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Wang K, Zhou Z, Ma X, Xu J, Xu W, Zhou G, Zhou C, Li H, Zheng M, Zhang S, Xu T. Design, synthesis, and bioevaluation of SOS1 PROTACs derived from pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one-based SOS1 inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 107:129780. [PMID: 38714262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations drive an approximately 25 % of all human cancers. Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1), a critical guanine nucleotide exchange factor, catalyzes the activation of KRAS. Targeting SOS1 degradation has engaged as a promising therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutant cancers. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of novel CRBN-recruiting SOS1 PROTACs using the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one-based SOS1 inhibitor as the warhead. One representative compound 11o effectively induced the degradation of SOS1 in three different KRAS-mutant cancer cell lines with DC50 values ranging from 1.85 to 7.53 nM. Mechanism studies demonstrated that 11o-induced SOS1 degradation was dependent on CRBN and proteasome. Moreover, 11o inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and displayed potent anti-proliferative activities against SW620, A549 and DLD-1 cells. Further optimization of 11o may provide us promising SOS1 degraders with favorable drug-like properties for developing new chemotherapies targeting KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zehui Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyi Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiahang Xu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wangyang Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guizhen Zhou
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huajie Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Sulin Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Tianfeng Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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Vanclooster P, Seghers S, Prenen H. State-of-the-art and upcoming trends in RAS-directed therapies in gastrointestinal malignancies. Curr Opin Oncol 2024; 36:313-319. [PMID: 38726828 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000001042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Overall, the review underscores the evolving landscape of KRAS-targeted therapy and the potential for these approaches to improve outcomes for patients with gastrointestinal malignancies. It highlights the importance of ongoing research and clinical trials in advancing precision medicine strategies for KRAS-driven cancers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the RAS signaling pathway and its significance in gastrointestinal malignancies. RECENT FINDINGS The introduction of KRAS inhibitor represents a significant advancement in the treatment landscape for KRAS-mutant cancers. In this review, we discuss upcoming trends in KRAS-targeted therapy, including the development of mutant-specific direct KRAS inhibitors like MRTX1133 and pan-RAS inhibitors such as RMC-6236. It also explores indirect RAS inhibitors targeting upstream and downstream components of the RAS pathway. Additionally, the review examines other upcoming strategies like combination therapies, such as CDK4/6 and ERK MAPK inhibitors, as well as adoptive cell therapy and cancer vaccines targeting KRAS-mutant cancers. SUMMARY Targeting RAS has become an important strategy in treating gastrointestinal cancer. These findings in this review underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, integrating advances in molecular profiling, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and clinical research to optimize treatment strategies for patients with KRAS-mutant gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofie Seghers
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE)
| | - Hans Prenen
- Department of Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE)
- Integrated Personalized & Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
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Ikram S, Sayyah E, Durdağı S. Identifying Potential SOS1 Inhibitors via Virtual Screening of Multiple Small Molecule Libraries against KRAS-SOS1 Interaction. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400008. [PMID: 38622060 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, crucial for cell proliferation and differentiation, involves key proteins KRAS and SOS1. Mutations in the KRAS and SOS1 genes are implicated in various cancer types, including pancreatic, lung, and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia. There is considerable interest in identifying inhibitors targeting KRAS and SOS1 to explore potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. In this study, advanced in silico techniques were employed to screen small molecule libraries at this interface, leading to the identification of promising lead compounds as potential SOS1 inhibitors. Comparative analysis of the average binding free energies of these predicted potent compounds with known SOS1 small molecule inhibitors revealed that the identified compounds display similar or even superior predicted binding affinities compared to the known inhibitors. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential of these compounds as candidates for further development as effective anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Ikram
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, Istanbul, Turkey
- Lab for Innovative Drugs (Lab4IND), Computational Drug Design Center (HİTMER), Bahçeşehir University, 34734, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ehsan Sayyah
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, Istanbul, Turkey
- Lab for Innovative Drugs (Lab4IND), Computational Drug Design Center (HİTMER), Bahçeşehir University, 34734, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Serdar Durdağı
- Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Bahçeşehir University, 34734, Istanbul, Turkey
- Lab for Innovative Drugs (Lab4IND), Computational Drug Design Center (HİTMER), Bahçeşehir University, 34734, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Molecular Therapy Lab (MTL), Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Bahçeşehir University, 34353, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Bannoura SF, Khan HY, Uddin MH, Mohammad RM, Pasche BC, Azmi AS. Targeting guanine nucleotide exchange factors for novel cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38884380 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2368242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) regulate the activation of small GTPases (G proteins) of the Ras superfamily proteins controlling cellular functions. Ras superfamily proteins act as 'molecular switches' that are turned 'ON' by guanine exchange. There are five major groups of Ras family GTPases: Ras, Ran, Rho, Rab and Arf, with a variety of different GEFs regulating their GTP loading. GEFs have been implicated in various diseases including cancer. This makes GEFs attractive targets to modulate signaling networks controlled by small GTPases. AREAS COVERED In this review, the roles and mechanisms of GEFs in malignancy are outlined. The mechanism of guanine exchange activity by GEFs on a small GTPase is illustrated. Then, some examples of GEFs that are significant in cancer are presented with a discussion on recent progress in therapeutic targeting efforts using a variety of approaches. EXPERT OPINION Recently, GEFs have emerged as potential therapeutic targets for novel cancer drug development. Targeting small GTPases is challenging; thus, targeting their activation by GEFs is a promising strategy. Most GEF-targeted drugs are still in preclinical development. A deeper biological understanding of the underlying mechanisms of GEF activity and utilizing advanced technology are necessary to enhance drug discovery for GEFs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar F Bannoura
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Husain Yar Khan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Md Hafiz Uddin
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Boris C Pasche
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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5
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Puliga E, De Bellis C, Vietti Michelina S, Capeloa T, Migliore C, Orrù C, Baiocchi GL, De Manzoni G, Pietrantonio F, Reddavid R, Fumagalli Romario U, Ambrogio C, Corso S, Giordano S. Biological and targeting differences between the rare KRAS A146T and canonical KRAS mutants in gastric cancer models. Gastric Cancer 2024; 27:473-483. [PMID: 38261067 PMCID: PMC11016506 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-024-01468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with a poor prognosis for patients with advanced disease. Since the oncogenic role of KRAS mutants has been poorly investigated in GC, this study aims to biochemically and biologically characterize different KRAS-mutated models and unravel differences among KRAS mutants in response to therapy. METHODS Taking advantage of a proprietary, molecularly annotated platform of more than 200 GC PDXs (patient-derived xenografts), we identified KRAS-mutated PDXs, from which primary cell lines were established. The different mutants were challenged with KRAS downstream inhibitors in in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS Cells expressing the rare KRAS A146T mutant showed lower RAS-GTP levels compared to those bearing the canonical G12/13D mutations. Nevertheless, all the KRAS-mutated cells displayed KRAS addiction. Surprisingly, even if the GEF SOS1 is considered critical for the activation of KRAS A146T mutants, its abrogation did not significantly affect cell viability. From the pharmacologic point of view, Trametinib monotherapy was more effective in A146T than in G12D-mutated models, suggesting a vulnerability to MEK inhibition. However, in the presence of mutations in the PI3K pathway, more frequently co-occurrent in A146T models, the association of Trametinib and the AKT inhibitor MK-2206 was required to optimize the response. CONCLUSION A deeper genomic and biological characterization of KRAS mutants might sustain the development of more efficient and long-lasting therapeutic options for patients harbouring KRAS-driven GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Puliga
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy.
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy.
