt G, Forel MB, Hieu N, Devillez J, Laville T, Poulet-Crovisier N, King A, Briggs DEG. The La Voulte-sur-Rhône Konservat-Lagerstätte reveals the male and female internal anatomy of the Middle Jurassic clawed lobster Eryma ventrosum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17744. [PMID: 39085260 PMCID: PMC11291483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The biology of extinct animals is usually reconstructed from external morphological characters and comparison with present-day analogues. Internal soft organs are very rarely preserved in fossils and require high-tech approaches for visualization. Here, we report the internal anatomy of a female and male of the ~ 162 Myr-old lobster Eryma ventrosum from the Jurassic La Voulte-sur-Rhône Konservat-Lagerstätte in France using X-ray synchrotron tomography. The Erymidae is an extinct, species-rich, widespread and ecologically important Mesozoic family of decapod crustaceans. Our investigation revealed the anatomy of the locomotory, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, digestive, nervous and sensory, and reproductive systems at a resolution resembling low-magnification histology. Particularly notable is the detailed preservation of the small brain and the fragile hepatopancreas, the main metabolic organ of decapods that decays rapidly post-mortem. The remarkable preservation shows that the internal anatomy of Eryma ventrosum is closer to that of Nephropidae (clawed lobsters) than Astacidae (freshwater crayfish), their closest living relatives based on skeletal morphology. The microanatomy of the gonads and hepatopancreas indicates that the two specimens investigated were a young, well-nourished female and male prior to sexual maturity. The analysis of the soft anatomy reveals remarkable conservatism over 160 Myr and offers new insights into feeding, reproduction, life history and lifestyle of an important component of the macrozoobenthos of Middle Jurassic seas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Charbonnier
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7207, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris, CR2P, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Günter Vogt
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marie-Béatrice Forel
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7207, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris, CR2P, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathan Hieu
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7207, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris, CR2P, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Julien Devillez
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7207, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris, CR2P, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Laville
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7207, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris, CR2P, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Poulet-Crovisier
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS UMR 7207, Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris, CR2P, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Andrew King
- Synchrotron Soleil, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, France
| | - Derek E G Briggs
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Zhang S, Zhang G, Ding G, Liu Z, Wang B, Wu H, Wei G, Li J, Ye C, Yang S, Wang G. The Synergistic Effect on the Mimetic Optical Structure of Feline Eyes toward Household Health Monitoring of Acute and Chronic Diseases. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4944-4956. [PMID: 38301227 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A breakthrough in the performance of bionic optical structures will only be achieved if we can obtain an in-depth understanding of the synergy mechanisms operating in natural optical structures and find ways to imitate them. In this work, inspired by feline eyes, an optical substrate that takes advantage of a synergistic effect that occurs between resonant and reflective structures was designed. The synergistic effect between the reflective and resonant components leads to a Raman enhancement factor (EF) of 1.16 × 107, which is much greater than that achieved using the reflective/resonant cavities on their own. Finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and experimental results together confirm that the mechanism of this synergistic effect is achieved by realizing multiple reflections and repeated absorptions of light, generating a strong local electric field. Thus, a 2-3 order of magnitude increase in sensitivity could be achieved. More importantly, with the homemade centrifugal device, above optical substrates were further used to develop a rapidly highly sensitive household health monitoring system (detection time <3 min). It can thus be used to give early warning of acute diseases with high risk (e.g., acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cerebral peduncle). Due to the good reusability and storability (9% and 8% reduction in EF after washing 30 times and 9 months of storage, respectively) of the substrates, the substrates thus reduce detection costs (to ∼$1), making them much cheaper to use than the current gold-standard methods (e.g., ∼$16 for gout detection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guanglin Zhang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Zhiduo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Bingkun Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Huijuan Wu
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
| | - Genwang Wei
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jipeng Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, P. R. China
| | - Caichao Ye
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies & Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Computational Science and Material Design, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Siwei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Microelectronic Science and Engineering, School of Physical Science and Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China
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Klug C, Hoffmann R, Tischlinger H, Fuchs D, Pohle A, Rowe A, Rouget I, Kruta I. 'Arm brains' (axial nerves) of Jurassic coleoids and the evolution of coleoid neuroanatomy. SWISS JOURNAL OF PALAEONTOLOGY 2023; 142:22. [PMID: 37780806 PMCID: PMC10533608 DOI: 10.1186/s13358-023-00285-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Although patchy, the fossil record of coleoids bears a wealth of information on their soft part anatomy. Here, we describe remains of the axial nerve cord from both decabrachian (Acanthoteuthis, Belemnotheutis, Chondroteuthis) and octobrachian (Plesioteuthis, Proteroctopus, Vampyronassa) coleoids from the Jurassic. We discuss some hypotheses reflecting on possible evolutionary drivers behind the neuroanatomical differentiation of the coleoid arm crown. We also propose some hypotheses on potential links between habitat depth, mode of life and the evolution of the Coleoidea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13358-023-00285-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klug
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - René Hoffmann
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, & Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Helmut Tischlinger
- 85134 Stammham, Germany
- Jura-Museum Eichstätt, Willibaldsburg, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Dirk Fuchs
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Pohle
