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Wong LH, Tremethick DJ. Multifunctional histone variants in genome function. Nat Rev Genet 2024:10.1038/s41576-024-00759-1. [PMID: 39138293 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-024-00759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Histones are integral components of eukaryotic chromatin that have a pivotal role in the organization and function of the genome. The dynamic regulation of chromatin involves the incorporation of histone variants, which can dramatically alter its structural and functional properties. Contrary to an earlier view that limited individual histone variants to specific genomic functions, new insights have revealed that histone variants exert multifaceted roles involving all aspects of genome function, from governing patterns of gene expression at precise genomic loci to participating in genome replication, repair and maintenance. This conceptual change has led to a new understanding of the intricate interplay between chromatin and DNA-dependent processes and how this connection translates into normal and abnormal cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee H Wong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Tremethick
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capial Territory, Australia.
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2
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Prabhu KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Ahmad N, Habeeba U, Mariyam Z, Suleman M, Bhat AA, Uddin S. H2AX: A key player in DNA damage response and a promising target for cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116663. [PMID: 38688170 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is caused by a complex interaction of factors that interrupt the normal growth and division of cells. At the center of this process is the intricate relationship between DNA damage and the cellular mechanisms responsible for maintaining genomic stability. When DNA damage is not repaired, it can cause genetic mutations that contribute to the initiation and progression of cancer. On the other hand, the DNA damage response system, which involves the phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX (γH2AX), is crucial in preserving genomic integrity by signaling and facilitating the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. This review provides an explanation of the molecular dynamics of H2AX in the context of DNA damage response. It emphasizes the crucial role of H2AX in recruiting and localizing repair machinery at sites of chromatin damage. The review explains how H2AX phosphorylation, facilitated by the master kinases ATM and ATR, acts as a signal for DNA damage, triggering downstream pathways that govern cell cycle checkpoints, apoptosis, and the cellular fate decision between repair and cell death. The phosphorylation of H2AX is a critical regulatory point, ensuring cell survival by promoting repair or steering cells towards apoptosis in cases of catastrophic genomic damage. Moreover, we explore the therapeutic potential of targeting H2AX in cancer treatment, leveraging its dual function as a biomarker of DNA integrity and a therapeutic target. By delineating the pathways that lead to H2AX phosphorylation and its roles in apoptosis and cell cycle control, we highlight the significance of H2AX as both a prognostic tool and a focal point for therapeutic intervention, offering insights into its utility in enhancing the efficacy of cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar.
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Nuha Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Ummu Habeeba
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Zahwa Mariyam
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar; Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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3
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Kaisrlikova M, Kundrat D, Koralkova P, Trsova I, Lenertova Z, Votavova H, Merkerova MD, Krejcik Z, Vesela J, Vostry M, Simeckova R, Markova MS, Lauermannova M, Jonasova A, Cermak J, Divoky V, Belickova M. Attenuated cell cycle and DNA damage response transcriptome signatures and overrepresented cell adhesion processes imply accelerated progression in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic neoplasms. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1652-1668. [PMID: 38180088 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Patients with myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are classified according to the risk of acute myeloid leukemia transformation. Some lower-risk MDS patients (LR-MDS) progress rapidly despite expected good prognosis. Using diagnostic samples, we aimed to uncover the mechanisms of this accelerated progression at the transcriptome level. RNAseq was performed on CD34+ ribodepleted RNA samples from 53 LR-MDS patients without accelerated progression (stMDS) and 8 who progressed within 20 months (prMDS); 845 genes were differentially expressed (ІlogFCІ > 1, FDR < 0.01) between these groups. stMDS CD34+ cells exhibited transcriptional signatures of actively cycling, megakaryocyte/erythrocyte lineage-primed progenitors, with upregulation of cell cycle checkpoints and stress pathways, which presumably form a tumor-suppressing barrier. Conversely, cell cycle, DNA damage response (DDR) and energy metabolism-related pathways were downregulated in prMDS samples, whereas cell adhesion processes were upregulated. Also, prMDS samples showed high levels of aberrant splicing and global lncRNA expression that may contribute to the attenuation of DDR pathways. We observed overexpression of multiple oncogenes and diminished differentiation in prMDS; the expression of ZEB1 and NEK3, genes not previously associated with MDS prognosis, might serve as potential biomarkers for LR-MDS progression. Our 19-gene DDR signature showed a significant predictive power for LR-MDS progression. In validation samples (stMDS = 3, prMDS = 4), the key markers and signatures retained their significance. Collectively, accelerated progression of LR-MDS appears to be associated with transcriptome patterns of a quiescent-like cell state, reduced lineage differentiation and suppressed DDR, inherent to CD34+ cells. The attenuation of DDR-related gene-expression signature may refine risk assessment in LR-MDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Kundrat
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Koralkova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Trsova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Lenertova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Votavova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Zdenek Krejcik
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Vesela
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vostry
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radka Simeckova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Anna Jonasova
- First Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Cermak
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Divoky
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Belickova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Hematology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Lai PM, Chan KM. Roles of Histone H2A Variants in Cancer Development, Prognosis, and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3144. [PMID: 38542118 PMCID: PMC10969971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Histones are nuclear proteins essential for packaging genomic DNA and epigenetic gene regulation. Paralogs that can substitute core histones (H2A, H2B, H3, and H4), named histone variants, are constitutively expressed in a replication-independent manner throughout the cell cycle. With specific chaperones, they can be incorporated to chromatin to modify nucleosome stability by modulating interactions with nucleosomal DNA. This allows the regulation of essential fundamental cellular processes for instance, DNA damage repair, chromosomal segregation, and transcriptional regulation. Among all the histone families, histone H2A family has the largest number of histone variants reported to date. Each H2A variant has multiple functions apart from their primary role and some, even be further specialized to perform additional tasks in distinct lineages, such as testis specific shortH2A (sH2A). In the past decades, the discoveries of genetic alterations and mutations in genes encoding H2A variants in cancer had revealed variants' potentiality in driving carcinogenesis. In addition, there is growing evidence that H2A variants may act as novel prognostic indicators or biomarkers for both early cancer detection and therapeutic treatments. Nevertheless, no studies have ever concluded all identified variants in a single report. Here, in this review, we summarize the respective functions for all the 19 mammalian H2A variants and their roles in cancer biology whilst potentiality being used in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kui Ming Chan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
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5
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Wu J, Wang X, Li Z, Yi X, Hu D, Wang Q, Zhong T. Small extracellular vesicles promote the formation of the pre-metastatic niche through multiple mechanisms in colorectal cancer. Cell Cycle 2024; 23:131-149. [PMID: 38341861 PMCID: PMC11037293 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2024.2311501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks among the most prevalent global malignancies, posing significant threats to human life and health due to its high recurrence and metastatic potential. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) released by CRC play a pivotal role in the formation of the pre-metastatic niche (PMN) through various mechanisms, preparing the groundwork for accelerated metastatic invasion. This review systematically describes how sEVs promote CRC metastasis by upregulating inflammatory factors, promoting immunosuppression, enhancing angiogenesis and vascular permeability, promoting lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic network remodeling, determining organophilicity, promoting stromal cell activation and remodeling and inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Furthermore, we explore potential mechanisms by which sEVs contribute to PMN formation in CRC and propose novel insights for CRC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhengzhe Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Yi
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Die Hu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Zhong
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
- Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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Schuhwerk H, Brabletz T. Mutual regulation of TGFβ-induced oncogenic EMT, cell cycle progression and the DDR. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 97:86-103. [PMID: 38029866 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
TGFβ signaling and the DNA damage response (DDR) are two cellular toolboxes with a strong impact on cancer biology. While TGFβ as a pleiotropic cytokine affects essentially all hallmarks of cancer, the multifunctional DDR mostly orchestrates cell cycle progression, DNA repair, chromatin remodeling and cell death. One oncogenic effect of TGFβ is the partial activation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), conferring invasiveness, cellular plasticity and resistance to various noxae. Several reports show that both individual networks as well as their interface affect chemo-/radiotherapies. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly resolved. EMT often correlates with TGFβ-induced slowing of proliferation, yet numerous studies demonstrate that particularly the co-activated EMT transcription factors counteract anti-proliferative signaling in a partially non-redundant manner. Collectively, evidence piled up over decades underscore a multifaceted, reciprocal inter-connection of TGFβ signaling / EMT with the DDR / cell cycle progression, which we will discuss here. Altogether, we conclude that full cell cycle arrest is barely compatible with the propagation of oncogenic EMT traits and further propose that 'EMT-linked DDR plasticity' is a crucial, yet intricate facet of malignancy, decisively affecting metastasis formation and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Schuhwerk
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Experimental Medicine 1, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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7
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Wang Y, Cai L, Li H, Chen H, Yang T, Tan Y, Guo Z, Wang X. Overcoming Cancer Resistance to Platinum Drugs by Inhibiting Cholesterol Metabolism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309043. [PMID: 37612842 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a serious challenge for platinum anticancer drugs. Platinum complexes may get over the drug resistance via a distinct mechanism of action. Cholesterol is a key factor contributing to the drug resistance. Inhibiting cellular cholesterol synthesis and uptake provides an alternative strategy for cancer treatment. Platinum(IV) complexes FP and DFP with fenofibric acid as axial ligand(s) were designed to combat the drug resistance through regulating cholesterol metabolism besides damaging DNA. In addition to producing reactive oxygen species and active platinum(II) species to damage DNA, FP and DFP inhibited cellular cholesterol accumulation, promoted cholesterol efflux, upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), induced caspase-1 activation and gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage, thus leading to both apoptosis and pyroptosis in cancer cells. The reduction of cholesterol significantly relieved the drug resistance of cancer cells. The double-acting mechanism gave the complexes strong anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo, particularly against cisplatin-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Linxiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hanhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yehong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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8
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Oberdoerffer P, Miller KM. Histone H2A variants: Diversifying chromatin to ensure genome integrity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 135:59-72. [PMID: 35331626 PMCID: PMC9489817 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone variants represent chromatin components that diversify the structure and function of the genome. The variants of H2A, primarily H2A.X, H2A.Z and macroH2A, are well-established participants in DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, which function to protect the integrity of the genome. Through their deposition, post-translational modifications and unique protein interaction networks, these variants guard DNA from endogenous threats including replication stress and genome fragility as well as from DNA lesions inflicted by exogenous sources. A growing body of work is now providing a clearer picture on the involvement and mechanistic basis of H2A variant contribution to genome integrity. Beyond their well-documented role in gene regulation, we review here how histone H2A variants promote genome stability and how alterations in these pathways contribute to human diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Oberdoerffer
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA.