| | - Chiara De Bellis
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Sandra Vietti Michelina
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Tania Capeloa
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Cristina Migliore
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Claudia Orrù
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Baiocchi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Surgery "Santo Spirito Hospital", ASL-AL, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni De Manzoni
- Section of Surgery, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Filippo Pietrantonio
- Medical Oncology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Simona Corso
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, Italy
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
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Begovich K, Schoolmeesters A, Rajapakse N, Martinez-Terroba E, Kumar M, Shakya A, Lai C, Greene S, Whitefield B, Okano A, Mali V, Huang S, Chourasia AH, Fung L. Cereblon-based Bifunctional Degrader of SOS1, BTX-6654, Targets Multiple KRAS Mutations and Inhibits Tumor Growth. Mol Cancer Ther 2024; 23:407-420. [PMID: 38224565 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Mutations within the oncogene KRAS drive an estimated 25% of all cancers. Only allele-specific KRAS G12C inhibitors are currently available and are associated with the emergence of acquired resistance, partly due to upstream pathway reactivation. Given its upstream role in the activation of KRAS, son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target. Agents that target SOS1 for degradation could represent a potential pan-KRAS modality that may be capable of circumventing certain acquired resistance mechanisms. Here, we report the development of two SOS1 cereblon-based bifunctional degraders, BTX-6654 and BTX-7312, cereblon-based bifunctional SOS1 degraders. Both compounds exhibited potent target-dependent and -specific SOS1 degradation. BTX-6654 and BTX-7312 reduced downstream signaling markers, pERK and pS6, and displayed antiproliferative activity in cells harboring various KRAS mutations. In two KRAS G12C xenograft models, BTX-6654 degraded SOS1 in a dose-dependent manner correlating with tumor growth inhibition, additionally exhibiting synergy with KRAS and MEK inhibitors. Altogether, BTX-6654 provided preclinical proof of concept for single-agent and combination use of bifunctional SOS1 degraders in KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chon Lai
- BioTheryx, Inc., San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leah Fung
- BioTheryx, Inc., San Diego, California
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7
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Wu J, Li X, Wu C, Wang Y, Zhang J. Current advances and development strategies of targeting son of sevenless 1 (SOS1) in drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116282. [PMID: 38430853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1) guanine nucleotide exchange factor, prevalent across eukaryotic species, plays a pivotal role in facilitating the attachment of RAS protein to GTP, thereby regulating the activation of intracellular RAS proteins. This regulation is part of a feedback mechanism involving SOS1, which allows both activators and inhibitors of SOS1 to exert control over downstream signaling pathways, demonstrating potential anti-tumor effects. Predominantly, small molecule modulators that target SOS1 focus on a hydrophobic pocket within the CDC25 protein domain. The effectiveness of these modulators largely depends on their ability to interact with specific amino acids, notably Phe890 and Tyr884. This interaction is crucial for influencing the protein-protein interaction (PPI) between RAS and the catalytic domain of SOS1. Currently, most small molecule modulators targeting SOS1 are in the preclinical research phase, with a few advancing to clinical trials. This progression raises safety concerns, making the assurance of drug safety a primary consideration alongside the enhancement of efficacy in the development of SOS1 modulators. This review encapsulates recent advancements in the chemical categorization of SOS1 inhibitors and activators. It delves into the evolution of small molecule modulation targeting SOS1 and offers perspectives on the design of future generations of selective SOS1 small molecule modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxue Li
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengyong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, Precision Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province & Precision Medicine Research Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Neuro-system and Multimorbidity Laboratory and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
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8
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Aloiau A, Bobek BM, Caddell Haatveit K, Pearson KE, Watkins AH, Jones B, Smith CR, Ketcham JM, Marx MA, Harwood SJ. Stereoselective Amine Synthesis Mediated by a Zirconocene Hydride to Accelerate a Drug Discovery Program. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3875-3882. [PMID: 38422508 PMCID: PMC10949245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Chiral amine synthesis remains a significant challenge in accelerating the design cycle of drug discovery programs. A zirconium hydride, due to its high oxophilicity and lower reactivity, gave highly chemo- and stereoselective reductions of sulfinyl ketimines. The development of this zirconocene-mediated reduction helped to accelerate our drug discovery efforts and is applicable to several motifs commonly used in medicinal chemistry. Computational investigation supported a cyclic half-chair transition state to rationalize the high selectivity in benzyl systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athenea
N. Aloiau
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Briana M. Bobek
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Kelly E. Pearson
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ashlee H. Watkins
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Benjamin Jones
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher R. Smith
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John M. Ketcham
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew A. Marx
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephen J. Harwood
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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9
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Theard PL, Linke AJ, Sealover NE, Daley BR, Yang J, Cox K, Kortum RL. SOS2 modulates the threshold of EGFR signaling to regulate osimertinib efficacy and resistance in lung adenocarcinoma. Mol Oncol 2024; 18:641-661. [PMID: 38073064 PMCID: PMC10920089 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Son of sevenless 1 and 2 (SOS1 and SOS2) are RAS guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) that mediate physiologic and pathologic receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-dependent RAS activation. Here, we show that SOS2 modulates the threshold of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling to regulate the efficacy of and resistance to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) osimertinib in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). SOS2 deletion (SOS2KO ) sensitized EGFR-mutated cells to perturbations in EGFR signaling caused by reduced serum and/or osimertinib treatment to inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway activation, oncogenic transformation, and survival. Bypassing RTK reactivation of PI3K/AKT signaling represents a common resistance mechanism to EGFR-TKIs; SOS2KO reduced PI3K/AKT reactivation to limit osimertinib resistance. In a forced HGF/MET-driven bypass model, SOS2KO inhibited hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-stimulated PI3K signaling to block HGF-driven osimertinib resistance. Using a long-term in situ resistance assay, most osimertinib-resistant cultures exhibited a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype associated with reactivated RTK/AKT signaling. In contrast, RTK/AKT-dependent osimertinib resistance was markedly reduced by SOS2 deletion; the few SOS2KO cultures that became osimertinib resistant primarily underwent non-RTK-dependent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Since bypassing RTK reactivation and/or tertiary EGFR mutations represent most osimertinib-resistant cancers, these data suggest that targeting proximal RTK signaling, here exemplified by SOS2 deletion, has the potential to delay the development osimertinib resistance and enhance overall clinical responses for patients with EGFR-mutated LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Theard
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Amanda J. Linke
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Nancy E. Sealover
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Brianna R. Daley
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Johnny Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Katherine Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Robert L. Kortum
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular TherapeuticsUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
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10
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Lv Y, Yang Z, Chen Y, Ma X, Guo M, Zhang C, Jiang X, Wang C, Li Z, Tai Z, Wang X, Zhang S, Ma S, Qin C. A Potent SOS1 PROTAC Degrader with Synergistic Efficacy in Combination with KRAS G12C Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2487-2511. [PMID: 38316747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AMG510, as the first approved inhibitor for KRASG12C mutation, has shown promising efficacy in nonsmall-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer harboring KRASG12C mutation. However, the moderate response rate and the rapid emergence of acquired resistance limit the therapeutic potential of AMG510, highlighting the need for the development of combination strategies. Here, we observed the suppression of RAS-MAPK signaling induced by AMG510 was prolonged and enhanced by SOS1 knockdown. Thus, we design, synthesize, and characterize a potent and specific SOS1 degrader 23. Compound 23 showed efficient SOS1 degradation in KRAS-driven cancer cells and achieved significant antiproliferative potency. Importantly, the combination of 23 with AMG510 suppressed RAS signaling feedback activation, showing synergistic effects against KRASG12C mutant cells in vitro and in vivo. Our findings demonstrated that KRASG12C inhibition plus SOS1 degradation as a potential therapeutic strategy to improve antitumor response and overcome acquired resistance to KRASG12C inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Zixuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xuepei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Mengqi Guo
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Chengli Wang
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Zhuoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Zhengfu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Shumin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Chong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
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11
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Adamopoulos C, Cave DD, Papavassiliou AG. Inhibition of the RAF/MEK/ERK Signaling Cascade in Pancreatic Cancer: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1631. [PMID: 38338909 PMCID: PMC10855714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer represents a formidable challenge in oncology, primarily due to its aggressive nature and limited therapeutic options. The prognosis of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the main form of pancreatic cancer, remains disappointingly poor with a 5-year overall survival of only 5%. Almost 95% of PDAC patients harbor Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) oncogenic mutations. KRAS activates downstream intracellular pathways, most notably the rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF)/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling axis. Dysregulation of the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway is a crucial feature of pancreatic cancer and therefore its main components, RAF, MEK and ERK kinases, have been targeted pharmacologically, largely by small-molecule inhibitors. The recent advances in the development of inhibitors not only directly targeting the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway but also indirectly through inhibition of its regulators, such as Src homology-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) and Son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), provide new therapeutic opportunities. Moreover, the discovery of allele-specific small-molecule inhibitors against mutant KRAS variants has brought excitement for successful innovations in the battle against pancreatic cancer. Herein, we review the recent advances in targeted therapy and combinatorial strategies with focus on the current preclinical and clinical approaches, providing critical insight, underscoring the potential of these efforts and supporting their promise to improve the lives of patients with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Donatella Delle Cave
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’, CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
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12
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Smith CR, Chen D, Christensen JG, Coulombe R, Féthière J, Gunn RJ, Hollander J, Jones B, Ketcham JM, Khare S, Kuehler J, Lawson JD, Marx MA, Olson P, Pearson KE, Ren C, Tsagris D, Ulaganathan T, Van’t Veer I, Wang X, Ivetac A. Discovery of Five SOS2 Fragment Hits with Binding Modes Determined by SOS2 X-Ray Cocrystallography. J Med Chem 2024; 67:774-781. [PMID: 38156904 PMCID: PMC10788894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c02140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