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Geology, Mineralogy, & Geophysics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Alison Rowe
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Rouget
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Kruta
- Centre de recherche en paléontologie - Paris, Sorbonne Université-MNHN-CNRS-CR2P, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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Feng X, Lv X, Dong J, Liu Y, Shu F, Wu Y. Double-Glued Multi-Focal Bionic Compound Eye Camera. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1548. [PMID: 37630084 PMCID: PMC10456709 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Compound eye cameras are a vital component of bionics. Compound eye lenses are currently used in light field cameras, monitoring imaging, medical endoscopes, and other fields. However, the resolution of the compound eye lens is still low at the moment, which has an impact on the application scene. Photolithography and negative pressure molding were used to create a double-glued multi-focal bionic compound eye camera in this study. The compound eye camera has 83 microlenses, with ommatidium diameters ranging from 400 μm to 660 μm, and a 92.3 degree field-of-view angle. The double-gluing structure significantly improves the optical performance of the compound eye lens, and the spatial resolution of the ommatidium is 57.00 lp mm-1. Additionally, the measurement of speed is investigated. This double-glue compound eye camera has numerous potential applications in the military, machine vision, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (X.F.); (X.L.); (J.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (X.F.); (X.L.); (J.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Junyu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (X.F.); (X.L.); (J.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yongshun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (X.F.); (X.L.); (J.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Fengfeng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (X.F.); (X.L.); (J.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; (X.F.); (X.L.); (J.D.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Optical System Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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5
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Schoenemann B, Clarkson ENK. The median eyes of trilobites. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3917. [PMID: 36890176 PMCID: PMC9995485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropods typically possess two types of eyes-compound eyes, and the ocellar, so called 'median eyes'. Only trilobites, an important group of arthropods during the Palaeozoic, seem not to possess median eyes. While compound eyes are in focus of many investigations, median eyes are not as well considered. Here we give an overview of the occurence of median eyes in the arthropod realm and their phylogenetic relationship to other ocellar eye-systems among invertebrates. We discuss median eyes as represented in the fossil record e.g. in arthropods of the Cambrian fauna, and document median eyes in trilobites the first time. We make clear that ocellar systems, homologue to median eyes and possibly their predecessors are the primordial visual system, and that the compound eyes evolved later. Furthermore, the original number of median eyes is two, as retained in chelicerates. Four, probably the consequence of a gene-dublication, can be found for example in basal crustaceans, three is a derived number by fusion of the central median eyes and characterises Mandibulata. Median eyes are present in larval trilobites, but lying below a probably thin, translucent cuticle, as described here, which explains why they have hitherto escaped detection. So this article gives a review about the complexity of representation and evolution of median eyes among arthropods, and fills the gap of missing median eyes in trilobites. Thus now the number of median eyes represented in an arthropod is an important tool to find its position in the phylogenetic tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Schoenemann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology (Neurobiology, Animal Physiology), University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Euan N K Clarkson
- Grant Institute, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, UK
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6
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Feng X, Liu Y, Dong J, Yu Y, Xing Y, Shu F, Peng L, Wu Y. A Meniscus Multifocusing Compound Eye Camera Based on Negative Pressure Forming Technology. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:420. [PMID: 36838120 PMCID: PMC9962903 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To meet the challenge of preparing a high-resolution compound eye, this paper proposes a multi-focal-length meniscus compound eye based on MEMS negative pressure molding technology. The aperture is increased, a large field of view angle of 101.14° is obtained, and the ommatidia radius of each stage is gradually increased from 250 μm to 440 μm. A meniscus structure is used to improve the imaging quality of the marginal compound eye so that its resolution can reach 36.00 lp/mm. The prepared microlenses have a uniform shape and a smooth surface, and both panoramic image stitching and moving object tracking are achieved. This technology has great potential for application in many fields, including automatic driving, machine vision, and medical endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yongshun Liu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Junyu Dong
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yongjian Yu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yi Xing
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Fengfeng Shu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Lanxin Peng
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
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Exceptional fossil preservation and evolution of the ray-finned fish brain. Nature 2023; 614:486-491. [PMID: 36725931 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain anatomy provides key evidence for the relationships between ray-finned fishes1, but two major limitations obscure our understanding of neuroanatomical evolution in this major vertebrate group. First, the deepest branching living lineages are separated from the group's common ancestor by hundreds of millions of years, with indications that aspects of their brain morphology-like other aspects of their anatomy2,3-are specialized relative to primitive conditions. Second, there are no direct constraints on brain morphology in the earliest ray-finned fishes beyond the coarse picture provided by cranial endocasts: natural or virtual infillings of void spaces within the skull4-8. Here we report brain and cranial nerve soft-tissue preservation in Coccocephalus wildi, an approximately 319-million-year-old ray-finned fish. This example of a well-preserved vertebrate brain provides a window into neural anatomy deep within ray-finned fish phylogeny. Coccocephalus indicates a more complicated pattern of brain evolution than suggested by living species alone, highlighting cladistian apomorphies1 and providing temporal constraints on the origin of traits uniting all extant ray-finned fishes1,9. Our findings, along with a growing set of studies in other animal groups10-12, point to the importance of ancient soft tissue preservation in understanding the deep evolutionary assembly of major anatomical systems outside of the narrow subset of skeletal tissues13-15.
