1
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Gräbnitz F, Oxenius A. CD8 T-cell diversification: Asymmetric cell division and its functional implications. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250225. [PMID: 36788705 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Establishment of cellular diversity is a basic requirement for the development of multicellular organisms. Cellular diversification can be induced by asymmetric cell division (ACD), during which the emerging two daughter cells unequally inherit lineage specific cargo (including transcription factors, receptors for specific signaling inputs, metabolic platforms, and possibly different epigenetic landscapes), resulting in two daughter cells endowed with different fates. While ACD is strongly involved in lineage choices in mammalian stem cells, its role in fate diversification in lineage committed cell subsets that still exhibit plastic potential, such as T-cells, is currently investigated. In this review, we focus predominantly on the role of ACD in fate diversification of CD8 T-cells. Further, we discuss the impact of differential T-cell receptor stimulation strengths and differentiation history on ACD-mediated fate diversification and highlight a particular importance of ACD in the development of memory CD8 T-cells upon high-affinity stimulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Gräbnitz
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
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2
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Eifert T, Hsu CJ, Becker AL, Graessle S, Horne A, Bemmann F, Zhang Q, Heuser M, Vasioukhin V, Scholl S, Hochhaus A, Siegerist F, Endlich N, Bullinger L, Lane SW, Haas S, Schnoeder TM, Heidel FH. Cell fate determinant Llgl1 is required for propagation of acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2023; 37:2027-2035. [PMID: 37587260 PMCID: PMC10539176 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-023-02005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Scribble complex proteins can influence cell fate decisions and self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic cells. While specific cellular functions of Scribble complex members are conserved in mammalian hematopoiesis, they appear to be highly context dependent. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screening, we have identified Scribble complex-related liabilities in AML including LLGL1. Despite its reported suppressive function in HSC self-renewal, inactivation of LLGL1 in AML confirms its relevant role for proliferative capacity and development of AML. Its function was conserved in human and murine models of AML and across various genetic backgrounds. Inactivation of LLGL1 results in loss of stemness-associated gene-expression including HoxA-genes and induces a GMP-like phenotype in the leukemia stem cell compartment. Re-expression of HoxA9 facilitates functional and phenotypic rescue. Collectively, these data establish LLGL1 as a specific dependency and putative target in AML and emphasizes its cell-type specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Eifert
- Innere Medizin C, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Chen-Jen Hsu
- Innere Medizin C, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alicia L Becker
- Innere Medizin C, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sarah Graessle
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Faculty of Life Sciences, Unter den Linden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arik Horne
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Bemmann
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qirui Zhang
- Innere Medizin C, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Heuser
- Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany
| | - Valeri Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Florian Siegerist
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nicole Endlich
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Steven W Lane
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Haas
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 10115, Berlin, Germany
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) and DKFZ - ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tina M Schnoeder
- Innere Medizin C, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Florian H Heidel
- Innere Medizin C, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
- Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute, Jena, Germany.
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3
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Gauthier J, Grégoire M, Reizine F, Lesouhaitier M, Desvois Y, Ghukasyan G, Moreau C, Amé P, Tarte K, Tadié JM, Delaloy C. Citrulline enteral administration markedly reduces immunosuppressive extrafollicular plasma cell differentiation in a preclinical model of sepsis. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250154. [PMID: 36564641 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The sustained immunosuppression associated with severe sepsis favors an increased susceptibility to secondary infections and remains incompletely understood. Plasmablast and plasma cell subsets, whose primary function is to secrete antibodies, have emerged as important suppressive populations that expand during sepsis. In particular, sepsis supports CD39hi plasmablast metabolic reprogramming associated with adenosine-mediated suppressive activity. Arginine deficiency has been linked to an increased risk of secondary infections in sepsis. Overcoming arginine shortage by citrulline administration efficiently improves sepsis-induced immunosuppression and secondary infections in the cecal ligation and puncture murine model. Here, we aimed to determine the impact of citrulline administration on B cell suppressive responses in sepsis. We demonstrate that restoring arginine bioavailability through citrulline administration markedly reduces the dominant extrafollicular B cell response, decreasing the immunosuppressive LAG3+ and CD39+ plasma cell populations, and restoring splenic follicles. At the molecular level, the IRF4/MYC-mediated B cell reprogramming required for extrafollicular plasma cell differentiation is shunted in the splenic B cells of mice fed with citrulline. Our study reveals a prominent impact of nutrition on B cell responses and plasma cell differentiation and further supports the development of citrulline-based clinical studies to prevent sepsis-associated immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murielle Grégoire
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Florian Reizine
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Mathieu Lesouhaitier
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Yoni Desvois
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
| | | | - Caroline Moreau
- CHU Rennes, Laboratoire de Biochimie, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- Univ Rennes, INSERM, EHESP, IRSET, UMR S1085, Rennes, France
| | - Patricia Amé
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Karin Tarte
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Marc Tadié
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, SITI Laboratory, Pôle Biologie, Rennes, France
- CHU Rennes, Maladies Infectieuses et Réanimation Médicale, Rennes, France
| | - Céline Delaloy
- UMR INSERM S1236, LabEx IGO, Univ Rennes, EFS, Rennes, France
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4
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Pineau J, Moreau H, Duménil AML, Pierobon P. Polarity in immune cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:197-222. [PMID: 37100518 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells are responsible for pathogen detection and elimination, as well as for signaling to other cells the presence of potential danger. In order to mount an efficient immune response, they need to move and search for a pathogen, interact with other cells, and diversify the population by asymmetric cell division. All these actions are regulated by cell polarity: cell polarity controls cell motility, which is crucial for scanning peripheral tissues to detect pathogens, and recruiting immune cells to sites of infection; immune cells, in particular lymphocytes, communicate with each other by a direct contact called immunological synapse, which entails a global polarization of the cell and plays a role in activating lymphocyte response; finally, immune cells divide asymmetrically from a precursor, generating a diversity of phenotypes and cell types among daughter cells, such as memory and effector cells. This review aims at providing an overview from both biology and physics perspectives of how cell polarity shapes the main immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France; Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Moreau
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France
| | | | - Paolo Pierobon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, Cedex, France.
