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Noncanonical DNA Cleavage by BamHI Endonuclease in Laterally Confined DNA Monolayers Is a Step Function of DNA Density and Sequence. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165262. [PMID: 36014501 PMCID: PMC9416302 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of DNA at noncanonical recognition sequences by restriction endonucleases (star activity) in bulk solution can be promoted by global experimental parameters, including enzyme or substrate concentration, temperature, pH, or buffer composition. To study the effect of nanoscale confinement on the noncanonical behaviour of BamHI, which cleaves a single unique sequence of 6 bp, we used AFM nanografting to generate laterally confined DNA monolayers (LCDM) at different densities, either in the form of small patches, several microns in width, or complete monolayers of thiol-modified DNA on a gold surface. We focused on two 44-bp DNAs, each containing a noncanonical BamHI site differing by 2 bp from the cognate recognition sequence. Topographic AFM imaging was used to monitor end-point reactions by measuring the decrease in the LCDM height with respect to the surrounding reference surface. At low DNA densities, BamHI efficiently cleaves only its cognate sequence while at intermediate DNA densities, noncanonical sequence cleavage occurs, and can be controlled in a stepwise (on/off) fashion by varying the DNA density and restriction site sequence. This study shows that endonuclease action on noncanonical sites in confined nanoarchitectures can be modulated by varying local physical parameters, independent of global chemical parameters.
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2
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Billon J, Shkirskiy V, Dabos-Seignon S, Breton T, Gautier C. No more compromise: A facile route towards functionalized surfaces with stable monolayers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14294-14298. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02129c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The results reported in this study clearly show that it is possible to easily control the formation of a functional monolayer by spontaneous reduction of an aryldiazonium salt on gold...
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3
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Computational Evolution of Beta-2-Microglobulin Binding Peptides for Nanopatterned Surface Sensors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020812. [PMID: 33467468 PMCID: PMC7831021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bottom-up design of smart nanodevices largely depends on the accuracy by which each of the inherent nanometric components can be functionally designed with predictive methods. Here, we present a rationally designed, self-assembled nanochip capable of capturing a target protein by means of pre-selected binding sites. The sensing elements comprise computationally evolved peptides, designed to target an arbitrarily selected binding site on the surface of beta-2-Microglobulin (β2m), a globular protein that lacks well-defined pockets. The nanopatterned surface was generated by an atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based, tip force-driven nanolithography technique termed nanografting to construct laterally confined self-assembled nanopatches of single stranded (ss)DNA. These were subsequently associated with an ssDNA-peptide conjugate by means of DNA-directed immobilization, therefore allowing control of the peptide's spatial orientation. We characterized the sensitivity of such peptide-containing systems against β2m in solution by means of AFM-based differential topographic imaging and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. Our results show that the confined peptides are capable of specifically capturing β2m from the surface-liquid interface with micromolar affinity, hence providing a viable proof-of-concept for our approach to peptide design.
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4
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More than a Confinement: “Soft” and “Hard” Enzyme Entrapment Modulates Biological Catalyst Function. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9121024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Catalysis makes chemical and biochemical reactions kinetically accessible. From a technological point of view, organic, inorganic, and biochemical catalysis is relevant for several applications, from industrial synthesis to biomedical, material, and food sciences. A heterogeneous catalyst, i.e., a catalyst confined in a different phase with respect to the reagents’ phase, requires either its physical confinement in an immobilization matrix or its physical adsorption on a surface. In this review, we will focus on the immobilization of biological catalysts, i.e., enzymes, by comparing hard and soft immobilization matrices and their effect on the modulation of the catalysts’ function. Indeed, unlike smaller molecules, the catalytic activity of protein catalysts depends on their structure, conformation, local environment, and dynamics, properties that can be strongly affected by the immobilization matrices, which, therefore, not only provide physical confinement, but also modulate catalysis.
