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Becker S, L'Ecuyer Z, Jones BW, Zouache MA, McDonnell FS, Vinberg F. Modeling complex age-related eye disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2024; 100:101247. [PMID: 38365085 PMCID: PMC11268458 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Modeling complex eye diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma poses significant challenges, since these conditions depend highly on age-related changes that occur over several decades, with many contributing factors remaining unknown. Although both diseases exhibit a relatively high heritability of >50%, a large proportion of individuals carrying AMD- or glaucoma-associated genetic risk variants will never develop these diseases. Furthermore, several environmental and lifestyle factors contribute to and modulate the pathogenesis and progression of AMD and glaucoma. Several strategies replicate the impact of genetic risk variants, pathobiological pathways and environmental and lifestyle factors in AMD and glaucoma in mice and other species. In this review we will primarily discuss the most commonly available mouse models, which have and will likely continue to improve our understanding of the pathobiology of age-related eye diseases. Uncertainties persist whether small animal models can truly recapitulate disease progression and vision loss in patients, raising doubts regarding their usefulness when testing novel gene or drug therapies. We will elaborate on concerns that relate to shorter lifespan, body size and allometries, lack of macula and a true lamina cribrosa, as well as absence and sequence disparities of certain genes and differences in their chromosomal location in mice. Since biological, rather than chronological, age likely predisposes an organism for both glaucoma and AMD, more rapidly aging organisms like small rodents may open up possibilities that will make research of these diseases more timely and financially feasible. On the other hand, due to the above-mentioned anatomical and physiological features, as well as pharmacokinetic and -dynamic differences small animal models are not ideal to study the natural progression of vision loss or the efficacy and safety of novel therapies. In this context, we will also discuss the advantages and pitfalls of alternative models that include larger species, such as non-human primates and rabbits, patient-derived retinal organoids, and human organ donor eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Becker
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Zia L'Ecuyer
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bryan W Jones
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Moussa A Zouache
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fiona S McDonnell
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Frans Vinberg
- John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Borrás T, Stepankoff M, Danias J. Genes as drugs for glaucoma: latest advances. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2024; 35:131-137. [PMID: 38117663 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide the latest advances on the future use of gene therapy for the treatment of glaucoma. RECENT FINDINGS In preclinical studies, a number of genes have been shown to be able to reduce elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), and to exert neuroprotection of the retinal ganglion cells. These genes target various mechanisms of action and include among others: MMP3 , PLAT, IκB, GLIS, SIRT, Tie-2, AQP1. Some of these as well as some previously identified genes ( MMP3, PLAT, BDNF, C3, TGFβ, MYOC, ANGPTL7 ) are starting to move onto drug development. At the same time, progress has been made in the methods to deliver and control gene therapeutics (advances in these areas are not covered in this review). SUMMARY While preclinical efforts continue in several laboratories, an increasing number of start-up and large pharmaceutical companies are working on developing gene therapeutics for glaucoma ( Sylentis, Quetera/Astellas, Exhaura, Ikarovec, Genentech, Regeneron, Isarna, Diorasis Therapeutics ). Despite the presence of generic medications to treat glaucoma, given the size of the potential world-wide market (∼$7B), it is likely that the number of companies developing glaucoma gene therapies will increase further in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Borrás
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - John Danias
- Downstate Health Science University, SUNY, New York, USA
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3
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Wu D, Khan FA, Zhang K, Pandupuspitasari NS, Negara W, Guan K, Sun F, Huang C. Retinoic acid signaling in development and differentiation commitment and its regulatory topology. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110773. [PMID: 37977248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the derivative of vitamin A/retinol, is a signaling molecule with important implications in health and disease. It is a well-known developmental morphogen that functions mainly through the transcriptional activity of nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and, uncommonly, through other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Intracellular RA is under spatiotemporally fine-tuned regulation by synthesis and degradation processes catalyzed by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and P450 family enzymes, respectively. In addition to dictating the transcription architecture, RA also impinges on cell functioning through non-genomic mechanisms independent of RAR transcriptional activity. Although RA-based differentiation therapy has achieved impressive success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, RA also has pro-tumor activity. Here, we highlight the relevance of RA signaling in cell-fate determination, neurogenesis, visual function, inflammatory responses and gametogenesis commitment. Genetic and post-translational modifications of RAR are also discussed. A better understanding of RA signaling will foster the development of precision medicine to improve the defects caused by deregulated RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | | | - Windu Negara
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Kapuganti RS, Sahoo L, Mohanty PP, Hayat B, Parija S, Alone DP. Role of clusterin gene 3'-UTR polymorphisms and promoter hypomethylation in the pathogenesis of pseudoexfoliation syndrome and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2023; 1866:194980. [PMID: 37652361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2023.194980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) is a multifactorial age-related disease characterized by the deposition of extracellular fibrillar aggregates in the anterior ocular tissues. This study aims to identify the genetic and epigenetic contribution of clusterin (CLU) in PEX pathology. CLU is a molecular chaperone upregulated in PEX and genetically associated with the disease. Sequencing of a 2.9 kb region encompassing the previously associated rs2279590 in 250 control and 313 PEX [(207 pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) and 106 pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG)] individuals identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs9331942, rs9331949 and rs9331950, in the 3'-UTR of CLU of which rs9331942 and rs9331949 were found to be significantly associated with PEXS and PEXG as risk factors. Following in silico analysis, in vitro luciferase reporter assays in human embryonic kidney cells revealed that risk alleles at rs9331942 and rs9331949 bind to miR-223 and miR-1283, respectively, suggesting differential regulation of clusterin in the presence of risk alleles at the SNPs. Further, through bisulfite sequencing, we also identified that CLU promoter is hypomethylated in DNA from blood and lens capsules of PEX patients compared to controls that correlated with decreased expression of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). Promoter demethylation of CLU using DNMT inhibitor, 5'-aza-dC, in human lens epithelial cells increased CLU expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that the demethylated CLU promoter provides increased access to the transcription factor, Sp1, which might lead to enhanced expression of CLU. In conclusion, this study highlights the different molecular mechanisms of clusterin regulation in pseudoexfoliation pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramani Shyam Kapuganti
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Lipsa Sahoo
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | | | - Bushra Hayat
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Sucheta Parija
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Sijua, Patrapada, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751019, India
| | - Debasmita Pankaj Alone
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Kandeeban S, Ishwarya S, Nareshkumar RN, Gunalan V, Porkodi P, Shyam Sundar J, Asokan R, Sharada R, Sripriya K, George R, Sripriya S. A Study on the Candidate Gene Association and Interaction with Measures of UV Exposure in Pseudoexfoliation Patients from India. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:1144-1152. [PMID: 37556844 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2246689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Environmental and genetic factors are associated with development of Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (XFS). Here we intended to elucidate the association of candidate genes in relevance to UV exposure in these patients. METHODS This is a case-control study of 309 subjects (N = 219 controls and 90 XFS cases) from India. PCR based direct sequencing was performed for candidate genes (LOXL1, POMP and TMEM136) followed by genotype and haplotype analysis. The promoter methylation status was assessed by Methylation specific PCR based direct sequencing of genomic DNA for all samples. The methylation status was compared with that of primary fibroblasts cultures established from patient's Tenon's tissue samples in subset of these patients. RESULTS SNPs rs3825942, rs41435250, rs8818 (LOXL1) and rs3737528 (POMP) showed significant association with XFS. LOXL1 gene haplotype GAGC (rs1048661- rs3825942- rs41435250-rs8818) was associated with lower risk for XFS with a p value 4.1961 × 10-6 (OR =0; 95%CI, 0.000-0.003). POMP gene haplotypes for intronic SNPs (rs1340815- rs3737528- rs913797) TCC and TTC were associated with increased risk for the disease (OR > 1.0). Significant correlation for SNPs rs3825942 of LOXL1 (ρ= -0.132) and rs3737528 of POMP (ρ = 0.12) was observed with measure of lifetime UV exposure (CUVAF value). Reduced LOXL1 gene expression was observed in cultured tenon fibroblasts from the patients that correlated with differential methylation of the Sp-1 binding sites at -253, -243bp upstream to the transcription start site of LOXL1 promoter region. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a possible interaction for LOXL1 gene haplotype (GAGC) with the measure of ocular UV exposure in pseudoexfoliation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Kandeeban
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Tanjavur, India
| | - Sureshkumar Ishwarya
- Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - R N Nareshkumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, R S Mehta Jain, Chennai, India
| | - Vaishaali Gunalan
- Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - P Porkodi
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - J Shyam Sundar
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, R S Mehta Jain, Chennai, India
| | - Rashima Asokan
- Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - R Sharada
- Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Sripriya
- Smt. Jadhavbai Nathamal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Ronnie George
- Smt. Jadhavbai Nathamal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - Sarangapani Sripriya
- SNONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
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Kapuganti RS, Alone DP. Current understanding of genetics and epigenetics in pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 94:101214. [PMID: 37729850 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2023.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation is a complex, progressive, and systemic age-related disorder. The early stage of deposition of extracellular fibrillar material on ocular and extraocular tissues is termed as pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS). The severe advanced stage is known as pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG), which involves increased intraocular pressure and optic nerve damage. Through genome-wide association and candidate gene studies, PEX has been associated with numerous genetic risk variants in various gene loci. However, the genetic basis of the disease fails to explain certain features of PEX pathology, such as the progressive nature of the disease, asymmetric ocular manifestation, age-related onset, and only a subset of PEXS individuals developing PEXG. Increasing evidence shows an interplay of genetic and epigenetic factors in the pathology of complex, multifactorial diseases. In this review, we have discussed the genetic basis of the disease and the emerging contribution of epigenetic regulations in PEX pathogenesis, focusing on DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs. Aberrant methylation patterns, histone modifications, and post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs lead to aberrant gene expression changes. We have reviewed these aberrant epigenetic changes in PEX pathology and their effect on molecular pathways associated with PEX. We have further discussed some possible genetic/epigenetic-based diagnoses and therapeutics for PEX. Although studies to understand the role of epigenetic regulations in PEX are just emerging, epigenetic modifications contribute significantly to PEX pathogenesis and may pave the way for better and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramani Shyam Kapuganti
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Debasmita Pankaj Alone
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER) Bhubaneswar, P.O. Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, 400094, India.