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5
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Kong IY, Trezise S, Light A, Todorovski I, Arnau GM, Gadipally S, Yoannidis D, Simpson KJ, Dong X, Whitehead L, Tempany JC, Farchione AJ, Sheikh AA, Groom JR, Rogers KL, Herold MJ, Bryant VL, Ritchie ME, Willis SN, Johnstone RW, Hodgkin PD, Nutt SL, Vervoort SJ, Hawkins ED. Epigenetic modulators of B cell fate identified through coupled phenotype-transcriptome analysis. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2519-2530. [PMID: 35831623 PMCID: PMC9751284 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput methodologies are the cornerstone of screening approaches to identify novel compounds that regulate immune cell function. To identify novel targeted therapeutics to treat immune disorders and haematological malignancies, there is a need to integrate functional cellular information with the molecular mechanisms that regulate changes in immune cell phenotype. We facilitate this goal by combining quantitative methods for dissecting complex simultaneous cell phenotypic effects with genomic analysis. This combination strategy we term Multiplexed Analysis of Cells sequencing (MAC-seq), a modified version of Digital RNA with perturbation of Genes (DRUGseq). We applied MAC-seq to screen compounds that target the epigenetic machinery of B cells and assess altered humoral immunity by measuring changes in proliferation, survival, differentiation and transcription. This approach revealed that polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) inhibitors promote antibody secreting cell (ASC) differentiation in both murine and human B cells in vitro. This is further validated using T cell-dependent immunization in mice. Functional dissection of downstream effectors of PRC2 using arrayed CRISPR screening uncovered novel regulators of B cell differentiation, including Mybl1, Myof, Gas7 and Atoh8. Together, our findings demonstrate that integrated phenotype-transcriptome analyses can be effectively combined with drug screening approaches to uncover the molecular circuitry that drives lymphocyte fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Y. Kong
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephanie Trezise
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gisela Mir Arnau
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - Sreeja Gadipally
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - David Yoannidis
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia
| | - Kaylene J. Simpson
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.1055.10000000403978434Victorian Centre for Functional Genomics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Xueyi Dong
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Jessica C. Tempany
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Anthony J. Farchione
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Amania A. Sheikh
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia
| | - Joanna R. Groom
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Kelly L. Rogers
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Marco J. Herold
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Vanessa L. Bryant
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Matthew E. Ritchie
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Simon N. Willis
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Ricky W. Johnstone
- grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Philip D. Hodgkin
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephen L. Nutt
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
| | - Stephin J. Vervoort
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia ,grid.1055.10000000403978434Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, 3000 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XSir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Edwin D. Hawkins
- grid.1042.70000 0004 0432 4889Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052 VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010 VIC Australia
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6
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Lineage tracing reveals B cell antibody class switching is stochastic, cell-autonomous, and tuneable. Immunity 2022; 55:1843-1855.e6. [PMID: 36108634 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To optimize immunity to pathogens, B lymphocytes generate plasma cells with functionally diverse antibody isotypes. By lineage tracing single cells within differentiating B cell clones, we identified the heritability of discrete fate controlling mechanisms to inform a general mathematical model of B cell fate regulation. Founder cells highly influenced clonal plasma-cell fate, whereas class switch recombination (CSR) was variegated within clones. In turn, these CSR patterns resulted from independent all-or-none expression of both activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and IgH germline transcription (GLT), with the latter being randomly re-expressed after each cell division. A stochastic model premised on these molecular transition rules accurately predicted antibody switching outcomes under varied conditions in vitro and during an immune response in vivo. Thus, the generation of functionally diverse antibody types follows rules of autonomous cellular programming that can be adapted and modeled for the rational control of antibody classes for potential therapeutic benefit.
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7
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Chan WF, Coughlan HD, Zhou JHS, Keenan CR, Bediaga NG, Hodgkin PD, Smyth GK, Johanson TM, Allan RS. Pre-mitotic genome re-organisation bookends the B cell differentiation process. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1344. [PMID: 33637722 PMCID: PMC7910489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During cellular differentiation chromosome conformation is intricately remodelled to support the lineage-specific transcriptional programs required for initiating and maintaining lineage identity. When these changes occur in relation to cell cycle, division and time in response to cellular activation and differentiation signals has yet to be explored, although it has been proposed to occur during DNA synthesis or after mitosis. Here, we elucidate the chromosome conformational changes in B lymphocytes as they differentiate and expand from a naive, quiescent state into antibody secreting plasma cells. We find gene-regulatory chromosome reorganization in late G1 phase before the first division, and that this configuration is remarkably stable as the cells massively and rapidly clonally expand. A second wave of conformational change occurs as cells terminally differentiate into plasma cells, coincident with increased time in G1 phase. These results provide further explanation for how lymphocyte fate is imprinted prior to the first division. They also suggest that chromosome reconfiguration occurs prior to DNA replication and mitosis, and is linked to a gene expression program that controls the differentiation process required for the generation of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Fuk Chan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah D Coughlan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jie H S Zhou
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Christine R Keenan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Naiara G Bediaga
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Timothy M Johanson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rhys S Allan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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8
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Kong IY, Rimes JS, Light A, Todorovski I, Jones S, Morand E, Knight DA, Bergman YE, Hogg SJ, Falk H, Monahan BJ, Stupple PA, Street IP, Heinzel S, Bouillet P, Johnstone RW, Hodgkin PD, Vervoort SJ, Hawkins ED. Temporal Analysis of Brd4 Displacement in the Control of B Cell Survival, Proliferation, and Differentiation. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108290. [PMID: 33086063 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
JQ1 is a BET-bromodomain inhibitor that has immunomodulatory effects. However, the precise molecular mechanism that JQ1 targets to elicit changes in antibody production is not understood. Our results show that JQ1 induces apoptosis, reduces cell proliferation, and as a consequence, inhibits antibody-secreting cell differentiation. ChIP-sequencing reveals a selective displacement of Brd4 in response to acute JQ1 treatment (<2 h), resulting in specific transcriptional repression. After 8 h, subsequent alterations in gene expression arise as a result of the global loss of Brd4 occupancy. We demonstrate that apoptosis induced by JQ1 is solely attributed to the pro-apoptotic protein Bim (Bcl2l11). Conversely, cell-cycle regulation by JQ1 is associated with multiple Myc-associated gene targets. Our results demonstrate that JQ1 drives temporal changes in Brd4 displacement that results in a specific transcriptional profile that directly affects B cell survival and proliferation to modulate the humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Y Kong
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joel S Rimes
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Amanda Light
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Izabela Todorovski
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah Jones
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Eric Morand
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Deborah A Knight
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ylva E Bergman
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Simon J Hogg
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hendrik Falk
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Brendon J Monahan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul A Stupple
- Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ian P Street
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Cancer Therapeutics CRC (CTx), Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Philippe Bouillet
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ricky W Johnstone
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stephin J Vervoort
- Cancer Therapeutics and Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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9
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The Scribble Complex PDZ Proteins in Immune Cell Polarities. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:5649790. [PMID: 32411799 PMCID: PMC7210543 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5649790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
hScrib and hDlg belong to the PDZ family of proteins. Since the identification of these highly phylogenetically conserved scaffolds, an increasing amount of experiments has elucidated the roles of hScrib and hDlg in a variety of cell functions. Remarkably, their participation during the establishment of polarity in epithelial cells is well documented. Although the role of both proteins in the immune system is scantly known, it has become a growing field of investigation. Here, we summarize the interactions and functions of hScrib and hDlg1, which participate in diverse functions involving cell polarization in immune cells, and discuss their relevance in the immune cell biology. The fundamental role of hScrib and hDlg1 during the establishment of the immunological synapse, hence T cell activation, and the recently described role of hScrib in reactive oxygen species production in macrophages and of hDlg1 in cytokine production by dendritic cells highlight the importance of both proteins in immune cell biology. The expression of these proteins in other leukocytes can be anticipated and needs to be confirmed. Due to their multiple interaction domains, there is a wide range of possible interactions of hScrib and hDlg1 that remains to be explored in the immune system.