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5
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Stopar A, Coral L, Di Giacomo S, Adedeji AF, Castronovo M. Binary control of enzymatic cleavage of DNA origami by structural antideterminants. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:995-1006. [PMID: 29216375 PMCID: PMC5778535 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling DNA nanostructure interaction with protein is essential in developing nanodevices with programmable function, reactivity, and stability for biological and medical applications. Here, we show that the sequence-specific action of restriction endonucleases towards sharp triangular or rectangular DNA origami exhibits a novel, binary ‘on/off’ behaviour, as canonical recognition sites are either essentially fully reactive, or strongly resistant to enzymatic cutting. Moreover, introduction of structural defects in the sharp triangle can activate an otherwise unreactive site, with a site-to-defect distance of ∼50 nm. We argue that site reactivity is dependent upon programmable, mechanical coupling in the two-dimensional DNA origami, with specific structural elements, including DNA nicks and branches proximal to the sites that can function as negative(anti) determinants of reactivity. Empirically modelling the constraints to DNA degrees of freedom associated with each recognition site in the sharp triangle can rationalize the pattern of suppressed reactivity towards nine restriction endonucleases, in substantial agreement with the experimental results. These results provide a basis for a predictive understanding of structure-reactivity correlates of specific DNA nanostructures, which will allow a better understanding of the behaviour of nucleic acids under nanoscale confinement, as well as in the rational design of functional nanodevices based on self-assembling nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Stopar
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy.,PhD School of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Lucia Coral
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy.,PhD School of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Giacomo
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Abimbola F Adedeji
- Regional Referral Centre for Rare Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.,School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Matteo Castronovo
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy.,PhD School of Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.,Regional Referral Centre for Rare Diseases, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy.,School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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6
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Dunn KE, Trefzer MA, Johnson S, Tyrrell AM. Characterizing Surface-Immobilized DNA Structures and Devices Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring (QCM-D). Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1811:101-114. [PMID: 29926448 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8582-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring can be used to study the mass and structure of surface-immobilized layers of molecules, in real time. Here we describe the use of the technique to study DNA structures and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Dunn
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.
- Institute for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | - Martin A Trefzer
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Steven Johnson
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Andy M Tyrrell
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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7
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Rotella C, Doni G, Bosco A, Castronovo M, De Vita A, Casalis L, Pavan GM, Parisse P. Site accessibility tailors DNA cleavage by restriction enzymes in DNA confined monolayers. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6399-6405. [PMID: 28453019 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00966f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Density-tunable nanografted monolayers (NAMs) of short oligonucleotide sequences on gold surfaces show novel properties that make them suitable for advanced biosensing applications, and in particular to study the effects of crowding and confinement on biomolecular interactions. Here, combining atomic force microscopy nanolithography, topography measurements and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated restriction enzyme reaction mechanisms within confined DNA brushes highlighting the role played by the DNA sequence conformation and restriction site position along the chain, respectively, in determining the accessibility of the enzyme, and its consequent cleavage efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Rotella
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Trieste, Italy.
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8
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Pandeeswar M, Senanayak SP, Govindaraju T. Nanoarchitectonics of Small Molecule and DNA for Ultrasensitive Detection of Mercury. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:30362-30371. [PMID: 27753489 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Reliable and ultrasensitive detection of mercury ions is of paramount importance for toxicology assessment, environmental protection, and human health. Herein, we present a novel optoelectronic approach based on nanoarchitectonics of small-molecule templated DNA system that consists of an adenine (A)-conjugated small organic semiconductor (BNA) and deoxyribo-oligothymidine (dTn). This mutually templated dynamic chiral coassembly system (BNAn-dTn) with tunable chiroptical, morphological, and electrical properties is tapped in to enable ultrasensitive and selective detection of inorganic and organometallic mercury in water. We observe a rapid transformation of the BNAn-dTn coassembly into a metallo-DNA duplex [dT-Hg-dT]n in the presence of mercury, which is utilized for a chiro-optical and conductivity-based rapid and subnanomolar sensitivity (≥0.1 nM, 0.02 ppb) to mercury ions in water (∼100 times lower than United States Environmental Protection Agency tolerance limit). This ultrasensitive detection of inorganic and organometallic mercury is driven by a novel chemical design principle that allows strong mercury thymine interaction. This study is anticipated to inspire the development of future templated DNA nanotechnology-based optoelectronic devices for the rapid and ultrasensitive detection of numerous other toxic analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pandeeswar