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Suarez MF, Schmitt HM, Kuhn MS, Watkins T, Hake KM, Weisz T, Flynn EJ, Elliott MH, Hauser MA, Stamer WD. Genetic background determines severity of Loxl1-mediated systemic and ocular elastosis in mice. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050392. [PMID: 37905384 PMCID: PMC10668029 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a systemic, age-related disorder characterized by elastosis and extracellular matrix deposits. Its most significant ocular manifestation is an aggressive form of glaucoma associated with variants in the gene encoding lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1). Depending upon the population, variants in LOXL1 can impart risk or protection for PEX, suggesting the importance of genetic context. As LOXL1 protein levels are lower and the degree of elastosis is higher in people with PEX, we studied Loxl1-deficient mice on three different genetic backgrounds: C57BL/6 (BL/6), 129S×C57BL/6 (50/50) and 129S. Early onset and high prevalence of spontaneous pelvic organ prolapse in BL/6 Loxl1-/- mice necessitated the study of mice that were <2 months old. Similar to pelvic organ prolapse, most elastosis endpoints were the most severe in BL/6 Loxl1-/- mice, including skin laxity, pulmonary tropoelastin accumulation, expansion of Schlemm's canal and dilation of intrascleral veins. Interestingly, intraocular pressure was elevated in 50/50 Loxl1-/- mice, depressed in BL/6 Loxl1-/- mice and unchanged in 129S Loxl1-/- mice compared to that of control littermates. Overall, the 129S background was protective against most elastosis phenotypes studied. Thus, repair of elastin-containing tissues is impacted by the abundance of LOXL1 and genetic context in young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Suarez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Heather M. Schmitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Megan S. Kuhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - TeddiJo Watkins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Kristyn M. Hake
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
| | - Tara Weisz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Edward J. Flynn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Michael H. Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Michael A. Hauser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27701, USA
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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Dai J, Suo L, Xian H, Pan Z, Zhang C. Investigating the Impact of Sun/UV Protection and Ease of Skin Tanning on the Risk of Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:4. [PMID: 37788000 PMCID: PMC10552876 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the potential causal associations between the use of sun/ultraviolet (UV) protection and ease of skin tanning and the risk of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) in European populations. Methods Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning were selected from the UK Biobank genome-wide association study database consisting of 498,751 European participants. SNPs of PXG were obtained from the FinnGen study including 3424 PXG cases and 326,434 controls. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed to assess the association between the use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning and risk of PXG. Results Inverse variance weighted regression of genetic susceptibility predicted that both use of sun/UV protection and ease of skin tanning were potentially positively associated with the decreased risk of PXG in the European ancestry (use of sun/UV protection: odds ratio [OR] = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.92; P = 0.028; ease of skin tanning: OR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67-0.97; P = 0.025). Conclusions We found genetic evidence supporting a potential causal association between UV protection and a decreased risk of PXG in European population. Further research will help elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote UV protection for eyes, especially in people with a high risk of PXG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingge Suo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haocheng Xian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Pan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Eye Center, Beijing, China
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Toprak M, Yuksel N, Akpinar G, Kasap M, Pirhan D, Tugan BY. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Aqueous Humor from Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023; 17:118-125. [PMID: 37920371 PMCID: PMC10618601 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10078-1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The goal of this study was to pinpoint potential molecular pathways that may have contributed to the onset of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX), a systemic illness associated with aging that has no known cause and is brought on by the deposition of fibrillary white flaky debris in ocular tissues. Materials and methods Protein pools representing each group were created using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) in conjunction with a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometer. Aqueous humor (AH) from patients with PEX and cataracts was also collected for a comprehensive study of the data; ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) was used for the discovered proteins. Results In comparison to controls, 2DE showed that 10 sites in PEX patients had differently altered gene expression. Two of these proteins, transthyretin (TTR) and apolipoprotein A4 (ApoA4) were significantly overexpressed in PEX patients, but the remaining proteins were only mildly altered. The liver X receptor (LXR) and the retinoid X receptors (RXR) may play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of PEX according to IPA employing these 10 proteins. Conclusion The altered proteins, particularly ApoA4 and TTR, may be important in revealing the molecular process behind PEX, as anticipated by IPA. How to cite this article Toprak M, Yuksel N, Akpinar G, et al. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Aqueous Humor from Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023;17(3):118-125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Toprak
- Ophthalmology Clinic/Dunya Goz Tıp Merkezi, Pendik/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nursen Yuksel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Dilara Pirhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Busra Yilmaz Tugan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kocaeli University Medical School, Kocaeli, Turkey
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NikhalaShree S, George RJ, Shantha B, Vijaya L, Sulochana KN, Coral K. Copper, Lysyl Oxidase Activity, and Collagen in Aqueous Humour of Primary Glaucoma: An Association with Clinical Parameters. Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:949-957. [PMID: 37253350 DOI: 10.1159/000531247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To measure copper (Cu), lysyl oxidase (LOX) activity, and collagen levels in aqueous humour (AH) of primary glaucoma patients and correlate with clinical parameters. METHODS 120 patients with 40 each of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), and cataract controls were recruited in this case-control study. AH samples were collected during the trabeculectomy and cataract surgeries. Cu levels were measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. LOX unit activity was determined by Amplex Red assay and collagen concentration by Sirius red assay. RESULTS Significantly higher levels of Cu expressed as median (IQR) µmol/L were observed in POAG (p = 0.008) and PACG (p = 0.005) compared to controls. The LOX activity was increased in POAG and PACG (p = 0.04) compared to controls represented as median (IQR) µmol/min. The collagen levels given as median (IQR) mg/ml showed an insignificant increase in POAG and PACG compared to controls (p = 0.78). The LOX unit activity was correlated with visual field index (VFI), which showed a significant increase with the progression of the diseases (p < 0.05), whereas Cu levels were negatively correlated with LOX activity in AH. Cu and LOX activity showed weak correlation with YAG peripheral iridotomy (YAGPI), duration of anti-glaucoma medications, and highest preoperative intraocular pressure. CONCLUSION Elevated Cu and LOX activity was observed in both POAG and PACG groups compared to controls. LOX activity showed notable increase with VFI as the severity of the disease. Although Cu levels are increased in glaucoma, it's insufficient to significantly increase the activity of LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath NikhalaShree
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Ronnie Jacob George
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Balekudaru Shantha
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Lingam Vijaya
- Smt Jadhavbai Nathmal Singhvee Glaucoma Services, Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Karunakaran Coral
- R.S. Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, KBIRVO, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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Hirbo JB, Pasutto F, Gamazon ER, Evans P, Pawar P, Berner D, Sealock J, Tao R, Straub PS, Konkashbaev AI, Breyer MA, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Reis A, Brantley MA, Khor CC, Joos KM, Cox NJ. Analysis of genetically determined gene expression suggests role of inflammatory processes in exfoliation syndrome. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:75. [PMID: 36797672 PMCID: PMC9936777 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09179-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is an age-related systemic disorder characterized by excessive production and progressive accumulation of abnormal extracellular material, with pathognomonic ocular manifestations. It is the most common cause of secondary glaucoma, resulting in widespread global blindness. The largest global meta-analysis of XFS in 123,457 multi-ethnic individuals from 24 countries identified seven loci with the strongest association signal in chr15q22-25 region near LOXL1. Expression analysis have so far correlated coding and a few non-coding variants in the region with LOXL1 expression levels, but functional effects of these variants is unclear. We hypothesize that analysis of the contribution of the genetically determined component of gene expression to XFS risk can provide a powerful method to elucidate potential roles of additional genes and clarify biology that underlie XFS. RESULTS Transcriptomic Wide Association Studies (TWAS) using PrediXcan models trained in 48 GTEx tissues leveraging on results from the multi-ethnic and European ancestry GWAS were performed. To eliminate the possibility of false-positive results due to Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) contamination, we i) performed PrediXcan analysis in reduced models removing variants in LD with LOXL1 missense variants associated with XFS, and variants in LOXL1 models in both multiethnic and European ancestry individuals, ii) conducted conditional analysis of the significant signals in European ancestry individuals, and iii) filtered signals based on correlated gene expression, LD and shared eQTLs, iv) conducted expression validation analysis in human iris tissues. We observed twenty-eight genes in chr15q22-25 region that showed statistically significant associations, which were whittled down to ten genes after statistical validations. In experimental analysis, mRNA transcript levels for ARID3B, CD276, LOXL1, NEO1, SCAMP2, and UBL7 were significantly decreased in iris tissues from XFS patients compared to control samples. TWAS genes for XFS were significantly enriched for genes associated with inflammatory conditions. We also observed a higher incidence of XFS comorbidity with inflammatory and connective tissue diseases. CONCLUSION Our results implicate a role for connective tissues and inflammation pathways in the etiology of XFS. Targeting the inflammatory pathway may be a potential therapeutic option to reduce progression in XFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibril B Hirbo
- Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eric R Gamazon
- Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Clare Hall and MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Patrick Evans
- Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Priyanka Pawar
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Daniel Berner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Sealock
- Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Peter S Straub
- Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Anuar I Konkashbaev
- Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Max A Breyer
- Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg FAU, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milam A Brantley
- Clare Hall and MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Chiea C Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis St, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Karen M Joos
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Nancy J Cox
- Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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12
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Ayala M, Zetterberg M, Zettergren A. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in LOXL1 as biomarkers for progression of exfoliation glaucoma in Sweden. Acta Ophthalmol 2022. [PMID: 36564963 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exfoliation glaucoma is a common and aggressive type of glaucoma with high prevalence in Scandinavia. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether the allele frequencies of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in LOXL1 were associated with the progression of exfoliation glaucoma in Swedish patients. METHODS In this non-randomised cohort study, we enrolled patients with exfoliation glaucoma, and they performed at least five reliable visual field tests. Blood samples were collected, and genotyping was performed using competitive allele-specific PCR genotyping. Glaucoma progression was evaluated using the guided glaucoma progression analysis (GPA), mean deviation (MD) difference and rate of progression (ROP). In addition, associations between allele frequencies and glaucoma progression were tested using logistic regression for GPA and linear regression for MD and ROP. RESULTS We enrolled a total of 130 patients in the study. The general genetic model showed statistical significance for LOXL1_rs2165241 (p = 8 × 10-7 , Fisher's exact test) and LOXL1_rs1048661 (p = 2 × 10-6 , Fisher's exact test). Regression analyses using an additive genetic model showed significant values for LOXL1_rs2165241SNP in relation to GPA, MD and ROP as outcomes (p = 1.8 × 10-4 , 4 × 10-2 , 6 × 10-4 ) and for LOXL1_rs1048661 SNP in relation to GPA, MD and ROP (p = 7 × 10-5 , 8 × 10-3 , 2 × 10-4 ). CONCLUSIONS This was the first study to show an association of the SNPs LOXL1_rs2165241 and LOXL1_rs1048661 with the progression of exfoliation glaucoma. Further large-scale studies are required to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ayala
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Eye Department, Region Västra Götaland, Skaraborg Hospital, Skövde, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Zetterberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Mastronikolis S, Kagkelaris K, Pagkalou M, Tsiambas E, Plotas P, Georgakopoulos CD. Antioxidant Defense and Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome: An Updated Review. MEDICAL SCIENCES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:medsci10040068. [PMID: 36548003 PMCID: PMC9785126 DOI: 10.3390/medsci10040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) affects the anterior ocular tissues, rendering them susceptible to several eye diseases. On the other hand, protection of the eye from harmful factors is achieved by unique defense mechanisms, including enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants could be the cause of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS), a condition of defective extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. A systematic English-language literature review was conducted from May 2022 to June 2022. The main antioxidant enzymes protecting the eye from reactive oxygen species (ROS) are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), which catalyze the reduction of specific types of ROS. Similarly, non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamins A, E and C, carotenoids and glutathione (GSH) are involved in removing ROS from the cells. PEXS is a genetic disease, however, environmental and dietary factors also influence its development. Additionally, many OS products disrupting the ECM remodeling process and modifying the antioxidative defense status could lead to PEXS. This review discusses the antioxidative defense of the eye in association with PEXS, and the intricate link between OS and PEXS. Understanding the pathways of PEXS evolution, and developing new methods to reduce OS, are crucial to control and treat this disease. However, further studies are required to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of PEXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Mastronikolis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Department of Neurosurgery, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, UK
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.P.)
| | | | - Marina Pagkalou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Plotas
- Laboratory of Primary Health Care, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (P.P.)
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14
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Patil A, Conley M, Paulson C, Pompoco C, Wallace R, Swiston C, Ritch R, Curtin K, Wirostko B. Abdominal aortic aneurysm and exfoliation syndrome: A literature review comparing single site findings. Acta Ophthalmol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aos.15307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Patil
- University of Utah Health John A. Moran Eye Center Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Matthew Conley
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Chase Paulson
- Department of Ophthalmology University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Christian Pompoco
- University of Utah Health John A. Moran Eye Center Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Ryan Wallace
- University of Utah Health John A. Moran Eye Center Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Cole Swiston
- University of Utah Health John A. Moran Eye Center Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Robert Ritch
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary New York City New York USA
| | - Karen Curtin
- University of Utah Health John A. Moran Eye Center Salt Lake City Utah USA
| | - Barbara Wirostko
- University of Utah Health John A. Moran Eye Center Salt Lake City Utah USA
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15
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Transcriptomic Landscape and Functional Characterization of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Limbal Epithelial Progenitor Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233752. [PMID: 36497012 PMCID: PMC9737332 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is a complex, multifactorial disease affecting limbal epithelial progenitor cells (LEPC), which are essential for maintaining corneal stability and transparency. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (hiPSC-) LEPC are a promising cell source for the treatment of LSCD. However, their similarity to native tissue-derived (T-) LEPC and their functional characterization has not been studied in detail. Here, we show that hiPSC-LEPC and T-LEPC have rather similar gene expression patterns, colony-forming ability, wound-healing capacity, and melanosome uptake. In addition, hiPSC-LEPC exhibited lower immunogenicity and reduced the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells compared with T-LEPC. Similarly, the hiPSC-LEPC secretome reduced the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells more than the T-LEPC secretome. Moreover, hiPSC-LEPC successfully repopulated decellularized human corneolimbal (DHC/L) scaffolds with multilayered epithelium, while basal deposition of fibrillary material was observed. These findings suggest that hiPSC-LEPC exhibited functional properties close to native LEPC and that hiPSC-LEPC-DHC/L scaffolds might be feasible for transplantation in patients suffering from LSCD in the future. Although hiPSC-LEPC-based stem cell therapy is promising, the current study also revealed new challenges, such as abnormal extracellular matrix deposition, that need to be overcome before hiPSC-LEPC-based stem cell therapies are viable.
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16
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A multi-omics longitudinal study of the murine retinal response to chronic low-dose irradiation and simulated microgravity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16825. [PMID: 36207342 PMCID: PMC9547011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19360-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The space environment includes unique hazards like radiation and microgravity which can adversely affect biological systems. We assessed a multi-omics NASA GeneLab dataset where mice were hindlimb unloaded and/or gamma irradiated for 21 days followed by retinal analysis at 7 days, 1 month or 4 months post-exposure. We compared time-matched epigenomic and transcriptomic retinal profiles resulting in a total of 4178 differentially methylated loci or regions, and 457 differentially expressed genes. Highest correlation in methylation difference was seen across different conditions at the same time point. Nucleotide metabolism biological processes were enriched in all groups with activation at 1 month and suppression at 7 days and 4 months. Genes and processes related to Notch and Wnt signaling showed alterations 4 months post-exposure. A total of 23 genes showed significant changes in methylation and expression compared to unexposed controls, including genes involved in retinal function and inflammatory response. This multi-omics analysis interrogates the epigenomic and transcriptomic impacts of radiation and hindlimb unloading on the retina in isolation and in combination and highlights important molecular mechanisms at different post-exposure stages.