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10
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Dong X, Li X, Liu C, Xu K, Shi Y, Liu W. Discs large homolog 1 regulates B-cell proliferation and antibody production. Int Immunol 2020; 31:759-770. [PMID: 31169885 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody production results from B-cell activation and proliferation upon antigen binding. Discs large homolog 1 (Dlg1), a scaffold protein from the membrane-associated guanylate kinase family, has been shown to regulate the antigen receptor signaling and cell polarity in lymphocytes; however, the physiological function of Dlg1 in humoral responses is not completely clear. Here, we addressed this question using a conditional knockout (KO) mouse model with Dlg1 deficiency in different B-cell subsets by crossing dlg1fl/fl mice with either mb1cre/+ or aicdacre/+ mice, respectively. In both mouse models, we observed that Dlg1 deficiency in B cells (Dlg1-KO B cells) led to obvious hyper-antibody responses upon immunization, the effect of which was more obvious in antigen-recall responses. Mechanistically, we found that Dlg1-KO B cells exhibited hyper-proliferation compared with wild-type B cells upon antigen stimulation, suggesting that the hyper-antibody responses are likely induced by the hyper-proliferation of Dlg1-KO B cells. Indeed, further studies demonstrated that Dlg1 deficiency in B cells led to the down-regulation of a tumor suppressor, FoxO1. Thus, all these results reveal an unexpected function of Dlg1 in restraining hyper-antibody responses through the inhibition of FoxO1 and thus antigen-binding-induced proliferation in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Dong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ce Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Center for Life Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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11
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Haberman AM, Gonzalez DG, Wong P, Zhang TT, Kerfoot SM. Germinal center B cell initiation, GC maturation, and the coevolution of its stromal cell niches. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:10-27. [PMID: 30874342 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the developing GC response, B cell survival and fate choices made at the single cell level are dependent on signals received largely through interactions with other cells, often with cognate T cells. The type of signals that a given B cell can encounter is dictated by its location within tissue microarchitecture. The focus of this review is on the initiation and evolution of the GC response at the earliest time points. Here, we review the key factors influencing the progression of GC B cell differentiation that are both stage and context dependent. Finally, we describe the coevolution of niches within and surrounding the GC that influence the outcome of the GC response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Haberman
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - David G Gonzalez
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Patrick Wong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Steven M Kerfoot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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12
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Gu Y, Zhang AC, Han Y, Li J, Chen C, Lo YH. Machine Learning Based Real-Time Image-Guided Cell Sorting and Classification. Cytometry A 2019; 95:499-509. [PMID: 30958640 PMCID: PMC6520141 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell classification based on phenotypical, spatial, and genetic information greatly advances our understanding of the physiology and pathology of biological systems. Technologies derived from next generation sequencing and fluorescent activated cell sorting are cornerstones for cell- and genomic-based assays supporting cell classification and mapping. However, there exists a deficiency in technology space to rapidly isolate cells based on high content image information. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting can only resolve cell-to-cell variation in fluorescence and optical scattering. Utilizing microfluidics, photonics, computation microscopy, real-time image processing and machine learning, we demonstrate an image-guided cell sorting and classification system possessing the high throughput of flow cytometer and high information content of microscopy. We demonstrate the utility of this technology in cell sorting based on (1) nuclear localization of glucocorticoid receptors, (2) particle binding to the cell membrane, and (3) DNA damage induced γ-H2AX foci. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0407, USA
| | - Alex Ce Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0407, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0407, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, D429 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street S.E., MMC 96MN 55455, USA
| | - Clark Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, D429 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street S.E., MMC 96MN 55455, USA
| | - Yu-Hwa Lo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0407, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed.
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13
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Carlson P, Dasgupta A, Grzelak CA, Kim J, Barrett A, Coleman IM, Shor RE, Goddard ET, Dai J, Schweitzer EM, Lim AR, Crist SB, Cheresh DA, Nelson PS, Hansen KC, Ghajar CM. Targeting the perivascular niche sensitizes disseminated tumour cells to chemotherapy. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:238-250. [PMID: 30664790 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0267-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) in bone marrow is predictive of poor metastasis-free survival of patients with breast cancer with localized disease. DTCs persist in distant tissues despite systemic administration of adjuvant chemotherapy. Many assume that this is because the majority of DTCs are quiescent. Here, we challenge this notion and provide evidence that the microenvironment of DTCs protects them from chemotherapy, independent of cell cycle status. We show that chemoresistant DTCs occupy the perivascular niche (PVN) of distant tissues, where they are protected from therapy by vascular endothelium. Inhibiting integrin-mediated interactions between DTCs and the PVN, driven partly by endothelial-derived von Willebrand factor and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, sensitizes DTCs to chemotherapy. Importantly, chemosensitization is achieved without inducing DTC proliferation or exacerbating chemotherapy-associated toxicities, and ultimately results in prevention of bone metastasis. This suggests that prefacing adjuvant therapy with integrin inhibitors is a viable clinical strategy to eradicate DTCs and prevent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Carlson
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Arko Dasgupta
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Candice A Grzelak
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeanna Kim
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexander Barrett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ilsa M Coleman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ryann E Shor
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erica T Goddard
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jinxiang Dai
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emma M Schweitzer
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea R Lim
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah B Crist
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David A Cheresh
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cyrus M Ghajar
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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14
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Heidel FH, Ellis S. Influence of Scribble polarity complex on hematopoiesis and leukemia - a matter of where, when and how. Oncotarget 2018; 9:34642-34643. [PMID: 30410664 PMCID: PMC6205173 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Florian H. Heidel
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, Jena, Germany; Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Dash BP, Schnöder TM, Kathner C, Mohr J, Weinert S, Herzog C, Godavarthy PS, Zanetti C, Perner F, Braun-Dullaeus R, Hartleben B, Huber TB, Walz G, Naumann M, Ellis S, Vasioukhin V, Kähne T, Krause DS, Heidel FH. Diverging impact of cell fate determinants Scrib and Llgl1 on adhesion and migration of hematopoietic stem cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2018; 144:1933-1944. [PMID: 30083817 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-018-2724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cell fate determinants Scrib and Llgl1 influence self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Scrib-deficient HSCs are functionally impaired and lack sufficient repopulation capacity during serial transplantation and stress. In contrast, loss of Llgl1 leads to increased HSC fitness, gain of self-renewal capacity and expansion of the stem cell pool. Here, we sought to assess for shared and unique molecular functions of Llgl1 and Scrib by analyzing their interactome in hematopoietic cells. METHODS Interactome analysis was performed by affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry. Motility, migration and adhesion were assessed on primary murine HSCs, which were isolated by FACS sorting following conditional deletion of Scrib or Llgl1, respectively. Imaging of Scrib-deficient HSCs was performed by intravital 2-photon microscopy. RESULTS Comparison of Scrib and Llgl1 interactome analyses revealed involvement in common and unique cellular functions. Migration and adhesion were among the cellular functions connected to Scrib but not to Llgl1. Functional validation of these findings confirmed alterations in cell adhesion and migration of Scrib-deficient HSCs in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, genetic inactivation of Llgl1 did not affect adhesion or migratory capacity of hematopoietic stem cells. CONCLUSION Our data provide first evidence for an evolutionarily conserved role of the cell fate determinant Scrib in HSC adhesion and migration in vitro and in vivo, a unique function that is not shared with its putative complex partner Llgl1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banaja P Dash
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Tina M Schnöder
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Kathner
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Mohr
- Institute for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Weinert
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Herzog
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Costanza Zanetti
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian Perner
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Braun-Dullaeus
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Björn Hartleben
- Institute of Pathology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias B Huber
- III Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Department of Medicine IV, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Ellis
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Valera Vasioukhin
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thilo Kähne
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University Medical Center, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Daniela S Krause
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Florian H Heidel
- Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany. .,Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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16
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Cobbold SP, Adams E, Howie D, Waldmann H. CD4 + T Cell Fate Decisions Are Stochastic, Precede Cell Division, Depend on GITR Co-Stimulation, and Are Associated With Uropodium Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1381. [PMID: 29967616 PMCID: PMC6015874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During an immune response, naïve CD4+ T cells proliferate and generate a range of effector, memory, and regulatory T cell subsets, but how these processes are co-ordinated remains unclear. A traditional model suggests that memory cells use mitochondrial respiration and are survivors from a pool of previously proliferating and glycolytic, but short-lived effector cells. A more recent model proposes a binary commitment to either a memory or effector cell lineage during a first, asymmetric cell division, with each lineage able to undergo subsequent proliferation and differentiation. We used improved fixation and staining methods with imaging flow cytometry in an optimized in vitro system that indicates a third model. We found that cell fates result from stochastic decisions that depend on GITR co-stimulation and which take place before any cell division. Effector cell commitment is associated with mTORC2 signaling leading to uropodium development, while developing memory cells lose mitochondria, have a nuclear localization of NFκB and depend on TGFβ for their survival. Induced, T helper subsets and foxp3+ regulatory T cells were found in both the effector and memory cell lineages. This in vitro model of T cell differentiation is well suited to testing how manipulation of cytokine, nutrient, and other components of the microenvironment might be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Cobbold
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Adams
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Howie
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Herman Waldmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Horton MB, Prevedello G, Marchingo JM, Zhou JHS, Duffy KR, Heinzel S, Hodgkin PD. Multiplexed Division Tracking Dyes for Proliferation-Based Clonal Lineage Tracing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:1097-1103. [PMID: 29914887 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The generation of cellular heterogeneity is an essential feature of immune responses. Understanding the heritability and asymmetry of phenotypic changes throughout this process requires determination of clonal-level contributions to fate selection. Evaluating intraclonal and interclonal heterogeneity and the influence of distinct fate determinants in large numbers of cell lineages, however, is usually laborious, requiring familial tracing and fate mapping. In this study, we introduce a novel, accessible, high-throughput method for measuring familial fate changes with accompanying statistical tools for testing hypotheses. The method combines multiplexing of division tracking dyes with detection of phenotypic markers to reveal clonal lineage properties. We illustrate the method by studying in vitro-activated mouse CD8+ T cell cultures, reporting division and phenotypic changes at the level of families. This approach has broad utility as it is flexible and adaptable to many cell types and to modifications of in vitro, and potentially in vivo, fate monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles B Horton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Giulio Prevedello
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Julia M Marchingo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Jie H S Zhou
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Susanne Heinzel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia; .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia; and
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18
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Acetylation of the Cd8 Locus by KAT6A Determines Memory T Cell Diversity. Cell Rep 2018; 16:3311-3321. [PMID: 27653692 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How functionally diverse populations of pathogen-specific killer T cells are generated during an immune response remains unclear. Here, we propose that fine-tuning of CD8αβ co-receptor levels via histone acetylation plays a role in lineage fate. We show that lysine acetyltransferase 6A (KAT6A) is responsible for maintaining permissive Cd8 gene transcription and enabling robust effector responses during infection. KAT6A-deficient CD8(+) T cells downregulated surface CD8 co-receptor expression during clonal expansion, a finding linked to reduced Cd8α transcripts and histone-H3 lysine 9 acetylation of the Cd8 locus. Loss of CD8 expression in KAT6A-deficient T cells correlated with reduced TCR signaling intensity and accelerated contraction of the effector-like memory compartment, whereas the long-lived memory compartment appeared unaffected, a result phenocopied by the removal of the Cd8 E8I enhancer element. These findings suggest a direct role of CD8αβ co-receptor expression and histone acetylation in shaping functional diversity within the cytotoxic T cell pool.
