1
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Mao Y, Wickström SA. Mechanical state transitions in the regulation of tissue form and function. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024:10.1038/s41580-024-00719-x. [PMID: 38600372 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-024-00719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
From embryonic development, postnatal growth and adult homeostasis to reparative and disease states, cells and tissues undergo constant changes in genome activity, cell fate, proliferation, movement, metabolism and growth. Importantly, these biological state transitions are coupled to changes in the mechanical and material properties of cells and tissues, termed mechanical state transitions. These mechanical states share features with physical states of matter, liquids and solids. Tissues can switch between mechanical states by changing behavioural dynamics or connectivity between cells. Conversely, these changes in tissue mechanical properties are known to control cell and tissue function, most importantly the ability of cells to move or tissues to deform. Thus, tissue mechanical state transitions are implicated in transmitting information across biological length and time scales, especially during processes of early development, wound healing and diseases such as cancer. This Review will focus on the biological basis of tissue-scale mechanical state transitions, how they emerge from molecular and cellular interactions, and their roles in organismal development, homeostasis, regeneration and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlan Mao
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sara A Wickström
- Department of Cell and Tissue Dynamics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Suh K, Cho YK, Breinyn IB, Cohen DJ. E-cadherin biomaterials reprogram collective cell migration and cell cycling by forcing homeostatic conditions. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113743. [PMID: 38358889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cells attach to the world through either cell-extracellular matrix adhesion or cell-cell adhesion, and traditional biomaterials imitate the matrix for integrin-based adhesion. However, materials incorporating cadherin proteins that mimic cell-cell adhesion offer an alternative to program cell behavior and integrate into living tissues. We investigated how cadherin substrates affect collective cell migration and cell cycling in epithelia. Our approach involved biomaterials with matrix proteins on one-half and E-cadherin proteins on the other, forming a "Janus" interface across which we grew a single sheet of cells. Tissue regions over the matrix side exhibited normal collective dynamics, but an abrupt behavior shift occurred across the Janus boundary onto the E-cadherin side, where cells attached to the substrate via E-cadherin adhesions, resulting in stalled migration and slowing of the cell cycle. E-cadherin surfaces disrupted long-range mechanical coordination and nearly doubled the length of the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, linked to the lack of integrin focal adhesions on the E-cadherin surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Suh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Youn Kyoung Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Isaac B Breinyn
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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3
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Su CY, Matsubara T, Wu A, Ahn EH, Kim DH. Matrix Anisotropy Promotes a Transition of Collective to Disseminated Cell Migration via a Collective Vortex Motion. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300026. [PMID: 36932886 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells detached and disseminated away from collectively migrating cells are frequently found during tumor invasion at the invasion front, where extracellular matrix (ECM) fibers are parallel to the cell migration direction. However, it remains unclear how anisotropic topography promotes the transition of collective to disseminated cell migration. This study applies a collective cell migration model with and without 800 nm wide aligned nanogrooves parallel, perpendicular, or diagonal to the cell migration direction. After 120 hour migration, MCF7-GFP-H2B-mCherry breast cancer cells display more disseminated cells at the migration front on parallel topography than on other topographies. Notably, a fluid-like collective motion with high vorticity is enhanced at the migration front on parallel topography. Furthermore, high vorticity but not velocity is correlated with disseminated cell numbers on parallel topography. Enhanced collective vortex motion colocalizes with cell monolayer defects where cells extend protrusions into the free space, suggesting that topography-driven cell crawling for defect closure promotes the collective vortex motion. In addition, elongated cell morphology and frequent protrusions induced by topography may further contribute to the collective vortex motion. Overall, a high-vorticity collective motion at the migration front promoted by parallel topography suggests a cause of the transition of collective to disseminated cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yi Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Tatsuya Matsubara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alex Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Eun Hyun Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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4