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17
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Pevec S, Donlagic D. Resonant-Opto-Thermomechanical Oscillator (ROTMO): A Low-Power, Large Displacement, High-Frequency Optically Driven Microactuator. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2107552. [PMID: 35869621 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A light-driven micromechanical oscillator is presented, which can be operated by a low optical power (in the mW, or even the µW range), can produce large mechanical displacements (>5-100 µm), and can be designed to operate at frequencies from sub-kHz up to more than 200 kHz. The actuation of the oscillator is achieved by an asymmetrically metal-coated optical microwire configured into a silica micromechanical oscillator. The metalized optical microwire confines and absorbs the light strongly over a short distance, which results in a controlled optical power conversion into heat, and, consequently, into mechanical actuation through the temperature rise and the difference in thermal expansions of the silica microwire and the asymmetrically applied metal layer. Mechanical displacements are amplified further by the resonance operation of the oscillator, which is driven by a low-power, harmonic optical excitation signal generated by a current-modulated laser diode. Proper selection of the micromechanical oscillator's geometrical configuration and materials allows for a high-frequency operation at large mechanical displacements of the oscillator, while relying on low excitation optical power. The presented concept of a fully optically driven micromechanical oscillator may, thus, present a basis for realization of new classes of actuated micro-opto-mechanical Systems and similar photonics microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Pevec
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska cesta 46, Maribor, SI-2000, Slovenia
| | - Denis Donlagic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska cesta 46, Maribor, SI-2000, Slovenia
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18
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Kapuganti RS, Mohanty PP, Alone DP. Quantitative analysis of circulating levels of vimentin, clusterin and fibulin-5 in patients with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2022; 224:109236. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Darian-Smith E, Safran SG, Coroneo MT. Comment on: Clinical and histopathological findings in the dead bag syndrome. J Cataract Refract Surg 2022; 48:871-872. [PMID: 35514046 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erica Darian-Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales at Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
- Sydney University Medical School, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - Steven G Safran
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales at Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
| | - Minas T Coroneo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of New South Wales at Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, AUSTRALIA
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20
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Zenkel M, Hoja U, Gießl A, Berner D, Hohberger B, Weller JM, König L, Hübner L, Ostermann TA, Gusek-Schneider GC, Kruse FE, Pasutto F, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U. Dysregulated Retinoic Acid Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115977. [PMID: 35682657 PMCID: PMC9180992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, a stress-induced fibrotic matrix process, is the most common recognizable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide. The recent identification of PEX-associated gene variants uncovered the vitamin A metabolic pathway as a factor influencing the risk of disease. In this study, we analyzed the role of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling pathway in the PEX-associated matrix metabolism and evaluated its targeting as a potential candidate for an anti-fibrotic intervention. We provided evidence that decreased expression levels of RA pathway components and diminished RA signaling activity occur in an antagonistic crosstalk with TGF-β1/Smad signaling in ocular tissues and cells from PEX patients when compared with age-matched controls. Genetic and pharmacologic modes of RA pathway inhibition induced the expression and production of PEX-associated matrix components by disease-relevant cell culture models in vitro. Conversely, RA signaling pathway activation by natural and synthetic retinoids was able to suppress PEX-associated matrix production and formation of microfibrillar networks via antagonization of Smad-dependent TGF-β1 signaling. The findings indicate that deficient RA signaling in conjunction with hyperactivated TGF-β1/Smad signaling is a driver of PEX-associated fibrosis, and that restoration of RA signaling may be a promising strategy for anti-fibrotic intervention in patients with PEX syndrome and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Zenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Ursula Hoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Andreas Gießl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Daniel Berner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
- Genetikum, 89231 Neu-Ulm, Germany
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Julia M. Weller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Loretta König
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Lisa Hübner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Thomas A. Ostermann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Gabriele C. Gusek-Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Friedrich E. Kruse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
| | - Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.); (U.H.); (A.G.); (D.B.); (B.H.); (J.M.W.); (L.K.); (L.H.); (T.A.O.); (G.C.G.-S.); (F.E.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8534433; Fax: +49-9131-8534631
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21
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Eliseeva NV, Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. Analysis of Associations of Polymorphic Loci of the LOXL1 Gene with the Development of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma in Women of the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Aboobakar IF, Wiggs JL. The genetics of glaucoma: Disease associations, personalised risk assessment and therapeutic opportunities-A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50:143-162. [PMID: 35037362 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma refers to a heterogenous group of disorders characterised by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field loss. Both early-onset and adult-onset forms of the disease have a strong genetic component. Here, we summarise the known genetic associations for various forms of glaucoma and the possible functional roles for these genes in disease pathogenesis. We also discuss efforts to translate genetic knowledge into clinical practice, including gene-based tests for disease diagnosis and risk-stratification as well as gene-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inas F Aboobakar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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23
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Mastronikolis S, Pagkalou M, Baroutas G, Kyriakopoulou K, Makri ΟE, Georgakopoulos CD. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome: The critical role of the extracellular matrix in pathogenesis and treatment. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:995-1002. [PMID: 35201654 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) is an age-related condition manifesting mainly in ocular tissues. PEXS is manifested through excess aggregation of fibrillary extracellular material at the anterior part of the eye that consists of a plethora of biomolecules, such as different proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans. PEXS is often linked to increased intraocular pressure, and can also lead to pseudoexfoliation glaucoma with very poor prognosis. Various stimuli are known to affect PEXS, including oxidation stress (OS), UV radiation and osmotic pressure. OS, is prominently involved on the progression of the syndrome as it promotes fibrogenesis, possibly via the induction of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and other biomolecular effectors. In addition, PEXS initiation is tightly connected with the dysregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis since aberrant expression of ECM molecules is linked to both the accumulation and low degradation of pseudoexfoliation material. This article aims at uncovering the crucial role of various ECM effectors such as lysyl oxidase-like proteins, matrix metalloproteinases, and TGF-β1, as well as the biochemical pathways involved in the development and the progression of the PEXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Mastronikolis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rion, Achaia, Greece.,Neurosurgery Department, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Marina Pagkalou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Giorgos Baroutas
- Biochemistry Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kyriakopoulou
- Biochemistry Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Οlga E Makri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Patras, Rion, Achaia, Greece
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Murphy R, Irnaten M, Hopkins A, O'Callaghan J, Stamer WD, Clark AF, Wallace D, O'Brien CJ. Matrix Mechanotransduction via Yes-Associated Protein in Human Lamina Cribrosa Cells in Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:16. [PMID: 35015027 PMCID: PMC8762700 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.1.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Extracellular matrix stiffening is characteristic of both aging and glaucoma, and acts as a promoter and perpetuator of pathological fibrotic remodeling. Here, we investigate the role of a mechanosensitive transcriptional coactivator, Yes-associated protein (YAP), a downstream effector of multiple signaling pathways, in lamina cribrosa (LC) cell activation to a profibrotic, glaucomatous state. Methods LC cells isolated from glaucomatous human donor eyes (GLC; n = 3) were compared to LC cells from age-matched nonglaucomatous controls (NLC; n = 3) to determine differential YAP expression, protein levels, and proliferation rates. NLC cells were then cultured on soft (4 kPa), and stiff (100 kPa), collagen-1 coated polyacrylamide hydrogel substrates. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to measure the expression, activity, and subcellular location of YAP and its downstream targets, respectively. Proliferation rates were examined in NLC and GLC cells by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium salt assays, across a range of incrementally increased substrate stiffness. Endpoints were examined in the presence or absence of a YAP inhibitor, verteporfin (2 µM). Results GLC cells show significantly (P < 0.05) increased YAP gene expression and total-YAP protein compared to NLC cells, with significantly increased proliferation. YAP regulation is mechanosensitive, because NLC cells cultured on pathomimetic, stiff substrates (100 kPa) show significantly upregulated YAP gene and protein expression, increased YAP phosphorylation at tyrosine 357, reduced YAP phosphorylation at serine 127, increased nuclear pooling, and increased transcriptional target, connective tissue growth factor. Accordingly, myofibroblastic markers, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen type I, alpha 1 (Col1A1) are increased. Proliferation rates are elevated on 50 kPa substrates and tissue culture plastic. Verteporfin treatment significantly inhibits YAP-mediated cellular activation and proliferation despite a stiffened microenvironment. Conclusions These data demonstrate how YAP plays a pivotal role in LC cells adopting a profibrotic and proliferative phenotype in response to the stiffened LC present in aging and glaucoma. YAP provides an attractive and novel therapeutic target, and its inhibition via verteporfin warrants further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Murphy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mustapha Irnaten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan Hopkins
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeffrey O'Callaghan
- Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Abbot F Clark
- Department of Cell Biology & Immunology and the North Texas Eye Research Institute, U. North Texas Health Science Centre, Ft. Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Deborah Wallace
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Hicks PM, Siedlecki A, Haaland B, Owen LA, Au E, Feehan M, Murtaugh MA, Sieminski S, Reynolds A, Lillvis J, DeAngelis MM. A global genetic epidemiological review of pseudoexfoliation syndrome. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation (PXF) syndrome is an important public health concern requiring individual population level analysis. Disease prevalence differs by geographic location and ethnicity, and has environmental, demographic, genetic, and molecular risk factors have been demonstrated. Epidemiological factors that have been associated with PXF include age, sex, environmental factors, and diet. Genetic and molecular components have also been identified that are associated with PXF. Underserved populations are often understudied within scientific research, including research about eye disease such as PXF, contributing to the persistence of health disparities within these populations. In each population, PXF needs may be different, and by having research that identifies individual population needs about PXF, the resources in that population can be more efficiently utilized. Otherwise, PXF intervention and care management based only on the broadest level of understanding may continue to exacerbate health disparities in populations disproportionally burdened by PXF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice M. Hicks