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19
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Heinzel S, Marchingo JM, Horton MB, Hodgkin PD. The regulation of lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 51:32-38. [PMID: 29414529 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation induced proliferation and clonal expansion of antigen specific lymphocytes is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response to pathogens. Recent studies identify two distinct control phases. In the first T and B lymphocytes integrate antigen and additional costimuli to motivate a programmed proliferative burst that ceases with a return to cell quiescence and eventual death. This proliferative burst is autonomously timed, ensuring an appropriate response magnitude whilst preventing uncontrolled expansion. This initial response is subject to further modification and extension by a range of signals that modify, expand and direct the emergence of a rich array of new cell types. Thus, both robust clonal expansion of a small number of antigen specific T cells, and the concurrent emergence of extensive cellular diversity, confers immunity to a vast array of different pathogens. The in vivo response to a given pathogen is made up by the sum of all responding clones and is reproducible and pathogen specific. Thus, a precise description of the regulatory principles governing lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation and survival is essential to a unified understanding of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Heinzel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Julia M Marchingo
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Miles B Horton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip D Hodgkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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20
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The cell fate determinant Scribble is required for maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell function. Leukemia 2018; 32:1211-1221. [PMID: 29467485 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-018-0025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell fate determinants influence self-renewal potential of hematopoietic stem cells. Scribble and Llgl1 belong to the Scribble polarity complex and reveal tumor-suppressor function in drosophila. In hematopoietic cells, genetic inactivation of Llgl1 leads to expansion of the stem cell pool and increases self-renewal capacity without conferring malignant transformation. Here we show that genetic inactivation of its putative complex partner Scribble results in functional impairment of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) over serial transplantation and during stress. Although loss of Scribble deregulates transcriptional downstream effectors involved in stem cell proliferation, cell signaling, and cell motility, these effectors do not overlap with transcriptional targets of Llgl1. Binding partner analysis of Scribble in hematopoietic cells using affinity purification followed by mass spectometry confirms its role in cell signaling and motility but not for binding to polarity modules described in drosophila. Finally, requirement of Scribble for self-renewal capacity also affects leukemia stem cell function. Thus, Scribble is a regulator of adult HSCs, essential for maintenance of HSCs during phases of cell stress.
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21
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Boothby M, Rickert RC. Metabolic Regulation of the Immune Humoral Response. Immunity 2017; 46:743-755. [PMID: 28514675 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Productive humoral responses require that naive B cells and their differentiated progeny move among distinct micro-environments. In this review, we discuss how studies are beginning to address the nature of these niches as well as the interplay between cellular signaling, metabolic programming, and adaptation to the locale. Recent work adds evidence to the expectation that B cells at distinct stages of development or functional subsets are influenced by the altered profiles of nutrients and metabolic by-products that distinguish these sites. Moreover, emerging findings reveal a cross-talk among the external milieu, signal transduction pathways, and transcription factors that direct B cell fate in the periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Robert C Rickert
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute (SBP), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; NCI-designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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22
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Lymphocyte Fate and Metabolism: A Clonal Balancing Act. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:946-954. [PMID: 28818395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Activated lymphocytes perform a clonal balancing act, yielding a daughter cell that differentiates owing to intense PI3K signaling, alongside a self-renewing sibling cell with blunted anabolic signaling. Divergent cellular anabolism versus catabolism is emerging as a feature of several developmental and regenerative paradigms. Metabolism can dictate cell fate, in part, because lineage-specific regulators are embedded in the circuitry of conserved metabolic switches. Unequal transmission of PI3K signaling during regenerative divisions is reminiscent of compartmentalized PI3K activity during directed motility or polarized information flow in non-dividing cells. The diverse roles of PI3K pathways in membrane traffic, cell polarity, metabolism, and gene expression may have converged to instruct sibling cell feast and famine, thereby enabling clonal differentiation alongside self-renewal.