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Suh K, Cho YK, Breinyn IB, Cohen DJ. E-cadherin biointerfaces reprogram collective cell migration and cell cycling by forcing homeostatic conditions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.25.550505. [PMID: 37546933 PMCID: PMC10402016 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.25.550505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells attach to the world around them in two ways-cell:extracellular-matrix adhesion and cell:cell adhesion-and conventional biomaterials are made to resemble the matrix to encourage integrin-based cell adhesion. However, interest is growing for cell-mimetic interfaces that mimic cell-cell interactions using cadherin proteins, as this offers a new way to program cell behavior and design synthetic implants and objects that can integrate directly into living tissues. Here, we explore how these cadherin-based materials affect collective cell behaviors, focusing specifically on collective migration and cell cycle regulation in cm-scale epithelia. We built culture substrates where half of the culture area was functionalized with matrix proteins and the contiguous half was functionalized with E-cadherin proteins, and we grew large epithelia across this 'Janus' interface. Parts of the tissues in contact with the matrix side of the Janus interface exhibited normal collective dynamics, but an abrupt shift in behaviors happened immediately across the Janus boundary onto the E-cadherin side, where cells formed hybrid E-cadherin junctions with the substrate, migration effectively froze in place, and cell-cycling significantly decreased. E-cadherin materials suppressed long-range mechanical correlations in the tissue and mechanical information reflected off the substrate interface. These effects could not be explained by conventional density, shape index, or contact inhibition explanations. E-cadherin surfaces nearly doubled the length of the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, which we ultimately connected to the exclusion of matrix focal adhesions induced by the E-cadherin culture surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Suh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| | - Youn Kyoung Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| | - Isaac B Breinyn
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| | - Daniel J Cohen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
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5
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Montana F, Camporeale C, Porporato A, Rondoni L. Inertial and geometrical effects of self-propelled elliptical Brownian particles. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:054607. [PMID: 37328983 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.054607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Active particles that self-propel by transforming energy into mechanical motion represent a growing area of research in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. Here we investigate the dynamics of nonspherical inertial active particles moving in a harmonic potential, introducing geometric parameters which take into account the role of eccentricity for nonspherical particles. A comparison between the overdamped and underdamped models for elliptical particles is performed. The model of overdamped active Brownian motion has been used to describe most of the basic aspects of micrometer-sized particles moving in a liquid ("microswimmers"). We consider active particles by extending the active Brownian motion model to incorporate translation and rotation inertia and account for the role of eccentricity. We show how the overdamped and the underdamped models behave in the same way for small values of activity (Brownian case) if eccentricity is equal to zero, but increasing eccentricity leads the two dynamics to substantially depart from each other-in particular, the action of a torque induced by external forces, induced a marked difference close to the walls of the domain if eccentricity is high. Effects induced by inertia include an inertial delay time of the self-propulsion direction from the particle velocity, and the differences between the overdamped and underdamped systems are particularly evident in the first and second moments of the particle velocities. Comparison with the experimental results of vibrated granular particles shows good agreement and corroborates the notion that self-propelling massive particles moving in gaseous media are dominated by inertial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Montana
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Carlo Camporeale
- Department of Environmental, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Amilcare Porporato
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA and High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lamberto Rondoni
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy and INFN, Sezione di Torino, Turin, Italy
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6
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Hohmann T, Hohmann U, Dehghani F. MACC1-induced migration in tumors: Current state and perspective. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1165676. [PMID: 37051546 PMCID: PMC10084939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1165676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors are still a global, heavy health burden. Many tumor types cannot be treated curatively, underlining the need for new treatment targets. In recent years, metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) was identified as a promising biomarker and drug target, as it is promoting tumor migration, initiation, proliferation, and others in a multitude of solid cancers. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge about MACC1-induced tumor cell migration with a special focus on the cytoskeletal and adhesive systems. In addition, a brief overview of several in vitro models used for the analysis of cell migration is given. In this context, we will point to issues with the currently most prevalent models used to study MACC1-dependent migration. Lastly, open questions about MACC1-dependent effects on tumor cell migration will be addressed.