| | - Kyle M Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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9
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CRISPR metabolic screen identifies ATM and KEAP1 as targetable genetic vulnerabilities in solid tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212072120. [PMID: 36724254 PMCID: PMC9963842 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212072120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatments targeting DNA repair deficiencies often encounter drug resistance, possibly due to alternative metabolic pathways that counteract the most damaging effects. To identify such alternative pathways, we screened for metabolic pathways exhibiting synthetic lethality with inhibition of the DNA damage response kinase Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) using a metabolism-centered Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 library. Our data revealed Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) as a key factor involved in desensitizing cancer cells to ATM inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. Cells depleted of KEAP1 exhibited an aberrant overexpression of the cystine transporter SLC7A11, robustly accumulated cystine inducing disulfide stress, and became hypersensitive to ATM inhibition. These hallmarks were reversed in a reducing cellular environment indicating that disulfide stress was a crucial factor. In The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) pan-cancer datasets, we found that ATM levels negatively correlated with KEAP1 levels across multiple solid malignancies. Together, our results unveil ATM and KEAP1 as new targetable vulnerabilities in solid tumors.
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10
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Abstract
Organ-specific metastasis to secondary organs is dependent on the formation of a supportive pre-metastatic niche. This tissue-specific microenvironmental response is thought to be mediated by mutational and epigenetic changes to primary tumour cells resulting in altered cross-talk between cell types. This response is augmented through the release of tumour and stromal signalling mediators including cytokines, chemokines, exosomes and growth factors. Although researchers have elucidated some of the cancer-promoting features that are bespoke to organotropic metastasis to the lungs, it remains unclear if these are organ-specific or generic between organs. Understanding the mechanisms that mediate the metastasis-promoting synergy between the host microenvironment, immunity, and pulmonary structures may elucidate predictive, prognostic and therapeutic markers that could be targeted to reduce the metastatic burden of disease. Herein, we give an updated summary of the known cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to the formation of the lung pre-metastatic niche and tissue-specific metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Cucanic
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Rae H Farnsworth
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Steven A Stacker
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Herchenröther A, Wunderlich TM, Lan J, Hake SB. Spotlight on histone H2A variants: From B to X to Z. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 135:3-12. [PMID: 35365397 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin, the functional organization of DNA with histone proteins in eukaryotic nuclei, is the tightly-regulated template for several biological processes, such as transcription, replication, DNA damage repair, chromosome stability and sister chromatid segregation. In order to achieve a reversible control of local chromatin structure and DNA accessibility, various interconnected mechanisms have evolved. One of such processes includes the deposition of functionally-diverse variants of histone proteins into nucleosomes, the building blocks of chromatin. Among core histones, the family of H2A histone variants exhibits the largest number of members and highest sequence-divergence. In this short review, we report and discuss recent discoveries concerning the biological functions of the animal histone variants H2A.B, H2A.X and H2A.Z and how dysregulation or mutation of the latter impacts the development of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim M Wunderlich
- Institute for Genetics, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jie Lan
- Institute for Genetics, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sandra B Hake
- Institute for Genetics, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
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12
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Histone H2AX promotes metastatic progression by preserving glycolysis via hexokinase-2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3758. [PMID: 35260660 PMCID: PMC8904825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07675-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic stability is essential for organismal development, cellular homeostasis, and survival. The DNA double-strand breaks are particularly deleterious, creating an environment prone to cellular transformation and oncogenic activation. The histone variant H2AX is an essential component of the nucleosome responsible for initiating the early steps of the DNA repair process. H2AX maintains genomic stability by initiating a signaling cascade that collectively functions to promote DNA double-strand breaks repair. Recent advances have linked genomic stability to energetic metabolism, and alterations in metabolism were found to interfere with genome maintenance. Utilizing genome-wide transcripts profiling to identify differentially-expressed genes involved in energetic metabolism, we compared control and H2AX-deficient metastatic breast cancer cell lines, and found that H2AX loss leads to the repression of key genes regulating glycolysis, with a prominent effect on hexokinase-2 (HK2). These observations are substantiated by evidence that H2AX loss compromises glycolysis, effect which was reversed by ectopic expression of HK2. Utilizing models of experimental metastasis, we found that H2AX silencing halts progression of metastatic breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. Most interestingly, ectopic expression of HK2 in H2AX-deficient cells restores their metastatic potential. Using multiple publicly available datasets, we found a significantly strong positive correlation between H2AX expression levels in patients with invasive breast cancer, and levels of glycolysis genes, particularly HK2. These observations are consistent with the evidence that high H2AX expression is associated with shorter distant metastasis-free survival. Our findings reveal a role for histone H2AX in controlling the metastatic ability of breast cancer cells via maintenance of HK2-driven glycolysis.
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Ramírez-Torres A, Gil J, Contreras S, Ramírez G, Valencia-González HA, Salazar-Bustamante E, Gómez-Caudillo L, García-Carranca A, Encarnación-Guevara S. Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Cervical Cancer Tissues Identifies Proteins Associated With Cancer Progression. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2022; 19:241-258. [PMID: 35181591 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM To date, several proteomics studies in cervical cancer (CC) have focused mainly on squamous cervical cancer (SCC). Our study aimed to discover and clarify differences in SCC and CAD that may provide valuable information for the identification of proteins involved in tumor progression, in CC as a whole, or specific for SCC or CAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total protein extracts from 15 individual samples corresponding to 5 different CC tissue types were compared with a non-cancerous control group using bidimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2D LC-MS/MS), isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (ITRAQ), principal component analysis (PCA) and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). RESULTS A total of 622 statistically significant different proteins were detected. Exocytosis-related proteins were the most over-represented, accounting for 25% of the identified and quantified proteins. Based on the experimental results, reticulocalbin 3 (RCN3) and Ras-related protein Rab-14 (RAB14) were chosen for further downstream in vitro and vivo analyses. RCN3 was overexpressed in all CC tissues compared to the control and RAB14 was overexpressed in squamous cervical cancer (SCC) compared to invasive cervical adenocarcinoma (CAD). In the tumor xenograft experiment, RAB14 protein expression was positively correlated with increased tumor size. In addition, RCN3-expressing HeLa cells induced a discrete size increment compared to control, at day 47 after inoculation. CONCLUSION RAB14 and RCN3 are suggested as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the treatment of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ramírez-Torres
- Proteomics, Center for Genomic Sciences, The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Jeovanis Gil
- Proteomics, Center for Genomic Sciences, The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Division of Oncology, Section for Clinical Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Contreras
- Proteomics, Center for Genomic Sciences, The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Graciela Ramírez
- The National Institute of Cancerology (INCan), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Emmanuel Salazar-Bustamante
- Proteomics, Center for Genomic Sciences, The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Gómez-Caudillo
- Proteomics, Center for Genomic Sciences, The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | | | - Sergio Encarnación-Guevara
- Proteomics, Center for Genomic Sciences, The National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico;
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14
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Circulating Tumor Cells in Breast Cancer Patients: A Balancing Act between Stemness, EMT Features and DNA Damage Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040997. [PMID: 35205744 PMCID: PMC8869884 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) traverse vessels to travel from the primary tumor to distant organs where they adhere, transmigrate, and seed metastases. To cope with these challenges, CTCs have reached maximal flexibility to change their differentiation status, morphology, migratory capacity, and their responses to genotoxic stress caused by metabolic changes, hormones, the inflammatory environment, or cytostatic treatment. A significant percentage of breast cancer cells are defective in homologous recombination repair and other mechanisms that protect the integrity of the replication fork. To prevent cell death caused by broken forks, alternative, mutagenic repair, and bypass pathways are engaged but these increase genomic instability. CTCs, arising from such breast tumors, are endowed with an even larger toolbox of escape mechanisms that can be switched on and off at different stages during their journey according to the stress stimulus. Accumulating evidence suggests that DNA damage responses, DNA repair, and replication are integral parts of a regulatory network orchestrating the plasticity of stemness features and transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states in CTCs. This review summarizes the published information on these regulatory circuits of relevance for the design of biomarkers reflecting CTC functions in real-time to monitor therapeutic responses and detect evolving chemoresistance mechanisms.