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8
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de Mazancourt V, Wappler T, Wedmann S. Exceptional preservation of internal organs in a new fossil species of freshwater shrimp (Caridea: Palaemonoidea) from the Eocene of Messel (Germany). Sci Rep 2022; 12:18114. [PMID: 36302944 PMCID: PMC9613706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new species of extinct freshwater shrimp was discovered in the Eocene deposit of the Messel Pit Konservat-Lagerstätte. This rare find is represented by only a few specimens, one of which showing exceptionally preserved soft tissues and other internal parts like the stomach with possibly gastric ossicles in place, branchiae, the ovary, and the left mandible, never described in a fossil shrimp. The new species Bechleja brevirostris n. sp. is characterized by a short rostrum bearing 6-8 dorsal spines and one ventral tooth, and long second pereiopods with strong chelae. One additional specimen shows a slightly different morphology and might belong to a different species. The systematic position of the species among the superfamily Palaemonoidea is discussed, as well as implications for the knowledge of the paleoenvironment of Lake Messel and the paleobiogeography of the Eocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin de Mazancourt
- grid.422371.10000 0001 2293 9957Center for Integrative Biodiversity Discovery, Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin, Germany ,grid.462844.80000 0001 2308 1657Laboratoire Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques MNHN, CNRS 8067, SU, IRD 207, UCN, UA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Torsten Wappler
- grid.462257.00000 0004 0493 4732Department of Natural History, Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany ,grid.10388.320000 0001 2240 3300Section Palaeontology, Institute of Geosciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sonja Wedmann
- grid.462628.c0000 0001 2184 5457Senckenberg Forschungsstation Grube Messel, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt/M., Messel, Germany
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Jenkins KM, Briggs DE, Luque J. The remarkable visual system of a Cretaceous crab. iScience 2022; 25:103579. [PMID: 35005531 PMCID: PMC8715156 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
True crabs (Brachyura) are one of the few groups of arthropods to evolve several types of compound eye, the origins and early evolution of which are obscure. Here, we describe details of the eyes of the Cretaceous brachyuran Callichimaera perplexa, which possessed remarkably large eyes and a highly disparate body form among brachyurans. The eyes of C. perplexa preserve internal optic neuropils and external corneal elements, and it is the first known post-Paleozoic arthropod to preserve both. Additionally, a series of specimens of C. perplexa preserve both the eyes and carapace, allowing for the calculation of the optical growth rate. C. perplexa shows the fastest optical growth rate compared with a sample of 14 species of extant brachyurans. The growth series of C. perplexa, in combination with the calculation of the interommatidial angle and eye parameter, demonstrates that it was a highly visual predator that inhabited well-lit environments. We report optical details of the Cretaceous brachyuran crab Callichimaera perplexa It preserves both internal optic neuropils and external corneal elements Callichimaera has a faster optical growth rate than a series of extant crabs Callichimaera was a highly visual predator inhabiting well-lit environments
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey M. Jenkins
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Derek E.G. Briggs
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Javier Luque
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa–Ancón 0843–03092, Panamá, Panamá
- Institute of Environment and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
- Corresponding author
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Biomimetic apposition compound eye fabricated using microfluidic-assisted 3D printing. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6458. [PMID: 34753909 PMCID: PMC8578215 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
After half a billion years of evolution, arthropods have developed sophisticated compound eyes with extraordinary visual capabilities that have inspired the development of artificial compound eyes. However, the limited 2D nature of most traditional fabrication techniques makes it challenging to directly replicate these natural systems. Here, we present a biomimetic apposition compound eye fabricated using a microfluidic-assisted 3D-printing technique. Each microlens is connected to the bottom planar surface of the eye via intracorporal, zero-crosstalk refractive-index-matched waveguides to mimic the rhabdoms of a natural eye. Full-colour wide-angle panoramic views and position tracking of a point source are realized by placing the fabricated eye directly on top of a commercial imaging sensor. As a biomimetic analogue to naturally occurring compound eyes, the eye's full-colour 3D to 2D mapping capability has the potential to enable a wide variety of applications from improving endoscopic imaging to enhancing machine vision for facilitating human-robot interactions.
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11
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Lukeneder A, Lukeneder P. The Upper Triassic Polzberg palaeobiota from a marine Konservat-Lagerstätte deposited during the Carnian Pluvial Episode in Austria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16644. [PMID: 34404880 PMCID: PMC8370992 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A rich assemblage of various marine taxa from the lower Carnian Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte near Lunz am See (Northern Calcareous Alps, Lower Austria) is described for the first time in detail. The fossiliferous layers were deposited during the Julian 2 Ib (Austrotrachyceras austriacum Zone, Austrotrachyceras minor biohorizon). The fine-laminated Reingraben Shales comprise abundant and well-preserved members of the marine Carnian food chain. Invertebrates with the bivalve Halobia, the ammonite Austrotrachyceras and the coleoid Phragmoteuthis dominate over vertebrate actinopterygian fishes. Fragile groups such as polychaetes and isopods are entirely preserved as soft body fossils. The diverse assemblage comprises ammonites (Austrotrachyceras, Carnites, Sageceras, Simonyceras), coleoids (Phragmoteuthis, Lunzoteuthis), bivalves (Halobia), gastropods (caenogastropods/heterobranchs), one echinoid, thylacocephalan arthropods (Austriocaris), crustaceans (the decapod Platychela and isopods such as Obtusotelson, Discosalaputium), polychaetes (Palaeoaphrodite sp., eunicid polychaete), acytinopterygians (Saurichthys, Polzbergia, Peltopleurus, Habroichthys), cartilaginous fishes (Acrodus), coelacanth fish ("Coelacanthus"), a lungfish (Tellerodus), and a conodont cluster (Mosherella). Regurgitalites produced by large durophagous fish and coprolites produced by piscivorous actinopterygians accompany the Polzberg palaeobiota along with rare plant remains (Voltzia). The entire fauna of Polzberg and the excellent preservation of the specimens present a window into the Upper Triassic assemblage and palaeoenvironment during the so-called Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) in the early Mesozoic. The occurrence of the freshwater lungfish Tellerodus and the branchiopod Eustheria, a member of brackish to freshwater environments, points to the influence of occasional freshwater pulses or sediment transport events on the marine environment. The Polzberg palaeobiota was deposited during the global CPE, triggering the environmental conditions of the Polzberg Basin and resulting in the formation of the Reingraben Shales with the Polzberg Konservat-Lagerstätte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lukeneder