SOS1 and SOS2 are guanine nucleotide exchange factors that mediate RTK-stimulated RAS activation. Selective SOS1:KRAS PPI inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation, whereas there are no reports to date of SOS2:KRAS PPI inhibitors. SOS2 activity is implicated in MAPK rebound when divergent SOS1 mutant cell lines are treated with the SOS1 inhibitor BI-3406; therefore, SOS2:KRAS inhibitors are of therapeutic interest. In this report, we detail a fragment-based screening strategy to identify X-ray cocrystal structures of five diverse fragment hits bound to SOS2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Chen
- ZoBio
BV, J.H. Oortweg 19, Leiden 2333 CH, Netherlands
| | | | - René Coulombe
- Inixium, 3000-275 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - James Féthière
- Inixium, 3000-275 Armand Frappier, Laval, Quebec H7V 4A7, Canada
| | - Robin J. Gunn
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | | | - Benjamin Jones
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - John M. Ketcham
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Shilpi Khare
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Jon Kuehler
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - J. David Lawson
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Matthew A. Marx
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Peter Olson
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | | | - Cynthia Ren
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | | | | | | | - Xiaolun Wang
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
| | - Anthony Ivetac
- Mirati
Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92130, United States
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13
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Bhadhadhara K, Jani V, Koulgi S, Sonavane U, Joshi R. Studying early structural changes in SOS1 mediated KRAS activation mechanism. Curr Res Struct Biol 2023; 7:100115. [PMID: 38188543 PMCID: PMC10765296 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2023.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
KRAS activation is known to be modulated by a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), namely, Son of Sevenless1 (SOS1). SOS1 facilitates the exchange of GDP to GTP thereby leading to activation of KRAS. The binding of GDP/GTP to KRAS at the REM/allosteric site of SOS1 regulates the activation of KRAS at CDC25/catalytic site by facilitating its exchange. Different aspects of the allosteric activation of KRAS through SOS1 are still being explored. To understand the SOS1 mediated activation of KRAS, molecular dynamics simulations for a total of nine SOS1 complexes (KRAS-SOS1-KRAS) were performed. These nine systems comprised different combinations of KRAS-bound nucleotides (GTP/GDP) at REM and CDC25 sites of SOS1. Various conformational and thermodynamic parameters were analyzed for these simulation systems. MMPBSA free energy analysis revealed that binding at CDC25 site of SOS1 was significantly low for GDP-bound KRAS as compared to that of GTP-bound KRAS. It was observed that presence of either GDP/GTP bound KRAS at the REM site of SOS1 affected the activation related changes in the KRAS present at CDC25 site. The conformational changes at the catalytic site of SOS1 resulting from GDP/GTP-bound KRAS at the allosteric changes may hint at KRAS activation through different pathways (slow/fast/rare). The allosteric effect on activation of KRAS at CDC25 site may be due to conformations adopted by switch-I, switch-II, beta2 regions of KRAS at REM site. The effect of structural rearrangements occurring at allosteric KRAS may have led to increased interactions between SOS1 and KRAS at both the sites. The SOS1 residues involved in these important interactions with KRAS at the REM site were R694, S732 and K735. Whereas the ones interacting with KRAS at CDC25 site were S807, W809 and K814. This may suggest the crucial role of these residues in guiding the allosteric activation of KRAS at CDC25 site. The conformational shifts observed in the switch-I, switch-II and alpha3 regions of KRAS at CDC25 site may be attributed to be a part of allosteric activation. The binding affinities, interacting residues and conformational dynamics may provide an insight into development of inhibitors targeting the SOS1 mediated KRAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Bhadhadhara
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Vinod Jani
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Shruti Koulgi
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Uddhavesh Sonavane
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- High Performance Computing-Medical & Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Innovation Park, Panchawati, Pashan, Pune, 411008, India
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14
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Chen T, Tang X, Wang Z, Feng F, Xu C, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Sun H, Chen Y. Inhibition of Son of Sevenless Homologue 1 (SOS1): Promising therapeutic treatment for KRAS-mutant cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115828. [PMID: 37778239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Kristen rat sarcoma (KRAS) is one of the most common oncogenes in human cancers. As a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Son of Sevenless Homologue 1 (SOS1) represents a potential therapeutic concept for the treatment of KRAS-mutant cancers because of its activation on KRAS and downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, biological function, and regulation of SOS1. We also focus on the recent advances in SOS1 inhibitors and emphasize their binding modes, structure-activity relationships and pharmacological activities. We hope that this publication can provide a comprehensive compendium on the rational design of SOS1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingkai Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenqi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, 211166, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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15
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de Jesus VHF, Mathias-Machado MC, de Farias JPF, Aruquipa MPS, Jácome AA, Peixoto RD. Targeting KRAS in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: The Long Road to Cure. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5015. [PMID: 37894382 PMCID: PMC10605759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains an important cause of cancer-related mortality, and it is expected to play an even bigger part in cancer burden in the years to come. Despite concerted efforts from scientists and physicians, patients have experienced little improvement in survival over the past decades, possibly because of the non-specific nature of the tested treatment modalities. Recently, the discovery of potentially targetable molecular alterations has paved the way for the personalized treatment of PDAC. Indeed, the central piece in the molecular framework of PDAC is starting to be unveiled. KRAS mutations are seen in 90% of PDACs, and multiple studies have demonstrated their pivotal role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Recent investigations have shed light on the differences in prognosis as well as therapeutic implications of the different KRAS mutations and disentangled the relationship between KRAS and effectors of downstream and parallel signaling pathways. Additionally, the recognition of other mechanisms involving KRAS-mediated pathogenesis, such as KRAS dosing and allelic imbalance, has contributed to broadening the current knowledge regarding this molecular alteration. Finally, KRAS G12C inhibitors have been recently tested in patients with pancreatic cancer with relative success, and inhibitors of KRAS harboring other mutations are under clinical development. These drugs currently represent a true hope for a meaningful leap forward in this dreadful disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre A. Jácome
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Oncoclínicas, Belo Horizonte 30360-680, Brazil
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16
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Baltanás FC, García-Navas R, Rodríguez-Ramos P, Calzada N, Cuesta C, Borrajo J, Fuentes-Mateos R, Olarte-San Juan A, Vidaña N, Castellano E, Santos E. Critical requirement of SOS1 for tumor development and microenvironment modulation in KRAS G12D-driven lung adenocarcinoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5856. [PMID: 37730692 PMCID: PMC10511506 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of genetic ablation of SOS1 or SOS2 is evaluated in a murine model of KRASG12D-driven lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). SOS2 ablation shows some protection during early stages but only SOS1 ablation causes significant, specific long term increase of survival/lifespan of the KRASG12D mice associated to markedly reduced tumor burden and reduced populations of cancer-associated fibroblasts, macrophages and T-lymphocytes in the lung tumor microenvironment (TME). SOS1 ablation also causes specific shrinkage and regression of LUAD tumoral masses and components of the TME in pre-established KRASG12D LUAD tumors. The critical requirement of SOS1 for KRASG12D-driven LUAD is further confirmed by means of intravenous tail injection of KRASG12D tumor cells into SOS1KO/KRASWT mice, or of SOS1-less, KRASG12D tumor cells into wildtype mice. In silico analyses of human lung cancer databases support also the dominant role of SOS1 regarding tumor development and survival in LUAD patients. Our data indicate that SOS1 is critically required for development of KRASG12D-driven LUAD and confirm the validity of this RAS-GEF activator as an actionable therapeutic target in KRAS mutant LUAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Baltanás
- Lab 1. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS)/"Virgen del Rocío" University Hospital/CSIC/University of Seville and Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Rósula García-Navas
- Lab 1. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-Ramos
- Lab 1. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nuria Calzada
- Lab 1. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Cristina Cuesta
- Lab 5. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Borrajo
- Departament of Biomedical Sciences and Diagnostic, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocío Fuentes-Mateos
- Lab 1. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Andrea Olarte-San Juan
- Lab 1. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Nerea Vidaña
- Lab 1. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Castellano
- Lab 5. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Lab 1. Cancer Research Center, Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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17
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Qunaj L, May MS, Neugut AI, Herzberg BO. Prognostic and therapeutic impact of the KRAS G12C mutation in colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1252516. [PMID: 37790760 PMCID: PMC10543081 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1252516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS G12C mutations are critical in the pathogenesis of multiple cancer types, including non-small cell lung (NSCLC), pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and colorectal (CRC) cancers. As such, they have increasingly become a target of novel therapies in the management of these malignancies. However, the therapeutic success of KRAS G12C inhibitors to date has been far more limited in CRC and PDAC than NSCLC. In this review, we briefly summarize the biochemistry of KRAS targeting and treatment resistance, highlight differences in the epidemiology of various G12C-mutated cancers, and provide an overview of the published data on KRAS G12C inhibitors for various indications. We conclude with a summary of ongoing clinical trials in G12C-mutant CRC and a discussion of future directions in the management of this disease. KRAS G12C mutation, targeted therapies, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindor Qunaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Michael S. May
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alfred I. Neugut
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Benjamin O. Herzberg
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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18
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Nolan A, Raso C, Kolch W, von Kriegsheim A, Wynne K, Matallanas D. Proteomic Mapping of the Interactome of KRAS Mutants Identifies New Features of RAS Signalling Networks and the Mechanism of Action of Sotorasib. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4141. [PMID: 37627169 PMCID: PMC10452836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are key regulators of cell signalling and control different cell functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Point mutations in the genes of this family are common, particularly in KRAS. These mutations were thought to cause the constitutive activation of KRAS, but recent findings showed that some mutants can cycle between active and inactive states. This observation, together with the development of covalent KRASG12C inhibitors, has led to the arrival of KRAS inhibitors in the clinic. However, most patients develop resistance to these targeted therapies, and we lack effective treatments for other KRAS mutants. To accelerate the development of RAS targeting therapies, we need to fully characterise the molecular mechanisms governing KRAS signalling networks and determine what differentiates the signalling downstream of the KRAS mutants. Here we have used affinity purification mass-spectrometry proteomics to characterise the interactome of KRAS wild-type and three KRAS mutants. Bioinformatic analysis associated with experimental validation allows us to map the signalling network mediated by the different KRAS proteins. Using this approach, we characterised how the interactome of KRAS wild-type and mutants is regulated by the clinically approved KRASG12C inhibitor Sotorasib. In addition, we identified novel crosstalks between KRAS and its effector pathways including the AKT and JAK-STAT signalling modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Nolan
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Cinzia Raso
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alex von Kriegsheim
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kieran Wynne
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland; (A.N.); (C.R.); (W.K.); (A.v.K.); (K.W.)