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23
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Tyler DS, Vappiani J, Cañeque T, Lam EYN, Ward A, Gilan O, Chan YC, Hienzsch A, Rutkowska A, Werner T, Wagner AJ, Lugo D, Gregory R, Ramirez Molina C, Garton N, Wellaway CR, Jackson S, MacPherson L, Figueiredo M, Stolzenburg S, Bell CC, House C, Dawson SJ, Hawkins ED, Drewes G, Prinjha RK, Rodriguez R, Grandi P, Dawson MA. Click chemistry enables preclinical evaluation of targeted epigenetic therapies. Science 2017; 356:1397-1401. [PMID: 28619718 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The success of new therapies hinges on our ability to understand their molecular and cellular mechanisms of action. We modified BET bromodomain inhibitors, an epigenetic-based therapy, to create functionally conserved compounds that are amenable to click chemistry and can be used as molecular probes in vitro and in vivo. We used click proteomics and click sequencing to explore the gene regulatory function of BRD4 (bromodomain containing protein 4) and the transcriptional changes induced by BET inhibitors. In our studies of mouse models of acute leukemia, we used high-resolution microscopy and flow cytometry to highlight the heterogeneity of drug activity within tumor cells located in different tissue compartments. We also demonstrate the differential distribution and effects of BET inhibitors in normal and malignant cells in vivo. This study provides a potential framework for the preclinical assessment of a wide range of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean S Tyler
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Johanna Vappiani
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Cañeque
- Chemical Cell Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,CNRS UMR3666, 75005 Paris, France.,INSERM U1143, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Enid Y N Lam
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aoife Ward
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Omer Gilan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yih-Chih Chan
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antje Hienzsch
- Chemical Cell Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,CNRS UMR3666, 75005 Paris, France.,INSERM U1143, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anna Rutkowska
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thilo Werner
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne J Wagner
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dave Lugo
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Richard Gregory
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Cesar Ramirez Molina
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Neil Garton
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Christopher R Wellaway
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Susan Jackson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura MacPherson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margarida Figueiredo
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sabine Stolzenburg
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles C Bell
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin House
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah-Jane Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerard Drewes
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Epigenetics Discovery Performance Unit, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Chemical Cell Biology Group, Institut Curie, Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, 26 Rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France.,CNRS UMR3666, 75005 Paris, France.,INSERM U1143, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paola Grandi
- Cellzome GmbH, GlaxoSmithKline, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mark A Dawson
- Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Abstract
Asymmetric cell division (ACD) controls cell fate decisions in model organisms such as Drosophila and C. elegans and has recently emerged as a mediator of T cell fate and hematopoiesis. The most appropriate methods for assessing ACD in T cells are still evolving. Here we describe the methods currently applied to monitor and measure ACD of developing and activated T cells. We provide an overview of approaches for capturing cells in the process of cytokinesis in vivo, ex vivo, or during in vitro culture. We provide methods for in vitro fixed immunofluorescent staining and for time-lapse analysis. We provide an overview of the different approaches for quantification of ACD of lymphocytes, discuss the pitfalls and concerns in interpretation of these analyses, and provide detailed methods for the quantification of ACD in our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirren Charnley
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Centre for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail No H74, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Biointerface Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Centre for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Mail No H74, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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25
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An open-source solution for advanced imaging flow cytometry data analysis using machine learning. Methods 2016; 112:201-210. [PMID: 27594698 PMCID: PMC5231320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging flow cytometry (IFC) enables the high throughput collection of morphological and spatial information from hundreds of thousands of single cells. This high content, information rich image data can in theory resolve important biological differences among complex, often heterogeneous biological samples. However, data analysis is often performed in a highly manual and subjective manner using very limited image analysis techniques in combination with conventional flow cytometry gating strategies. This approach is not scalable to the hundreds of available image-based features per cell and thus makes use of only a fraction of the spatial and morphometric information. As a result, the quality, reproducibility and rigour of results are limited by the skill, experience and ingenuity of the data analyst. Here, we describe a pipeline using open-source software that leverages the rich information in digital imagery using machine learning algorithms. Compensated and corrected raw image files (.rif) data files from an imaging flow cytometer (the proprietary .cif file format) are imported into the open-source software CellProfiler, where an image processing pipeline identifies cells and subcellular compartments allowing hundreds of morphological features to be measured. This high-dimensional data can then be analysed using cutting-edge machine learning and clustering approaches using "user-friendly" platforms such as CellProfiler Analyst. Researchers can train an automated cell classifier to recognize different cell types, cell cycle phases, drug treatment/control conditions, etc., using supervised machine learning. This workflow should enable the scientific community to leverage the full analytical power of IFC-derived data sets. It will help to reveal otherwise unappreciated populations of cells based on features that may be hidden to the human eye that include subtle measured differences in label free detection channels such as bright-field and dark-field imagery.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Veit R. Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
| | - Ton N.M. Schumacher
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (NKI), 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München (TUM), 81675 München, Germany; ,
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27
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Moens L, Kane A, Tangye SG. Naïve and memory B cells exhibit distinct biochemical responses following BCR engagement. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:774-86. [PMID: 27101923 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is characterized by the rapid reactivation of memory B cells that produce large quantities of high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies. This contrasts the response of naïve B cells, and the primary immune response, which is much slower and of lower affinity. Memory responses are critical for protection against infectious diseases and form the basis of most currently available vaccines. Although we have known about the phenomenon of long-lived memory for centuries, the biochemical differences underlying these diverse responses of naïve and memory B cells is incompletely resolved. Here we investigated the nature of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in human splenic naïve, IgM(+) memory and isotype-switched memory B cells following multivalent BCR crosslinking. We observed comparable rapid and transient phosphorylation kinetics for proximal (phosphotyrosine and spleen tyrosine kinase) and propagation (B-cell linker, phospholipase Cγ2) signaling components in these different B-cell subsets. However, the magnitude of activation of downstream components of the BCR signaling pathway were greater in memory compared with naïve cells. Although no differences were observed in the magnitude of Ca(2+) mobilization between subsets, IgM(+) memory B cells exhibited a more rapid Ca(2+) mobilization and a greater depletion of the Ca(2+) endoplasmic reticulum stores, while IgG(+) memory B cells had a prolonged Ca(2+) uptake. Collectively, our findings show that intrinsic signaling features of B-cell subsets contribute to the robust response of human memory B cells over naïve B cells. This has implications for our understanding of memory B-cell responses and provides a framework to modulate these responses in the setting of vaccination and immunopathologies, such as immunodeficiency and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Moens
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alisa Kane
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Polarity and asymmetric cell division in the control of lymphocyte fate decisions and function. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:143-9. [PMID: 26945468 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is important in several lymphocyte processes including lymphocyte migration, formation of the immunological synapse, and asymmetric cell division (ACD). While lymphocyte migration and immunological synapse formation are relatively well understood, the role of lymphocyte ACD is less clear. Recent advances in measuring polarity enable more robust analyses of asymmetric cell division. Use of these new methods has produced crucial quantification of ACD at precise phases of lymphocyte development and activation. These developments are leading to a better understanding of the drivers of fate choice during lymphocyte activation and provide a context within which to explain the effects of ACD.
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29
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Filby A, Day W, Purewal S, Martinez-Martin N. The Analysis of Cell Cycle, Proliferation, and Asymmetric Cell Division by Imaging Flow Cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1389:71-95. [PMID: 27460238 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3302-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Measuring cellular DNA content by conventional flow cytometry (CFC) and fluorescent DNA-binding dyes is a highly robust method for analysing cell cycle distributions within heterogeneous populations. However, any conclusions drawn from single-parameter DNA analysis alone can often be confounded by the asynchronous nature of cell proliferation. We have shown that by combining fluorescent DNA stains with proliferation tracking dyes and antigenic staining for mitotic cells one can elucidate the division history and cell cycle position of any cell within an asynchronously dividing population. Furthermore if one applies this panel to an imaging flow cytometry (IFC) system then the spatial information allows resolution of the four main mitotic phases and the ability to study molecular distributions within these populations. We have employed such an approach to study the prevalence of asymmetric cell division (ACD) within activated immune cells by measuring the distribution of key fate determining molecules across the plane of cytokinesis in a high-throughput, objective, and internally controlled manner. Moreover the ability to perform high-resolution, temporal dissection of the cell division process lends itself perfectly to investigating the influence chemotherapeutic agents exert on the proliferative capacity of transformed cell lines. Here we describe the method in detail and its application to both ACD and general cell cycle analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filby
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle Biomedicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - William Day
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Sir Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, UK