- grid.425585.b0000 0001 2259 6528Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Lukeneder
- grid.425585.b0000 0001 2259 6528Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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12
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Schoenemann B, Clarkson ENK. Points of view in understanding trilobite eyes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2081. [PMID: 33828091 PMCID: PMC8027602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Schoenemann
- Department of Zoology, Neurobiology/Animal Physiology and Biology Education, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Euan N K Clarkson
- Grant Institute, School of Geosciences, The Kings Buildings, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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13
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Schoenemann B. An overview on trilobite eyes and their functioning. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 61:101032. [PMID: 33711677 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Great progress has been made during the last decades in understanding visual systems of arthropods living today. Thus it seems worthwhile to review what is known about structure and function of the eyes of trilobites, the most important group of marine arthropods during the Paleozoic. There are three types of compound eyes in trilobites. The oldest and most abundant is the so-called holochroal eye. The sensory system represents a typical apposition eye, and all units are covered by one cornea in common. The so-called abathochroal eye (only in eodiscid trilobites) consists of small lenses, each individually covered by a thin cuticular cornea. The schizochroal eye is represented just in the suborder Phacopina, and probably is a highly specialized visual system. We discuss the calcitic character of trilobite lenses, the phylogenetic relevance of the existence of crystalline cones in trilobites, and consider adaptations of trilobite's compound eyes to different ecological constraints. The aim of this article is to give a resumé of what is known so far about trilobite vision, and to open perspectives to what still might be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Schoenemann
- University of Cologne, Zoology Department (Neurobiology/Animal Physiology and Biology Education), Herbert-Lewin-Straße 10, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Košťák M, Schlögl J, Fuchs D, Holcová K, Hudáčková N, Culka A, Fözy I, Tomašových A, Milovský R, Šurka J, Mazuch M. Fossil evidence for vampire squid inhabiting oxygen-depleted ocean zones since at least the Oligocene. Commun Biol 2021; 4:216. [PMID: 33603225 PMCID: PMC7893013 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A marked 120 My gap in the fossil record of vampire squids separates the only extant species (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) from its Early Cretaceous, morphologically-similar ancestors. While the extant species possesses unique physiological adaptations to bathyal environments with low oxygen concentrations, Mesozoic vampyromorphs inhabited epicontinental shelves. However, the timing of their retreat towards bathyal and oxygen-depleted habitats is poorly documented. Here, we document a first record of a post-Mesozoic vampire squid from the Oligocene of the Central Paratethys represented by a vampyromorph gladius. We assign Necroteuthis hungarica to the family Vampyroteuthidae that links Mesozoic loligosepiids with Recent Vampyroteuthis. Micropalaeontological, palaeoecological, and geochemical analyses demonstrate that Necroteuthis hungarica inhabited bathyal environments with bottom-water anoxia and high primary productivity in salinity-stratified Central Paratethys basins. Vampire squids were thus adapted to bathyal, oxygen-depleted habitats at least since the Oligocene. We suggest that the Cretaceous and the early Cenozoic OMZs triggered their deep-sea specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Košťák
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ján Schlögl
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dirk Fuchs
- SNSB-Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München, Germany
| | - Katarína Holcová
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Hudáčková
- Department of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Adam Culka
- Institute of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral resources, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - István Fözy
- Department of Palaeontology and Geology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Adam Tomašových
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Milovský
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Šurka
- Earth Science Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
| | - Martin Mazuch
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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15
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Paterson JR, Edgecombe GD, García-Bellido DC. Disparate compound eyes of Cambrian radiodonts reveal their developmental growth mode and diverse visual ecology. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/49/eabc6721. [PMID: 33268353 PMCID: PMC7821881 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Radiodonts are nektonic stem-group euarthropods that played various trophic roles in Paleozoic marine ecosystems, but information on their vision is limited. Optical details exist only in one species from the Cambrian Emu Bay Shale of Australia, here assigned to Anomalocaris aff. canadensis We identify another type of radiodont compound eye from this deposit, belonging to 'Anomalocaris' briggsi This ≤4-cm sessile eye has >13,000 lenses and a dorsally oriented acute zone. In both taxa, lenses were added marginally and increased in size and number throughout development, as in many crown-group euarthropods. Both species' eyes conform to their inferred lifestyles: The macrophagous predator A. aff. canadensis has acute stalked eyes (>24,000 lenses each) adapted for hunting in well-lit waters, whereas the suspension-feeding 'A.' briggsi could detect plankton in dim down-welling light. Radiodont eyes further demonstrate the group's anatomical and ecological diversity and reinforce the crucial role of vision in early animal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Paterson
- Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Gregory D Edgecombe
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Diego C García-Bellido
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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16