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7
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Hohmann U, von Widdern JC, Ghadban C, Giudice MCL, Lemahieu G, Cavalcanti-Adam EA, Dehghani F, Hohmann T. Jamming Transitions in Astrocytes and Glioblastoma Are Induced by Cell Density and Tension. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010029. [PMID: 36611824 PMCID: PMC9818602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective behavior of cells emerges from coordination of cell-cell-interactions and is important to wound healing, embryonic and tumor development. Depending on cell density and cell-cell interactions, a transition from a migratory, fluid-like unjammed state to a more static and solid-like jammed state or vice versa can occur. Here, we analyze collective migration dynamics of astrocytes and glioblastoma cells using live cell imaging. Furthermore, atomic force microscopy, traction force microscopy and spheroid generation assays were used to study cell adhesion, traction and mechanics. Perturbations of traction and adhesion were induced via ROCK or myosin II inhibition. Whereas astrocytes resided within a non-migratory, jammed state, glioblastoma were migratory and unjammed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a switch from an unjammed to a jammed state was induced upon alteration of the equilibrium between cell-cell-adhesion and tension from adhesion to tension dominated, via inhibition of ROCK or myosin II. Such behavior has implications for understanding the infiltration of the brain by glioblastoma cells and may help to identify new strategies to develop anti-migratory drugs and strategies for glioblastoma-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Julian Cardinal von Widdern
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maria Cristina Lo Giudice
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Grégoire Lemahieu
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Correspondence:
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8
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Chen L, Lee CF, Maitra A, Toner J. Incompressible Polar Active Fluids with Quenched Random Field Disorder in Dimensions d>2. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:198001. [PMID: 36399725 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.198001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present a hydrodynamic theory of incompressible polar active fluids with quenched random field disorder. This theory shows that such fluids can overcome the disruption caused by the quenched disorder and move coherently, in the sense of having a nonzero mean velocity in the hydrodynamic limit. However, the scaling behavior of this class of active systems cannot be described by linearized hydrodynamics in spatial dimensions between 2 and 5. Nonetheless, we obtain the exact dimension-dependent scaling exponents in these dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Chen
- School of Material Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Chiu Fan Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ananyo Maitra
- Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisation, CNRS UMR 8089, CY Cergy Paris Université, F-95302 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France
| | - John Toner
- Department of Physics and Institute of Theoretical Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Gupta VK, Chaudhuri O. Mechanical regulation of cell-cycle progression and division. Trends Cell Biol 2022; 32:773-785. [PMID: 35491306 PMCID: PMC9378598 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cycle progression and division are fundamental biological processes in animal cells, and their biochemical regulation has been extensively studied. An emerging body of work has revealed how mechanical interactions of cells with their microenvironment in tissues, including with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells, also plays a crucial role in regulating cell-cycle progression and division. We review recent work on how cells interpret physical cues and alter their mechanics to promote cell-cycle progression and initiate cell division, and then on how dividing cells generate forces on their surrounding microenvironment to successfully divide. Finally, the article ends by discussing how force generation during division potentially contributes to larger tissue-scale processes involved in development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA..
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10
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Ardaševa A, Mueller R, Doostmohammadi A. Bridging microscopic cell dynamics to nematohydrodynamics of cell monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4737-4746. [PMID: 35703313 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00537a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly being realized that liquid-crystalline features can play an important role in the properties and dynamics of cell monolayers. Here, we present a cell-based model of cell layers, based on the phase-field formulation, that connects cell-cell interactions specified at the single cell level to large-scale nematic and hydrodynamic properties of the tissue. In particular, we present a minimal formulation that reproduces the well-known bend and splay hydrodynamic instabilities of the continuum nemato-hydrodynamic formulation of active matter, together with an analytical description of the instability threshold in terms of activity and elasticity of the cells. Furthermore, we provide a quantitative characterisation and comparison of flows and topological defects for extensile and contractile stress generation mechanisms, and demonstrate activity-induced heterogeneity and spontaneous formation of gaps within a confluent monolayer. Together, these results contribute to bridging the gap between cell-scale dynamics and tissue-scale collective cellular organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romain Mueller
- Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, UK
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11
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Hohmann T, Hohmann U, Dahlmann M, Kobelt D, Stein U, Dehghani F. MACC1-Induced Collective Migration Is Promoted by Proliferation Rather Than Single Cell Biomechanics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122857. [PMID: 35740524 PMCID: PMC9221534 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is a marker for metastasis, tumor cell migration, and increased proliferation in colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumors with high MACC1 expression show a worse prognosis and higher invasion into neighboring structures. Yet, many facets of the pro-migratory effects are not fully understood. Atomic force microscopy and single cell live imaging were used to quantify biomechanical and migratory properties in low- and high-MACC1-expressing CRC cells. Furthermore, collective migration and expansion of small, cohesive cell colonies were analyzed using live cell imaging and particle image velocimetry. Lastly, the impact of proliferation on collective migration was determined by inhibition of proliferation using mitomycin. MACC1 did not affect elasticity, cortex tension, and single cell migration of CRC cells but promoted collective migration and colony expansion in vitro. Measurements of the local velocities in the dense cell layers revealed proliferation events as regions of high local speeds. Inhibition of proliferation via mitomycin abrogated the MACC1-associated effects on the collective migration speeds. A simple simulation revealed that the expansion of cell clusters without proliferation appeared to be determined mostly by single cell properties. MACC1 overexpression does not influence single cell biomechanics and migration but only collective migration in a proliferation-dependent manner. Thus, targeting proliferation in high-MACC1-expressing tumors may offer additional effects on cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (T.H.); (U.H.)
| | - Urszula Hohmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (T.H.); (U.H.)
| | - Mathias Dahlmann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.D.); (D.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis Kobelt
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.D.); (D.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Stein
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany; (M.D.); (D.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (F.D.); Tel.: +49-9406-3432 (U.S.); +49-345-5571-944 (F.D.); Fax: +49-345-5571-700 (F.D.)