| | - Sukhveer Purewal
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Sir Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, UK
| | - Nuria Martinez-Martin
- Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, London Research Institute, Sir Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
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30
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Pham K, Shimoni R, Charnley M, Ludford-Menting MJ, Hawkins ED, Ramsbottom K, Oliaro J, Izon D, Ting SB, Reynolds J, Lythe G, Molina-Paris C, Melichar H, Robey E, Humbert PO, Gu M, Russell SM. Asymmetric cell division during T cell development controls downstream fate. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:933-50. [PMID: 26370500 PMCID: PMC4576854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201502053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell precursors undergo asymmetric cell division after T cell receptor genomic recombination, with stromal cell cues controlling the differential inheritance of fate determinants Numb and α-Adaptin by the daughters of a dividing DN3a T cell precursor. During mammalian T cell development, the requirement for expansion of many individual T cell clones, rather than merely expansion of the entire T cell population, suggests a possible role for asymmetric cell division (ACD). We show that ACD of developing T cells controls cell fate through differential inheritance of cell fate determinants Numb and α-Adaptin. ACD occurs specifically during the β-selection stage of T cell development, and subsequent divisions are predominantly symmetric. ACD is controlled by interaction with stromal cells and chemokine receptor signaling and uses a conserved network of polarity regulators. The disruption of polarity by deletion of the polarity regulator, Scribble, or the altered inheritance of fate determinants impacts subsequent fate decisions to influence the numbers of DN4 cells arising after the β-selection checkpoint. These findings indicate that ACD enables the thymic microenvironment to orchestrate fate decisions related to differentiation and self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Pham
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Raz Shimoni
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Mirren Charnley
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia Industrial Research Institute Swinburne, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Mandy J Ludford-Menting
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Kelly Ramsbottom
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - David Izon
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Stephen B Ting
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Joseph Reynolds
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Grant Lythe
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Carmen Molina-Paris
- Department of Applied Mathematics, School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, UK
| | - Heather Melichar
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ellen Robey
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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31
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Abstract
The ability to dictate cell fate decisions is critical during animal development. Moreover, faithful execution of this process ensures proper tissue homeostasis throughout adulthood, whereas defects in the molecular machinery involved may contribute to disease. Evolutionarily conserved protein complexes control cell fate decisions across diverse tissues. Maintaining proper daughter cell inheritance patterns of these determinants during mitosis is therefore a fundamental step of the cell fate decision-making process. In this review, we will discuss two key aspects of this fate determinant segregation activity, cortical cell polarity and mitotic spindle orientation, and how they operate together to produce oriented cell divisions that ultimately influence daughter cell fate. Our focus will be directed at the principal underlying molecular mechanisms and the specific cell fate decisions they have been shown to control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher A. Johnston
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-505-277-1567; Fax: +1-505-277-0304
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32
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Asymmetric PI3K Signaling Driving Developmental and Regenerative Cell Fate Bifurcation. Cell Rep 2015; 13:2203-18. [PMID: 26628372 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan sibling cells often diverge in activity and identity, suggesting links between growth signals and cell fate. We show that unequal transduction of nutrient-sensitive PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling during cell division bifurcates transcriptional networks and fates of kindred cells. A sibling B lymphocyte with stronger signaling, indexed by FoxO1 inactivation and IRF4 induction, undergoes PI3K-driven Pax5 repression and plasma cell determination, while its sibling with weaker PI3K activity renews a memory or germinal center B cell fate. PI3K-driven effector T cell determination silences TCF1 in one sibling cell, while its PI3K-attenuated sibling self-renews in tandem. Prior to bifurcations achieving irreversible plasma or effector cell fate determination, asymmetric signaling during initial divisions specifies a more proliferative, differentiation-prone lymphocyte in tandem with a more quiescent memory cell sibling. By triggering cell division but transmitting unequal intensity between sibling cells, nutrient-sensitive signaling may be a frequent arbiter of cell fate bifurcations during development and repair.
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33
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Arsenio J, Metz PJ, Chang JT. Asymmetric Cell Division in T Lymphocyte Fate Diversification. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:670-683. [PMID: 26474675 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunological protection against microbial pathogens is dependent on robust generation of functionally diverse T lymphocyte subsets. Upon microbial infection, naïve CD4(+) or CD8(+) T lymphocytes can give rise to effector- and memory-fated progeny that together mediate a potent immune response. Recent advances in single-cell immunological and genomic profiling technologies have helped elucidate early and late diversification mechanisms that enable the generation of heterogeneity from single T lymphocytes. We discuss these findings here and argue that one such mechanism, asymmetric cell division, creates an early divergence in T lymphocyte fates by giving rise to daughter cells with a propensity towards the terminally differentiated effector or self-renewing memory lineages, with cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic cues from the microenvironment driving the final maturation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janilyn Arsenio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrick J Metz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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34
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Ramsbottom KM, Sacirbegovic F, Hawkins ED, Kallies A, Belz GT, Van Ham V, Haynes NM, Durrant MJ, Humbert PO, Russell SM, Oliaro J. Lethal giant larvae-1 deficiency enhances the CD8(+) effector T-cell response to antigen challenge in vivo. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:306-11. [PMID: 26391810 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lethal giant larvae-1 (Lgl-1) is an evolutionary conserved protein that regulates cell polarity in diverse lineages; however, the role of Lgl-1 in the polarity and function of immune cells remains to be elucidated. To assess the role of Lgl-1 in T cells, we generated chimeric mice with a hematopoietic system deficient for Lgl-1. Lgl-1 deficiency did not impair the activation or function of peripheral CD8(+) T cells in response to antigen presentation in vitro, but did skew effector and memory T-cell differentiation. When challenged with antigen-expressing virus or tumor, Lgl-1-deficient mice displayed altered T-cell responses. This manifested in a stronger antiviral and antitumor effector CD8(+) T-cell response, the latter resulting in enhanced control of MC38-OVA tumors. These results reveal a novel role for Lgl-1 in the regulation of virus-specific T-cell responses and antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Ramsbottom
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Faruk Sacirbegovic
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwin D Hawkins
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Lo Celso Laboratory, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London, UK
| | - Axel Kallies
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabrielle T Belz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa Van Ham
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole M Haynes
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Durrant
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah M Russell
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Micro-photonics, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Boularan C, Hwang IY, Kamenyeva O, Park C, Harrison K, Huang Z, Kehrl JH. B Lymphocyte-Specific Loss of Ric-8A Results in a Gα Protein Deficit and Severe Humoral Immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2090-102. [PMID: 26232433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to inhibitors of cholinesterase 8A (Ric-8A) is a highly evolutionarily conserved cytosolic protein initially identified in Caenorhabditis elegans, where it was assigned a regulatory role in asymmetric cell divisions. It functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Gαi, Gαq, and Gα12/13 and as a molecular chaperone required for the initial association of nascent Gα subunits with cellular membranes in embryonic stem cell lines. To test its role in hematopoiesis and B lymphocytes specifically, we generated ric8 (fl/fl) vav1-cre and ric8 (fl/fl) mb1-cre mice. The major hematopoietic cell lineages developed in the ric8 (fl/fl) vav1-cre mice, notwithstanding severe reduction in Gαi2/3, Gαq, and Gα13 proteins. B lymphocyte-specific loss of Ric-8A did not compromise bone marrow B lymphopoiesis, but splenic marginal zone B cell development failed, and B cells underpopulated lymphoid organs. The ric8 (fl/fl) mb1-cre B cells exhibited poor responses to chemokines, abnormal trafficking, improper in situ positioning, and loss of polarity components during B cell differentiation. The ric8 (fl/fl) mb1-cre mice had a severely disrupted lymphoid architecture and poor primary and secondary Ab responses. In B lymphocytes, Ric-8A is essential for normal Gα protein levels and is required for B cell differentiation, trafficking, and Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Boularan
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Il-Young Hwang
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chung Park
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kathleen Harrison
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706; and Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - John H Kehrl
- B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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36
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Patterson JO, Swaffer M, Filby A. An Imaging Flow Cytometry-based approach to analyse the fission yeast cell cycle in fixed cells. Methods 2015; 82:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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37
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Chen X, Li G, Wan Z, Liu C, Zeng Y, Liu W. How B cells remember? A sophisticated cytoplasmic tail of mIgG is pivotal for the enhanced transmembrane signaling of IgG-switched memory B cells. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 118:89-94. [PMID: 26004919 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibody memory is critical for protection against many human infectious diseases and is the basis for nearly all current human vaccines. Isotype switched immunoglobulin (Ig) G-expressing memory B cells are considered as one of the fundaments for the rapid, high affinity and high-titered memory antibody response. The detailed molecular mechanism of the enhanced activation of IgG-switched memory B cells upon BCR engagement with antigens has been an elusive question in immunology. In this review, we tried to discuss all the exciting new advances revealing the molecular mechanisms of the transmembrane signaling through mIgG cytoplasmic tail in IgG-switched memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases, HangZhou, China
| | - Gen Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhengpeng Wan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ce Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yingyue Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wanli Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Infectious Diseases, HangZhou, China.
