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Lee S, Seo MK. Full three-dimensional wavelength-scale plasmomechanical resonator. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1317-1320. [PMID: 33720176 DOI: 10.1364/ol.416695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmomechanical systems have received considerable interest in mediating the strong interaction between the optical field and mechanical motion. However, typical plasmomechanical systems based on mechanical oscillators that are significantly larger than the wavelength of light do not take full advantage of the optical field concentration beyond the optical diffraction limit of the employed plasmonic resonators. Here we present a full three-dimensional wavelength-scale plasmomechanical resonator consisting of a plasmonic nano-antenna and a hydrogen silsesquioxane nano-wall. The experimental results demonstrated the precise detection of longitudinal mechanical oscillation on a picometer scale, and we investigated the tunability and thermoelastic effect of the mechanical resonance.
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Dai J, Xu R, Lin YS, Chen CH. Tunable electromagnetic characteristics of suspended nanodisk metasurface. OPTICS & LASER TECHNOLOGY 2020; 128:106214. [DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Cazier N, Sadeghi P, Chien MH, Shawrav MM, Schmid S. Spectrally broadband electro-optic modulation with nanoelectromechanical string resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:12294-12301. [PMID: 32403727 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a shutter-based electro-optical modulator made of two parallel nanoelectromechanical silicon nitride string resonators. These strings are covered with electrically connected gold electrodes and actuated either by Lorentz or electrostatic forces. The in-plane string vibrations modulate the width of the gap between the strings. The gold electrodes on both sides of the gap act as a mobile mirror that modulate the laser light that is focused in the middle of this gap. These electro-optical modulators can achieve an optical modulation depth of almost 100% for a driving voltage lower than 1 mV at a frequency of 314 kHz. The frequency range is determined by the string resonance frequency, which can take values of the order of a few hundred kilohertz to several megahertz. The strings are driven in the strongly nonlinear regime, which allows a frequency tuning of several kilohertz without significant effect on the optical modulation depth.
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Yuan N, Zhao H, Zheng C, Zheng X, Fu Q, Wu M, Lei Y. An efficient nanopatterning strategy for controllably fabricating ultra-small gaps as a highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering platform. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:045301. [PMID: 31574491 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab49ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The realization of large-scale and high-density gaps with sizes as small as possible is crucial for designing ultra-sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. As known, the ultrathin alumina mask (UTAM) surface nanopatterning technique allows the fabrication of periodic nanoparticle (NP) arrays with 5 nm gaps among the NPs, however, it still faces a significant challenge in realizing the reliable distribution of nanogaps over a large area, because of the unavoidable collapse of the UTAM pore wall during the traditional one-step homothermal pore-widening process. Herein, an efficient two-step poikilothermal pore-widening process was developed to precisely control the pore wall etching of a UTAM, enabling effectively avoiding the fragmentation of the UTAM and finally obtaining a large-scale UTAM with a pore wall thickness of about 5 nm. As a result, large-scale NP arrays with high-density sub-5 nm and even smaller gaps between the neighboring NPs have been realized through applying the as-prepared UTAM as the nanopatterning template. These NP arrays with sub-5 nm gaps show ultrahigh SERS sensitivity (signal enhancement improved by an order of magnitude compared with NP arrays with 5 nm gaps) and good reproducibility, which demonstrates the practical feasibility of this promising two-step pore-widening UTAM technique for the fabrication of high-performance active SERS substrates with large-scale ultra-small nanogaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yuan
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
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Wu Z, Li J, Zhang X, Redwing JM, Zheng Y. Room-Temperature Active Modulation of Valley Dynamics in a Monolayer Semiconductor through Chiral Purcell Effects. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1904132. [PMID: 31621963 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spin-dependent contrasting phenomena at K and K' valleys in monolayer semiconductors have led to addressable valley degree of freedom, which is the cornerstone for emerging valleytronic applications in information storage and processing. Tunable and active modulation of valley dynamics in a monolayer WSe2 is demonstrated at room temperature through controllable chiral Purcell effects in plasmonic chiral metamaterials. The strong spin-dependent modulation on the spontaneous decay of valley excitons leads to tunable handedness and spectral shift of valley-polarized emission, which is analyzed and predicted by an advanced theoretical model and further confirmed by experimental measurements. Moreover, large active spectral tuning (≈24 nm) and reversible ON/OFF switching of circular polarization of emission are achieved by the solvent-controllable thickness of the dielectric spacer in the metamaterials. With the on-demand and active tunability in valley-polarized emission, chiral Purcell effects can provide new strategies to harness valley excitons for applications in ultrathin valleytronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wu