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse 52, D-06108 Halle (Saale), Germany; (T.H.); (U.H.)
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (F.D.); Tel.: +49-9406-3432 (U.S.); +49-345-5571-944 (F.D.); Fax: +49-345-5571-700 (F.D.)
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12
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Atia L, Fredberg JJ, Gov NS, Pegoraro AF. Are cell jamming and unjamming essential in tissue development? Cells Dev 2021; 168:203727. [PMID: 34363993 PMCID: PMC8935248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a surge of evidence supporting the existence of the transition of the multicellular tissue from a collective material phase that is regarded as being jammed to a collective material phase that is regarded as being unjammed. The jammed phase is solid-like and effectively 'frozen', and therefore is associated with tissue homeostasis, rigidity, and mechanical stability. The unjammed phase, by contrast, is fluid-like and effectively 'melted', and therefore is associated with mechanical fluidity, plasticity and malleability that are required in dynamic multicellular processes that sculpt organ microstructure. Such multicellular sculpturing, for example, occurs during embryogenesis, growth and remodeling. Although unjamming and jamming events in the multicellular collective are reminiscent of those that occur in the inert granular collective, such as grain in a hopper that can flow or clog, the analogy is instructive but limited, and the implications for cell biology remain unclear. Here we ask, are the cellular jamming transition and its inverse --the unjamming transition-- mere epiphenomena? That is, are they dispensable downstream events that accompany but neither cause nor quench these core multicellular processes? Drawing from selected examples in developmental biology, here we suggest the hypothesis that, to the contrary, the graded departure from a jammed phase enables controlled degrees of malleability as might be required in developmental dynamics. We further suggest that the coordinated approach to a jammed phase progressively slows those dynamics and ultimately enables long-term mechanical stability as might be required in the mature homeostatic multicellular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Atia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jeffrey J Fredberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Nir S Gov
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Israel
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13
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Wang X, Zhang H, Douglas JF. The initiation of shear band formation in deformed metallic glasses from soft localized domains. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204504. [PMID: 34852471 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been thought that shear band (SB) formation in amorphous solids initiates from relatively "soft" regions in the material in which large-scale non-affine deformations become localized. The test of this hypothesis requires an effective means of identifying "soft" regions and their evolution as the material is deformed to varying degrees, where the metric of "softness" must also account for the effect of temperature on local material stiffness. We show that the mean square atomic displacement on a caging timescale ⟨u2⟩, the "Debye-Waller factor," provides a useful method for estimating the shear modulus of the entire material and, by extension, the material stiffness at an atomic scale. Based on this "softness" metrology, we observe that SB formation indeed occurs through the strain-induced formation of localized soft regions in our deformed metallic glass free-standing films. Unexpectedly, the critical strain condition for SB formation occurs when the softness (⟨u2⟩) distribution within the emerging soft regions approaches that of the interfacial region in its undeformed state, initiating an instability with similarities to the transition to turbulence. Correspondingly, no SBs arise when the material is so thin that the entire material can be approximately described as being "interfacial" in nature. We also quantify relaxation in the glass and the nature and origin of highly non-Gaussian particle displacements in the dynamically heterogeneous SB regions at times longer than the caging time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jack F Douglas
- Material Measurement Laboratory, Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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14
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Inman A, Smutny M. Feeling the force: Multiscale force sensing and transduction at the cell-cell interface. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:53-65. [PMID: 34238674 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A universal principle of all living cells is the ability to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli which is essential for many biological processes. Recent efforts have identified critical mechanosensitive molecules and response pathways involved in mechanotransduction during development and tissue homeostasis. Tissue-wide force transmission and local force sensing need to be spatiotemporally coordinated to precisely regulate essential processes during development such as tissue morphogenesis, patterning, cell migration and organogenesis. Understanding how cells identify and interpret extrinsic forces and integrate a specific response on cell and tissue level remains a major challenge. In this review we consider important cellular and physical factors in control of cell-cell mechanotransduction and discuss their significance for cell and developmental processes. We further highlight mechanosensitive macromolecules that are known to respond to external forces and present examples of how force responses can be integrated into cell and developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Inman
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK
| | - Michael Smutny
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV47AL, UK.