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Adam Siedlecki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - Benjamin Haaland
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Leah A. Owen
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - Elizabeth Au
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - Michael Feehan
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA;Cerner Enviza, Kansas City, MO 64117, USA
| | - Maureen A. Murtaugh
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Sandra Sieminski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - Andrew Reynolds
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA
| | - John Lillvis
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA;VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Margaret M. DeAngelis
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;Department of Ophthalmology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14209, USA;VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
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27
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Eliseeva NV, Ponomarenko IV, Churnosov MI. [Study of the functional significance of polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene associated with glaucoma according to genome-wide studies (in silico analysis)]. Vestn Oftalmol 2021; 137:22-30. [PMID: 34726854 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma202113705122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the most common eye diseases leading to blindness, and whole-genome studies have shown that genetic factors are important in its formation. Purpose - to perform an in silico analysis of the functional significance of polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene associated with glaucoma, using data from wholegenome studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the catalog of genome-wide studies (GWAS) of the National Human Genome Research Institute (https://www.genome.gov/gwastudies/), three polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene (rs2165241, rs4886776, rs893818) associated with glaucoma (pseudoexfoliation glaucoma/syndrome) were chosen for the study. Using modern databases on functional genomics (SIFT, PolyPhen-2, HaploReg, GTExportal), the functional significance of these polymorphic loci was assessed (nonsynonymous substitutions, epigenetic effects, association with gene expression, associations with alternative splicing of gene transcripts). RESULTS The work establishes the important functional significance of the rs2165241, rs4886776 and rs893818 polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene. They demonstrate significant epigenetic effects (affect the affinity to five transcription factors, are located in the region of promoters and enhancers, in the region of hypersensitivity to DNase-1), are associated with the expression and alternative splicing of three genes (LOXL1, LOXL1-AS1, RP11-24D15.1) in cell cultures, organs and tissues pathogenetically significant for development of glaucoma, are strongly linked to the rs1048661 polymorphism, which causes the replacement of the Arg141Leu amino acid in the LOXL1 polypeptide. CONCLUSION Polymorphic loci of the LOXL1 gene (rs2165241, rs4886776, and rs893818) are of great functional importance (epigenetic, eQTL, and sQTL), which may be the biomedical basis of their associations with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Eliseeva
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - I V Ponomarenko
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - M I Churnosov
- Belgorod State National Research University, Belgorod, Russia
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28
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Ayala M, Zetterberg M, Skoog I, Zettergren A. Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Located in LOXL1 with Exfoliation Glaucoma in Southwestern Sweden. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12091384. [PMID: 34573365 PMCID: PMC8468303 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy that leads to visual field defects. Genetic mechanisms seem to be involved in glaucoma development. Lysyl Oxidase Like 1 (LOXL1) has been described in previous studies as a predictor factor for exfoliation glaucoma. The present article studied the association between three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the LOXL1 gene and the presence of exfoliation glaucoma in Southwestern Sweden. Methods: Case-control study for genetic association. In total, 136 patients and 1011 controls were included in the study. Patients with exfoliation glaucoma were recruited at the Eye Department of Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Skaraborgs Hospital, Sweden. Controls were recruited from the Gothenburg H70 Birth Cohort Study. Three different SNPs were genotyped: LOXL1_rs3825942, LOXL1_rs2165241 and LOXL1_rs1048661. Results: The distribution of allele frequencies was significantly different between controls and glaucoma patients; for rs3825942 (p = 2 × 10−12), for rs2165241 (p = 3 × 10−16) and for rs1048661 (p = 2 × 10−6). Logistic regression analyses using an additive genetic model, adjusted for sex and age, also showed associations between the studied SNPs and glaucoma (p = 9 × 10−6; p = 2 × 10−14; p = 1 × 10−4). Conclusion: A strong association was found between allele frequencies of three different SNPs (LOXL1_rs3825942, LOXL1_rs2165241, and LOXL1_rs1048661) and the presence of exfoliation glaucoma in a Southwestern Swedish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ayala
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Eye Department, Region Västra Götaland, Skaraborg Hospital/Skövde, 54142 Skövde, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-500-431-000
| | - Madeleine Zetterberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 43130 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Psychiatry, Cognition and Old Age Psychiatry Clinic, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Anna Zettergren
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Centre for Ageing and Health (AGECAP) University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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29
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Berner D, Hoja U, Zenkel M, Ross JJ, Uebe S, Paoli D, Frezzotti P, Rautenbach RM, Ziskind A, Williams SE, Carmichael TR, Ramsay M, Topouzis F, Chatzikyriakidou A, Lambropoulos A, Sundaresan P, Ayub H, Akhtar F, Qamar R, Zenteno JC, Cruz-Aguilar M, Astakhov YS, Dubina M, Wiggs J, Ozaki M, Kruse FE, Aung T, Reis A, Khor CC, Pasutto F, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U. The protective variant rs7173049 at LOXL1 locus impacts on retinoic acid signaling pathway in pseudoexfoliation syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 28:2531-2548. [PMID: 30986821 PMCID: PMC6644155 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LOXL1 (lysyl oxidase-like 1) has been identified as the major effect locus in pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, a fibrotic disorder of the extracellular matrix and frequent cause of chronic open-angle glaucoma. However, all known PEX-associated common variants show allele effect reversal in populations of different ancestry, casting doubt on their biological significance. Based on extensive LOXL1 deep sequencing, we report here the identification of a common non-coding sequence variant, rs7173049A>G, located downstream of LOXL1, consistently associated with a decrease in PEX risk (odds ratio, OR = 0.63; P = 6.33 × 10−31) in nine different ethnic populations. We provide experimental evidence for a functional enhancer-like regulatory activity of the genomic region surrounding rs7173049 influencing expression levels of ISLR2 (immunoglobulin superfamily containing leucine-rich repeat protein 2) and STRA6 [stimulated by retinoic acid (RA) receptor 6], apparently mediated by allele-specific binding of the transcription factor thyroid hormone receptor beta. We further show that the protective rs7173049-G allele correlates with increased tissue expression levels of ISLR2 and STRA6 and that both genes are significantly downregulated in tissues of PEX patients together with other key components of the STRA6 receptor-driven RA signaling pathway. siRNA-mediated downregulation of RA signaling induces upregulation of LOXL1 and PEX-associated matrix genes in PEX-relevant cell types. These data indicate that dysregulation of STRA6 and impaired retinoid metabolism are involved in the pathophysiology of PEX syndrome and that the variant rs7173049-G, which represents the first common variant at the broad LOXL1 locus without allele effect reversal, mediates a protective effect through upregulation of STRA6 in ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Berner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ursula Hoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Zenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - James Julian Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniela Paoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Monfalcone Hospital, Gorizia, Italy
| | - Paolo Frezzotti
- Ophthalmology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Robyn M Rautenbach
- Division of Ophthalmology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ari Ziskind
- Division of Ophthalmology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan E Williams
- Division of Ophthalmology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Trevor R Carmichael
- Division of Ophthalmology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Michele Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Fotis Topouzis
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anthi Chatzikyriakidou
- Department of Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandros Lambropoulos
- Department of Biology and Genetics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Periasamy Sundaresan
- Dr. G.Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, India
| | - Humaira Ayub
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Farah Akhtar
- Pakistan Institute of Ophthalmology, Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Juan C Zenteno
- Genetics Department, Institute of Ophthalmology 'Conde de Valenciana', Mexico City, Mexico.,Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisa Cruz-Aguilar
- Genetics Department, Institute of Ophthalmology 'Conde de Valenciana', Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yury S Astakhov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Dubina
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St Petersburg, Russia.,St Petersburg Academic University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Janey Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mineo Ozaki
- Ozaki Eye Hospital, Hyuga, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Friedrich E Kruse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - André Reis
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chiea Chuen Khor
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesca Pasutto
- Institute of Human Genetics, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ursula Schlötzer-Schrehardt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Pseudoexfoliation and Cataract Syndrome Associated with Genetic and Epidemiological Factors in a Mayan Cohort of Guatemala. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147231. [PMID: 34299682 PMCID: PMC8303577 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Mayan population of Guatemala is understudied within eye and vision research. Studying an observational homogenous, geographically isolated population of individuals seeking eye care may identify unique clinical, demographic, environmental and genetic risk factors for blinding eye disease that can inform targeted and effective screening strategies to achieve better and improved health care distribution. This study served to: (a) identify the ocular health needs within this population; and (b) identify any possible modifiable risk factors contributing to disease pathophysiology within this population. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 126 participants. Each participant completed a comprehensive eye examination, provided a blood sample for genetic analysis, and received a structured core baseline interview for a standardized epidemiological questionnaire at the Salama Lions Club Eye Hospital in Salama, Guatemala. Interpreters were available for translation to the patients’ native dialect, to assist participants during their visit. We performed a genome-wide association study for ocular disease association on the blood samples using Illumina’s HumanOmni2.5-8 chip to examine single nucleotide polymorphism SNPs in this population. After implementing quality control measures, we performed adjusted logistic regression analysis to determine which genetic and epidemiological factors were associated with eye disease. We found that the most prevalent eye conditions were cataracts (54.8%) followed by pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) (24.6%). The population with both conditions was 22.2%. In our epidemiological analysis, we found that eye disease was significantly associated with advanced age. Cataracts were significantly more common among those living in the 10 districts with the least resources. Furthermore, having cataracts was associated with a greater likelihood of PXF after adjusting for both age and sex. In our genetic analysis, the SNP most nominally significantly associated with PXF lay within the gene KSR2 (p < 1 × 10−5). Several SNPs were associated with cataracts at genome-wide significance after adjusting for covariates (p < 5 × 10−8). About seventy five percent of the 33 cataract-associated SNPs lie within 13 genes, with the majority of genes having only one significant SNP (5 × 10−8). Using bioinformatic tools including PhenGenI, the Ensembl genome browser and literature review, these SNPs and genes have not previously been associated with PXF or cataracts, separately or in combination. This study can aid in understanding the prevalence of eye conditions in this population to better help inform public health planning and the delivery of quality, accessible, and relevant health and preventative care within Salama, Guatemala.