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15
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Jun Y, Suh YS, Park S, Lee J, Kim JI, Lee S, Lee WP, Anczuków O, Yang HK, Lee C. Comprehensive Analysis of Alternative Splicing in Gastric Cancer Identifies Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Subtypes Associated with Survival. Cancer Res 2022; 82:543-555. [PMID: 34903603 PMCID: PMC9359730 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-2117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alternatively spliced RNA isoforms are a hallmark of tumors, but their nature, prevalence, and clinical implications in gastric cancer have not been comprehensively characterized. We systematically profiled the splicing landscape of 83 gastric tumors and matched normal mucosa, identifying and experimentally validating eight splicing events that can classify all gastric cancers into three subtypes: epithelial-splicing (EpiS), mesenchymal-splicing (MesS), and hybrid-splicing. These subtypes were associated with distinct molecular signatures and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers. Subtype-specific splicing events were enriched in motifs for splicing factors RBM24 and ESRP1, which were upregulated in MesS and EpiS tumors, respectively. A simple classifier based only on RNA levels of RBM24 and ESRP1, which can be readily implemented in the clinic, was sufficient to distinguish gastric cancer subtypes and predict patient survival in multiple independent patient cohorts. Overall, this study provides insights into alternative splicing in gastric cancer and the potential clinical utility of splicing-based patient classification. SIGNIFICANCE This study presents a comprehensive analysis of alternative splicing in the context of patient classification, molecular mechanisms, and prognosis in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukyung Jun
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.,Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Center for Supercomputing Applications, Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Yun-Suhk Suh
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - SungHee Park
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Lee
- Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wan-Ping Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Corresponding Authors: Charles Lee, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032. Phone: 860-837-2458; E-mail: ; Han-Kwang Yang, ; Olga Anczuków, ; and Wan-Ping Lee,
| | - Olga Anczuków
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.,Corresponding Authors: Charles Lee, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032. Phone: 860-837-2458; E-mail: ; Han-Kwang Yang, ; Olga Anczuków, ; and Wan-Ping Lee,
| | - Han-Kwang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Corresponding Authors: Charles Lee, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032. Phone: 860-837-2458; E-mail: ; Han-Kwang Yang, ; Olga Anczuków, ; and Wan-Ping Lee,
| | - Charles Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut.,Ewha-JAX Cancer Immunotherapy Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Corresponding Authors: Charles Lee, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032. Phone: 860-837-2458; E-mail: ; Han-Kwang Yang, ; Olga Anczuków, ; and Wan-Ping Lee,
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16
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Schuch LF, De Arruda JAA, Viana KSS, Caldeira PC, Abreu MHNG, Bernardes VF, Aguiar MCFD. DNA damage-related proteins in smokers and non-smokers with oral cancer. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e027. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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17
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Johnson KS, Hussein S, Chakraborty P, Muruganantham A, Mikhail S, Gonzalez G, Song S, Jolly MK, Toneff MJ, Benton ML, Lin YC, Taube JH. CTCF Expression and Dynamic Motif Accessibility Modulates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Gene Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14010209. [PMID: 35008373 PMCID: PMC8750563 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reversal, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) drive tissue reorganization critical for early development. In carcinomas, processing through EMT, MET, or partial states promotes migration, invasion, dormancy, and metastatic colonization. As a reversible process, EMT is inherently regulated at epigenetic and epigenomic levels. To understand the epigenomic nature of reversible EMT and its partial states, we characterized chromatin accessibility dynamics, transcriptomic output, protein expression, and cellular phenotypes during stepwise reversible EMT. We find that the chromatin insulating protein machinery, including CTCF, is suppressed and re-expressed, coincident with broad alterations in chromatin accessibility, during EMT/MET, and is lower in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines with EMT features. Through an analysis of chromatin accessibility using ATAC-seq, we identify that early phases of EMT are characterized by enrichment for AP-1 family member binding motifs, but also by a diminished enrichment for CTCF binding motifs. Through a loss-of-function analysis, we demonstrate that the suppression of CTCF alters cellular plasticity, strengthening the epithelial phenotype via the upregulation of epithelial markers E-cadherin/CDH1 and downregulation of N-cadherin/CDH2. Conversely, the upregulation of CTCF leads to the upregulation of EMT gene expression and an increase in mesenchymal traits. These findings are indicative of a role of CTCF in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey S. Johnson
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (K.S.J.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Shaimaa Hussein
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott & White, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; (S.H.); (Y.C.L.)
| | - Priyanka Chakraborty
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (P.C.); (M.K.J.)
| | - Arvind Muruganantham
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (K.S.J.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Sheridan Mikhail
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (K.S.J.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Giovanny Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (K.S.J.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuxuan Song
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (K.S.J.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India; (P.C.); (M.K.J.)
| | | | | | - Yin C. Lin
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott & White, Dallas, TX 75246, USA; (S.H.); (Y.C.L.)
| | - Joseph H. Taube
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (K.S.J.); (A.M.); (S.M.); (G.G.); (S.S.)
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Houston, TX 76706, USA
- Correspondence:
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18
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Wang X, Zhang H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Han Q, Yan H, Yang T, Guo Z. Platinum Complexes as Inhibitors of DNA Repair Protein Ku70 and Topoisomerase IIα in Cancer Cells. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3188-3197. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03700e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ku70 protein and topoisomerase IIα (Topo IIα) are promising targets of anticancer drugs, which play critical roles in DNA repair and replication processes. Three platinum(II) complexes, [PtCl(NH3)2(9-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole)]NO3 (OPPC), [PtCl(NH3)2(9-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-9H-carbazole)]NO3 (MPPC),...