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38
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Scribble acts as an oncogene in Eμ-myc-driven lymphoma. Oncogene 2015; 35:1193-7. [PMID: 25982280 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Scribble complex proteins maintain apicobasal polarity, regulate cell fate determination and function as tumour suppressors in epithelial tissue. Despite evidence that the function of Scribble is maintained in the lymphocyte lineage, we still understand little about its role as a tumour suppressor in haematological malignancies. Using the Eμ-myc model of Burkitt's lymphoma we investigated the role of Scribble in lymphomagenesis. We found that contrary to its well-documented tumour suppressor role in epithelial tissue, loss of Scribble expression delayed the expansion of peripheral B cells and delayed the onset of Eμ-myc-driven lymphoma. This was despite upregulated ERK phosphorylation levels in Scribble-deficient tumours, which are associated with loss of Scribble expression and the development of more aggressive Burkitt's lymphoma. Interestingly, the developmental stage of lymphoma was unaffected by Scribble expression challenging any role for Scribble in fate determination in the haematopoetic lineage. These data provide evidence for oncogenic properties of Scribble in Myc-driven B-cell lymphomagenesis, reinforcing recent findings that overexpression of a mutant form of Scribble can act as an oncogene in epithelial cells. Our results support the growing appreciation that the tumour regulatory functions of Scribble, and other polarity protein family members, are context dependent.
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An imaging flow cytometry-based approach to measuring the spatiotemporal calcium mobilisation in activated T cells. J Immunol Methods 2015; 423:120-30. [PMID: 25967946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca(2+)) are a ubiquitous transducer of cellular signals controlling key processes such as proliferation, differentiation, secretion and metabolism. In the context of T cells, stimulation through the T cell receptor has been shown to induce the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores. This sudden elevation within the cytoplasm triggers the opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane allowing an influx of extracellular Ca(2+) that in turn activates key molecules such as calcineurin. This cascade ultimately results in gene transcription and changes in the cellular state. Traditional methods for measuring Ca(2+) include spectrophotometry, conventional flow cytometry (CFC) and live cell imaging techniques. While each method has strengths and weaknesses, none can offer a detailed picture of Ca(2+) mobilisation in response to various agonists. Here we report an Imaging Flow Cytometry (IFC)-based method that combines the throughput and statistical rigour of CFC with the spatial information of a microscope. By co-staining cells with Ca(2+) indicators and organelle-specific dyes we can address the spatiotemporal patterns of Ca(2+) flux in Jurkat cells after stimulation with anti-CD3. The multispectral, high-throughput nature of IFC means that the organelle co-staining functions to direct the measurement of Ca(2+) indicator fluorescence to either the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the mitochondrial compartments without the need to treat cells with detergents such as digitonin to eliminate cytoplasmic background. We have used this system to look at the cellular localisation of Ca(2+) after stimulating cells with CD3, thapsigargin or ionomycin in the presence or absence of extracellular Ca(2+). Our data suggest that there is a dynamic interplay between the ER and mitochondrial compartments and that mitochondria act as a sink for both intracellular and extracellular derived Ca(2+). Moreover, by generating an NFAT-GFP expressing Jurkat line, we were able to combine mitochondrial Ca(2+) measurements with nuclear translocation. In conclusion, this method enables the high throughput study of spatiotemporal patterns of Ca2(+) signals in T cells responding to different stimuli.
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40
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Manipulation of B-cell responses with histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6838. [PMID: 25913720 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are approved for treating certain haematological malignancies, however, recent evidence also illustrates they are modulators of the immune system. In experimental models, HDACi are particularly potent against malignancies originating from the B-lymphocyte lineage. Here we examine the ability of this class of compounds to modify both protective and autoimmune antibody responses. In vitro, HDACi affect B-cell proliferation, survival and differentiation in an HDAC-class-dependent manner. Strikingly, treatment of lupus-prone Mrl/lpr mice with the HDACi panobinostat significantly reduces autoreactive plasma-cell numbers, autoantibodies and nephritis, while other immune parameters remain largely unaffected. Immunized control mice treated with panobinostat or the clinically approved HDACi vorinostat have significantly impaired primary antibody responses, but these treatments surprisingly spare circulating memory B cells. These studies indicate that panobinostat is a potential therapy for B-cell-driven autoimmune conditions and HDACi do not induce major long-term detrimental effects on B-cell memory.
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Filby A, Begum J, Jalal M, Day W. Appraising the suitability of succinimidyl and lipophilic fluorescent dyes to track proliferation in non-quiescent cells by dye dilution. Methods 2015; 82:29-37. [PMID: 25802116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful completion of the cell cycle usually results in two identical daughter progeny. This process of generational doubling is termed proliferation and when it occurs in a regulated fashion the benefits range from driving embryonic development to mounting a successful immune response. However when it occurs in a dis-regulated fashion, it is one of the hallmarks of cancer and autoimmunity. These very reasons make proliferation a highly informative parameter in many different biological systems. Conventional flow cytometry (CFC) is a high-throughput, fluorescence-based method for measuring the phenotype and function of cells. The application of CFC to measuring proliferation requires a fluorescent dye able to mark live cells so that when they divide, the daughter progeny receives approximately half the fluorescence of the parent. In measurement space, this translates into peaks of fluorescence decreasing by approximately half, each corresponding to a round of division. It is essential that these peaks can be resolved from one another otherwise it is nearly impossible to obtain accurate quantitative proliferation data. Peak resolution is affected by many things, including instrument performance, the choice of fluorescent dye and the inherent properties of the cells under investigation. There are now many fluorescent dyes available for tracking proliferation by dye dilution differing in their chemistry and spectral properties. Here we provide a method for assessing the performance of various candidate dyes with particular emphasis on situations where the cell type is non-quiescent. We have shown previously that even under optimised instrument and labelling conditions, the heterogeneity of non-quiescent cells makes it impossible to obtain an input width below the threshold for peak resolution without reducing the fluorescence distribution using a cell sorter. Moreover, our method also measures how the dye performs post-labelling in terms of loss/transfer to other cells and how the dye is inherited across the cytokinetic plane. All of these factors will affect peak resolution both in non-quiescent and primary cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Filby
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Newcastle Biomedicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, UK; FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, WC2A 3LY London, UK.
| | - Julfa Begum
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, WC2A 3LY London, UK
| | - Marwa Jalal
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, WC2A 3LY London, UK
| | - William Day
- FACS Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, Holborn, WC2A 3LY London, UK
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42
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Abstract
The regulation of antibody production is linked to the generation and maintenance of plasmablasts and plasma cells from their B cell precursors. Plasmablasts are the rapidly produced and short-lived effector cells of the early antibody response, whereas plasma cells are the long-lived mediators of lasting humoral immunity. An extraordinary number of control mechanisms, at both the cellular and molecular levels, underlie the regulation of this essential arm of the immune response. Despite this complexity, the terminal differentiation of B cells can be described as a simple probabilistic process that is governed by a central gene-regulatory network and modified by environmental stimuli.