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Eliseeva N, Ponomarenko I, Reshetnikov E, Dvornyk V, Churnosov M. LOXL1 gene polymorphism candidates for exfoliation glaucoma are also associated with a risk for primary open-angle glaucoma in a Caucasian population from central Russia. Mol Vis 2021; 27:262-269. [PMID: 34012228 PMCID: PMC8116259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was aimed to replicate the previously reported associations of the three LOXL1 gene polymorphisms with exfoliation glaucoma (XFG) and to analyze these genetic variants for their possible contribution to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in Caucasians from central Russia. Methods In total, 932 participants were recruited for the study, including 328 patients with XFG, 208 patients with POAG, and 396 controls. The participants were of Russian ethnicity (self-reported) and born in Central Russia. They were genotyped at three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the LOXL1 gene (rs2165241, rs4886776, and rs893818). The association was analyzed using logistic regression. Results Allele C of rs2165241 was associated with a decreased risk of XFG (odds ratio [OR] =0.27-0.45, pperm ≤5*10-6) and POAG (OR=0.35-0.47, рperm≤0.001), and allele A of rs4886776 and rs893818 were associated with a lower risk of XFG (OR=0.53-0.57, рperm≤0.001). Haplotype TGG of loci rs2165241-rs4886776-rs893818 was associated with an elevated risk of XFG (OR=2.23, рperm=0.001) and POAG (OR=2.01, рperm=0.001), haplotype CGG was also associated with a decreased risk of XFG (OR=0.45, рperm=0.001) and POAG (OR=0.35, рperm=0.001). Haplotype CAA was associated with a decreased risk of XFG only (OR=0.50, рperm=0.001). Conclusions Polymorphisms rs2165241, rs4886776, and rs893818 of the LOXL1 gene showed association with XFG and POAG in a Caucasian sample from central Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Eliseeva
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Irina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny Reshetnikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
| | - Volodymyr Dvornyk
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia
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32
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Chen M, Wei R, Wei G, Xu M, Su Z, Zhao C, Ni T. Systematic evaluation of the effect of polyadenylation signal variants on the expression of disease-associated genes. Genome Res 2021; 31:890-899. [PMID: 33875481 PMCID: PMC8092010 DOI: 10.1101/gr.270256.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within polyadenylation signals (PASs), a specific six-nucleotide sequence required for mRNA maturation, can impair RNA-level gene expression and cause human diseases. However, there is a lack of genome-wide investigation and systematic confirmation tools for identifying PAS variants. Here, we present a computational strategy to integrate the most reliable resources for discovering distinct genomic features of PAS variants and also develop a credible and convenient experimental tool to validate the effect of PAS variants on expression of disease-associated genes. This approach will greatly accelerate the deciphering of PAS variation-related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ran Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Mingqing Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhixi Su
- Singlera Genomics (Shanghai) Limited, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Eye Institute, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Ting Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences and Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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ATP7A-Regulated Enzyme Metalation and Trafficking in the Menkes Disease Puzzle. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040391. [PMID: 33917579 PMCID: PMC8067471 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is vital for numerous cellular functions affecting all tissues and organ systems in the body. The copper pump, ATP7A is critical for whole-body, cellular, and subcellular copper homeostasis, and dysfunction due to genetic defects results in Menkes disease. ATP7A dysfunction leads to copper deficiency in nervous tissue, liver, and blood but accumulation in other tissues. Site-specific cellular deficiencies of copper lead to loss of function of copper-dependent enzymes in all tissues, and the range of Menkes disease pathologies observed can now be explained in full by lack of specific copper enzymes. New pathways involving copper activated lysosomal and steroid sulfatases link patient symptoms usually related to other inborn errors of metabolism to Menkes disease. Additionally, new roles for lysyl oxidase in activation of molecules necessary for the innate immune system, and novel adapter molecules that play roles in ERGIC trafficking of brain receptors and other proteins, are emerging. We here summarize the current knowledge of the roles of copper enzyme function in Menkes disease, with a focus on ATP7A-mediated enzyme metalation in the secretory pathway. By establishing mechanistic relationships between copper-dependent cellular processes and Menkes disease symptoms in patients will not only increase understanding of copper biology but will also allow for the identification of an expanding range of copper-dependent enzymes and pathways. This will raise awareness of rare patient symptoms, and thus aid in early diagnosis of Menkes disease patients.
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Papadopoulou MK, Chatziralli I, Tzika K, Chiras D, Kitsos G, Kroupis C. Correlation of the intronic LOXL1 polymorphism rs11638944 with pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma in a Greek population. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:405-411. [PMID: 33792495 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1904420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study is the development and validation of a novel and robust genotyping method for a new lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) intronic polymorphism (rs11638944, C > G) and the investigation of its potential association with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXS) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) in a Greek population. MATERIAL AND METHODS 242 DNA samples from 49 PXS, 64 PXG, 50 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and 79 healthy age-matched controls were analyzed. Novel methodologies were developed and optimized, in order to genotype the intronic LOXL1 polymorphism: a) a real-time qPCR and melting curve analysis in the Light Cycler platform for rapid and cost-effective analysis and, b) a conventional PCR-RFLP method for analysis of a small number of samples. In selected samples, validity was checked with the reference DNA Sequencing method. RESULTS The real-time qPCR methodology was reliable, demonstrating good efficiency, reproducibility, accuracy in genotyping (100% concordance with the PCR-RFLP method and DNA Sequencing), with good allele discrimination (Tm = 53.26°C for C allele, Tm = 61.83°C for G allele, ΔTm = 8.57°C). The results were characterized by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in all groups. An increase from 18% in healthy controls to 61% in PXS patients was detected for the G/G homozygote thus, the C allele is protective for PXS with OR = 0.22 (95%CI: 0.11-0.42, p < .0001). Moreover, an increase from 18% in healthy controls to 70% in PXG patients was detected for the G/G homozygote thus, the C allele is protective for PXG with OR = 0.13 (95%CI: 0.06-0.25, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS A statistically significant association was verified for the intronic LOXL1 polymorphism rs11638944 and PXS/PXG in a Greek population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Kyriaki Papadopoulou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Irini Chatziralli
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Tzika
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Chiras
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - George Kitsos
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Christos Kroupis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Attikon General University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The genetic basis of pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome, the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma, is steadily being elucidated. This review summarizes the recent advances on genetic risk factors for PEX syndrome/glaucoma and their potential functional implications in PEX pathophysiology. RECENT FINDINGS As of today, seven loci associated with the risk of PEX surpassing genome-wide significance have been identified by well-powered genome-wide association studies and sequencing efforts. LOXL1 (lysyl oxidase-like 1) represents the major genetic effect locus, although the biological role of common risk variants and their reversed effect in different ethnicities remain an unresolved problem. Rare protein-coding variants at LOXL1 and a single noncoding variant downstream of LOXL1 showed no allele effect reversal and suggested potential roles for elastin homeostasis and vitamin A metabolism in PEX pathogenesis. Other PEX-associated genetic variants provided biological insights into additional disease processes and pathways, including ubiquitin-proteasome function, calcium signaling, and lipid biosynthesis. Gene-environment interactions, epigenetic alterations, and integration of multiomics data have further contributed to our knowledge of the complex etiology underlying PEX syndrome and glaucoma. SUMMARY PEX-associated genes are beginning to reveal relevant biological pathways and processes involved in disease development. To understand the functional consequences and molecular mechanisms of these loci and to translate them into novel therapeutic approaches are the major challenges for the future.
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Molecular Genetics of Glaucoma: Subtype and Ethnicity Considerations. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010055. [PMID: 33396423 PMCID: PMC7823611 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness, is a complex disease, with differential presentation as well as ethnic and geographic disparities. The multifactorial nature of glaucoma complicates the study of genetics and genetic involvement in the disease process. This review synthesizes the current literature on glaucoma and genetics, as stratified by glaucoma subtype and ethnicity. Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the most common cause of glaucoma worldwide, with the only treatable risk factor (RF) being the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP). Genes associated with elevated IOP or POAG risk include: ABCA1, AFAP1, ARHGEF12, ATXN2, CAV1, CDKN2B-AS1, FOXC1, GAS7, GMDS, SIX1/SIX6, TMCO1, and TXNRD2. However, there are variations in RF and genetic factors based on ethnic and geographic differences; it is clear that unified molecular pathways accounting for POAG pathogenesis remain uncertain, although inflammation and senescence likely play an important role. There are similar ethnic and geographic complexities in primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG), but several genes have been associated with this disorder, including MMP9, HGF, HSP70, MFRP, and eNOS. In exfoliation glaucoma (XFG), genes implicated include LOXL1, CACNA1A, POMP, TMEM136, AGPAT1, RBMS3, and SEMA6A. Despite tremendous progress, major gaps remain in resolving the genetic architecture for the various glaucoma subtypes across ancestries. Large scale carefully designed studies are required to advance understanding of genetic loci as RF in glaucoma pathophysiology and to improve diagnosis and treatment options.