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Gueriau P, Réguer S, Leclercq N, Cupello C, Brito PM, Jauvion C, Morel S, Charbonnier S, Thiaudière D, Mocuta C. Visualizing mineralization processes and fossil anatomy using synchronous synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction mapping. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200216. [PMID: 32842887 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossils, including those that occasionally preserve decay-prone soft tissues, are mostly made of minerals. Accessing their chemical composition provides unique insight into their past biology and/or the mechanisms by which they preserve, leading to a series of developments in chemical and elemental imaging. However, the mineral composition of fossils, particularly where soft tissues are preserved, is often only inferred indirectly from elemental data, while X-ray diffraction that specifically provides phase identification received little attention. Here, we show the use of synchrotron radiation to generate not only X-ray fluorescence elemental maps of a fossil, but also mineralogical maps in transmission geometry using a two-dimensional area detector placed behind the fossil. This innovative approach was applied to millimetre-thick cross-sections prepared through three-dimensionally preserved fossils, as well as to compressed fossils. It identifies and maps mineral phases and their distribution at the microscale over centimetre-sized areas, benefitting from the elemental information collected synchronously, and further informs on texture (preferential orientation), crystallite size and local strain. Probing such crystallographic information is instrumental in defining mineralization sequences, reconstructing the fossilization environment and constraining preservation biases. Similarly, this approach could potentially provide new knowledge on other (bio)mineralization processes in environmental sciences. We also illustrate that mineralogical contrasts between fossil tissues and/or the encasing sedimentary matrix can be used to visualize hidden anatomies in fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gueriau
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, ministère de la Culture, UVSQ, MNHN, Institut photonique d'analyse non-destructive européen des matériaux anciens, 91192 Saint-Aubin, France.,Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Géopolis, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Solenn Réguer
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Leclercq
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Camila Cupello
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia/IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, R. São Francisco Xavier, 524-Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo M Brito
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia/IBRAG, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, R. São Francisco Xavier, 524-Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil
| | - Clément Jauvion
- Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France.,Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P UMR 7207), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Séverin Morel
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P UMR 7207), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Charbonnier
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie-Paris (CR2P UMR 7207), CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Dominique Thiaudière
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Cristian Mocuta
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin BP 48, 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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17
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Jobbins M, Haug C, Klug C. First African thylacocephalans from the Famennian of Morocco and their role in Late Devonian food webs. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5129. [PMID: 32198412 PMCID: PMC7083884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61770-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thylacocephalans are enigmatic arthropods with an erratic Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil record. In many of the few localities where they occur, they are quite abundant. This also holds true for the Famennian Thylacocephalan Layer in the Maider (eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco), a small epicontinental basin hosting some strata with taphonomic properties of a conservation deposit yielding exceptionally preserved gnathostomes and non-vertebrates. In a thin argillaceous interval in the earliest middle Famennian, thylacocephalans occur in such great numbers that they became eponyms of this unit. Therein, we discovered a new taxon of thylacocephalans, Concavicaris submarinus sp. nov., which represent the oldest records of thylacocephalans from Africa. In the CT-imagery, the holotype of Concavicaris submarinus sp. nov. revealed anatomical details including its eyes, appendages and other soft parts. Sedimentary facies and faunal composition of the Thylacocephalan Layer suggest that these animals populated the water column above the low-oxygen sea floor. Thus, thylacocephalans likely represented an important component of the diet of chondrichthyans and placoderms, which are quite common as well. The abundance of thylacocephalans in other conservation deposits like the Cleveland Shale (USA) and the Gogo Formation (Australia) underline their pivotal role in Late Devonian pelagic food webs.
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18
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Schoenemann B, Poschmann M, Clarkson ENK. Insights into the 400 million-year-old eyes of giant sea scorpions (Eurypterida) suggest the structure of Palaeozoic compound eyes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17797. [PMID: 31780700 PMCID: PMC6882788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea scorpions (Eurypterida, Chelicerata) of the Lower Devonian (~400 Mya) lived as large, aquatic predators. The structure of modern chelicerate eyes is very different from that of mandibulate compound eyes [Mandibulata: Crustacea and Tracheata (Hexapoda, such as insects, and Myriapoda)]. Here we show that the visual system of Lower Devonian (~400 Mya) eurypterids closely matches that of xiphosurans (Xiphosura, Chelicerata). Modern representatives of this group, the horseshoe crabs (Limulidae), have cuticular lens cylinders and usually also an eccentric cell in their sensory apparatus. This strongly suggests that the xiphosuran/eurypterid compound eye is a plesiomorphic structure with respect to the Chelicerata, and probably ancestral to that of Euchelicerata, including Eurypterida, Arachnida and Xiphosura. This is supported by the fact that some Palaeozoic scorpions also possessed compound eyes similar to those of eurypterids. Accordingly, edge enhancement (lateral inhibition), organised by the eccentric cell, most useful in scattered light-conditions, may be a very old mechanism, while the single-lens system of arachnids is possibly an adaptation to a terrestrial life-style.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Schoenemann
- University of Cologne, Zoology Department/ Neurobiology/Animal Physiology/Institute of Biology Education, Herbert-Lewin-Straße 10, D-50931, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Markus Poschmann
- Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe RLP, Direktion Landesarchäologie/Erdgeschichte, Niederberger Höhe 1, D-56077, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Euan N K Clarkson
- University of Edinburgh, Grant Institute, School of Geosciences, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JW, Scotland
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19
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Broda K, Marynowski L, Rakociński M, Zatoń M. Coincidence of photic zone euxinia and impoverishment of arthropods in the aftermath of the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16996. [PMID: 31740678 PMCID: PMC6861261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lowermost Famennian deposits of the Kowala quarry (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland) are becoming famous for their rich fossil content such as their abundant phosphatized arthropod remains (mostly thylacocephalans). Here, for the first time, palaeontological and geochemical data were integrated to document abundance and diversity patterns in the context of palaeoenvironmental changes. During deposition, the generally oxic to suboxic conditions were interrupted at least twice by the onset of photic zone euxinia (PZE). Previously, PZE was considered as essential in preserving phosphatised fossils from, e.g., the famous Gogo Formation, Australia. Here, we show, however, that during PZE, the abundance of arthropods drastically dropped. The phosphorous content during PZE was also very low in comparison to that from oxic-suboxic intervals where arthropods are the most abundant. As phosphorous is essential for phosphatisation but also tends to flux off the sediment during bottom water anoxia, we propose that the PZE in such a case does not promote the fossilisation of the arthropods but instead leads to their impoverishment and non-preservation. Thus, the PZE conditions with anoxic bottom waters cannot be presumed as universal for exceptional fossil preservation by phosphatisation, and caution must be paid when interpreting the fossil abundance on the background of redox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Broda