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and ‡Molecular Electronics Lab, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Satyaprasad P Senanayak
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and ‡Molecular Electronics Lab, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - T Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit and ‡Molecular Electronics Lab, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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9
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Dunn KE, Trefzer MA, Johnson S, Tyrrell AM. Investigating the dynamics of surface-immobilized DNA nanomachines. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29581. [PMID: 27387252 PMCID: PMC4937388 DOI: 10.1038/srep29581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-immobilization of molecules can have a profound influence on their structure, function and dynamics. Toehold-mediated strand displacement is often used in solution to drive synthetic nanomachines made from DNA, but the effects of surface-immobilization on the mechanism and kinetics of this reaction have not yet been fully elucidated. Here we show that the kinetics of strand displacement in surface-immobilized nanomachines are significantly different to those of the solution phase reaction, and we attribute this to the effects of intermolecular interactions within the DNA layer. We demonstrate that the dynamics of strand displacement can be manipulated by changing strand length, concentration and G/C content. By inserting mismatched bases it is also possible to tune the rates of the constituent displacement processes (toehold-binding and branch migration) independently, and information can be encoded in the time-dependence of the overall reaction. Our findings will facilitate the rational design of surface-immobilized dynamic DNA nanomachines, including computing devices and track-based motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Dunn
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Martin A. Trefzer
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Steven Johnson
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Andy M. Tyrrell
- Department of Electronics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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10
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Hilaire MR, Abaskharon RM, Gai F. Biomolecular Crowding Arising from Small Molecules, Molecular Constraints, Surface Packing, and Nano-Confinement. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:2546-53. [PMID: 26266732 PMCID: PMC4610718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of macromolecular crowding on the structure, dynamics, and reactivity of biomolecules is well established and the relevant research has been extensively reviewed. Herein, we focus our discussion on crowding effects arising from small cosolvent molecules and densely packed surface conditions. In addition, we highlight recent efforts that capitalize on the excluded volume effect for various tailored biochemical and biophysical applications. Specifically, we discuss how a targeted increase in local mass density can be exploited to gain insight into the folding dynamics of the protein of interest and how confinement via reverse micelles can be used to study a range of biophysical questions, from protein hydration dynamics to amyloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Feng Gai
- To whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Phone: 215-573-6256; Fax: 215-573-2112
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11
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Deka J, Měch R, Ianeselli L, Amenitsch H, Cacho-Nerin F, Parisse P, Casalis L. Surface passivation improves the synthesis of highly stable and specific DNA-functionalized gold nanoparticles with variable DNA density. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:7033-40. [PMID: 25756758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel and multifaceted approach for the quick synthesis of highly stable single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The method is based on the combined effect of surface passivation by (1-mercaptoundec-11-yl)hexa(ethylene glycol) and low pH conditions, does not require any salt pretreatment or high excess of ssDNA, and can be generalized for oligonucleotides of any length or base sequence. The synthesized ssDNA-coated AuNPs conjugates are stable at salt concentrations as high as 3.0 M, and also functional and specific toward DNA-DNA hybridization, as shown from UV-vis spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis, fluorescence, and small angle X-ray scattering based analyses. The method is highly flexible and shows an additional advantage of creating ssDNA-AuNP conjugates with a predefined number of ssDNA strands per particle. Its simplicity and tenability make it widely applicable to diverse biosensing applications involving ssDNA functionalized AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashmini Deka
- †Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Rostislav Měch
- ‡Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 61669 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Ianeselli
- †Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- §Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fernando Cacho-Nerin
- §Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/V, A-8010 Graz, Austria.,∥Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, OX11 0DE Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Parisse
- ⊥INSTM - ST Unit, s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
| | - Loredana Casalis
- †Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy.,⊥INSTM - ST Unit, s.s. 14 km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste Italy
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12