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Greene AG, Eivers SB, McDonnell F, Dervan EWJ, O'Brien CJ, Wallace DM. Differential Lysyl oxidase like 1 expression in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma is orchestrated via DNA methylation. Exp Eye Res 2020; 201:108349. [PMID: 33188817 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) is the most common cause of secondary open angle glaucoma worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene Lysyl oxidase like 1 (LOXL1) are strongly associated with the development of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXFG). However, these SNPs are also present in 50-80% of the general population, suggestive of other factors being involved in the pathogenesis of PXFG. In this study, we aimed to investigate the influence of epigenetic regulation, specifically DNA methylation, on LOXL1 expression in PXFG using human tenons fibroblasts (HTFs), aqueous humour and serum samples from donors with and without PXFG. LOXL1 expression in HTFs was measured by qPCR and Western Blotting and LOXL1 concentration in aqueous humour was determined by ELISA. Global DNA methylation levels were quantified using an ELISA for 5-methylcytosine. MeDIP assays assessed the methylation status of the LOXL1 promoter region. Expression of methylation-associated enzymes (DNMT1, DNMT3a and MeCP2) were determined by qPCR and inhibited by 0.3 μM 5-azacytidine (5-aza). Results showed that LOXL1 expression was significantly decreased in PXFG HTFs compared with Control HTFs at gene (Fold change 0.37 ± 0.05, P < 0.01) level and showed a decrease, when measured at the protein level (Fold change 0.65 ± 0.42, P = 0.22), however this was not found to be significant. LOXL1 concentration was increased in the aqueous of PXFG patients compared with Controls (2.76 ± 0.78 vs. 1.79 ± 0.33 ng/ml, P < 0.01). Increased global methylation (56.07% ± 4.87% vs. 32.39% ± 4.29%, P < 0.01) was observed in PXFG HTFs compared with Control HTFs, as was expression of methylation-associated enzymes (DNMT1 1.58 ± 0.30, P < 0.05, DNMT3a 1.89 ± 0.24, P < 0.05, MeCP2 1.63 ± 0.30, P < 0.01). Methylation-associated enzymes were also increased when measured at protein level (DNMT1 5.70 ± 2.64, P = 0.04, DNMT3a 1.79 ± 1.55, P = 0.42, MeCP2 1.64 ± 1.33, P = 0.45). LOXL1 promoter methylation was increased in patients with PXFG compared to Control patients in both blood (3.98 ± 2.24, 2.10 ± 1.29, P < 0.05) and HTF cells (37.31 ± 22.0, 8.66 ± 10.40, P < 0.01). Treatment of PXFG HTFs with in 5-azacytidine increased LOXL1 expression when compared with untreated PXFG HTFs (Fold change 2.26 ± 0.67, P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that LOXL1 expression is altered in PXFG via DNA methylation and that reversal of these epigenetic changes may represent future potential therapeutic targets in the management of PXFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Greene
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah B Eivers
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Fiona McDonnell
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward W J Dervan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Deborah M Wallace
- Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Eivers SB, Greene AG, Dervan E, O’Brien C, Wallace D. Prevalence of Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma Risk-associated Variants Within Lysyl Oxidase-like 1 in an Irish Population. J Glaucoma 2020; 29:417-422. [PMID: 32102031 PMCID: PMC7265999 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PRECIS High-risk alleles of risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) gene are associated with pseudoexfoliation in patients recruited from an Irish population. PURPOSE SNPs within the LOXL1 gene have been identified as a major risk factor for pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PXF) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXFG), specifically SNPs within exon 1 and intron 1 regions of the gene. The common haplotype (G-G) of 2 SNPs within exon 1, rs1048661, and rs3825942, is the strongest associated risk factor for PXF in white populations, but is switched in some populations to act as protective or low risk. Herein, a study was undertaken to genotype an Irish population for PXF/PXFG risk-associated SNPs within LOXL1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patient cohorts of PXFG, PXF, and controls were recruited and genotyped for risk-associated SNPs within exon 1 (rs1048661 and rs3825942), along with 3 SNPs within intron 1 (rs1550437, rs6495085, and rs6495086) of LOXL1. RESULTS The risk G alleles of rs1048661 and rs3825942 were most prevalent in PXFG patients, and a significant association was found between rs3825942 and pseudoexfoliation (P=0.04). Genotypes of several intron 1 SNPs were found to be present at higher frequencies within the pseudoexfoliation patient cohort (PXF/PXFG) compared with control patients, wherein rs6495085 showed statistical association (P=0.04). The G-G-G haplotype of rs1048661, rs3825942, and rs6495085 was the most prevalent in PXFG patients compared with control patients or patients with PXF alone. Patients with the G-G-G haplotype were more likely to need surgery, suggestive of a more severe form of disease. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results represent the first study to assess the association of LOXL1 SNPs with PXFG in an Irish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Eivers
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin
| | - Alison G. Greene
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin
| | - Edward Dervan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm O’Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Deborah Wallace
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin
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Ghaffari Sharaf M, Damji KF, Unsworth LD. Recent advances in risk factors associated with ocular exfoliation syndrome. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:113-120. [PMID: 31736276 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliation syndrome is generally considered a progressive age-related systemic disorder of the extracellular matrix, which is clinically characterized through the observation of flaky white aggregates on ocular tissues. Exfoliation syndrome is directly linked to exfoliative glaucoma in elderly patients, where it is known as the most common identifiable cause of open-angle glaucoma. Despite the identification of various risk factors associated with exfoliation syndrome, the exact pathogenesis of this syndrome has not been fully elucidated. There is a growing number of genome-wide association studies in different populations around the world to identify genetic factors underlying exfoliation syndrome. Besides variants in LOXL1 and CACNA1A genes, new loci have been recently identified which are believed to be associated with exfoliation syndrome. Among different genetic factors, functional variants might help to better understand mechanisms underlying this systemic disorder. Besides genetic factors, epigenetic regulation of different gene expression patterns has been thought to play a role in its pathogenesis. Other factors have been also considered to be involved in the development of exfoliation syndrome at cellular organelles level where mitochondrial impairment and autophagy dysfunction have been suggested in relation to exfoliation syndrome. This review addresses the most recent findings on genetic factors as well as cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in both the development and progression of exfoliation syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Ghaffari Sharaf
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Karim F. Damji
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Larry D. Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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40
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Greene AG, Eivers SB, Dervan EWJ, O'Brien CJ, Wallace DM. Lysyl Oxidase Like 1: Biological roles and regulation. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107975. [PMID: 32070696 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl Oxidase Like 1 (LOXL1) is a gene that encodes for the LOXL1 enzyme. This enzyme is required for elastin biogenesis and collagen cross-linking, polymerising tropoelastin monomers into elastin polymers. Its main role is in elastin homeostasis and matrix remodelling during injury, fibrosis and cancer development. Because of its vast range of biological functions, abnormalities in LOXL1 underlie many disease processes. Decreased LOXL1 expression is observed in disorders of elastin such as Cutis Laxa and increased expression is reported in fibrotic disease such as Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. LOXL1 is also downregulated in the lamina cribrosa in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and genetic variants in the LOXL1 gene have been linked with an increased risk of developing pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation syndrome. However the two major risk alleles are reversed in certain ethnic groups and are present in a large proportion of the normal population, implying complex genetic and environmental regulation is involved in disease pathogenesis. It also appears that the non-coding variants in intron 1 of LOXL1 may be involved in the regulation of LOXL1 expression. Gene alteration may occur via a number of epigenetic and post translational mechanisms such as DNA methylation, long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs. These may represent future therapeutic targets for disease. Environmental factors such as hypoxia, oxidative stress and ultraviolet radiation exposure alter LOXL1 expression, and it is likely a combination of these genetic and environmental factors that influence disease development and progression. In this review, we discuss LOXL1 properties, biological roles and regulation in detail with a focus on pseudoexfoliation syndrome and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G Greene
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Sarah B Eivers
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Edward W J Dervan
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Colm J O'Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; Dept. of Ophthalmology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Deborah M Wallace
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Choquet H, Wiggs JL, Khawaja AP. Clinical implications of recent advances in primary open-angle glaucoma genetics. Eye (Lond) 2019; 34:29-39. [PMID: 31645673 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, genetic studies, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), have accelerated the discovery of genes and genomic regions contributing to primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible vision loss. Here, we review the findings of genetic studies of POAG published in English prior to September 2019. In total, 74 genomic regions have been associated at a genome-wide level of significance with POAG susceptibility. Recent POAG GWAS provide not only insight into global and ethnic-specific genetic risk factors for POAG susceptibility across populations of diverse ancestry, but also important functional insights underlying biological mechanisms of glaucoma pathogenesis. In this review, we also summarize the genetic overlap between POAG, glaucoma endophenotypes, such as intraocular pressure and vertical cup-disc ratio (VCDR), and other eye disorders. We also discuss approaches recently developed to increase power for POAG locus discovery and to predict POAG risk. Finally, we discuss the recent development of POAG gene-based therapies and future strategies to treat glaucoma effectively. Understanding the genetic architecture of POAG is essential for an earlier diagnosis of this common eye disorder, predictive testing of at-risk patients, and design of gene-based targeted medical therapies none of which are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC), Oakland, CA, 94612, USA.
| | - Janey L Wiggs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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Abstract
Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is an age-related systemic disorder of the extracellular matrix with important ocular manifestations. In this disorder, exfoliation material (XFM) is deposited in the anterior chamber of the eye on the lens, iris, ciliary body, as well as other intraocular structures. This accumulation of XFM can obstruct the trabecular meshwork, resulting in elevated intraocular pressure and eventually causing glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In itself a highly hereditable condition, XFS is also the commonest recognizable cause of open-angle glaucoma worldwide, accounting for a majority of cases in some countries. Outside the eye, XFM deposits around blood vessels, particularly in association with elastic connective tissue, are found in numerous organs, including the skin, heart, and lungs. Long suspected to be a genetic disorder on the basis of familial aggregation studies, recent genome-wide association studies uncovered strong association between 7 genetic loci (LOXL1, CACNA1A, FLT1-POMP, TMEM136-ARHGEF12, AGPAT1, RBMS3, and SEMA6A) and increased risk of XFS. At the same time, a lower than usual sibling relative risk for XFS compared with other inherited conditions suggests XFS to be a complex disorder. The evidence to date suggests that additional genetic loci and biological insights for XFS remain to be identified through larger studies.
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Abstract
Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is a common age-related matrix process resulting from excessive production and disordered assembly of elastic microfibrillar components into highly cross-linked fibrillary aggregates throughout the anterior eye segment and various organ systems. The underlying molecular pathophysiology involves a complex interplay of profibrotic protagonists including growth factors, proteolytic enzymes and inhibitors, proinflammatory cytokines, chaperones, and dysregulated stress response pathways including insufficient autophagy. Interaction between individual genetic predisposition and stress factors is a plausible theory explaining the development of XFS in the aging individual. Genome-wide association studies have identified robust genetic associations with LOXL1, CACNA1A, and 5 additional genes including POMP and TMEM136, which provide new biological insights into the pathology of XFS and highlight a role for abnormal matrix cross-linking processes, Ca channel deficiency, blood-aqueous barrier dysfunction, and abnormal ubiquitin-proteasome signaling in XFS pathophysiology. However, the exact pathophysiological mechanisms, the functional role of genetic risk variants, and gene-environment interactions still remain to be characterized.