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19
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Ihle M, Biber S, Schroeder IS, Blattner C, Deniz M, Damia G, Gottifredi V, Wiesmüller L. Impact of the interplay between stemness features, p53 and pol iota on replication pathway choices. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7457-7475. [PMID: 34165573 PMCID: PMC8287946 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using human embryonic, adult and cancer stem cells/stem cell-like cells (SCs), we demonstrate that DNA replication speed differs in SCs and their differentiated counterparts. While SCs decelerate DNA replication, differentiated cells synthesize DNA faster and accumulate DNA damage. Notably, both replication phenotypes depend on p53 and polymerase iota (POLι). By exploring protein interactions and newly synthesized DNA, we show that SCs promote complex formation of p53 and POLι at replication sites. Intriguingly, in SCs the translocase ZRANB3 is recruited to POLι and required for slow-down of DNA replication. The known role of ZRANB3 in fork reversal suggests that the p53–POLι complex mediates slow but safe bypass of replication barriers in SCs. In differentiated cells, POLι localizes more transiently to sites of DNA synthesis and no longer interacts with p53 facilitating fast POLι-dependent DNA replication. In this alternative scenario, POLι associates with the p53 target p21, which antagonizes PCNA poly-ubiquitination and, thereby potentially disfavors the recruitment of translocases. Altogether, we provide evidence for diametrically opposed DNA replication phenotypes in SCs and their differentiated counterparts putting DNA replication-based strategies in the spotlight for the creation of therapeutic opportunities targeting SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Ihle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Stephanie Biber
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Insa S Schroeder
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Darmstadt 64291, Germany
| | - Christine Blattner
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany
| | - Miriam Deniz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
| | - Giovanna Damia
- Department of Oncology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri-IRCCS Milan, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell cycle and Genomic Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Lisa Wiesmüller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ulm University, Ulm 89075, Germany
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20
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Zhao C, Yong T, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Jin Y, Zheng C, Nirasawa T, Cai Z. Breast cancer proliferation and deterioration-associated metabolic heterogeneity changes induced by exposure of bisphenol S, a widespread replacement of bisphenol A. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125391. [PMID: 33652221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is considered to be associated with the increased incidence of breast cancer. As a widespread replacement of BPA, the effect of bisphenol S (BPS) on breast tumor programming has not been studied. We reported that BPS exposure significantly promoted proliferation and deterioration of breast tumor by nonmonotonic dose response. The mechanisms were investigated by molecular biology and mass spectrometry-based lipidomics, proteomics and imaging. BPS exposure induced the spatially intratumor heterogeneity of morphology-driven lipids and proteins. The more significant proliferation resulted from BPS-10 (10 μg/kg body weight /day) exposure was evidenced by the variations of spatial distribution of lipids related to ceramide-sphingomyelin signaling pathway, proteins related to chromosomal stability and cell proliferation in central necrotic regions of breast tumor. In contrast, the BPS-100 exposure obviously accelerated deterioration of breast tumor by the variations of spatial distribution of proteins that were associated with the stability of nucleic acid structure in peripheral neoplastic regions. Accordingly, dysregulation of metabolism and protein function as well as DNA methylation and hypoxic tumor microenvironment could be applied to predict the possibility of tumorigenesis, proliferation and metastasis that might be caused by other bisphenol analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China; Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center, Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ting Yong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yinbin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yaofeng Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chang Zheng
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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21
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DNA methylation and histone variants in aging and cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 364:1-110. [PMID: 34507780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related diseases such as cancer can be traced to the accumulation of molecular disorder including increased DNA mutations and epigenetic drift. We provide a comprehensive review of recent results in mice and humans on modifications of DNA methylation and histone variants during aging and in cancer. Accumulated errors in DNA methylation maintenance lead to global decreases in DNA methylation with relaxed repression of repeated DNA and focal hypermethylation blocking the expression of tumor suppressor genes. Epigenetic clocks based on quantifying levels of DNA methylation at specific genomic sites is proving to be a valuable metric for estimating the biological age of individuals. Histone variants have specialized functions in transcriptional regulation and genome stability. Their concentration tends to increase in aged post-mitotic chromatin, but their effects in cancer are mainly determined by their specialized functions. Our increased understanding of epigenetic regulation and their modifications during aging has motivated interventions to delay or reverse epigenetic modifications using the epigenetic clocks as a rapid readout for efficacity. Similarly, the knowledge of epigenetic modifications in cancer is suggesting new approaches to target these modifications for cancer therapy.
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22
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Guo ZF, Kong FL. Akt regulates RSK2 to alter phosphorylation level of H2A.X in breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:187. [PMID: 33574926 PMCID: PMC7816342 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone H2AX (H2A.X) is a variant of the histone H2A family. Phosphorylation of H2A.X is a marker of DNA strand breaks and the presence or absence of H2A.X is closely related to tumor susceptibility and drug resistance. The present study found that the activity of the serine/threonine kinase Akt was negatively associated with H2A.X phosphorylated at the Ser16 site (H2A.X S16ph), but the mechanism of the inverse relationship remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism of action between Akt and H2A.X S16ph and the exact role of this mechanism. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the regulatory association between p-Akt and H2A.X S16ph/p-RSK2, and immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed to prove that Akt, RSK2 and H2A.X combine and interact in human breast cancer cells. The changes of cellular proliferation and migration induced by the interaction of Akt, RSK2 and H2A.X was determined by MTT, soft agar colony formation and cell migration experiments. The effect of interaction of Akt, RSK2 and H2A.X on cancer-promoting genes, such as PSAT-1 was determined via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. The current study indicated that the serine/threonine kinase ribosomal S6 kinase 2 (RSK2) as a kinase of H2A.X could be phosphorylated by Akt at Ser19 site. Moreover, Akt positively regulated the phosphorylation of RSK2 to inhibit phosphorylation of H2A.X, thereby affecting the affinity between RSK2 and substrate histone, promoting the survival and migration of breast cancer cells. In conclusion, Akt-mediated phosphorylation of RSK2 regulated the phosphorylation of H2A.X, thereby promoting oncogenic activity. This finding provides new insights to understand the pathogenesis and treatment mechanisms of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Guo
- Department of Oncology, Section II, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 024000, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Long Kong
- Department of Oncology, Section II, Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 024000, P.R. China
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23
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Molecular disruption of DNA polymerase β for platinum sensitisation and synthetic lethality in epithelial ovarian cancers. Oncogene 2021; 40:2496-2508. [PMID: 33674744 PMCID: PMC8032555 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeting PARP1 [Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase 1] for synthetic lethality is a new strategy for BRCA germ-line mutated or platinum sensitive ovarian cancers. However, not all patients respond due to intrinsic or acquired resistance to PARP1 inhibitor. Development of alternative synthetic lethality approaches is a high priority. DNA polymerase β (Polβ), a critical player in base excision repair (BER), interacts with PARP1 during DNA repair. Here we show that polβ deficiency is a predictor of platinum sensitivity in human ovarian tumours. Polβ depletion not only increased platinum sensitivity but also reduced invasion, migration and impaired EMT (epithelial to mesenchymal transition) of ovarian cancer cells. Polβ small molecular inhibitors (Pamoic acid and NSC666719) were selectively toxic to BRCA2 deficient cells and associated with double-strand breaks (DSB) accumulation, cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. Interestingly, PARG [Poly(ADP-Ribose) Glycohydrolase] inhibitor (PDD00017273) [but not PARP1 inhibitor (Olaparib)] was synthetically lethal in polβ deficient cells. Selective toxicity to PDD00017273 was associated with poly (ADP-ribose) accumulation, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) level, DSB accumulation, cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis. In human tumours, polβ-PARG co-expression adversely impacted survival in patients. Our data provide evidence that polβ targeting is a novel strategy and warrants further pharmaceutical development in epithelial ovarian cancers.
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24
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Lone IN, Sengez B, Hamiche A, Dimitrov S, Alotaibi H. The Role of Histone Variants in the Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112499. [PMID: 33213091 PMCID: PMC7698467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a physiological process activated during early embryogenesis, which continues to shape tissues and organs later on. It is also hijacked by tumor cells during metastasis. The regulation of EMT has been the focus of many research groups culminating in the last few years and resulting in an elaborate transcriptional network buildup. However, the implication of epigenetic factors in the control of EMT is still in its infancy. Recent discoveries pointed out that histone variants, which are key epigenetic players, appear to be involved in EMT control. This review summarizes the available data on histone variants' function in EMT that would contribute to a better understanding of EMT itself and EMT-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Nisar Lone
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.L.); (B.S.); (S.D.)
| | - Burcu Sengez
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.L.); (B.S.); (S.D.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
| | - Ali Hamiche
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400 Illkirch, France;
| | - Stefan Dimitrov
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.L.); (B.S.); (S.D.)
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS UMR 5309, INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Site Santé-Allée des Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Hani Alotaibi
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Izmir 35340, Turkey; (I.N.L.); (B.S.); (S.D.)
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir 35340, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-232-299-4100 (ext. 5071)
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25
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Ferrand J, Rondinelli B, Polo SE. Histone Variants: Guardians of Genome Integrity. Cells 2020; 9:E2424. [PMID: 33167489 PMCID: PMC7694513 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin integrity is key for cell homeostasis and for preventing pathological development. Alterations in core chromatin components, histone proteins, recently came into the spotlight through the discovery of their driving role in cancer. Building on these findings, in this review, we discuss how histone variants and their associated chaperones safeguard genome stability and protect against tumorigenesis. Accumulating evidence supports the contribution of histone variants and their chaperones to the maintenance of chromosomal integrity and to various steps of the DNA damage response, including damaged chromatin dynamics, DNA damage repair, and damage-dependent transcription regulation. We present our current knowledge on these topics and review recent advances in deciphering how alterations in histone variant sequence, expression, and deposition into chromatin fuel oncogenic transformation by impacting cell proliferation and cell fate transitions. We also highlight open questions and upcoming challenges in this rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sophie E. Polo
- Epigenetics & Cell Fate Centre, UMR7216 CNRS, Université de Paris, 75013 Paris, France; (J.F.); (B.R.)