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15
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Gupta VK, Nam S, Yim D, Camuglia J, Martin JL, Sanders EN, O'Brien LE, Martin AC, Kim T, Chaudhuri O. The nature of cell division forces in epithelial monolayers. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212389. [PMID: 34132746 PMCID: PMC8240854 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202011106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells undergo striking morphological changes during division to ensure proper segregation of genetic and cytoplasmic materials. These morphological changes occur despite dividing cells being mechanically restricted by neighboring cells, indicating the need for extracellular force generation. Beyond driving cell division itself, forces associated with division have been implicated in tissue-scale processes, including development, tissue growth, migration, and epidermal stratification. While forces generated by mitotic rounding are well understood, forces generated after rounding remain unknown. Here, we identify two distinct stages of division force generation that follow rounding: (1) Protrusive forces along the division axis that drive division elongation, and (2) outward forces that facilitate postdivision spreading. Cytokinetic ring contraction of the dividing cell, but not activity of neighboring cells, generates extracellular forces that propel division elongation and contribute to chromosome segregation. Forces from division elongation are observed in epithelia across many model organisms. Thus, division elongation forces represent a universal mechanism that powers cell division in confining epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Sungmin Nam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Cambridge, MA
| | - Donghyun Yim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Jaclyn Camuglia
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Judy Lisette Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Erin Nicole Sanders
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Lucy Erin O'Brien
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Ovijit Chaudhuri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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16
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Devany J, Sussman DM, Yamamoto T, Manning ML, Gardel ML. Cell cycle-dependent active stress drives epithelia remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e1917853118. [PMID: 33649197 PMCID: PMC7958291 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917853118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia have distinct cellular architectures which are established in development, reestablished after wounding, and maintained during tissue homeostasis despite cell turnover and mechanical perturbations. In turn, cell shape also controls tissue function as a regulator of cell differentiation, proliferation, and motility. Here, we investigate cell shape changes in a model epithelial monolayer. After the onset of confluence, cells continue to proliferate and change shape over time, eventually leading to a final architecture characterized by arrested motion and more regular cell shapes. Such monolayer remodeling is robust, with qualitatively similar evolution in cell shape and dynamics observed across disparate perturbations. Here, we quantify differences in monolayer remodeling guided by the active vertex model to identify underlying order parameters controlling epithelial architecture. When monolayers are formed atop an extracellular matrix with varied stiffness, we find the cell density at which motion arrests varies significantly, but the cell shape remains constant, consistent with the onset of tissue rigidity. In contrast, pharmacological perturbations can significantly alter the cell shape at which tissue dynamics are arrested, consistent with varied amounts of active stress within the tissue. Across all experimental conditions, the final cell shape is well correlated to the cell proliferation rate, and cell cycle inhibition immediately arrests cell motility. Finally, we demonstrate cell cycle variation in junctional tension as a source of active stress within the monolayer. Thus, the architecture and mechanics of epithelial tissue can arise from an interplay between cell mechanics and stresses arising from cell cycle dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Devany
- Department of Physics, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Daniel M Sussman
- Department of Physics, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Takaki Yamamoto
- Nonequilibrium Physics of Living Matter RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - M Lisa Manning
- Department of Physics, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Department of Physics, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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17
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Arold D, Schmiedeberg M. Active phase field crystal systems with inertial delay and underdamped dynamics. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2020; 43:47. [PMID: 32642832 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2020-11971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Active matter systems often are well approximated as overdamped, meaning that any inertial momentum is immediately dissipated by the environment. On the other hand, especially for macroscopic systems but also for many mesoscopic ones particle mass can become relevant for the dynamics. For such systems we recently proposed an underdamped continuum model which captures translationally inertial dynamics via two contributions. First, convection and second a damping time scale of inertial motion. In this paper, we ask how both of these features influence the collective behavior compared to overdamped dynamics by studying the example of the active phase field crystal model. We first focus on the case of suppressed convection to study the role of the damping time. We quantify that the relaxation process to the steady collective motion state is considerably prolonged with damping time due to the increasing occurrence of transient groups of circularly moving density peaks. Finally, we illustrate the fully underdamped case with convection. Instead of collective motion of density peaks we then find a coexistence of constant high and low density phases reminiscent of motility-induced phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Arold
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmiedeberg
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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18