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19
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Theard PL, Linke AJ, Sealover NE, Daley BR, Yang J, Cox K, Kortum RL. SOS2 regulates the threshold of mutant EGFR-dependent oncogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.20.524989. [PMID: 37425733 PMCID: PMC10327037 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Son of Sevenless 1 and 2 (SOS1 and SOS2) are RAS guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RasGEFs) that mediate physiologic and pathologic RTK-dependent RAS activation. Here, we show that SOS2 modulates the threshold of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling to regulate the efficacy of and resistance to the EGFR-TKI osimertinib in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). SOS2 deletion sensitized EGFR-mutated cells to perturbations in EGFR signaling caused by reduced serum and/or osimertinib treatment to inhibit PI3K/AKT pathway activation, oncogenic transformation, and survival. Bypass RTK reactivation of PI3K/AKT signaling represents a common resistance mechanism to EGFR-TKIs; SOS2 KO reduced PI3K/AKT reactivation to limit osimertinib resistance. In a forced HGF/MET-driven bypass model, SOS2 KO inhibited HGF-stimulated PI3K signaling to block HGF-driven osimertinib resistance. Using a long term in situ resistance assay, a majority of osimertinib resistant cultures exhibited a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotype associated with reactivated RTK/AKT signaling. In contrast, RTK/AKT-dependent osimertinib resistance was markedly reduced by SOS2 deletion; the few SOS2 KO cultures that became osimertinib resistant primarily underwent non-RTK dependent EMT. Since bypass RTK reactivation and/or tertiary EGFR mutations represent the majority of osimertinib-resistant cancers, these data suggest that targeting SOS2 has the potential to eliminate the majority of osimertinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L. Theard
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - Amanda J. Linke
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - Nancy E. Sealover
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - Brianna R. Daley
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - Johnny Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - Katherine Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
| | - Robert L Kortum
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA 20814
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20
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Jin H, Koh M, Lim H, Yong HY, Kim ES, Kim SY, Kim K, Jung J, Ryu WJ, Choi KY, Moon A. Lipid raft protein flotillin-1 is important for the interaction between SOS1 and H-Ras/K-Ras, leading to Ras activation. Int J Cancer 2023; 152:1933-1946. [PMID: 36691829 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ras mutations have been frequently observed in human cancer. Although there is a high degree of similarity between Ras isomers, they display preferential coupling in specific cancer types. The binding of Ras to the plasma membrane is essential for its activation and biological functions. The present study elucidated Ras isoform-specific interactions with the membrane and their role in Ras-mediated biological activities. We investigated the role of a lipid raft protein flotillin-1 (Flot-1) in the activations of Ras. We found that Flot-1 was co-localized with H-Ras, but not with N-Ras, in lipid rafts of MDA-MB-231 human breast cells. The amino-terminal hydrophobic domain (1-38) of Flot-1 interacted with the hypervariable region of H-Ras. The epidermal growth factor-stimulated activation of H-Ras required Flot-1 which was not necessary for that of N-Ras in breast cancer cells. Flot-1 interacted with son of sevenless (SOS)-1, which promotes the conversion of Ras-bound GDP to GTP. Notably, Flot-1 was crucial for the interaction between SOS1 and H-Ras/K-Ras in breast and pancreatic cancer cells. Stable knockdown of Flot-1 reduced the in vivo metastasis in a mouse xenograft model with human breast carcinoma cells. A tissue microarray composed of 61 human pancreatic cancer samples showed higher levels of Flot-1 expression in pancreatic tumor tissues compared to normal tissues, and a correlation between K-Ras and Flot-1. Taken together, our findings suggest that Flot-1 may serve as a membrane platform for the interaction of SOS1 with H-Ras/K-Ras in human cancer cells, presenting Flot-1 as a potential target for Ras-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jin
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsoo Koh
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyesol Lim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae-Young Yong
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Kim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmee Kim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joohee Jung
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Ji Ryu
- Avison Biomedical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kang-Yell Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea
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21
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Luo G, Wang B, Hou Q, Wu X. Development of Son of Sevenless Homologue 1 (SOS1) Modulators To Treat Cancers by Regulating RAS Signaling. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4324-4341. [PMID: 36987571 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Son of sevenless homologue 1 (SOS1) protein is universally expressed in cells and plays an important role in the RAS signaling pathway. Specifically, this protein interacts with RAS in response to upstream stimuli to promote guanine nucleotide exchange in RAS and activates the downstream signaling pathways. Thus, targeting SOS1 is a new approach for treating RAS-driven cancers. In this Perspective, we briefly summarize the structural and functional aspects of SOS1 and focus on recent advances in the discovery of activators, inhibitors, and PROTACs that target SOS1. This review aims to provide a timely and updated overview on the strategies for targeting SOS1 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangmei Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Bingrui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qiangqiang Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoxing Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
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22
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Zhou Z, Zhou G, Zhou C, Fan Z, Cui R, Li Y, Li R, Gu Y, Li H, Ge Z, Cai X, Jiang B, Wang D, Zheng M, Xu T, Zhang S. Discovery of a Potent, Cooperative, and Selective SOS1 PROTAC ZZ151 with In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy in KRAS-Mutant Cancers. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4197-4214. [PMID: 36897932 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
The linker moiety of a proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) molecule plays a critical role in modulating the degradation activity, target selectivity, and physico-chemical properties. However, the basics and underlying mechanisms of chemical modifications of the linker structure causing dramatic changes in the PROTAC degradation activity warrant further investigation. Herein, we report the design and characterization of a highly potent and selective SOS1 PROTAC ZZ151. After systematically modifying the linker length and composition, we observed that subtle modification of just one atom of the linker moiety of ZZ151 resulted in remarkable changes in the formation of the ternary complex and thus dramatically affected the degradation activities. ZZ151 quickly, specifically, and effectively induced SOS1 degradation; displayed potent antiproliferation activities against a broad panel of KRAS mutant-driven cancer cells; and showed superior anticancer activities in the KRASG12D- and G12V-mutant xenografts in mice. ZZ151 is a promising lead for developing new chemotherapies targeting KRAS mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guizhen Zhou
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuan Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zisheng Fan
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yupeng Li
- Masonic Cancer Center & Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rui Li
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuejiao Gu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huajie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhiming Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xiaojia Cai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bing Jiang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Tianfeng Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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23
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Tang X, Xue D, Zhang T, Nilsson-Payant BE, Carrau L, Duan X, Gordillo M, Tan AY, Qiu Y, Xiang J, Schwartz RE, tenOever BR, Evans T, Chen S. A multi-organoid platform identifies CIART as a key factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:381-389. [PMID: 36918693 PMCID: PMC10014579 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01095-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a systemic disease involving multiple organs. We previously established a platform to derive organoids and cells from human pluripotent stem cells to model SARS-CoV-2 infection and perform drug screens1,2. This provided insight into cellular tropism and the host response, yet the molecular mechanisms regulating SARS-CoV-2 infection remain poorly defined. Here we systematically examined changes in transcript profiles caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection at different multiplicities of infection for lung airway organoids, lung alveolar organoids and cardiomyocytes, and identified several genes that are generally implicated in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection, including CIART, the circadian-associated repressor of transcription. Lung airway organoids, lung alveolar organoids and cardiomyocytes derived from isogenic CIART-/- human pluripotent stem cells were significantly resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection, independently of viral entry. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis further validated the decreased levels of SARS-CoV-2 infection in ciliated-like cells of lung airway organoids. CUT&RUN, ATAC-seq and RNA-sequencing analyses showed that CIART controls SARS-CoV-2 infection at least in part through the regulation of NR4A1, a gene also identified from the multi-organoid analysis. Finally, transcriptional profiling and pharmacological inhibition led to the discovery that the Retinoid X Receptor pathway regulates SARS-CoV-2 infection downstream of CIART and NR4A1. The multi-organoid platform identified the role of circadian-clock regulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, which provides potential therapeutic targets for protection against COVID-19 across organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuming Tang
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dongxiang Xue
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin E Nilsson-Payant
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Gordillo
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Y Tan
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yunping Qiu
- Stable Isotope and Metabolomics Core Facility, The Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jenny Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert E Schwartz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Center for Genomic Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Liu M, Zhou G, Su W, Gu Y, Gao M, Wang K, Huo R, Li Y, Zhou Z, Chen K, Zheng M, Zhang S, Xu T. Design, Synthesis, and Bioevaluation of Pyrido[2,3- d]pyrimidin-7-ones as Potent SOS1 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:183-190. [PMID: 36793426 PMCID: PMC9923844 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of small molecular modulators to target the guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS1 has been demonstrated to be a promising strategy for the treatment of various KRAS-driven cancers. In the present study, we designed and synthesized a series of new SOS1 inhibitors with the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one scaffold. One representative compound 8u showed comparable activities to the reported SOS1 inhibitor BI-3406 in both the biochemical assay and the 3-D cell growth inhibition assay. Compound 8u obtained good cellular activities against a panel of KRAS G12-mutated cancer cell lines and inhibited downstream ERK and AKT activation in MIA PaCa-2 and AsPC-1 cells. In addition, it displayed synergistic antiproliferative effects when used in combination with KRAS G12C or G12D inhibitors. Further modifications of the new compounds may give us a promising SOS1 inhibitor with favorable druglike properties for use in the treatment of KRAS-mutated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Liu
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guizhen Zhou
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi
Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenhong Su
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Nano
Science and Technology Institute, University
of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuejiao Gu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingshan Gao
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ruifeng Huo
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi
Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yupeng Li
- Masonic
Cancer
Center & Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zehui Zhou
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi
Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi
Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Drug
Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi
Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Tianfeng Xu
- School
of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University
of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute
of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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25
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Yang H, Zhou X, Fu D, Le C, Wang J, Zhou Q, Liu X, Yuan Y, Ding K, Xiao Q. Targeting RAS mutants in malignancies: successes, failures, and reasons for hope. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2023; 43:42-74. [PMID: 36316602 PMCID: PMC9859734 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS genes are the most frequently mutated oncogenes and play critical roles in the development and progression of malignancies. The mutation, isoform (KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS), position, and type of substitution vary depending on the tissue types. Despite decades of developing RAS-targeted therapies, only small subsets of these inhibitors are clinically effective, such as the allele-specific inhibitors against KRASG12C . Targeting the remaining RAS mutants would require further experimental elucidation of RAS signal transduction, RAS-altered metabolism, and the associated immune microenvironment. This study reviews the mechanisms and efficacy of novel targeted therapies for different RAS mutants, including KRAS allele-specific inhibitors, combination therapies, immunotherapies, and metabolism-associated therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Fu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Chenqin Le