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26
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Molinuevo R, Freije A, Contreras L, Sanz JR, Gandarillas A. The DNA damage response links human squamous proliferation with differentiation. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:152154. [PMID: 33007086 PMCID: PMC7534927 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202001063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
How rapid cell multiplication leads to cell differentiation in developing tissues is still enigmatic. This question is central to morphogenesis, cell number control, and homeostasis. Self-renewal epidermoid epithelia are continuously exposed to mutagens and are the most common target of cancer. Unknown mechanisms commit rapidly proliferating cells to post-mitotic terminal differentiation. We have over-activated or inhibited the endogenous DNA damage response (DDR) pathways by combinations of activating TopBP1 protein, specific shRNAs, or chemical inhibitors for ATR, ATM, and/or DNA-PK. The results dissect and demonstrate that these signals control keratinocyte differentiation in proliferating cells independently of actual DNA damage. The DDR limits keratinocyte multiplication upon hyperproliferative stimuli. Moreover, knocking down H2AX, a common target of the DDR pathways, inhibits the epidermoid phenotype. The results altogether show that the DDR is required to maintain the balance proliferation differentiation and suggest that is part of the squamous program. We propose a homeostatic model where genetic damage is automatically and continuously cleansed by cell-autonomous mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Molinuevo
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Freije
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Lizbeth Contreras
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan R Sanz
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Plastic Surgery Service, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Plastic Surgery Department, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Institute for Research Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Languedoc-Roussillon, Montpellier, France
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27
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Liu Y, Li H, Zimmerman SE, Weyemi U. Genomic instability and mitochondrial homeostasis in cancer: does chromatin have a say? Mol Cell Oncol 2020; 7:1771959. [PMID: 32944631 PMCID: PMC7469531 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2020.1771959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While genomic instability and mitochondrial homeostasis are integral for cancer progression, how these two hallmarks interact remains poorly understood. Here, we reflect on the dialogue between chromatin-based genomic instability and impairment of mitochondrial function and depict the importance of this interaction in cancer progression to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Haojian Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Susan E Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Urbain Weyemi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.,Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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28
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Gaponova AV, Rodin S, Mazina AA, Volchkov PV. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Role in Cancer Progression and the Perspectives of Antitumor Treatment. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:4-23. [PMID: 33173593 PMCID: PMC7604894 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
About 90% of all malignant tumors are of epithelial nature. The epithelial tissue is characterized by a close interconnection between cells through cell-cell interactions, as well as a tight connection with the basement membrane, which is responsible for cell polarity. These interactions strictly determine the location of epithelial cells within the body and are seemingly in conflict with the metastatic potential that many cancers possess (the main criteria for highly malignant tumors). Tumor dissemination into vital organs is one of the primary causes of death in patients with cancer. Tumor dissemination is based on the so-called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process when epithelial cells are transformed into mesenchymal cells possessing high mobility and migration potential. More and more studies elucidating the role of the EMT in metastasis and other aspects of tumor progression are published each year, thus forming a promising field of cancer research. In this review, we examine the most recent data on the intracellular and extracellular molecular mechanisms that activate EMT and the role they play in various aspects of tumor progression, such as metastasis, apoptotic resistance, and immune evasion, aspects that have usually been attributed exclusively to cancer stem cells (CSCs). In conclusion, we provide a detailed review of the approved and promising drugs for cancer therapy that target the components of the EMT signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Gaponova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701 Russia
| | - S. Rodin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - A. A. Mazina
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701 Russia
| | - P. V. Volchkov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701 Russia
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29
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NoRC Recruitment by H2A.X Deposition at rRNA Gene Promoter Limits Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1853-1866. [PMID: 29742439 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) display an abbreviated cell cycle, resulting in a short doubling time and rapid proliferation. The histone variant H2A.X is critical for proliferation of stem cells, although mechanistic insights have remained obscure. Here, we show that H2A.X defines the rate of mouse ESC proliferation independently of the DNA damage response pathway, and it associates with three major chromatin-modifying complexes. Our functional and biochemical analyses demonstrate that H2A.X-associated factors mediate the H2A.X-dependent effect on ESC proliferation and involve the nucleolar remodeling complex (NoRC). A specific H2A.X deposition at rDNA promoters determines the chromatin recruitment of the NoRC, histone modifications, the rRNA transcription, and the rate of proliferation. Collectively, our results suggest that NoRC assembly by H2A.X deposition at rRNA promoters silences transcription, and this represents an important regulatory component for ESC proliferation.
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30
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Song M, Yin S, Zhao R, Liu K, Kundu JK, Shim JH, Lee MH, Dong Z. (S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin Inhibits Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Growth In Vitro and In Vivo Via Decreasing Topoisomerase I Enzyme Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121964. [PMID: 31817790 PMCID: PMC6966462 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase (TOP) I plays a major role in the process of supercoiled DNA relaxation, thereby facilitating DNA replication and cell cycle progression. The expression and enzymatic activity of TOP I is positively correlated with tumor progression. Although the anticancer activity of (S)-10-Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), a TOP I specific inhibitor, has been reported in various cancers, the effect of HCPT on esophageal cancer is yet to be examined. In this study, we investigate the potential of HCPT to inhibit the growth of ESCC cells in vitro and verify its anti-tumor activity in vivo by using a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumor model in mice. Our study revealed the overexpression of TOP I in ESCC cells and treatment with HCPT inhibited TOP I enzymatic activity at 24 h and decreased expression at 48 h and 72 h. HCPT also induced DNA damage by increasing the expression of H2A.XS139. HCPT significantly decreased the proliferation and anchorage-independent growth of ESCC cells (KYSE410, KYSE510, KYSE30, and KYSE450). Mechanistically, HCPT inhibited the G2/M phase cell cycle transition, decreased the expression of cyclin B1, and elevated p21 expression. In addition, HCPT stimulated ESCC cells apoptosis, which was associated with elevated expression of cleaved PARP, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-7, Bax, Bim, and inhibition of Bcl-2 expression. HCPT dramatically suppressed PDX tumor growth and decreased the expression of Ki-67 and TOP I and increased the level of cleaved caspase-3 and H2A.XS139 expression. Taken together, our data suggested that HCPT inhibited ESCC growth, arrested cell cycle progression, and induced apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo via decreasing the expression and activity of TOP I enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqiu Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.S.); (S.Y.); (R.Z.); (K.L.)
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
| | - Shuying Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.S.); (S.Y.); (R.Z.); (K.L.)
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
| | - Ran Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.S.); (S.Y.); (R.Z.); (K.L.)
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.S.); (S.Y.); (R.Z.); (K.L.)
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Joydeb Kumar Kundu
- Li Ka Shing Applied Virology Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Korea
| | - Mee-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.S.); (S.Y.); (R.Z.); (K.L.)
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: or (M.-H.L.); (Z.D.); Tel.: +86-371-6558-7008 (M.-H.L.); +86-371-6558-7008 (Z.D.); Fax: +86-371-6558-7670 (M.-H.L.); +86-371-6558-7670 (Z.D.)
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (M.S.); (S.Y.); (R.Z.); (K.L.)
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, No.127, Dongming Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou 450008, China;
- Correspondence: or (M.-H.L.); (Z.D.); Tel.: +86-371-6558-7008 (M.-H.L.); +86-371-6558-7008 (Z.D.); Fax: +86-371-6558-7670 (M.-H.L.); +86-371-6558-7670 (Z.D.)