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Jain S, Cachoux VM, Narayana GH, de Beco S, D’Alessandro J, Cellerin V, Chen T, Heuzé ML, Marcq P, Mège RM, Kabla AJ, Lim CT, Ladoux B. The role of single cell mechanical behavior and polarity in driving collective cell migration. NATURE PHYSICS 2020; 16:802-809. [PMID: 32641972 PMCID: PMC7343533 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-0875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The directed migration of cell collectives is essential in various physiological processes, such as epiboly, intestinal epithelial turnover, and convergent extension during morphogenesis as well as during pathological events like wound healing and cancer metastasis. Collective cell migration leads to the emergence of coordinated movements over multiple cells. Our current understanding emphasizes that these movements are mainly driven by large-scale transmission of signals through adherens junctions. In this study, we show that collective movements of epithelial cells can be triggered by polarity signals at the single cell level through the establishment of coordinated lamellipodial protrusions. We designed a minimalistic model system to generate one-dimensional epithelial trains confined in ring shaped patterns that recapitulate rotational movements observed in vitro in cellular monolayers and in vivo in genitalia or follicular cell rotation. Using our system, we demonstrated that cells follow coordinated rotational movements after the establishment of directed Rac1-dependent polarity over the entire monolayer. Our experimental and numerical approaches show that the maintenance of coordinated migration requires the acquisition of a front-back polarity within each single cell but does not require the maintenance of cell-cell junctions. Taken together, these unexpected findings demonstrate that collective cell dynamics in closed environments as observed in multiple in vitro and in vivo situations can arise from single cell behavior through a sustained memory of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyansh Jain
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | | | | | - Simon de Beco
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
| | - Joseph D’Alessandro
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
| | - Victor Cellerin
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
| | - Tianchi Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Mélina L. Heuzé
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
| | - Philippe Marcq
- PMMH, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
| | - Alexandre J. Kabla
- Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Engineering Drive 3, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
- Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université de Paris, Paris 75013, France
- Correspondence to:
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19
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Arold D, Schmiedeberg M. Mean field approach of dynamical pattern formation in underdamped active matter with short-ranged alignment and distant anti-alignment interactions. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:315403. [PMID: 32396529 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab849b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many active matter systems, especially on the microscopic scale, are well approximated as overdamped, meaning that any inertial momentum is immediately dissipated by the environment. On the other hand, especially for macroscopic active systems but also for many mesoscopic systems the time scale of translational inertial motion can become large enough to be relevant for the dynamics. This raises the question how collective dynamics and the resulting states in active matter are influenced by inertia. Therefore, we propose a coarse-grained continuum model for underdamped active matter based on a mean field description for passive systems. Furthermore, as an example, we apply the model to a system with interactions that support an alignment on short distances and an anti-alignment on longer length scales as known in the context of pattern formation due to orientational interactions. Our numerical calculations of the under- and overdamped dynamics both predict a structured laning state. However, activity induced convective flows that are only present in the underdamped model destabilize this state when the anti-alignment is weakened, leading to a collective motion state which does not occur in the overdamped limit. A turbulent transition regime between the two states can be characterized by strong density fluctuations and the absence of global ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Arold
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmiedeberg
- Institut für Theoretische Physik I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Kim JH, Pegoraro AF, Das A, Koehler SA, Ujwary SA, Lan B, Mitchel JA, Atia L, He S, Wang K, Bi D, Zaman MH, Park JA, Butler JP, Lee KH, Starr JR, Fredberg JJ. Unjamming and collective migration in MCF10A breast cancer cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:706-715. [PMID: 31699371 PMCID: PMC6937379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Each cell comprising an intact, healthy, confluent epithelial layer ordinarily remains sedentary, firmly adherent to and caged by its neighbors, and thus defines an elemental constituent of a solid-like cellular collective [1,2]. After malignant transformation, however, the cellular collective can become fluid-like and migratory, as evidenced by collective motions that arise in characteristic swirls, strands, ducts, sheets, or clusters [3,4]. To transition from a solid-like to a fluid-like phase and thereafter to migrate collectively, it has been recently argued that cells comprising the disordered but confluent epithelial collective can undergo changes of cell shape so as to overcome geometric constraints attributable to the newly discovered phenomenon of cell jamming and the associated unjamming transition (UJT) [1,2,5-9]. Relevance of the jamming concept to carcinoma cells lines of graded degrees of invasive potential has never been investigated, however. Using classical in vitro cultures of six breast cancer model systems, here we investigate structural and dynamical signatures of cell jamming, and the relationship between them [1,2,10,11]. In order of roughly increasing invasive potential as previously reported, model systems examined included MCF10A, MCF10A.Vector; MCF10A.14-3-3ζ; MCF10.ErbB2, MCF10AT; and MCF10CA1a [12-15]. Migratory speed depended on the particular cell line. Unsurprisingly, for example, the MCF10CA1a cell line exhibited much faster migratory speed relative to the others. But unexpectedly, across different cell lines higher speeds were associated with enhanced size of cooperative cell packs in a manner reminiscent of a peloton [9]. Nevertheless, within each of the cell lines evaluated, cell shape and shape variability from cell-to-cell conformed with predicted structural signatures of cell layer unjamming [1]. Moreover, both structure and migratory dynamics were compatible with previous theoretical descriptions of the cell jamming mechanism [2,10,11,16,17]. As such, these findings demonstrate the richness of the cell jamming mechanism, which is now seen to apply across these cancer cell lines but remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amit Das
- Northeastern University, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Bo Lan
- Harvard School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | | | - Lior Atia
- Harvard School of Public Health, MA, USA
| | - Shijie He
- Mass General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James P Butler
- Harvard School of Public Health, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyu Ha Lee