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Xiangrui Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Medical Oncologythe Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and OncologyKey Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and InterventionMinistry of EducationThe Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiang310009P. R. China
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26
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Tang R, Shuldiner EG, Kelly M, Murray CW, Hebert JD, Andrejka L, Tsai MK, Hughes NW, Parker MI, Cai H, Li YC, Wahl GM, Dunbrack RL, Jackson PK, Petrov DA, Winslow MM. Multiplexed screens identify RAS paralogues HRAS and NRAS as suppressors of KRAS-driven lung cancer growth. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:159-169. [PMID: 36635501 PMCID: PMC10521195 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-01049-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutations occur in approximately 30% of lung adenocarcinoma. Despite several decades of effort, oncogenic KRAS-driven lung cancer remains difficult to treat, and our understanding of the regulators of RAS signalling is incomplete. Here to uncover the impact of diverse KRAS-interacting proteins on lung cancer growth, we combined multiplexed somatic CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing in genetically engineered mouse models with tumour barcoding and high-throughput barcode sequencing. Through a series of CRISPR/Cas9 screens in autochthonous lung cancer models, we show that HRAS and NRAS are suppressors of KRASG12D-driven tumour growth in vivo and confirm these effects in oncogenic KRAS-driven human lung cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, RAS paralogues interact with oncogenic KRAS, suppress KRAS-KRAS interactions, and reduce downstream ERK signalling. Furthermore, HRAS and NRAS mutations identified in oncogenic KRAS-driven human tumours partially abolished this effect. By comparing the tumour-suppressive effects of HRAS and NRAS in oncogenic KRAS- and oncogenic BRAF-driven lung cancer models, we confirm that RAS paralogues are specific suppressors of KRAS-driven lung cancer in vivo. Our study outlines a technological avenue to uncover positive and negative regulators of oncogenic KRAS-driven cancer in a multiplexed manner in vivo and highlights the role RAS paralogue imbalance in oncogenic KRAS-driven lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Marcus Kelly
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Baxter Laboratories, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher W Murray
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jess D Hebert
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Andrejka
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Min K Tsai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas W Hughes
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell I Parker
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Molecular and Cell Biology and Genetics Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hongchen Cai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yao-Cheng Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Wahl
- Gene Expression Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Roland L Dunbrack
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter K Jackson
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Baxter Laboratories, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dmitri A Petrov
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Chan Zuckerberg BioHub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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27
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Bian Y, Alem D, Beato F, Hogenson TL, Yang X, Jiang K, Cai J, Ma WW, Fernandez-Zapico M, Tan AC, Lawrence NJ, Fleming JB, Yuan Y, Xie H. Development of SOS1 Inhibitor-Based Degraders to Target KRAS-Mutant Colorectal Cancer. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16432-16450. [PMID: 36459180 PMCID: PMC10113742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Direct blockade of KRAS driver mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC) has been challenging. Targeting SOS1, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, has arisen as an attractive approach for KRAS-mutant CRC. Here, we describe the development of novel SOS1 degraders and their activity in patient-derived CRC organoids (PDO). The design of these degraders as proteolysis-targeting chimera was based on the crystal structures of cereblon and SOS1. The synthesis used the 6- and 7-OH groups of a quinazoline core as anchor points to connect lenalidomide. Fifteen compounds were screened for SOS1 degradation. P7 was found to have up to 92% SOS1 degradation in both CRC cell lines and PDOs with excellent specificity. SOS1 degrader P7 demonstrated superior activity in inhibiting CRC PDO growth with an IC50 5 times lower than that of SOS1 inhibitor BI3406. In summary, we developed new SOS1 degraders and demonstrated SOS1 degradation as a feasible therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutant CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Bian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Diego Alem
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Francisca Beato
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Tara L Hogenson
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Xinrui Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Kun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 12111 USF Sweetgum Ln, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Wen Wee Ma
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Martin Fernandez-Zapico
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | - Aik Choon Tan
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Nicholas J Lawrence
- Department of Drug Discovery, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jason B Fleming
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Hao Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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Targeting KRASp.G12C Mutation in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: a New Era Has Begun. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2022; 23:1699-1720. [PMID: 36394791 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-022-01033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT KRASp.G12C mutation occurs in 12% of newly diagnosed advanced NSCLC and has recently emerged as a positive predictive biomarker for the selection of advanced NSCLC patients who may respond to novel KRASp.G12C inhibitors. The recent discovery of a new binding pocket under the effector region of KRAS G12C oncoprotein has made direct pharmacological inhibition of the KRASp.G12 mutation possible, leading to the clinical development of a new series of direct selective inhibitors, with a potential major impact on patients' survival and quality of life. Promising efficacy and tolerability data emerging from the early phase CodeBreak trial have already supported the regulatory approval of sotorasib as first in class targeted treatment for the second-line treatment of KRASp.G12C-positive NSCLC population, following immunotherapy-based first-line therapies, while the randomized phase III CodeBreak 200 clinical study has recently confirmed a significant superiority of sotorasib over docetaxel in terms of progression-free survival and quality of life. However, KRAS mutant NSCLC is a high heterogeneous disease characterized by a high rate of co-mutations, most frequently involving P53, STK11, and KEAP1 genes, which significantly modulate the composition of the tumor microenvironment and consequently affect clinical responses to both immunotherapy and targeted inhibitors now available in clinical practice. Both pre-clinical and clinical translational series have recently revealed a wide spectrum of resistance mechanisms occurring under selective KRASG12C inhibitors, including both on-target and off-target molecular alterations as well as morphological switching, negatively affecting the antitumor activity of these drugs when used as single agent therapies. The understanding of such biological background along with the emergence of pre-clinical data provided a strong rational to investigate different combination strategies, including the inhibition of SHP2, SOS1, and KRAS G12C downstream effectors, as well as the addition of immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy to targeted therapy. The preliminary results of these trials have recently suggested a promising activity of SHP2 inhibitors in the front-line setting, while toxicity issues limited the concurrent administration of immune-checkpoint inhibitors and sotorasib. The identification of predictive genomic/immunological biomarkers will be crucial to understand how to optimally sequencing/combining different drugs and ultimately personalize treatment strategies under clinical investigation, to definitively increase the survival outcomes of KRASp.G12C mutant advanced NSCLC patients.
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29
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Targeting KRAS in Pancreatic Cancer. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111870. [PMID: 36579598 PMCID: PMC9692903 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is mainly driven by mutations in the KRAS oncogene. While this cancer has shown remarkable therapy resistance, new approaches to inhibit mutated KRAS, KRAS activators and effectors show promise in breaking this therapeutic deadlock. Here, we review these innovations in therapies that target RAS signaling in pancreatic cancer from a clinical point of view. A number of promising approaches are currently in clinical trials or in clinical development. We focus on small-molecule drugs but also discuss immunotherapies and tumor vaccines.
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30
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Gao L, Shen W. Light at the end of the tunnel: Clinical features and therapeutic prospects of KRAS mutant subtypes in non-small-cell lung cancer. Front Genet 2022; 13:890247. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.890247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths, and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancer cases. Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS), one of the three subtypes of the RAS family, is the most common oncogene involved in human cancers and encodes the key signaling proteins in tumors. Oncogenic KRAS mutations are considered the initiating factors in 30% of NSCLC cases, accounting for the largest proportion of NSCLC cases associated with driver mutations. Because effective inhibition of the related functions of KRAS with traditional small-molecule inhibitors is difficult, the KRAS protein is called an “undruggable target.” However, in recent years, the discovery of a common mutation in the KRAS gene, glycine 12 mutated to cysteine (G12C), has led to the design and synthesis of covalent inhibitors that offer novel strategies for effective targeting of KRAS. In this review, we have summarized the structure, function, and signal transduction pathways of KRAS and discussed the available treatment strategies and potential treatment prospects of KRAS mutation subtypes (especially G12C, G12V, and G12D) in NSCLC, thus providing a reference for selecting KRAS mutation subtypes for the treatment of NSCLC.
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31
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Wang CX, Wang TT, Zhang KD, Li MY, Shen QC, Lu SY, Zhang J. Pan-KRAS inhibitors suppress proliferation through feedback regulation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2696-2708. [PMID: 35352018 PMCID: PMC9525295 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. Several basic studies have confirmed that Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) is a key driver gene for the occurrence of PDAC, and KRAS mutations have also been found in most patients in clinical studies. In this study, two pan-KRAS inhibitors, BI-2852 and BAY-293, were chosen as chemical probes to investigate their antitumor potency in PDAC. Their inhibitory effects on KRAS activation were validated in vitro and their antiproliferative potency in PDAC cell lines were profiled, with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of approximately 1 μM, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of pan-KRAS inhibitors in the treatment of PDAC. However, feedback regulation in the KRAS pathway weakened inhibitor activity, which was observed by a 50 times difference in BAY-293 from in vitro activity. Furthermore, pan-KRAS inhibitors effectively inhibited cell proliferation in 3D organoids cultured from PDAC patient samples; however, there were some variations between individuals. These results provide a sufficient theoretical foundation for KRAS as a clinical therapeutic target and for the application of pan-KRAS inhibitors in the treatment of PDAC, with important scientific significance in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Kun-Dong Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Ming-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qian-Cheng Shen
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shao-Yong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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32
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Ma Y, Schulz B, Trakooljul N, Al Ammar M, Sekora A, Sender S, Hadlich F, Zechner D, Weiss FU, Lerch MM, Jaster R, Junghanss C, Murua Escobar H. Inhibition of KRAS, MEK and PI3K Demonstrate Synergistic Anti-Tumor Effects in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184467. [PMID: 36139627 PMCID: PMC9497071 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (KRAS) mutations are widespread in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and contribute significantly to tumor initiation, progression, tumor relapse/resistance, and prognosis of patients. Although inhibitors against KRAS mutations have been developed, this therapeutic approach is not routinely used in PDAC patients. We investigated the anti-tumor efficacy of two KRAS inhibitors BI-3406 (KRAS::SOS1 inhibitor) and sotorasib (KRAS G12C inhibitor) alone or in combination with MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib and/or PI3K inhibitor buparlisib in seven PDAC cell lines. Whole transcriptomic analysis of combined inhibition and control groups were comparatively analyzed to explore the corresponding mechanisms of inhibitor combination. Both KRAS inhibitors and corresponding combinations exhibited cytotoxicity against specific PDAC cell lines. BI-3406 enhance the efficacy of trametinib and buparlisib in BXPC-3, ASPC-1 and MIA PACA-2, but not in CAPAN-1, while sotorasib enhances the efficacy of trametinib and buparlisib only in MIA PACA-2. The whole transcriptomic analysis demonstrates that the two triple-inhibitor combinations exert antitumor effects by affecting related cell functions, such as affecting the immune system, cell adhesion, cell migration, and cytokine binding. As well as directly involved in RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and PI3K/AKT pathway affect cell survival. Our current study confirmed inhibition of KRAS and its downstream pathways as a potential novel therapy for PDAC and provides fundamental data for in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Ma
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Benjamin Schulz
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.S.); (D.Z.)