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31
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Todorovic V, Prevc A, Zakelj MN, Savarin M, Brozic A, Groselj B, Strojan P, Cemazar M, Sersa G. Mechanisms of different response to ionizing irradiation in isogenic head and neck cancer cell lines. Radiat Oncol 2019; 14:214. [PMID: 31775835 PMCID: PMC6882348 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-019-1418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment options for recurrent head and neck tumours in the previously irradiated area are limited, including re-irradiation due to radioresistance of the recurrent tumour and previous dose received by surrounding normal tissues. As an in vitro model to study radioresistance mechanisms, isogenic cells with different radiosensitivity can be used. However, they are not readily available. Therefore, our objective was to establish and characterize radioresistant isogenic human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cells and to evaluate early radiation response in isogenic parental, radioresistant and radiosensitive cells. Methods Radioresistant cells were derived from parental FaDu cells by repeated exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiosensitivity of the established isogenic radioresistant FaDu-RR cells was evaluated by clonogenic assay and compared to isogenic parental FaDu and radiosensitive 2A3 cells. Additional phenotypic characterization of these isogenic cells with different radiosensitivity included evaluation of chemosensitivity, cell proliferation, cell cycle, radiation-induced apoptosis, resolution of DNA double-strand breaks, and DNA damage and repair signalling gene expression before and after irradiation. Results In the newly established radioresistant cells in response to 5 Gy irradiation, we observed no alteration in cell cycle regulation, but delayed induction and enhanced resolution of DNA double-strand breaks, lower induction of apoptosis, and pronounced over-expression of DNA damage signalling genes in comparison to parental cells. On the other hand, radiosensitive 2A3 cells were arrested in G2/M-phase in response to 5 Gy irradiation, had a prominent accumulation of and slower resolution of DNA double-strand breaks, and no change in DNA damage signalling genes expression. Conclusions We concluded that the emergence of the radioresistance in the established radioresistant isogenic cells can be at least partially attributed to the enhanced DNA double-strand break repair, altered expression of DNA damage signalling and repair genes. On the other hand, in radiosensitive isogenic cells the reduced ability to repair a high number of induced DNA double-strand breaks and no transcriptional response in DNA damage signalling genes indicate on a lack of adaptive response to irradiation. Altogether, our results confirmed that these isogenic cells with different radiosensitivity are an appropriate model to study the mechanisms of radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Todorovic
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ajda Prevc
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Niksic Zakelj
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Savarin
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andreja Brozic
- Department of Cytopathology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Blaz Groselj
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primoz Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maja Cemazar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia. .,University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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32
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Ge Y, Liu BL, Cui JP, Li SQ. Livin promotes colon cancer progression by regulation of H2A.X Y39ph via JMJD6. Life Sci 2019; 234:116788. [PMID: 31445935 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Livin is an important member of the human inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family. IAPs are proteins with antiapoptotic abilities, and their functions are different from the Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family proteins. However, the precise role of Livin in colon cancer progression remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of overexpression Livin in colon cancer cells and to examine its molecular mechanism. We demonstrated that Livin induced a colon cancer phenotype, including proliferation and migration, by regulating H2A.XY39ph (histone family 2A variant (H2AX) phosphorylated on the 39th serine site). We elucidated that Livin degraded Jumonji-C domain-containing 6 protein (JMJD6), which was mediated by the proteasome murine double minute 2 (MDM2), thereby regulating H2A.XY39ph. Above all, the overexpression of JMJD6 recovered H2A.XY39ph in colon cancer cells with a high level of Livin, thus inhibiting colon cancer malignancy progression. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role for Livin in regulating the tumor-initiating capacity in colon cancer and provide a novel treatment strategy in cancer via the interruption of H2A.XY39ph function and the interaction between H2A.XY39ph and JMJD6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ge
- The Six Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Bao-Lin Liu
- The Six Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Jun-Peng Cui
- The Six Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China
| | - Shu-Qiang Li
- The Six Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, China.
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33
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Dong C, Sun J, Ma S, Zhang G. K-ras-ERK1/2 down-regulates H2A.X Y142ph through WSTF to promote the progress of gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:530. [PMID: 31151422 PMCID: PMC6545063 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Histone H2AX phosphorylation at the site of Tyr-142 can participates in multiple biological progressions, which is including DNA repair. Ras pathway is closely involved in human cancers. Our study investigated the effects of Ras pathway via regulating H2AX.Y142ph. Methods Gastric cancer cell line SNU-16 and MKN1 cells were transfected with Ras for G12D and T35S site mutation. The phosphorylation of H2A.XY142 and ERK1/2, WSTF and MDM2 was detected by western blot. Cell viability, cell colonies and migration was analyzed by MTT assay, soft-agar colony formation assay, and Transwell assay, respectively. The expression of Ras pathway related downstream factors, EYA3 and WSTF was detected by qRT-PCR. The relationship between Ras and downstream factors were detected by ChIP. The cell cycle progression was measured by flow cytometry. Results RasG12D/T35V transection decreased the phosphorylation of H2A.XY142 and activated phosphorylation of ERK-1/2. H2A.XY142 inhibited cell viability, colonies and migration. H2A.XY142ph altered the expression of Ras downstream factors. CHIP assay revealed that RasG12D/T35V could bind to the promoters of these Ras pathway downstream factors. Silence of EYA3 increased H2A.XY142ph and inhibited cell viability, migration and percent cells in S stage. Furthermore, silence of EYA3 also changed the downstream factors expression. WSTF and H2A.XY142ph revealed the similar trend and MDM2 on the opposite. Conclusion Ras/ERK signal pathway decreased H2A.XY142ph and promoted cell growth and metastasis. This Ras regulation process was down-regulated by the cascade of MDM2-WSTF-EYA3 to decrease H2A.XY142ph in SNU-16 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dong
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Qujing Medical College, Qujing, 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Qujing Medical College, Sanjiang Avenue, Economic Development Zone, Qilin District, Qujing, 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Sha Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Qujing Medical College, Sanjiang Avenue, Economic Development Zone, Qilin District, Qujing, 655000, Yunnan, China
| | - Guoying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qujing Medical College, Sanjiang Avenue, Economic Development Zone, Qilin District, Qujing, 655000, Yunnan, China.
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Histone H2AX promotes neuronal health by controlling mitochondrial homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:7471-7476. [PMID: 30910969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1820245116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of histone H2AX is a major contributor to efficient DNA repair. We recently reported neurobehavioral deficits in mice lacking H2AX. Here we establish that this neural failure stems from impairment of mitochondrial function and repression of the mitochondrial biogenesis gene PGC-1α. H2AX loss leads to reduced levels of the major subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory complexes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in the striatum, a brain region particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial damage. These defects are substantiated by disruption of the mitochondrial shape in H2AX mutant cells. Ectopic expression of PGC-1α restores mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation complexes and mitigates cell death. H2AX knockout mice display increased neuronal death in the brain when challenged with 3-nitropronionic acid, which targets mitochondria. This study establishes a role for H2AX in mitochondrial homeostasis associated with neuroprotection.
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35
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The Histone Chaperone FACT Coordinates H2A.X-Dependent Signaling and Repair of DNA Damage. Mol Cell 2018; 72:888-901.e7. [PMID: 30344095 PMCID: PMC6292839 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Safeguarding cell function and identity following a genotoxic stress challenge entails a tight coordination of DNA damage signaling and repair with chromatin maintenance. How this coordination is achieved and with what impact on chromatin integrity remains elusive. Here, we address these questions by investigating the mechanisms governing the distribution in mammalian chromatin of the histone variant H2A.X, a central player in damage signaling. We reveal that H2A.X is deposited de novo at sites of DNA damage in a repair-coupled manner, whereas the H2A.Z variant is evicted, thus reshaping the chromatin landscape at repair sites. Our mechanistic studies further identify the histone chaperone FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) as responsible for the deposition of newly synthesized H2A.X. Functionally, we demonstrate that FACT potentiates H2A.X-dependent signaling of DNA damage. We propose that new H2A.X deposition in chromatin reflects DNA damage experience and may help tailor DNA damage signaling to repair progression. H2A.X is deposited de novo at sites of DNA damage repair, whereas H2A.Z is evicted FACT promotes new H2A.X deposition coupled to repair synthesis FACT stimulates H2A.X-dependent signaling of DNA damage H2A.X is not only a starting point of damage signaling but also an output of repair
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Sharma AK, Hendzel MJ. The relationship between histone posttranslational modification and DNA damage signaling and repair. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:382-393. [PMID: 30252564 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1516911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cellular response to DNA damage occurs in the context of an organized chromatin environment in order to maintain genome integrity. Immediately after DNA damage, an array of histone modifications are induced to relieve the physical constraints of the chromatin environment, mark the site as damaged, and function as a platform for the assembly of mediator and effector proteins of DNA damage response signaling pathway. Changes in chromatin structure in the vicinity of the DNA double-strand break (DSB) facilitates the efficient initiation of the DNA damage signaling cascade. Failure of induction of DNA damage responsive histone modifications may lead to genome instability and cancer. Here we will discuss our current understanding of the DNA damage responsive histone modifications and their role in DNA repair as well as their implications for genome stability. We further discuss recent studies which highlight not only how histone modification has involved in the signaling and remodeling at the DSB but also how it influences the DNA repair pathway choice. CONCLUSIONS Histone modifications pattern alter during the induction of DNA DSBs induction as well as during the repair and recovery phase of DNA damage response. It will be interesting to understand more precisely, how DSBs within chromatin are repaired by HR and NHEJ. The emergence of proteomic and genomic technologies in combination with advanced microscopy and imaging methods will help in better understanding the role of chromatin environment in the regulation of genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit K Sharma
- a Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Michael J Hendzel
- a Departments of Cell Biology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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Histone H2AX deficiency causes neurobehavioral deficits and impaired redox homeostasis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1526. [PMID: 29670103 PMCID: PMC5906610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM drives DNA repair by phosphorylating the histone variant H2AX. While ATM mutations elicit prominent neurobehavioral phenotypes, neural roles for H2AX have been elusive. We report impaired motor learning and balance in H2AX-deficient mice. Mitigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reverses the behavioral deficits. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts deficient for H2AX exhibit increased ROS production and failure to activate the antioxidant response pathway controlled by the transcription factor NRF2. The NRF2 targets GCLC and NQO1 are depleted in the striatum of H2AX knockouts, one of the regions most vulnerable to ROS-mediated damage. These findings establish a role for ROS in the behavioral deficits of H2AX knockout mice and reveal a physiologic function of H2AX in mediating influences of oxidative stress on NRF2-transcriptional targets and behavior. H2AX is a histone variant with an essential function in DNA double-strand break repair and genome stability. Here, Weyemi and colleagues show that loss of neuronal H2AX leads to locomotor dysfunction and alteration in oxidative stress response.