- Department of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, 41-205, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Leszek Marynowski
- Department of Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Petrography, University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, 41-205, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Rakociński
- Department of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, 41-205, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Zatoń
- Department of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, University of Silesia in Katowice, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Będzińska 60, 41-205, Sosnowiec, Poland
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20
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Bicknell RDC, Amati L, Ortega-Hernández J. New insights into the evolution of lateral compound eyes in Palaeozoic horseshoe crabs. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Vision allows animals to interact with their environment. Aquatic chelicerates dominate the early record of lateral compound eyes among non-biomineralizing crown-group euarthropods. Although the conservative morphology of lateral eyes in Xiphosura is potentially plesiomorphic for Euarthropoda, synziphosurine eye organization has received little attention despite their early diverging phylogenetic position. Here, we re-evaluate the fossil evidence for lateral compound eyes in the synziphosurines Bunodes sp., Cyamocephalus loganensis, Legrandella lombardii, Limuloides limuloides, Pseudoniscus clarkei, Pseudoniscus falcatus and Pseudoniscus roosevelti. We compare these data with lateral eyes in the euchelicerates Houia yueya, Kasibelinurus amicorum and Lunataspis aurora. We find no convincing evidence for lateral eyes in most studied taxa, and Pseudoniscus roosevelti and Legrandella lombardii are the only synziphosurines with this feature. Our findings support two scenarios for euchelicerate lateral eye evolution. The elongate-crescentic lateral eyes of Legrandella lombardii might represent the ancestral organization, as suggested by the phylogenetic position of this taxon in stem-group Euchelicerata. Alternatively, the widespread occurrence of kidney-shaped lateral eyes in stem-group Xiphosura and stem-group Arachnida could represent the plesiomorphic condition; Legrandella lombardii eyes would therefore be derived. Both evolutionary scenarios support the interpretation that kidney-shaped lateral eyes are ancestral for crown-group Euchelicerata and morphologically conserved in extant Limulus polyphemus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell D C Bicknell
- Palaeoscience Research Centre, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Amati
- Paleontology, New York State Museum, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Javier Ortega-Hernández
- Museum of Comparative Zoology and Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Scholtz G, Staude A, Dunlop JA. Trilobite compound eyes with crystalline cones and rhabdoms show mandibulate affinities. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2503. [PMID: 31175282 PMCID: PMC6555793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Most knowledge about the structure, function, and evolution of early compound eyes is based on investigations in trilobites. However, these studies dealt mainly with the cuticular lenses and little was known about internal anatomy. Only recently some data on crystalline cones and retinula cells were reported for a Cambrian trilobite species. Here, we describe internal eye structures of two other trilobite genera. The Ordovician Asaphus sp. reveals preserved crystalline cones situated underneath the cuticular lenses. The same is true for the Devonian species Archegonus (Waribole) warsteinensis, which in addition shows the fine structure of the rhabdom in the retinula cells. These results suggest that an apposition eye with a crystalline cone is ancestral for Trilobita. The overall similarity of trilobite eyes to those of myriapods, crustaceans, and hexapods corroborates views of a phylogenetic position of trilobites in the stem lineage of Mandibulata. Little is known about the internal anatomy of early eyes. Here, Scholtz and colleagues show the internal eye structures from fossils of two genera of trilobites, which support an ancestral apposition eye with crystalline cones in Trilobita and a close affinity with Mandibulata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Scholtz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Biologie/Vergleichende Zoologie, Philippstr. 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas Staude
- Fachbereich 8.5 "Mikro-ZfP", BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.,Thermo Fisher Scientific, c/o Zuse Institut Berlin (ZIB), Takustr. 7, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason A Dunlop
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstr. 43, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Audo D, Robin N, Luque J, Krobicki M, Haug JT, Haug C, Jauvion C, Charbonnier S. Palaeoecology of Voulteryon parvulus (Eucrustacea, Polychelida) from the Middle Jurassic of La Voulte-sur-Rhône Fossil-Lagerstätte (France). Sci Rep 2019; 9:5332. [PMID: 30926859 PMCID: PMC6441058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41834-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceptional and extremely rare preservation of soft parts, eyes, or syn-vivo associations provide crucial palaeoecological information on fossil-rich deposits. Here we present exceptionally preserved specimens of the polychelidan lobster Voulteryon parvulus, from the Jurassic of La Voulte-sur-Rhône Fossil-Lagerstätte, France, bearing eyes with hexagonal and square facets, ovaries, and a unique association with epibiont thecideoid brachiopods, giving insights onto the palaeoenvironment of this Lagerstätte. The eyes, mostly covered in hexagonal facets are interpreted as either apposition eyes (poorly adapted to low-light environment) or, less likely, as refractive or parabolic superposition eyes (compatible with dysphotic palaeoenvironments). The interpretation that V. parvulus had apposition eyes suggests an allochthonous, shallow water origin. However, the presence of thecideoid brachiopod ectosymbionts on its carapace, usually associated to dim-light paleoenvironments and/or rock crevices, suggests that V. parvulus lived in a dim-light setting. This would support the less parsimonious interpretation that V. parvulus had superposition eyes. If we accept the hypothesis that V. parvulus had apposition eyes, since the La Voulte palaeoenvironment is considered deep water and had a soft substrate, V. parvulus could have moved into the La Voulte Lagerstätte setting. If this is the case, La Voulte biota would record a combination of multiple palaeoenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Audo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Yunnan University, North Cuihu road 2#, 650091, Kunming, China.
- MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.
| | - Ninon Robin
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (UMR 7207), CNRS-MNHN-Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Origines & Evolution, (CP 38), 8, rue Buffon, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Javier Luque
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520-8109, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Michal Krobicki
- Department of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joachim T Haug
- LMU Munich, Department of Biology II and GeoBio-Center, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Carolin Haug
- LMU Munich, Department of Biology II and GeoBio-Center, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152, Martinsried-Planegg, Germany
| | - Clément Jauvion
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (UMR 7207), CNRS-MNHN-Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Origines & Evolution, (CP 38), 8, rue Buffon, F-75005, Paris, France
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC, UMR 7590), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, 57 rue Cuvier, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Charbonnier
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (UMR 7207), CNRS-MNHN-Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Département Origines & Evolution, (CP 38), 8, rue Buffon, F-75005, Paris, France
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Vannier J, Aria C, Taylor RS, Caron JB. Waptia fieldensis Walcott, a mandibulate arthropod from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:172206. [PMID: 30110460 PMCID: PMC6030330 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.172206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Waptia fieldensis Walcott, 1912 is one of the iconic animals from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale biota that had lacked a formal description since its discovery at the beginning of the twentieth century. This study, based on over 1800 specimens, finds that W. fieldensis shares general characteristics with pancrustaceans, as previous authors had suggested based mostly on its overall aspect. The cephalothorax is covered by a flexible, bivalved carapace and houses a pair of long multisegmented antennules, palp-bearing mandibles, maxillules, and four pairs of appendages with five-segmented endopods-the anterior three pairs with long and robust enditic basipods, the fourth pair with proximal annulations and lamellae. The post-cephalothorax has six pairs of lamellate and fully annulated appendages which appear to be extensively modified basipods rather than exopods. The front part of the body bears a pair of stalked eyes with the first ommatidia preserved in a Burgess Shale arthropod, and a median 'labral' complex flanked by lobate projections with possible affinities to hemi-ellipsoid bodies. Waptia confirms the mandibulate affinity of hymenocarines, retrieved here as part of an expanded Pancrustacea, thereby providing a novel perspective on the evolutionary history of this hyperdiverse group. We construe that Waptia was an active swimming predator of soft prey items, using its anterior appendages for food capture and manipulation, and also potentially for clinging to epibenthic substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Vannier
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGL-TPE, Bâtiment Géode, 2, rue Raphaël Dubois, Villeurbanne 69622, France
| | - Cédric Aria
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39, East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
- Department of Natural History (Palaeobiology Section), Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 2C6
| | - Rod S. Taylor
- Manuels River Hibernia Interpretation Centre, 7 Conception Bay South Highway, CBS, Newfoundland, CanadaA1W 3A2
- Department of Earth Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Newfoundland, CanadaA1B 3X5
| | - Jean-Bernard Caron
- Department of Natural History (Palaeobiology Section), Royal Ontario Museum, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 2C6
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B2, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B2
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CanadaM5S 3B1
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Abstract
Until now, the fossil record has not been capable of revealing any details of the mechanisms of complex vision at the beginning of metazoan evolution. Here, we describe functional units, at a cellular level, of a compound eye from the base of the Cambrian, more than half a billion years old. Remains of early Cambrian arthropods showed the external lattices of enormous compound eyes, but not the internal structures or anything about how those compound eyes may have functioned. In a phosphatized trilobite eye from the lower Cambrian of the Baltic, we found lithified remnants of cellular systems, typical of a modern focal apposition eye, similar to those of a bee or dragonfly. This shows that sophisticated eyes already existed at the beginning of the fossil record of higher organisms, while the differences between the ancient system and the internal structures of a modern apposition compound eye open important insights into the evolution of vision.
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Tanaka G, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Siveter DJ, Parker AR. Rods and cones in an enantiornithine bird eye from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00479. [PMID: 29387816 PMCID: PMC5772835 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extant birds have an extensive spectral range of colour vision among vertebrates, but evidence of colour vision among extinct birds has hitherto been lacking. An exceptionally well-preserved extinct enantiornithine fossil bird from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation (120 Ma) of Liaoning, China, provides the first report of mineralised soft tissue of a bird eye. Cone cells are identified, which have preserved oil droplets falling between wide ranges of size that can be compared with an extant house sparrow. The size distribution of oil droplets of extant birds demonstrates good correlation between size and the detectable wavelength range of the cone cells: UV-sensitive cones contain the smallest oil droplets, while red-sensitive cones possess the largest. The data suggests that this Early Cretaceous bird could have possessed colour vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengo Tanaka
- Institute of Liberal Arts and Science, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Baochun Zhou
- Shanghai Natural History Museum, 510 West Beijing Road, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Shanghai Natural History Museum, 510 West Beijing Road, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - David J. Siveter
- School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew R. Parker
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, 43 Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK