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Sun L, Frykholm K, Fornander LH, Svedhem S, Westerlund F, Akerman B. Sensing conformational changes in DNA upon ligand binding using QCM-D. Polyamine condensation and Rad51 extension of DNA layers. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11895-904. [PMID: 25197950 DOI: 10.1021/jp506733w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors, in which binding of ligands is detected through changes in the optical or electrochemical properties of a DNA layer confined to the sensor surface, are important tools for investigating DNA interactions. Here, we investigate if conformational changes induced in surface-attached DNA molecules upon ligand binding can be monitored by the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) technique. DNA duplexes containing 59-184 base pairs were formed on QCM-D crystals by stepwise assembly of synthetic oligonucleotides of designed base sequences. The DNA films were exposed to the cationic polyamines spermidine and spermine, known to condense DNA molecules in bulk experiments, or to the recombination protein Rad51, known to extend the DNA helix. The binding and dissociation of the ligands to the DNA films were monitored in real time by measurements of the shifts in resonance frequency (Δf) and in dissipation (ΔD). The QCM-D data were analyzed using a Voigt-based model for the viscoelastic properties of polymer films in order to evaluate how the ligands affect thickness and shear viscosity of the DNA layer. Binding of spermine shrinks all DNA layers and increases their viscosity in a reversible fashion, and so does spermidine, but to a smaller extent, in agreement with its lower positive charge. SPR was used to measure the amount of bound polyamines, and when combined with QCM-D, the data indicate that the layer condensation leads to a small release of water from the highly hydrated DNA films. The binding of Rad51 increases the effective layer thickness of a 59 bp film, more than expected from the know 50% DNA helix extension. The combined results provide guidelines for a QCM-D biosensor based on ligand-induced structural changes in DNA films. The QCM-D approach provides high discrimination between ligands affecting the thickness and the structural properties of the DNA layer differently. The reversibility of the film deformation allows comparative studies of two or more analytes using the same DNA layer as demonstrated here by spermine and spermidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology , SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Idili A, Amodio A, Vidonis M, Feinberg-Somerson J, Castronovo M, Ricci F. Folding-upon-binding and signal-on electrochemical DNA sensor with high affinity and specificity. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9013-9. [PMID: 24947124 PMCID: PMC4165453 DOI: 10.1021/ac501418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Here we investigate a novel signal-on
electrochemical DNA sensor
based on the use of a clamp-like DNA probe that binds a complementary
target sequence through two distinct and sequential events, which
lead to the formation of a triplex DNA structure. We demonstrate that
this target-binding mechanism can improve both the affinity
and specificity of recognition as opposed to classic probes solely
based on Watson–Crick recognition. By using electrochemical
signaling to report the conformational change, we demonstrate a signal-on
E-DNA sensor with up to 400% signal gain upon target binding. Moreover,
we were able to detect with nanomolar affinity a perfectly matched
target as short as 10 bases (KD = 0.39
nM). Finally, thanks to the molecular “double-check”
provided by the concomitant Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen base
pairings involved in target recognition, our sensor provides excellent
discrimination efficiency toward a single-base mismatched target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Idili
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Rome, Tor Vergata , Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
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14
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A DNA-based nano-immunoassay for the label-free detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein in multicell lysates. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2014; 11:293-300. [PMID: 24780311 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We have developed a quantitative approach to eventually enable precise and multiplexing protein analysis of very small systems, down to a single or a few cells. Through DNA-directed immobilization of DNA-protein conjugates we immobilized antibodies specific for a certain protein of interest, on a complementary DNA nanoarray fabricated by means of nanografting, a nanolithography technique based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). The proof of concept was realized for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a biomarker crucial in cell's differentiation of astrocytes, and functional to grade classification of gliomas, the most common of primary malignant brain tumors. The efficiency of the nano-immuno sensing was tested by obtaining the immobilization of purified recombinant GFAP protein at different concentration in a standard solution then in a cellular lysate. A comparison of sensitivity between our technique and conventional ELISA assays is provided at the end of the paper. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR This team developed a quantitative approach to enable precise and multiplexing protein analysis of very small systems, down to a single or a few cells, demonstrating the utility of this DNA-based nano-immunoassay in the detection of GFAP.
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15
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Digital imprinting of RNA recognition and processing on a self-assembled nucleic acid matrix. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2550. [PMID: 23989631 PMCID: PMC3757352 DOI: 10.1038/srep02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerating progress of research in nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology has included initiatives to develop highly-sensitive, high-throughput methods to detect biomarkers at the single-cell level. Current sensing approaches, however, typically involve integrative instrumentation that necessarily must balance sensitivity with rapidity in optimizing biomarker detection quality. We show here that laterally-confined, self-assembled monolayers of a short, double-stranded(ds)[RNA-DNA] chimera enable permanent digital detection of dsRNA-specific inputs. The action of ribonuclease III and the binding of an inactive, dsRNA-binding mutant can be permanently recorded by the input-responsive action of a restriction endonuclease that cleaves an ancillary reporter site within the dsDNA segment. The resulting irreversible height change of the arrayed ds[RNA-DNA], as measured by atomic force microscopy, provides a distinct digital output for each dsRNA-specific input. These findings provide the basis for developing imprinting-based bio-nanosensors, and reveal the versatility of AFM as a tool for characterizing the behaviour of highly-crowded biomolecules at the nanoscale.