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43
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Ono Y, Urata Y, Goto S, Nakagawa S, Humbert PO, Li TS, Zammit PS. Muscle stem cell fate is controlled by the cell-polarity protein Scrib. Cell Rep 2015; 10:1135-48. [PMID: 25704816 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are resident skeletal muscle stem cells that supply myonuclei for homeostasis, hypertrophy, and repair in adult muscle. Scrib is one of the major cell-polarity proteins, acting as a potent tumor suppressor in epithelial cells. Here, we show that Scrib also controls satellite-cell-fate decisions in adult mice. Scrib is undetectable in quiescent cells but becomes expressed during activation. Scrib is asymmetrically distributed in dividing daughter cells, with robust accumulation in cells committed to myogenic differentiation. Low Scrib expression is associated with the proliferative state and preventing self-renewal, whereas high Scrib levels reduce satellite cell proliferation. Satellite-cell-specific knockout of Scrib in mice causes a drastic and insurmountable defect in muscle regeneration. Thus, Scrib is a regulator of tissue stem cells, controlling population expansion and self-renewal with Scrib expression dynamics directing satellite cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Yoshishige Urata
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shinji Goto
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Kings College London, Randall Division of Cellular and Molecular Biophysics, London SE1 1UL, UK
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44
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Metz PJ, Arsenio J, Kakaradov B, Kim SH, Remedios KA, Oakley K, Akimoto K, Ohno S, Yeo GW, Chang JT. Regulation of asymmetric division and CD8+ T lymphocyte fate specification by protein kinase Cζ and protein kinase Cλ/ι. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2249-59. [PMID: 25617472 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
During an immune response against a microbial pathogen, activated naive T lymphocytes give rise to effector cells that provide acute host defense and memory cells that provide long-lived immunity. It has been shown that T lymphocytes can undergo asymmetric division, enabling the daughter cells to inherit unequal amounts of fate-determining proteins and thereby acquire distinct fates from their inception. In this study, we show that the absence of the atypical protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, PKCζ and PKCλ/ι, disrupts asymmetric CD8(+) T lymphocyte division. These alterations were associated with aberrant acquisition of a pre-effector transcriptional program, detected by single-cell gene expression analyses, in lymphocytes that had undergone their first division in vivo and enhanced differentiation toward effector fates at the expense of memory fates. Together, these results demonstrate a role for atypical PKC in regulating asymmetric division and the specification of divergent CD8(+) T lymphocyte fates early during an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Metz
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Janilyn Arsenio
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Boyko Kakaradov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Bioinformatics Programs, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Stephanie H Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kelly A Remedios
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Katherine Oakley
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kazunori Akimoto
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture 236-0027, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ohno
- Department of Molecular Biology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture 236-0027, Japan
| | - Gene W Yeo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Stem Cell and Bioinformatics Programs, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077; and Molecular Engineering Laboratory and Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138632
| | - John T Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
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45
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Wienands J, Engels N. The Memory Function of the B Cell Antigen Receptor. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 393:107-121. [PMID: 26362935 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated B lymphocytes preserve their antigen experience by differentiating into long-lived pools of antibody-secreting plasma cells or various types of memory B cells (MBCs). The former population constantly produces serum immunoglobulins with sufficient specificity and affinity to thwart infections with recurrent pathogens. By contrast, memory B cell populations retain their antigen receptors on the cell surface and hence need pathogen-induced differentiation steps before they can actively contribute to host defense. The terminal differentiation of MBCs into antibody-secreting plasma cells is hallmarked by the absence of the lag phase characteristic for primary antibody responses. Moreover, secondary antibody responses are predominantly driven by MBCs that bear an antigen receptor of the IgG class on their surface although IgM-positive memory populations exist as well. These fundamental principles of B cell memory were enigmatic for decades. Only recently, we have begun to understand the underlying mechanisms. This review summarizes our current understanding of how different subpopulations of MBCs are generated during primary immune responses and how their functional heterogeneity on antigen recall is controlled by different signaling capabilities of B cell antigen receptor (BCR) isotypes and by the nature of the antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wienands
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Niklas Engels
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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46
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Engels N, König LM, Schulze W, Radtke D, Vanshylla K, Lutz J, Winkler TH, Nitschke L, Wienands J. The immunoglobulin tail tyrosine motif upgrades memory-type BCRs by incorporating a Grb2-Btk signalling module. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5456. [PMID: 25413232 PMCID: PMC4263166 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The vigorous response of IgG-switched memory B cells to recurring pathogens involves enhanced signalling from their B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs). However, the molecular signal amplification mechanisms of memory-type BCRs remained unclear. Here, we identify the immunoglobulin tail tyrosine (ITT) motif in the cytoplasmic segments of membrane-bound IgGs (mIgGs) as the principle signal amplification device of memory-type BCRs in higher vertebrates and decipher its signalling microanatomy. We show that different families of protein tyrosine kinases act upstream and downstream of the ITT. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) activity is required for ITT phosphorylation followed by recruitment of the adaptor protein Grb2 into the mIgG-BCR signalosome. Grb2 in turn recruits Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) to amplify BCR-induced Ca(2+) mobilization. This molecular interplay of kinases and adaptors increases the antigen sensitivity of memory-type BCRs, which provides a cell-intrinsic trigger mechanism for the rapid reactivation of IgG-switched memory B cells on antigen recall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Engels
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lars M. König
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schulze
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Radtke
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Lutz
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas H. Winkler
- Hematopoiesis Unit, Department of Biology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Glückstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Chair of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Medical Faculty, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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47
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Hodgkin PD, Dowling MR, Duffy KR. Why the immune system takes its chances with randomness. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:711. [PMID: 25212742 DOI: 10.1038/nri3734-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Hodgkin
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 Victoria, Australia, and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, 3052 Victoria, Australia, and the Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken R Duffy
- Hamilton Institute, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
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Lymphocyte fate specification as a deterministic but highly plastic process. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14:699-704. [PMID: 25190286 DOI: 10.1038/nri3734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cellular progeny of a clonally selected lymphocyte must execute function. However, their function must often occur in more than one way, in more than one place and at more than one time. Experimental evidence supports the view that a single activated lymphocyte can produce a variety of cellular descendants. The mechanisms that are responsible for generating diversity among the progeny of a single lymphocyte remain a subject of lively controversy. Some groups have suggested stochastic mechanisms that are analogous to the diversification of the antigen receptor repertoire. We suggest that the complexity of lymphocyte fates in space and time can be derived from a single naive lymphocyte using the principles of cell diversification that are common in developmental and regenerative biology, including (but not limited to) asymmetric cell division.
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Shimoni R, Pham K, Yassin M, Ludford-Menting MJ, Gu M, Russell SM. Normalized polarization ratios for the analysis of cell polarity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99885. [PMID: 24963926 PMCID: PMC4070888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification and analysis of molecular localization in living cells is increasingly important for elucidating biological pathways, and new methods are rapidly emerging. The quantification of cell polarity has generated much interest recently, and ratiometric analysis of fluorescence microscopy images provides one means to quantify cell polarity. However, detection of fluorescence, and the ratiometric measurement, is likely to be sensitive to acquisition settings and image processing parameters. Using imaging of EGFP-expressing cells and computer simulations of variations in fluorescence ratios, we characterized the dependence of ratiometric measurements on processing parameters. This analysis showed that image settings alter polarization measurements; and that clustered localization is more susceptible to artifacts than homogeneous localization. To correct for such inconsistencies, we developed and validated a method for choosing the most appropriate analysis settings, and for incorporating internal controls to ensure fidelity of polarity measurements. This approach is applicable to testing polarity in all cells where the axis of polarity is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Shimoni
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Pham
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mohammed Yassin
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mandy J. Ludford-Menting
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah M. Russell
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Adutler-Lieber S, Zaretsky I, Platzman I, Deeg J, Friedman N, Spatz JP, Geiger B. Engineering of synthetic cellular microenvironments: implications for immunity. J Autoimmun 2014; 54:100-11. [PMID: 24951031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we discuss novel synthetic approaches for studying the interactions of cells with their microenvironment. Notably, critical cellular processes such as growth, differentiation, migration, and fate determination, are tightly regulated by interactions with neighboring cells, and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Given the huge complexity of natural cellular environments, and their rich molecular and physical diversity, the mission of understanding "environmental signaling" at a molecular-mechanistic level appears to be extremely challenging. To meet these challenges, attempts have been made in recent years to design synthetic matrices with defined chemical and physical properties, which, artificial though they may be, could reveal basic "design principles" underlying the physiological processes. Here, we summarize recent developments in the characterization of the chemical and physical properties of cell sensing and adhesion, as well as the design and use of engineered, micro- to nanoscale patterned and confined environments, for systematic, comprehensive modulation of the cells' environment. The power of these biomimetic surfaces to highlight environmental signaling events in cells, and in immune cells in particular, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimrit Adutler-Lieber
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Janosch Deeg
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nir Friedman
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems & University of Heidelberg, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Geiger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl St., Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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