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jingang Li
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joan M Redwing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- 2D Crystal Consortium, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yuebing Zheng
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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Balogun O. Optically Detecting Acoustic Oscillations at the Nanoscale: Exploring Techniques Suitable for Studying Elastic Wave Propagation. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2019.2905021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Liu F, Song B, Su G, Liang O, Zhan P, Wang H, Wu W, Xie Y, Wang Z. Sculpting Extreme Electromagnetic Field Enhancement in Free Space for Molecule Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1801146. [PMID: 30003669 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A strongly confined and enhanced electromagnetic (EM) field due to gap-plasmon resonance offers a promising pathway for ultrasensitive molecular detections. However, the maximum enhanced portion of the EM field is commonly concentrated within the dielectric gap medium that is inaccessible to external substances, making it extremely challenging for achieving single-molecular level detection sensitivity. Here, a new family of plasmonic nanostructure created through a unique process using nanoimprint lithography is introduced, which enables the precise tailoring of the gap plasmons to realize the enhanced field spilling to free space. The nanostructure features arrays of physically contacted nanofinger-pairs with a 2 nm tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C) film as an ultrasmall dielectric gap. The high tunneling barrier offered by ta-C film due to its low electron affinity makes an ultranarrow gap and high enhancement factor possible at the same time. Additionally, its high electric permittivity leads to field redistribution and an abrupt increase across the ta-C/air boundary and thus extensive spill-out of the coupled EM field from the gap region with field enhancement in free space of over 103 . The multitude of benefits deriving from the unique nanostructure hence allows extremely high detection sensitivity at the single-molecular level to be realized as demonstrated through bianalyte surface-enhanced Raman scattering measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxin Liu
- School of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, and College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, P. R. China
| | - Boxiang Song
- Department of Electrical Engineering-Electrophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Guangxu Su
- School of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Owen Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Peng Zhan
- School of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering-Electrophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering-Electrophysics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yahong Xie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- School of Physics, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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Roxworthy BJ, Vangara S, Aksyuk VA. Sub-diffraction spatial mapping of nanomechanical modes using a plasmomechanical system. ACS PHOTONICS 2018; 5:10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00604. [PMID: 30984799 PMCID: PMC6459204 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.8b00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmomechanical systems - formed by introducing a mechanically compliant gap between metallic nanostructures - produce large optomechanical interactions that can be localized to deep subwavelength volumes. This unique ability opens a new path to study optomechanics in nanometer-scale regimes inaccessible by other methods. We show that the localized optomechanical interactions produced by plasmomechanics can be used to spatially map the displacement modes of a vibrating nanomechanical system with a resolution exceeding the diffraction limit. Furthermore, we use white light illumination for motion transduction instead of a monochromatic laser, and develop a semi-analytical model matching the changes in optomechanical coupling constant and motion signal strength observed in a broadband transduction experiment. Our results clearly demonstrate the key benefit of localized and broadband performance provided by plasmomechanical systems, which may enable future nano-scale sensing and wafer-scale metrology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Roxworthy
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | | | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Abstract
A thermally activated micromechanical switch delivers an electrical readout signal only when irradiated by a narrowband mid-infrared light, thanks to a metamaterial element that converts light into heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Kouh T, Hanay MS, Ekinci KL. Nanomechanical Motion Transducers for Miniaturized Mechanical Systems. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6189927 DOI: 10.3390/mi8040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taejoon Kouh
- Department of Physics, Kookmin University, Seoul 136-702, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-910-4873
| | - M. Selim Hanay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, and the National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey;
| | - Kamil L. Ekinci
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, and the Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
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