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.T.); (F.H.)
| | - Moosheer Al Ammar
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Anett Sekora
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Sina Sender
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (N.T.); (F.H.)
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (B.S.); (D.Z.)
| | - Frank Ulrich Weiss
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (F.U.W.); (M.M.L.)
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (F.U.W.); (M.M.L.)
- Ludwig Maximilian University Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Jaster
- Department of Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Christian Junghanss
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (C.J.)
| | - Hugo Murua Escobar
- Department of Medicine Clinic III, Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (A.S.); (S.S.); (C.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-381494-7519 or +49-381494-7639; Fax: +49-381494-45803
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Gómez C, Garcia-Navas R, Baltanás FC, Fuentes-Mateos R, Fernández-Medarde A, Calzada N, Santos E. Critical Requirement of SOS1 for Development of BCR/ABL-Driven Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163893. [PMID: 36010887 PMCID: PMC9406065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The p210BCR/ABL oncoprotein is necessary and sufficient to trigger chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in mice. Our prior in vitro studies showing that the ABL-mediated phosphorylation of SOS1 promotes RAC activation and contributes to BCR-ABL leukemogenesis suggested the significant role of SOS1 in the development of CML. To provide direct in vivo experimental evidence of the specific contribution of SOS1 to the development of CML, here, we analyzed the effect of the direct genetic ablation of SOS1 or SOS2 on the genesis of p210BCR/ABL -driven CML in mice. Our data showed that direct SOS1 genetic ablation causes the significant suppression of all the pathological hallmarks typical of CML, demonstrating that SOS1 deficiency is protective against CML development and identifying this cellular GEF as a relevant, novel therapeutic target for the clinical treatment of this hematological malignancy. Abstract We showed previously that the ABL-mediated phosphorylation of SOS1 promotes RAC activation and contributes to BCR-ABL leukemogenesis, suggesting the relevant role of SOS1 in the pathogenesis of CML. To try and obtain direct experimental evidence of the specific mechanistic implication of SOS1 in CML development, here, we combined a murine model of CML driven by a p210BCR/ABL transgene with our tamoxifen-inducible SOS1/2-KO system in order to investigate the phenotypic impact of the direct genetic ablation of SOS1 or SOS2 on the pathogenesis of CML. Our observations showed that, in contrast to control animals expressing normal levels of SOS1 and SOS2 or to single SOS2-KO mice, p210BCR/ABL transgenic mice devoid of SOS1 presented significantly extended survival curves and also displayed an almost complete disappearance of the typical hematological alterations and splenomegaly constituting the hallmarks of CML. SOS1 ablation also resulted in a specific reduction in the proliferation and the total number of colony-forming units arising from the population of bone marrow stem/progenitor cells from p210BCR/ABL transgenic mice. The specific blockade of CML development caused by SOS1 ablation in p210BCR/ABL mice indicates that SOS1 is critically required for CML pathogenesis and supports the consideration of this cellular GEF as a novel, alternative bona fide therapeutic target for CML treatment in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Gómez
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Rósula Garcia-Navas
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Fernando C. Baltanás
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Fuentes-Mateos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Alberto Fernández-Medarde
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Nuria Calzada
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
| | - Eugenio Santos
- Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC-University of Salamanca and CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain or
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-923294801; Fax: +34-923294750
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Ketcham JM, Haling J, Khare S, Bowcut V, Briere DM, Burns AC, Gunn RJ, Ivetac A, Kuehler J, Kulyk S, Laguer J, Lawson JD, Moya K, Nguyen N, Rahbaek L, Saechao B, Smith CR, Sudhakar N, Thomas NC, Vegar L, Vanderpool D, Wang X, Yan L, Olson P, Christensen JG, Marx MA. Design and Discovery of MRTX0902, a Potent, Selective, Brain-Penetrant, and Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of the SOS1:KRAS Protein-Protein Interaction. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9678-9690. [PMID: 35833726 PMCID: PMC9340770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
SOS1 is one of the major guanine nucleotide exchange
factors that
regulates the ability of KRAS to cycle through its “on”
and “off” states. Disrupting the SOS1:KRASG12C protein–protein interaction (PPI) can increase the proportion
of GDP-loaded KRASG12C, providing a strong mechanistic
rationale for combining inhibitors of the SOS1:KRAS complex with inhibitors
like MRTX849 that target GDP-loaded KRASG12C. In this report,
we detail the design and discovery of MRTX0902—a potent, selective,
brain-penetrant, and orally bioavailable SOS1 binder that disrupts
the SOS1:KRASG12C PPI. Oral administration of MRTX0902
in combination with MRTX849 results in a significant increase in antitumor
activity relative to that of either single agent, including tumor
regressions in a subset of animals in the MIA PaCa-2 tumor mouse xenograft
model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Ketcham
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jacob Haling
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shilpi Khare
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vickie Bowcut
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David M Briere
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Aaron C Burns
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robin J Gunn
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Anthony Ivetac
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jon Kuehler
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Svitlana Kulyk
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jade Laguer
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - J David Lawson
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Krystal Moya
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Natalie Nguyen
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Lisa Rahbaek
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Barbara Saechao
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher R Smith
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Niranjan Sudhakar
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicole C Thomas
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Laura Vegar
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Darin Vanderpool
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xiaolun Wang
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Larry Yan
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peter Olson
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - James G Christensen
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Matthew A Marx
- Mirati Therapeutics, 3545 Cray Court, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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35
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Grudzien P, Jang H, Leschinsky N, Nussinov R, Gaponenko V. Conformational Dynamics Allows Sampling of an "Active-like" State by Oncogenic K-Ras-GDP. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167695. [PMID: 35752212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in K-Ras GTPase replacing Gly12 with either Asp or Val are common in cancer. These mutations decelerate intrinsic and catalyzed GTP hydrolysis, leading to accumulation of K-Ras-GTP in cells. Signaling cascades initiated by K-Ras-GTP promote cell proliferation, survival, and invasion. Despite functional differences between the most frequent G12D mutation and the most aggressive and chemotherapy resistant G12V mutation, their long-suspected distinct structural features remain elusive. Using NMR, X-ray structures, and computational methods, we found that oncogenic mutants of K-Ras4B, the predominant splice variant of K-Ras, exhibit distinct conformational dynamics when GDP-bound, visiting the "active-like" conformational state similar to the one observed in GTP-bound K-Ras. This behavior distinguishes G12V from wild type and G12D K-Ras4B-GDP. The likely reason is hydrophobic interactions between the aliphatic sidechain of V12 and the Switch II region of K-Ras4BG12V-GDP, which are distinct in K-Ras4BG12D-GDP. In the X-ray structures, crystal contacts reduce the dynamics of the sidechain at position 12 by stabilizing the Switch I region of the protein. This explains why structural differences between G12V and G12D K-Ras have yet not been reported. Together, our results suggest a previously unknown mechanism of K-Ras activation. This mechanism relies on conformational dynamics caused by specific oncogenic mutations in the GDP-bound state. Our findings also imply that the therapeutic strategies decreasing the level of K-Ras-GTP by interfering with nucleotide exchange or by expediting GTP hydrolysis may work differently in different oncogenic mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Grudzien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Leschinsky
- Department of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Vadim Gaponenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A.