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38
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Yue B, Liu C, Sun H, Liu M, Song C, Cui R, Qiu S, Zhong M. A Positive Feed-Forward Loop between LncRNA-CYTOR and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Promotes Metastasis of Colon Cancer. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1287-1298. [PMID: 29606502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that long non-coding RNA cytoskeleton regulator RNA (CYTOR), also known as Linc00152, was significantly overexpressed in colon cancer and conferred resistance to oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. At the same time, elevated CYTOR expression was also reported in gastric cancer and exerted influences on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. However, the precise mechanism by which CYTOR promotes the EMT phenotype and cancer metastasis remains poorly understood. Here, we showed that loss of epithelial characteristics and simultaneous gain of mesenchymal features correlated with CYTOR expression. Knockdown of CYTOR attenuated colon cancer cell migration and invasion. Conversely, ectopic expression of CYTOR induced an EMT program and enhanced metastatic properties of colon cancer cells. Mechanistically, the binding of CYTOR to cytoplasmic β-catenin impeded casein kinase 1 (CK1)-induced β-catenin phosphorylation that enabled it to accumulate and translocate to the nucleus. Reciprocally, β-catenin/TCF complex enhanced the transcription activity of CYTOR in nucleus, thus forming a positive feed-forward circuit. Moreover, elevated CYTOR, alone or combined with overexpression of nuclear β-catenin, was predictive of poor prognosis. Our findings suggest that CYTOR promotes colon cancer EMT and metastasis by interacting with β-catenin, and the positive feed-forward circuit of CYTOR-β-catenin might be a useful therapeutic target in antimetastatic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Yue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huimin Sun
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Mengru Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Chenlong Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Ran Cui
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Shenglong Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Post-Translational Modifications of H2A Histone Variants and Their Role in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030059. [PMID: 29495465 PMCID: PMC5876634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone variants are chromatin components that replace replication-coupled histones in a fraction of nucleosomes and confer particular characteristics to chromatin. H2A variants represent the most numerous and diverse group among histone protein families. In the nucleosomal structure, H2A-H2B dimers can be removed and exchanged more easily than the stable H3-H4 core. The unstructured N-terminal histone tails of all histones, but also the C-terminal tails of H2A histones protrude out of the compact structure of the nucleosome core. These accessible tails are the preferential target sites for a large number of post-translational modifications (PTMs). While some PTMs are shared between replication-coupled H2A and H2A variants, many modifications are limited to a specific histone variant. The present review focuses on the H2A variants H2A.Z, H2A.X, and macroH2A, and summarizes their functions in chromatin and how these are linked to cancer development and progression. H2A.Z primarily acts as an oncogene and macroH2A and H2A.X as tumour suppressors. We further focus on the regulation by PTMs, which helps to understand a degree of context dependency.
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40
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Histone Variant MacroH2A1 Plays an Isoform-Specific Role in Suppressing Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:841. [PMID: 29339820 PMCID: PMC5770377 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) is a biological program that plays key roles in various developmental and pathological processes. Although much work has been done on signaling pathways and transcription factors regulating EMT, the epigenetic regulation of EMT remains not well understood. Histone variants have been recognized as a key group of epigenetic regulators. Among them, macroH2A1 is involved in stem cell reprogramming and cancer progression. We postulated that macroH2A1 may play a role in EMT, a process involving reprogramming of cellular states. In this study, we demonstrate that expression of macroH2A1 is dramatically reduced during EMT induction in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE). Moreover, ectopic expression of the macroH2A1.1 isoform, but not macroH2A1.2, can suppress EMT induction and reduce the stem-like cell population in HMLE. Interestingly, macroH2A1.1 overexpression cannot revert stable mesenchymal cells back to the epithelial state, suggesting a stage-specific role of macroH2A1.1 in EMT. We further pinpointed that the function of macroH2A1.1 in EMT suppression is dependent on its ability to bind the NAD+ metabolite PAR, in agreement with the inability to suppress EMT by macroH2A1.2, which lacks the PAR binding domain. Thus, our work discovered a previously unrecognized isoform-specific function of macroH2A1 in regulating EMT induction.
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41
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Leung JWC, Emery LE, Miller KM. CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing of Human Histone H2A Variant H2AX and MacroH2A. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1832:255-269. [PMID: 30073532 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8663-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone H2A variants play important roles in maintaining the integrity of the genome. For example, the histone variant H2AX is phosphorylated on Ser139 (called γH2AX) at DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and serves as a signal for the initiation of downstream DNA damage response (DDR) factor recruitment and DNA repair activities within damaged chromatin. For decades, genetic studies in human cells involving DNA damage signaling and repair factors have relied mostly on either knockdown by RNA interference (i.e., shRNA and siRNA) or the use of mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from knockout (KO) mice. Recent advances in gene editing using ZNF nuclease, TALEN, and CRISPR/Cas9 have allowed the generation of human KO cell lines, allowing genetic models for studying the DDR, including histone H2A variants in human cells. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for generating and verifying KO of H2AX and macroH2A histone H2A variants using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in human cancer cell lines. This protocol allows the use and development of genetic systems in human cells to study histone variants and their functions, including within the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W C Leung
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Lara E Emery
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kyle M Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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42
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Li Y, Wang M, Huang BW, Ping Y, You J, Gao JQ. Transcriptome-wide elucidation of liposomal formulations for anticancer drug delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8557-8572. [PMID: 29238192 PMCID: PMC5716676 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s148975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although widely used in chemotherapy, free doxorubicin (Dox) might enhance cell malignancy undesirably. Liposomal Dox (Doxlipo) has been clinically approved for the treatment of breast cancer due to reduced systematical toxicity and increased tumor targeting, yet the transcriptome-wide elucidation of the Doxlipo formulations remains elusive. To this end, we explored the impact of two Dox liposomal formulations, Doxlipo mainly containing hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine or 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, on the transcriptional pattern of MCF-7 cells. The two types of Dox liposomal formulations with different drug release kinetics were investigated to reveal the relationship between the formulation and tumor malignancy. Interestingly, we found that liposomal formulation significantly altered the transcriptional pattern of a wide range of genes. Under equivalent dosage of Dox, free Dox substantially changed the expression of ANK1, ACTA2, GPR87, GDF15, FZD6, and WNT4 in MCF-7 cells. Notably, free Dox induced much higher expression of ABCB1 and significantly enhanced the cell migration behavior in comparison with HSPC Doxlipo under a similar level of cytotoxicity. Finally, siRNA targeting GPR87 was codelivered with cationic Doxlipo to reduce the expression of malignancy-related genes. Our study, for the first time, provides an overview of the influence of formulation on the malignancy at transcriptional level and reveals the relationship between cytotoxicity and cell malignancy from the formulation aspect, offering valuable reference for the future formulation design for anticancer drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bu-Wei Huang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Ping
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jian You
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Jian-Qing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences.,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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43
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Kim J, Sturgill D, Sebastian R, Khurana S, Tran AD, Edwards GB, Kruswick A, Burkett S, Hosogane EK, Hannon WW, Weyemi U, Bonner WM, Luger K, Oberdoerffer P. Replication Stress Shapes a Protective Chromatin Environment across Fragile Genomic Regions. Mol Cell 2017; 69:36-47.e7. [PMID: 29249653 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent integrative epigenome analyses highlight the importance of functionally distinct chromatin states for accurate cell function. How these states are established and maintained is a matter of intense investigation. Here, we present evidence for DNA damage as an unexpected means to shape a protective chromatin environment at regions of recurrent replication stress (RS). Upon aberrant fork stalling, DNA damage signaling and concomitant H2AX phosphorylation coordinate the FACT-dependent deposition of macroH2A1.2, a histone variant that promotes DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR). MacroH2A1.2, in turn, facilitates the accumulation of the tumor suppressor and HR effector BRCA1 at replication forks to protect from RS-induced DNA damage. Consequently, replicating primary cells steadily accrue macroH2A1.2 at fragile regions, whereas macroH2A1.2 loss in these cells triggers DNA damage signaling-dependent senescence, a hallmark of RS. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that recurrent DNA damage contributes to the chromatin landscape to ensure the epigenomic integrity of dividing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongkyu Kim
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Sturgill
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robin Sebastian
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Simran Khurana
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andy D Tran
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Garrett B Edwards
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Alex Kruswick
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetics Core Facility, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Eri K Hosogane
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William W Hannon
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Urbain Weyemi
- The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - William M Bonner
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Philipp Oberdoerffer