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Kempf F, Mueller R, Frey E, Yeomans JM, Doostmohammadi A. Active matter invasion. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:7538-7546. [PMID: 31451816 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01210a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biologically active materials such as bacterial biofilms and eukaryotic cells thrive in confined micro-spaces. Here, we show through numerical simulations that confinement can serve as a mechanical guidance to achieve distinct modes of collective invasion when combined with growth dynamics and the intrinsic activity of biological materials. We assess the dynamics of the growing interface and classify these collective modes of invasion based on the activity of the constituent particles of the growing matter. While at small and moderate activities the active material grows as a coherent unit, we find that blobs of active material collectively detach from the cohort above a well-defined activity threshold. We further characterise the mechanical mechanisms underlying the crossovers between different modes of invasion and quantify their impact on the overall invasion speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kempf
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München - Theresienstr. 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Romain Mueller
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics - Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
| | - Erwin Frey
- Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics and Center for NanoScience, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München - Theresienstr. 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics - Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics - Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
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22
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Godard BG, Heisenberg CP. Cell division and tissue mechanics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 60:114-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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23
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Biava PM, Burigana F, Germano R, Kurian P, Verzegnassi C, Vitiello G. Stem Cell Differentiation Stage Factors and their Role in Triggering Symmetry Breaking Processes during Cancer Development: A Quantum Field Theory Model for Reprogramming Cancer Cells to Healthy Phenotypes. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:988-1001. [PMID: 28933288 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170920142609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A long history of research has pursued the use of embryonic factors isolated during cell differentiation processes for the express purpose of transforming cancer cells back to healthy phenotypes. Recent results have clarified that the substances present at different stages of cell differentiation-which we call stem cell differentiation stage factors (SCDSFs)-are proteins with low molecular weight and nucleic acids that regulate genomic expression. The present review summarizes how these substances, taken at different stages of cellular maturation, are able to retard proliferation of many human tumor cell lines and thereby reprogram cancer cells to healthy phenotypes. The model presented here is a quantum field theory (QFT) model in which SCDSFs are able to trigger symmetry breaking processes during cancer development. These symmetry breaking processes, which lie at the root of many phenomena in elementary particle physics and condensed matter physics, govern the phase transitions of totipotent cells to higher degrees of diversity and order, resulting in cell differentiation. In cancers, which share many genomic and metabolic similarities with embryonic stem cells, stimulated redifferentiation often signifies the phenotypic reversion back to health and nonproliferation. In addition to acting on key components of the cellular cycle, SCDSFs are able to reprogram cancer cells by delicately influencing the cancer microenvironment, modulating the electrochemistry and thus the collective electrodynamic behaviors between dipole networks in biomacromolecules and the interstitial water field. Coherent effects in biological water, which are derived from a dissipative QFT framework, may offer new diagnostic and therapeutic targets at a systemic level, before tumor instantiation occurs in specific tissues or organs. Thus, by including the environment as an essential component of our model, we may push the prevailing paradigm of mutation-driven oncogenesis toward a closer description of reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Biava
- Scientific Institute of Research and Care Multimedica, Via Milanese 300 Sesto S. G., Milano, Italy
| | - F Burigana
- Associazione Medicina e Complessita, Trieste, Italy
| | - R Germano
- PROMETE_CNR Spin off, Piazzale V. Tecchio, 45, Napoli, Italy
| | - P Kurian
- Quantum Biology Laboratory, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - C Verzegnassi
- Politecnico di Ingegneria e Architettura, Universita di Udine, Udine, Italy and Associazione Medicina e Complessita, Trieste, Italy
| | - G Vitiello
- Dipartimento di Fisica "E.R.Caianiello" and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Universita di Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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24
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Turner P, Nottale L, Zhao J, Pesquet E. New insights into the physical processes that underpin cell division and the emergence of different cellular and multicellular structures. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 150:13-42. [PMID: 31029570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of focused research, a detailed understanding of the fundamental physical processes that underpin biological systems (structures and processes) remains an open challenge. Within the present paper we report on biomimetic studies, which offer new insights into the process of cell division and the emergence of different cellular and multicellular structures. Experimental studies specifically investigated the impact of including different concentrations of charged bio-molecules (cytokinin and gibberellic acid) on the growth of BaCO3-SiO2 based structures. Results highlighted the role of charge density on the emergence of long-range order, underpinned by a negentropic process. This included the growth of synthetic cell-like structures, with the intrinsic capacity to divide and change morphology at cellular and multicellular scales. Detailed study of dividing structures supports a hypothesis that cell division is dependent on the establishment of a charge-induced macroscopic quantum potential and cell-scale quantum coherence, which allows a description in terms of a macroscopic Schrödinger-like equation, based on a constant different from the Planck constant. Whilst the system does not reflect full correspondence with standard quantum mechanics, many of the phenomena that we typically associate with such a system are recovered. In addition to phenomena normally associated with the Schrödinger equation, we also unexpectedly report on the emergence of intrinsic spin as a macroscopic quantum phenomena, whose origins we account for within a four-dimensional fractal space-time and a macroscopic Pauli equation, which represents the non-relativistic limit of the Dirac equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Turner
- 69 Hercules Road, Sherford, Plymouth, Devon, PL9 8FA, United Kingdom.