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36
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Murphy BM, Terrell EM, Chirasani VR, Weiss TJ, Lew RE, Holderbaum AM, Dhakal A, Posada V, Fort M, Bodnar MS, Carey LM, Chen M, Burd CJ, Coppola V, Morrison DK, Campbell SL, Burd CE. Enhanced BRAF engagement by NRAS mutants capable of promoting melanoma initiation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3153. [PMID: 35672316 PMCID: PMC9174180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A distinct profile of NRAS mutants is observed in each tumor type. It is unclear whether these profiles are determined by mutagenic events or functional differences between NRAS oncoproteins. Here, we establish functional hallmarks of NRAS mutants enriched in human melanoma. We generate eight conditional, knock-in mouse models and show that rare melanoma mutants (NRAS G12D, G13D, G13R, Q61H, and Q61P) are poor drivers of spontaneous melanoma formation, whereas common melanoma mutants (NRAS Q61R, Q61K, or Q61L) induce rapid tumor onset with high penetrance. Molecular dynamics simulations, combined with cell-based protein-protein interaction studies, reveal that melanomagenic NRAS mutants form intramolecular contacts that enhance BRAF binding affinity, BRAF-CRAF heterodimer formation, and MAPK > ERK signaling. Along with the allelic series of conditional mouse models we describe, these results establish a mechanistic basis for the enrichment of specific NRAS mutants in human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Murphy
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Terrell
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Venkat R Chirasani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tirzah J Weiss
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Rachel E Lew
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Andrea M Holderbaum
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Aastha Dhakal
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Valentina Posada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Marie Fort
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael S Bodnar
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Leiah M Carey
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Craig J Burd
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sharon L Campbell
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christin E Burd
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Conroy M, Cowzer D, Kolch W, Duffy AG. Emerging RAS-directed therapies for cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 4:543-558. [PMID: 35582302 PMCID: PMC9094076 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are the most commonly mutated oncogenes in human cancer, and RAS-mutant cancers represent a major burden of human disease. Though these oncogenes were discovered decades ago, recent years have seen major advances in understanding of their structure and function, including the therapeutic and prognostic significance of diverse isoforms. Targeting of these mutations has proven difficult, despite some successes with inhibition of RAS effector signalling. More recently, direct RAS inhibition has been achieved in a trial setting. While this has yet to be translated to everyday clinical practice, this development carries much promise. This review summarizes the diverse approaches that have been taken to RAS inhibition and then focuses on the most recent developments in direct inhibition of KRAS(G12C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Conroy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.,Authors contributed equally
| | - Darren Cowzer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland.,Authors contributed equally
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Austin G Duffy
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin 7, Ireland
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Daily Practice Assessment of KRAS Status in NSCLC Patients: A New Challenge for the Thoracic Pathologist Is Right around the Corner. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071628. [PMID: 35406400 PMCID: PMC8996900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary RAS mutation is the most frequent oncogenic alteration in human cancers and KRAS is the most frequently mutated, notably in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Various attempts to inhibit KRAS in the past were unsuccessful in these latter tumors. However, recently, several small molecules (AMG510, MRTX849, JNJ-74699157, and LY3499446) have been developed to specifically target KRAS G12C-mutated tumors, which seems promising for patient treatment and should soon be administered in daily practice for non-squamous (NS)-NSCLC. In this context, it will be mandatory to systematically assess the KRAS status in routine clinical practice, at least in advanced NS-NSCLC, leading to new challenges for thoracic oncologists. Abstract KRAS mutations are among the most frequent genomic alterations identified in non-squamous non-small cell lung carcinomas (NS-NSCLC), notably in lung adenocarcinomas. In most cases, these mutations are mutually exclusive, with different genomic alterations currently known to be sensitive to therapies targeting EGFR, ALK, BRAF, ROS1, and NTRK. Recently, several promising clinical trials targeting KRAS mutations, particularly for KRAS G12C-mutated NSCLC, have established new hope for better treatment of patients. In parallel, other studies have shown that NSCLC harboring co-mutations in KRAS and STK11 or KEAP1 have demonstrated primary resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Thus, the assessment of the KRAS status in advanced-stage NS-NSCLC has become essential to setting up an optimal therapeutic strategy in these patients. This stimulated the development of new algorithms for the management of NSCLC samples in pathology laboratories and conditioned reorganization of optimal health care of lung cancer patients by the thoracic pathologists. This review addresses the recent data concerning the detection of KRAS mutations in NSCLC and focuses on the new challenges facing pathologists in daily practice for KRAS status assessment.
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Désage AL, Léonce C, Swalduz A, Ortiz-Cuaran S. Targeting KRAS Mutant in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Novel Insights Into Therapeutic Strategies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:796832. [PMID: 35251972 PMCID: PMC8889932 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.796832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although KRAS-activating mutations represent the most common oncogenic driver in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), various attempts to inhibit KRAS failed in the past decade. KRAS mutations are associated with a poor prognosis and a poor response to standard therapeutic regimen. The recent development of new therapeutic agents (i.e., adagrasib, sotorasib) that target specifically KRAS G12C in its GDP-bound state has evidenced an unprecedented success in the treatment of this subgroup of patients. Despite providing pre-clinical and clinical efficacy, several mechanisms of acquired resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors have been reported. In this setting, combined therapeutic strategies including inhibition of either SHP2, SOS1 or downstream effectors of KRAS G12C seem particularly interesting to overcome acquired resistance. In this review, we will discuss the novel therapeutic strategies targeting KRAS G12C and promising approaches of combined therapy to overcome acquired resistance to KRAS G12C inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Désage
- Univ Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, North Hospital, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Camille Léonce
- Univ Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Aurélie Swalduz
- Univ Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Sandra Ortiz-Cuaran
- Univ Lyon, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Lyon, France
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Zhou C, Fan Z, Zhou Z, Li Y, Cui R, Liu C, Zhou G, Diao X, Jiang H, Zheng M, Zhang S, Xu T. Discovery of the First-in-Class Agonist-Based SOS1 PROTACs Effective in Human Cancer Cells Harboring Various KRAS Mutations. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3923-3942. [PMID: 35230841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Regulating SOS1 functions may result in targeted pan-KRAS therapies. Small-molecule SOS1 inhibitors showed promising anticancer potential, and the most advanced inhibitor BI 1701963 is currently under phase I clinical studies. SOS1 agonists provide new opportunities to treat cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms still warrant investigation. We here report the discovery of the first SOS1 PROTACs designed uniquely by connecting a VHL ligand to the reported SOS1 agonist, ensuring that the observed inhibitory activity results from degraders. The best compound 9d induced SOS1 degradation in various KRAS-driven cancer cells and displayed superior antiproliferation activity compared to the agonist itself. Tumor xenograft study clearly showed the promising antitumor potency of 9d against human lung cancer. This study provides good evidence of using agonists to design SOS1 PROTACs and demonstrates that targeted SOS1 degradation represents an effective therapeutic strategy for overcoming KRAS-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zisheng Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zehui Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yupeng Li
- Masonic Cancer Center & Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rongrong Cui
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chaoyi Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guizhen Zhou
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Center for Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianfeng Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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41
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Rohatgi A, Govindan R. Targeting KRAS G12C mutation in lung adenocarcinoma. Lung Cancer 2022; 165:28-33. [PMID: 35066360 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be a major cause of cancer related death globally. Therapies targeting driver mutations have significantly extended the survival of patients whose lung cancer cells harbor these mutations. Patients with KRAS mutations, however, lacked specific targeted therapy until the recent FDA approval of sotorasib, a specific inhibitor of KRAS G12C mutant protein. We will discuss the efficacy and toxicities of the novel KRAS G12C inhibitors as well as other indirect strategies for targeting oncogenic KRAS mutations. We will review the limited literature on acquired resistance to these inhibitors and the novel combinatorial treatment strategies that are being tested currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Rohatgi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ramaswamy Govindan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St Louis, MO, United States.
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Abstract
RAS proteins play major roles in many human cancers, but programs to develop direct RAS inhibitors so far have only been successful for the oncogenic KRAS mutant G12C. As an alternative approach, inhibitors for the RAS guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS1 have been investigated by several academic groups and companies, and major progress has been achieved in recent years in the optimization of small molecule activators and inhibitors of SOS1. Here, we review the discovery and development of small molecule modulators of SOS1 and their molecular binding modes and modes of action. As targeting the RAS pathway is expected to result in the development of resistance mechanisms, SOS1 inhibitors will most likely be best applied in vertical combination approaches where two nodes of the RAS signaling pathway are hit simultaneously. We summarize the current understanding of which combination partners may be most beneficial for patients with RAS driven tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Bader
- Screening, Lead Discovery, Nuvisan ICB GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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43
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Cucurull M, Notario L, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Hierro C, Estival A, Carcereny E, Saigí M. Targeting KRAS in Lung Cancer Beyond KRAS G12C Inhibitors: The Immune Regulatory Role of KRAS and Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Front Oncol 2022; 11:793121. [PMID: 35096591 PMCID: PMC8793278 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.793121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 20% of lung adenocarcinomas harbor KRAS mutations, an oncogene that drives tumorigenesis and has the ability to alter the immune system and the tumor immune microenvironment. While KRAS was considered “undruggable” for decades, specific KRAS G12C covalent inhibitors have recently emerged, although their promising results are limited to a subset of patients. Several other drugs targeting KRAS activation and downstream signaling pathways are currently under investigation in early-phase clinical trials. In addition, KRAS mutations can co-exist with other mutations in significant genes in cancer (e.g., STK11 and KEAP1) which induces tumor heterogeneity and promotes different responses to therapies. This review describes the molecular characterization of KRAS mutant lung cancers from a biologic perspective to its clinical implications. We aim to summarize the tumor heterogeneity of KRAS mutant lung cancers and its immune-regulatory role, to report the efficacy achieved with current immunotherapies, and to overview the therapeutic approaches targeting KRAS mutations besides KRAS G12C inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Cucurull
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona·Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Notario
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona·Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cinta Hierro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona·Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Estival
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona·Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Carcereny
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona·Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Saigí