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Blyth BJ, Cole AJ, MacManus MP, Martin OA. Radiation therapy-induced metastasis: radiobiology and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 35:223-236. [PMID: 29159430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is an effective means of achieving local control in a wide range of primary tumours, with the reduction in the size of the tumour(s) thought to mediate the observed reductions in metastatic spread in clinical trials. However, there is evidence to suggest that the complex changes induced by radiation in the tumour environment can also present metastatic risks that may counteract the long-term efficacy of the treatment. More than 25 years ago, several largely theoretical mechanisms by which radiation exposure might increase metastatic risk were postulated. These include the direct release of tumour cells into the circulation, systemic effects of tumour and normal tissue irradiation and radiation-induced changes in tumour cell phenotype. Here, we review the data that has since emerged to either support or refute these putative mechanisms focusing on how the unique radiobiology underlying modern radiotherapy modalities might alter these risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Blyth
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia. .,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Aidan J Cole
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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45
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Chen C, Ma T, Zhang C, Zhang H, Bai L, Kong L, Luo J. Down-regulation of aquaporin 5-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and anti-metastatic effect by natural product Cairicoside E in colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2692-2705. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Ting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Lijuan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
| | - Jianguang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing China
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46
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Dai W, Ko JMY, Choi SSA, Yu Z, Ning L, Zheng H, Gopalan V, Chan KT, Lee NPY, Chan KW, Law SYK, Lam AKY, Lung ML. Whole-exome sequencing reveals critical genes underlying metastasis in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Pathol 2017; 242:500-510. [PMID: 28608921 DOI: 10.1002/path.4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most lethal cancers, owing to a high frequency of metastasis. However, little is known about the genomic landscape of metastatic ESCC. To identify the genetic alterations that underlie ESCC metastasis, whole-exome sequencing was performed for 41 primary tumours and 15 lymph nodes (LNs) with metastatic ESCCs. Eleven cases included matched primary tumours, synchronous LN metastases, and non-neoplastic mucosa. Approximately 50-76% of the mutations identified in primary tumours appeared in the synchronous LN metastases. Metastatic ESCCs harbour frequent mutations of TP53, KMT2D, ZNF750, and IRF5. Importantly, ZNF750 was recurrently mutated in metastatic ESCC. Combined analysis from current and previous genomic ESCC studies indicated more frequent ZNF750 mutation in diagnosed cases with LN metastasis than in those without metastasis (14% versus 3.4%, n = 629, P = 1.78 × 10-5 ). The Cancer Genome Atlas data further showed that ZNF750 genetic alterations were associated with early disease relapse. Previous ESCC studies have demonstrated that ZNF750 knockdown strongly promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion. Collectively, these results suggest a role for ZNF750 as a metastasis suppressor. TP53 is highly mutated in ESCC, and missense mutations are associated with poor overall survival, independently of pathological stage, suggesting that these missense mutations have important functional impacts on tumour progression, and are thus likely to be gain-of-function (GOF) mutations. Additionally, mutations of epigenetic regulators, including KMT2D, TET2, and KAT2A, and chromosomal 6p22 and 11q23 deletions of histone variants, which are important for nucleosome assembly, were detected in 80% of LN metastases. Our study highlights the important role of critical genetic events including ZNF750 mutations, TP53 putative GOF mutations and nucleosome disorganization caused by genetic lesions seen with ESCC metastasis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Josephine Mun Yee Ko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Sheyne Sta Ana Choi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Zhouyou Yu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Luwen Ning
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Department of Cancer Molecular Pathology, Griffith Medical School and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Kin Tak Chan
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Nikki Pui-Yue Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Kwok Wah Chan
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Simon Ying-Kit Law
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
| | - Alfred King-Yin Lam
- Department of Cancer Molecular Pathology, Griffith Medical School and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Maria Li Lung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (SAR), PR China
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47
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Alonso-Lecue P, de Pedro I, Coulon V, Molinuevo R, Lorz C, Segrelles C, Ceballos L, López-Aventín D, García-Valtuille A, Bernal JM, Mazorra F, Pujol RM, Paramio J, Ramón Sanz J, Freije A, Toll A, Gandarillas A. Inefficient differentiation response to cell cycle stress leads to genomic instability and malignant progression of squamous carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2901. [PMID: 28661481 PMCID: PMC5520915 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or epidermoid cancer is a frequent and aggressive malignancy. However in apparent paradox it retains the squamous differentiation phenotype except for very dysplastic lesions. We have shown that cell cycle stress in normal epidermal keratinocytes triggers a squamous differentiation response involving irreversible mitosis block and polyploidisation. Here we show that cutaneous SCC cells conserve a partial squamous DNA damage-induced differentiation response that allows them to overcome the cell division block. The capacity to divide in spite of drug-induced mitotic stress and DNA damage made well-differentiated SCC cells more genomically instable and more malignant in vivo. Consistently, in a series of human biopsies, non-metastatic SCCs displayed a higher degree of chromosomal alterations and higher expression of the S phase regulator Cyclin E and the DNA damage signal γH2AX than the less aggressive, non-squamous, basal cell carcinomas. However, metastatic SCCs lost the γH2AX signal and Cyclin E, or accumulated cytoplasmic Cyclin E. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous Cyclin E in well-differentiated SCC cells interfered with the squamous phenotype. The results suggest a dual role of cell cycle stress-induced differentiation in squamous cancer: the resulting mitotic blocks would impose, when irreversible, a proliferative barrier, when reversible, a source of genomic instability, thus contributing to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alonso-Lecue
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel de Pedro
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Vincent Coulon
- Institut de Genétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS/UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Rut Molinuevo
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Corina Lorz
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Segrelles
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - José M Bernal
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Francisco Mazorra
- Clínica Mompía, Mompía, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Ramón M Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ramón Sanz
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.,Clínica Mompía, Mompía, Spain.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Freije
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.,INSERM, Languedoc-Roussillon, Montpellier, France
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48
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Zaidman NA, O'Grady KE, Patil N, Milavetz F, Maniak PJ, Kita H, O'Grady SM. Airway epithelial anion secretion and barrier function following exposure to fungal aeroallergens: role of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C68-C79. [PMID: 28446427 PMCID: PMC5538799 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00043.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aeroallergens produced by Alternaria alternata can elicit life-threatening exacerbations of asthma in patients sensitized to this fungus. In this study, the effect of Alternaria on ion transport mechanisms underlying mucociliary clearance and airway epithelial barrier function was investigated in human airway epithelial cells. Apical exposure to Alternaria induced an increase in anion secretion that was inhibited by blockers of CFTR and Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. Stimulation of anion secretion was dependent on Ca2+ uptake from the apical solution. Alternaria exposure also produced an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was blocked by pretreatment with the oxidant scavenger glutathione (GSH). GSH and the NADPH oxidase inhibitor/complex 1 electron transport inhibitor diphenylene iodonium chloride (DPI) blocked ATP release and the increase in intracellular [Ca2+] evoked by AlternariaAlternaria also decreased transepithelial resistance, and a portion of this effect was dependent on the increase in ROS. However, the Alternaria-induced increase in unidirectional dextran (molecular mass = 4,000 Da) flux across the epithelium could not be accounted for by increased oxidative stress. These results support the conclusion that oxidative stress induced by Alternaria was responsible for regulating Ca2+-dependent anion secretion and tight junction electrical resistance that would be expected to affect mucociliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Zaidman
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelly E O'Grady
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Nandadevi Patil
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Francesca Milavetz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Peter J Maniak
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Hirohito Kita
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott M O'Grady
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota; .,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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49
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Eckstein M, Eleazer R, Rea M, Fondufe-Mittendorf Y. Epigenomic reprogramming in inorganic arsenic-mediated gene expression patterns during carcinogenesis. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 32:93-103. [PMID: 27701139 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2016-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a ubiquitous metalloid that is not mutagenic but is carcinogenic. The mechanism(s) by which arsenic causes cancer remain unknown. To date, several mechanisms have been proposed, including the arsenic-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, it is also becoming evident that inorganic arsenic (iAs) may exert its carcinogenic effects by changing the epigenome, and thereby modifying chromatin structure and dynamics. These epigenetic changes alter the accessibility of gene regulatory factors to DNA, resulting in specific changes in gene expression both at the levels of transcription initiation and gene splicing. In this review, we discuss recent literature reports describing epigenetic changes induced by iAs exposure and the possible epigenetic mechanisms underlying these changes.
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50
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Buschbeck M, Hake SB. Variants of core histones and their roles in cell fate decisions, development and cancer. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 18:299-314. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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