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Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Zenkel M. The role of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) in exfoliation syndrome and glaucoma. Exp Eye Res 2019; 189:107818. [PMID: 31563608 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exfoliation syndrome (XFS) is an age-related systemic disease that affects the extracellular matrix. It increases the risk of glaucoma (exfoliation glaucoma, XFG) and susceptibility to diseases of elastin-rich connective tissues. LOXL1 (lysyl oxidase-like 1) is still recognized as the major genetic effect locus in XFS and XFG in all populations worldwide, although its genetic architecture is incompletely understood. LOXL1 is a key cross-linking enzyme in elastic fiber formation and remodeling, which is compatible with the pathogenetic concept of XFS as a specific type of elastosis. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge about the role of LOXL1 in the etiology and pathophysiology of XFS and XFG. It covers the known genetic associations at the LOXL1 locus, potential mechanisms of gene regulation, implications of LOXL1 in XFS-associated fibrosis and connective tissue homeostasis, its role in the development of glaucoma and associated systemic diseases, and the currently available LOXL1-based in vivo and in vitro models. Finally, it also identifies gaps in knowledge and suggests potential areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Zenkel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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De novo variants in an extracellular matrix protein coding gene, fibulin-5 (FBLN5) are associated with pseudoexfoliation. Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:1858-1866. [PMID: 31358954 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-019-0482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibulin-5 (FBLN5), an extracellular scaffold protein, plays a crucial role in the activation of Lysyl oxidase like-1 (LOXL1), a tropoelastin crosslinking enzyme, and subsequent deposition of elastin in the extracellular matrix. Following study identifies polymorphisms within FBLN5 gene as risk factors and its aberrant expression in the pathogenesis of an ocular disorder, pseudoexfoliation (PEX). Exons and exon-intron boundaries within FBLN5 gene were scanned through fluorescence-based capillary electrophoresis for polymorphisms as risk factors for PEX pathogenesis in recruited study subjects with Indian ethnicity. mRNA and protein expression of FBLN5 was checked in lens capsule of study subjects through qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. In vitro functional analysis of risk variants was done through luciferase reporter assays. Thirty study subjects from control and PEX affected groups were scanned for potential risk variants. Putative polymorphisms identified by scanning were further evaluated for genetic association in a larger sample size comprising of 338 control and 375 PEX affected subjects. Two noncoding polymorphisms, hg38 chr14:g.91947643G>A (rs7149187:G>A) and hg38 chr14:g.91870431T>C (rs929608:T>C) within FBLN5 gene are found to be significantly associated with PEX as risk factors with a p-value of 0.005 and 0.004, respectively. Molecular assays showed a decreased expression of FBLN5 at both mRNA and protein level in lens capsule of pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) affected subjects than control. This study unravels two novel risk variants within FBLN5 gene in the pathogenesis of PEX. Further, a decreased expression of FBLN5 in PEXS affected lens capsules implicates a pathogenic link between extracellular matrix maintenance and onset of PEX.
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Tamaki M, Tominaga T, Fujita Y, Koezuka Y, Ichien G, Murakami T, Kishi S, Yamamoto K, Abe H, Nagai K, Doi T. All-trans retinoic acid suppresses bone morphogenetic protein 4 in mouse diabetic nephropathy through a unique retinoic acid response element. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2019; 316:E418-E431. [PMID: 30601699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00218.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) causes mesangial matrix expansion, which results in glomerulosclerosis and renal failure. Collagen IV (COL4) is a major component of the mesangial matrix that is positively regulated by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4)/suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad1) signaling. Because previous studies showed that retinoids treatment had a beneficial effect on kidney disease, we investigated the therapeutic potential of retinoids in DN, focusing especially on the regulatory mechanism of BMP4. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin in 12-wk-old male Crl:CD1(ICR) mice, and, 1 mo later, we initiated intraperitoneal injection of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) three times weekly. Glomerular matrix expansion, which was associated with increased BMP4, phosphorylated Smad1, and COL4 expression, worsened in diabetic mice at 24 wk of age. ATRA administration alleviated DN and downregulated BMP4, phosopho-Smad1, and COL4. In cultured mouse mesangial cells, treatment with ATRA or a retinoic acid receptor-α (RARα) agonist significantly decreased BMP4 and COL4 expression. Genomic analysis suggested two putative retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) for the mouse Bmp4 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis and reporter assays indicated a putative RARE of the Bmp4 gene, located 11,488-11,501 bp upstream of exon 1A and bound to RARα and retinoid X receptor (RXR), which suppressed BMP4 expression after ATRA addition. ATRA suppressed BMP4 via binding of a RARα/RXR heterodimer to a unique RARE, alleviating glomerular matrix expansion in diabetic mice. These findings provide a novel regulatory mechanism for treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Tamaki
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tominaga
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Yui Fujita
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | | | | | - Taichi Murakami
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | | | - Hideharu Abe
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kojiro Nagai
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Toshio Doi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
- Research Institute for Production Development , Kyoto , Japan
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Zadravec P, Braunger BM, Melzer B, Kroeber M, Bösl MR, Jägle H, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Tamm ER. Transgenic lysyl oxidase homolog 1 overexpression in the mouse eye results in the formation and release of protein aggregates. Exp Eye Res 2019; 179:115-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Sharma S, Chataway T, Klebe S, Griggs K, Martin S, Chegeni N, Dave A, Zhou T, Ronci M, Voelcker NH, Mills RA, Craig JE. Novel protein constituents of pathological ocular pseudoexfoliation syndrome deposits identified with mass spectrometry. Mol Vis 2018; 24:801-817. [PMID: 30713420 PMCID: PMC6334984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) syndrome is an age-related progressive disease of the extracellular matrix with ocular manifestations. PEX is clinically diagnosed by the presence of extracellular exfoliative deposits on the anterior surface of the ocular lens. PEX syndrome is a major risk factor for developing glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world, and is often associated with the development of cataract. PEX reportedly coexists with Alzheimer disease and increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. PEX material deposited on the anterior surface of the ocular lens is highly proteinaceous, complex, and insoluble, making deciphering the protein composition of the material challenging. Thus, to date, only a small proportion of the protein composition of PEX material is known. The aim of this study was to decipher the protein composition of pathological PEX material deposited on the ocular lens in patients and advance the understanding of pathophysiology of PEX syndrome. Methods Liquid-chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was employed to discover novel proteins in extracts of neat PEX material surgically isolated from patients (n = 4) with PEX syndrome undergoing cataract surgery. A sub-set of the identified proteins was validated with immunohistochemistry using lens capsule specimens from independent patients (n=3); lens capsules from patients with cataract but without PEX syndrome were used as controls (n=4). Expression of transcripts of the validated proteins in the human lens epithelium was analyzed with reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Functional relationships among the proteins identified in this study and genes and proteins previously implicated in the disease were bioinformatically determined using InnateDB. Results Peptides corresponding to 66 proteins, including ten proteins previously known to be present in PEX material, were identified. Thirteen newly identified proteins were chosen for validation. Of those proteins, 12 were found to be genuine components of the material. The novel protein constituents include apolipoproteins (APOA1 and APOA4), stress response proteins (CRYAA and PRDX2), and blood-related proteins (fibrinogen and hemoglobin subunits), including iron-free hemoglobin. The gene expression data suggest that the identified stress-response proteins and hemoglobin are contributed by the lens epithelium and apolipoproteins and fibrinogen by the aqueous humor to the PEX material. Pathway analysis of the identified novel protein constituents and genes or proteins previously implicated in the disease reiterated the involvement of extracellular matrix organization and degradation, elastic fiber formation, and complement cascade in PEX syndrome. Network analysis suggested a central role of fibronectin in the pathophysiology of the disease. The identified novel protein constituents of PEX material also shed light on the molecular basis of the association of PEX syndrome with heart disease, stroke, and Alzheimer disease. Conclusions This study expands the understanding of the protein composition of pathological PEX material deposited on the ocular lens in patients with PEX syndrome and provides useful insights into the pathophysiology of this disease. This study together with the previous study by our group (Sharma et al. Experimental Eye Research 2009;89(4):479-85) demonstrate that using neat PEX material, devoid of the underlying lens capsule, for proteomics analysis is an effective approach for deciphering the protein composition of complex and highly insoluble extracellular pathological ocular deposits present in patients with PEX syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwani Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Tim Chataway
- Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia,Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kim Griggs
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah Martin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Nusha Chegeni
- Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Alpana Dave
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Tiger Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Nicolas H. Voelcker
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Richard A. Mills
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Wang YW, Wang WS, Wang LY, Bao YR, Lu JW, Lu Y, Zhang CY, Li WJ, Sun K, Ying H. Extracellular matrix remodeling effects of serum amyloid A1 in the human amnion: Implications for fetal membrane rupture. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 81:e13073. [PMID: 30461130 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Rupture of fetal membranes is a crucial event at parturition, which is preceded by extensive extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. Our recent studies have demonstrated that the human fetal membranes are capable of de novo synthesis of serum amyloid A1 (SAA1), an acute phase protein, and the abundance of SAA1 in the amnion was increased at parturition. However, the exact role of SAA1 in human parturition remains to be established. METHOD OF STUDY The effects of SAA1 on the abundance of collagenases and lysyl oxidase, the enzyme that cross-links collagens, were investigated in culture primary human amnion fibroblasts and tissue explants with an aim to examine the involvement of SAA1 in the ECM remodeling in the amnion. RESULTS Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) time- and dose-dependently increased the abundance of collagenases MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13, while decreased the abundance of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1). These effects of SAA1 were attenuated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and its antagonist CLI-095, but not by siRNA-mediated knockdown of TLR2. Furthermore, the inhibitors for NF-κB (JSH-23) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) p38 (SB203580) and JNK (SP600125) could also attenuate the effects of SAA1, while the inhibitor for MAPK ERK1/2 (PD 98059) could block the effects of SAA1 only on MMP-1, MMP-8, and LOXL1 but not on MMP-13. CONCLUSION These data highlight a possible role for SAA1 in ECM remodeling preceding membrane rupture by regulating the expression of collagenases MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13, and LOXL1 through TLR4-mediated activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in amnion fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wei Wang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang-Sheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-Yao Wang
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Rong Bao
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Wen Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu-Yue Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jiao Li
- Maternity and Infant Hospital of Changning District, Shanghai, China
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Current Development in Genome Wide Association Studies of Glaucoma. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-018-0167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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