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain.,Badalona·Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Ma B, Cao L, Li Y. A novel 10-gene immune-related lncRNA signature model for the prognosis of colorectal cancer. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:9743-9760. [PMID: 34814366 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer (CRC) affects tumor development, prognosis and immunotherapy strategies. Recently, immune-related lncRNA were shown to play vital roles in the tumor immune microenvironment. The objective of this study was to identify lncRNAs involved in the immune response, tumorigenesis and progression of CRC and to establish an immune-related lncRNA signature for predicting the prognosis of CRC. METHODS We used data retrieved from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) dataset to construct a 10-gene immune-related lncRNA pair (IRLP) signature model using a method based on the ranking and comparison of paired gene expression in CRC. The clinical prognosis, immune checkpoints and lncRNA-protein networks were analyzed to evaluate the signature. RESULTS The signature was closely associated with overall survival of CRC patients (p < 0.001 in both of the training and validating cohorts) and the 3-year AUC values for the training and validating cohorts were 0.884 and 0.739, respectively. And, there were positive correlations between the signature and age (p = 0.048), clinical stage (p < 0.01), T stage (p < 0.01), N stage (p < 0.001) and M stage (p < 0.01). In addition, the signature model appeared to be highly relevant to some checkpoints, including CD160, TNFSF15, HHLA2, IDO2 and KIR3DL1. Further, molecular functional analysis and lncRNA-protein networks were applied to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the carcinogenic effect and progression. CONCLUSION The 10-gene IRLP signature model is an independent prognostic factor for CRC patient and can be utilized for the development of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute (Cancer Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
| | - Lianqun Cao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute (Cancer Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
| | - Yongmin Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute (Cancer Hospital of China Medical University), Shenyang, China
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45
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Hamilton G, Plangger A. Cytotoxic activity of KRAS inhibitors in combination with chemotherapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:1065-1074. [PMID: 34347509 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1965123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogenic driver in pancreatic, lung, and colon cancer. Recently, KRAS inhibitors in clinical use show promising activity but most responses are partial and drug resistance develops. The use of therapeutics in combination with KRAS inhibitors are expected to improve outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review describes the KRAS G12C mutation-specific inhibitors and the SOS1-targeting inhibitors that reduce the GTP-loading of wildtype and mutated KRAS. Both types of compounds reduce tumor cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. The combinations of the various KRAS inhibitors with downstream signaling effectors, modulators of KRAS-associated metabolic alterations and chemotherapeutics are summarized. EXPERT OPINION The clinical potency of mutated KRAS-specific inhibitors needs to be improved by suitable drug combinations. Inhibition of downstream signaling cascades increases toxicity and other combinations exploited comprise G12C-directed inhibitors with SOS1 inhibitors, glucose/glutamine metabolic modulators, classical chemotherapeutics, and others. The most suitable inhibitor combinations corroborated in preclinical development await clinical verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Hamilton
- Department Of Vascular Surgery, Medical University Of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelina Plangger
- Department Of Vascular Surgery, Medical University Of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
As a member of small GTPase family, KRAS protein is a key physiological modulator of various cellular activities including proliferation. However, mutations of KRAS present in numerous cancer types, most frequently in pancreatic (> 60%), colorectal (> 40%), and lung cancers, drive oncogenic processes through overactivation of proliferation. The G12C mutation of KRAS protein is especially abundant in the case of these types of malignancies. Despite its key importance in human disease, KRAS was assumed to be non-druggable for a long time since the protein seemingly lacks potential drug-binding pockets except the nucleotide-binding site, which is difficult to be targeted due to the high affinity of KRAS for both GDP and GTP. Recently, a new approach broke the ice and provided evidence that upon covalent targeting of the G12C mutant KRAS, a highly dynamic pocket was revealed. This novel targeting is especially important since it serves with an inherent solution for drug selectivity. Based on these results, various structure-based drug design projects have been launched to develop selective KRAS mutant inhibitors. In addition to the covalent modification strategy mostly applicable for G12C mutation, different innovative solutions have been suggested for the other frequently occurring oncogenic G12 mutants. Here we summarize the latest advances of this field, provide perspectives for novel approaches, and highlight the special properties of KRAS, which might issue some new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Nyíri
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Koppány
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
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47
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Shapira S, Boustanai I, Kazanov D, Ben Shimon M, Fokra A, Arber N. Innovative dual system approach for selective eradication of cancer cells using viral-based delivery of natural bacterial toxin-antitoxin system. Oncogene 2021; 40:4967-4979. [PMID: 34172933 PMCID: PMC8342310 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The inactivation of p53, a tumor suppressor, and the activation of the RAS oncogene are the most frequent genetic alterations in cancer. We have shown that a unique E. coli MazF-MazE toxin–antitoxin (TA) system can be used for selective and effective eradication of RAS-mutated cancer cells. This out of the box strategy holds great promise for effective cancer treatment and management. We provide proof of concept for a novel platform to selectively eradicate cancer cells using an adenoviral delivery system based on the adjusted natural bacterial system. We generated adenoviral vectors carrying the mazF toxin (pAdEasy-Py4-SV40mP-mCherry-MazF) and the antitoxin mazE (pAdEasy-RGC-SV40mP-MazE-IRES-GFP) under the regulation of RAS and p53, resp. The control vector carries the toxin without the RAS-responsive element (pAdEasy-ΔPy4-SV40mP-mCherry-MazF). In vitro, the mazF-mazE TA system (Py4-SV40mP-mCherry-MazF+RGC-SV40mP-MazE-IRES-GFP) induced massive, dose-dependent cell death, at 69% compared to 19% for the control vector, in a co-infected HCT116 cell line. In vivo, the system caused significant tumor growth inhibition of HCT116 (KRASmut/p53mut) tumors at 73 and 65% compared to PBS and ΔPY4 control groups, resp. In addition, we demonstrate 65% tumor growth inhibition in HCT116 (KRASmut/p53wt) cells, compared to the other two control groups, indicating a contribution of the antitoxin in blocking system leakage in WT RAS cells. These data provide evidence of the feasibility of using mutations in the p53 and RAS pathway to efficiently kill cancer cells. The platform, through its combination of the antitoxin (mazE) with the toxin (mazF), provides effective protection of normal cells from basal low activity or leakage of mazF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Shapira
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center and the Health Promotion Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilana Boustanai
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center and the Health Promotion Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dina Kazanov
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center and the Health Promotion Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Marina Ben Shimon
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center and the Health Promotion Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Ahmad Fokra
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center and the Health Promotion Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nadir Arber
- The Integrated Cancer Prevention Center and the Health Promotion Center, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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48
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Baltanás FC, García-Navas R, Santos E. SOS2 Comes to the Fore: Differential Functionalities in Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126613. [PMID: 34205562 PMCID: PMC8234257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SOS family of Ras-GEFs encompasses two highly homologous and widely expressed members, SOS1 and SOS2. Despite their similar structures and expression patterns, early studies of constitutive KO mice showing that SOS1-KO mutants were embryonic lethal while SOS2-KO mice were viable led to initially viewing SOS1 as the main Ras-GEF linking external stimuli to downstream RAS signaling, while obviating the functional significance of SOS2. Subsequently, different genetic and/or pharmacological ablation tools defined more precisely the functional specificity/redundancy of the SOS1/2 GEFs. Interestingly, the defective phenotypes observed in concomitantly ablated SOS1/2-DKO contexts are frequently much stronger than in single SOS1-KO scenarios and undetectable in single SOS2-KO cells, demonstrating functional redundancy between them and suggesting an ancillary role of SOS2 in the absence of SOS1. Preferential SOS1 role was also demonstrated in different RASopathies and tumors. Conversely, specific SOS2 functions, including a critical role in regulation of the RAS-PI3K/AKT signaling axis in keratinocytes and KRAS-driven tumor lines or in control of epidermal stem cell homeostasis, were also reported. Specific SOS2 mutations were also identified in some RASopathies and cancer forms. The relevance/specificity of the newly uncovered functional roles suggests that SOS2 should join SOS1 for consideration as a relevant biomarker/therapy target.
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Oncogenic KRAS engages an RSK1/NF1 pathway to inhibit wild-type RAS signaling in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016904118. [PMID: 34021083 PMCID: PMC8166058 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016904118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with limited treatment options. Although activating mutations of the KRAS GTPase are the predominant dependency present in >90% of PDAC patients, targeting KRAS mutants directly has been challenging in PDAC. Similarly, strategies targeting known KRAS downstream effectors have had limited clinical success due to feedback mechanisms, alternate pathways, and dose-limiting toxicities in normal tissues. Therefore, identifying additional functionally relevant KRAS interactions in PDAC may allow for a better understanding of feedback mechanisms and unveil potential therapeutic targets. Here, we used proximity labeling to identify protein interactors of active KRAS in PDAC cells. We expressed fusions of wild-type (WT) (BirA-KRAS4B), mutant (BirA-KRAS4BG12D), and nontransforming cytosolic double mutant (BirA-KRAS4BG12D/C185S) KRAS with the BirA biotin ligase in murine PDAC cells. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that RSK1 selectively interacts with membrane-bound KRASG12D, and we demonstrate that this interaction requires NF1 and SPRED2. We find that membrane RSK1 mediates negative feedback on WT RAS signaling and impedes the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells upon the ablation of mutant KRAS. Our findings link NF1 to the membrane-localized functions of RSK1 and highlight a role for WT RAS signaling in promoting adaptive resistance to mutant KRAS-specific inhibitors in PDAC.
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50
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Bellio H, Fumet JD, Ghiringhelli F. Targeting BRAF and RAS in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092201. [PMID: 34063682 PMCID: PMC8124706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In colorectal cancer, mutations of the KRAS and BRAF genes are quite common and can contribute to the activation of cell signaling pathways that lead to cell proliferation and differentiation. These processes promote cancer growth, and in some cases, they may cause cells to develop resistance to certain types of treatment, notably EGFR inhibitors. We summarize recent knowledge regarding the effects of KRAS and BRAF mutations in the setting of colorectal cancer and discuss the new therapies under development. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is still one of the most frequent forms of cancer in the world in terms of incidence. Around 40% of CRC patients carry a mutation of the Kirsten rat sarcoma (KRAS) gene, while 10% have a mutation in the B-Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) gene. These mutations are responsible for dysregulation of the mitogen-associated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, leading to the proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis of cells. Activation of the MAPK pathway results in adaptive therapeutic resistance, rendering EGFR inhibitors ineffective. This review aims to highlight the recent findings that have improved our understanding of KRAS and BRAF mutations in colorectal cancer and to describe new targeted therapies, used alone or in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Bellio
- University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, Maison de l’université Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France; (H.B.); (J.D.F.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center—UNICANCER, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean David Fumet
- University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, Maison de l’université Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France; (H.B.); (J.D.F.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center—UNICANCER, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center—UNICANCER, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
- UMR INSERM 1231, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
- Genomic and Immunotherapy Medical Institute, Dijon University Hospital, 14 rue Paul Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Francois Ghiringhelli
- University of Burgundy-Franche Comté, Maison de l’université Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France; (H.B.); (J.D.F.)
- Department of Medical Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center—UNICANCER, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
- Platform of Transfer in Biological Oncology, Georges François Leclerc Cancer Center—UNICANCER, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21000 Dijon, France
- UMR INSERM 1231, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d’Arc, 21000 Dijon, France
- Genomic and Immunotherapy Medical Institute, Dijon University Hospital, 14 rue Paul Gaffarel, 21000 Dijon, France
- Correspondence:
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