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Brayard A, Krumenacker LJ, Botting JP, Jenks JF, Bylund KG, Fara E, Vennin E, Olivier N, Goudemand N, Saucède T, Charbonnier S, Romano C, Doguzhaeva L, Thuy B, Hautmann M, Stephen DA, Thomazo C, Escarguel G. Unexpected Early Triassic marine ecosystem and the rise of the Modern evolutionary fauna. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602159. [PMID: 28246643 PMCID: PMC5310825 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the end-Permian mass extinction, the Early Triassic (~251.9 to 247 million years ago) is portrayed as an environmentally unstable interval characterized by several biotic crises and heavily depauperate marine benthic ecosystems. We describe a new fossil assemblage-the Paris Biota-from the earliest Spathian (middle Olenekian, ~250.6 million years ago) of the Bear Lake area, southeastern Idaho, USA. This highly diversified assemblage documents a remarkably complex marine ecosystem including at least seven phyla and 20 distinct metazoan orders, along with algae. Most unexpectedly, it combines early Paleozoic and middle Mesozoic taxa previously unknown from the Triassic strata, among which are primitive Cambrian-Ordovician leptomitid sponges (a 200-million year Lazarus taxon) and gladius-bearing coleoid cephalopods, a poorly documented group before the Jurassic (~50 million years after the Early Triassic). Additionally, the crinoid and ophiuroid specimens show derived anatomical characters that were thought to have evolved much later. Unlike previous works that suggested a sluggish postcrisis recovery and a low diversity for the Early Triassic benthic organisms, the unexpected composition of this exceptional assemblage points toward an early and rapid post-Permian diversification for these clades. Overall, it illustrates a phylogenetically diverse, functionally complex, and trophically multileveled marine ecosystem, from primary producers up to top predators and potential scavengers. Hence, the Paris Biota highlights the key evolutionary position of Early Triassic fossil ecosystems in the transition from the Paleozoic to the Modern marine evolutionary fauna at the dawn of the Mesozoic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Brayard
- Biogéosciences UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - L. J. Krumenacker
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173480, Bozeman, MT 59717–3480, USA
| | - Joseph P. Botting
- Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, 39 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
- Department of Geology, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP, U.K
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Fara
- Biogéosciences UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Vennin
- Biogéosciences UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Nicolas Olivier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, 5 rue Kessler, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Goudemand
- Institute of Functional Genomics of Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon–CNRS 5242–Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unités Sous Contrat INRA USC 1370, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Thomas Saucède
- Biogéosciences UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sylvain Charbonnier
- Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (UMR 7207), Sorbonne Universités–MNHN, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlo Romano
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Larisa Doguzhaeva
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben Thuy
- Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum Luxembourg, 25 rue Münster, L-2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Michael Hautmann
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel A. Stephen
- Department of Earth Science, Utah Valley University, 800 West University Parkway, Orem, UT 84058, USA
| | - Christophe Thomazo
- Biogéosciences UMR 6282, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gilles Escarguel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 Laboratoire d’Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, 27-43 Boulevard du 11 novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Gonzalez-Bellido PT, Fabian ST, Nordström K. Target detection in insects: optical, neural and behavioral optimizations. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2016; 41:122-128. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wu S, Jiang T, Zhang G, Schoenemann B, Neri F, Zhu M, Bu C, Han J, Kuhnert KD. Artificial compound eye: a survey of the state-of-the-art. Artif Intell Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10462-016-9513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Audo D, Haug JT, Haug C, Charbonnier S, Schweigert G, Müller CHG, Harzsch S. On the sighted ancestry of blindness - exceptionally preserved eyes of Mesozoic polychelidan lobsters. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2016; 2:13. [PMID: 27429789 PMCID: PMC4947519 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-016-0049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern representatives of Polychelida (Polychelidae) are considered to be entirely blind and have largely reduced eyes, possibly as an adaptation to deep-sea environments. Fossil species of Polychelida, however, appear to have well-developed compound eyes preserved as anterior bulges with distinct sculpturation. METHODS We documented the shapes and sizes of eyes and ommatidia based upon exceptionally preserved fossil polychelidans from Binton (Hettangian, United-Kingdom), Osteno (Sinemurian, Italy), Posidonia Shale (Toarcian, Germany), La Voulte-sur-Rhône (Callovian, France), and Solnhofen-type plattenkalks (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian, Germany). For purposes of comparison, sizes of the eyes of several other polychelidans without preserved ommatidia were documented. Sizes of ommatidia and eyes were statistically compared against carapace length, taxonomic group, and outcrop. RESULTS Nine species possess eyes with square facets; Rosenfeldia oppeli (Woodward, 1866), however, displays hexagonal facets. The sizes of eyes and ommatidia are a function of carapace length. No significant differences were discerned between polychelidans from different outcrops; Eryonidae, however, have significantly smaller eyes than other groups. DISCUSSION Fossil eyes bearing square facets are similar to the reflective superposition eyes found in many extant decapods. As such, they are the earliest example of superposition eyes. As reflective superposition is considered plesiomorphic for Reptantia, this optic type was probably retained in Polychelida. The two smallest specimens, a Palaeopentacheles roettenbacheri (Münster, 1839) and a Hellerocaris falloti (Van Straelen, 1923), are interpreted as juveniles. Both possess square-shaped facets, a typical post-larval feature. The eye morphology of these small specimens, which are far smaller than many extant eryoneicus larvae, suggests that Jurassic polychelidans did not develop via giant eryoneicus larvae. In contrast, another species we examined, Rosenfeldia oppeli (Woodward, 1866), did not possess square-shaped facets, but rather hexagonal ones, which suggests that this species did not possess reflective superposition eyes. The hexagonal facets may indicate either another type of superposition eye (refractive or parabolic superposition), or an apposition eye. As decapod larvae possess apposition eyes with hexagonal facets, it is most parsimonious to consider eyes of R. oppeli as apposition eyes evolved through paedomorphic heterochrony. CONCLUSION Polychelidan probably originally had reflective superposition. R. oppeli, however, probably gained apposition eyes through paedomorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Audo
- />Université de Rennes 1, EA 7316, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
- />Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, 8 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Joachim T. Haug
- />Department Biologie II und GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum der LMU, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carolin Haug
- />Department Biologie II und GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Biozentrum der LMU, Großhaderner Str. 2, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sylvain Charbonnier
- />Centre de Recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P, UMR 7207), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, CNRS, 8 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Günter Schweigert
- />Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carsten H. G. Müller
- />Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Lehrstuhl Allgemeine und Systematische Zoologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Anklamer Str. 20, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Steffen Harzsch
- />Zoologisches Institut und Museum, Lehrstuhl Cytologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Soldmannstr. 23, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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