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16
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Gan T, Zhou X, Ma C, Liu X, Xie Z, Zhang G, Zheng Z. Liquid-mediated three-dimensional scanning probe nanosculpting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:2851-2856. [PMID: 23554330 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
3D functional polymer brushes are fabricated by liquid-mediated scanning probe nanosculpting (LSPN). Surface-tethered functional polymer brushes, which are immersed in their good solvent, are mechanically cleaved away from the substrate by the AFM tip at high forces, and immediately imaged in situ with the same AFM tip at low applied forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Gan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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17
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Doni G, Nkoua Ngavouka MD, Barducci A, Parisse P, De Vita A, Scoles G, Casalis L, Pavan GM. Structural and energetic basis for hybridization limits in high-density DNA monolayers. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:9988-93. [PMID: 23996015 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01799k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Doni
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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18
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Surface Characterization Using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) in Liquid Environments. SURFACE SCIENCE TECHNIQUES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-34243-1_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Parisse P, Vindigni A, Scoles G, Casalis L. In Vitro Enzyme Comparative Kinetics: Unwinding of Surface-Bound DNA Nanostructures by RecQ and RecQ1. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2012; 3:3532-7. [PMID: 26290984 DOI: 10.1021/jz3018682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Parisse
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s.14 km163,5 in Area Science Park, Trieste
34149, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s.14 km163,5 in Area Science Park, Trieste
34149, Italy
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano
99, Trieste 34149, Italy
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, United States
| | - Giacinto Scoles
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s.14 km163,5 in Area Science Park, Trieste
34149, Italy
- Department of Biological and
Medical Science, University of Udine, Ospedale
della Misericordia, Udine 33100, Italy
| | - Loredana Casalis
- Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., s.s.14 km163,5 in Area Science Park, Trieste
34149, Italy
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20
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Bosco A, Bano F, Parisse P, Casalis L, DeSimone A, Micheletti C. Hybridization in nanostructured DNA monolayers probed by AFM: theory versus experiment. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1734-41. [PMID: 22301788 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11662f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanografted monolayers (NAMs) of DNA show novel physico-chemical properties that make them ideally suited for advanced biosensing applications. In comparison with alternative solid-phase techniques for diagnostic DNA detection, NAMs have the advantage of combining a small size with a high homogeneity of the DNA surface coverage. These two properties favour the extreme miniaturization and ultrasensitivity in high-throughput biosensing devices. The systematic use of NAMs for quantitative DNA (and protein) detection has so far suffered from the lack of a control on key fabrication parameters, such as the ss- or ds-DNA surface coverage. Here we report on a combined experimental-computational study that allows us to estimate the surface density of the grafted DNA by analyzing the sample mechanical response, that is the DNA patch height vs. applied tip load curves. It is shown that the same analysis scheme can be used to detect the occurrence of hybridization with complementary strands in solution and estimate its efficiency. Thanks to these quantitative relationships it is possible to use a single AFM-based setup to: (i) fabricate a DNA NAM, (ii) control the DNA surface coverage, and (iii) characterize its level of hybridization helping the design of NAMs with pre-determined fabrication parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bosco
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Via Bonomea 265, I-34136, Trieste, Italy
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21
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Biagiotti V, Porchetta A, Desiderati S, Plaxco KW, Palleschi G, Ricci F. Probe accessibility effects on the performance of electrochemical biosensors employing DNA monolayers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:413-21. [PMID: 21928081 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surface-confined DNA probes are increasingly used as recognition elements (or presentation scaffolds) for detection of proteins, enzymes, and other macromolecules. Here we demonstrate that the density of the DNA probe monolayer on the gold electrode is a crucial determinant of the final signalling of such devices. We do so using redox modified single-stranded and double-stranded DNA probes attached to the surface of a gold electrode and measuring the rate of digestion in the presence of a non-specific nuclease enzyme. We demonstrate that accessibility of DNA probes for binding to their macromolecular target is, as expected, improved at lower probe densities. However, with double-stranded DNA probes, even at the lowest densities investigated, a significant fraction of the immobilized probe is inaccessible to nuclease digestion. These results stress the importance of the accessibility issue and of probe density effects when DNA-based sensors are used for detection of macromolecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Biagiotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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