| | - Laurent Nottale
- CNRS, LUTH, Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, 5 Place Janssen, 92190, Meudon, France.
| | - John Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
| | - Edouard Pesquet
- Stockholm University, Dept of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm, 106 91, Sweden.
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25
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Gauquelin E, Tlili S, Gay C, Peyret G, Mège RM, Fardin MA, Ladoux B. Influence of proliferation on the motions of epithelial monolayers invading adherent strips. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2798-2810. [PMID: 30888391 PMCID: PMC6457434 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems integrate dynamics at many scales, from molecules, protein complexes and genes, to cells, tissues and organisms. At every step of the way, mechanics, biochemistry and genetics offer complementary approaches to understand these dynamics. At the tissue scale, in vitro monolayers of epithelial cells provide a model to capture the influence of various factors on the motions of the tissue, in order to understand in vivo processes from morphogenesis, cancer progression and tissue remodelling. Ongoing efforts include research aimed at deciphering the roles of the cytoskeleton, of cell-substrate and cell-cell adhesions, and of cell proliferation-the point we investigate here. We show that confined to adherent strips, and on the time scale of a day or two, monolayers move with a characteristic front speed independent of proliferation, but that the motion is accompanied by persistent velocity waves, only in the absence of cell divisions. Here we show that the long-range transmission of physical signals is strongly coupled to cell density and proliferation. We interpret our results from a kinematic and mechanical perspective. Our study provides a framework to understand density-driven mechanisms of collective cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle Gauquelin
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris 72505, France.
| | - Sham Tlili
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, 117411, Singapore
| | - Cyprien Gay
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7057, Paris 72505, France
| | - Grégoire Peyret
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris 72505, France.
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris 72505, France.
| | - Marc A Fardin
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris 72505, France.
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Université Denis Diderot - Paris 7, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris 72505, France.
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26
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Mueller R, Yeomans JM, Doostmohammadi A. Emergence of Active Nematic Behavior in Monolayers of Isotropic Cells. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:048004. [PMID: 30768306 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.048004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is now growing evidence of the emergence and biological functionality of liquid crystal features, including nematic order and topological defects, in cellular tissues. However, how such features that intrinsically rely on particle elongation emerge in monolayers of cells with isotropic shapes is an outstanding question. In this Letter, we present a minimal model of cellular monolayers based on cell deformation and force transmission at the cell-cell interface that explains the formation of topological defects and captures the flow-field and stress patterns around them. By including mechanical properties at the individual cell level, we further show that the instability that drives the formation of topological defects, and leads to active turbulence, emerges from a feedback between shape deformation and active driving. The model allows us to suggest new explanations for experimental observations in tissue mechanics, and to propose designs for future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Mueller
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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27
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Abstract
In various physiological processes, the cell collective is organized in a monolayer, such as seen in a simple epithelium. The advances in the understanding of mechanical behavior of the monolayer and its underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms will help to elucidate the properties of cell collectives. In this Review, we discuss recent in vitro studies on monolayer mechanics and their implications on collective dynamics, regulation of monolayer mechanics by physical confinement and geometrical cues and the effect of tissue mechanics on biological processes, such as cell division and extrusion. In particular, we focus on the active nematic property of cell monolayers and the emerging approach to view biological systems in the light of liquid crystal theory. We also highlight the mechanosensing and mechanotransduction mechanisms at the sub-cellular and molecular level that are mediated by the contractile actomyosin cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion proteins, such as E-cadherin and α-catenin. To conclude, we argue that, in order to have a holistic understanding of the cellular response to biophysical environments, interdisciplinary approaches and multiple techniques - from large-scale traction force measurements to molecular force protein sensors - must be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchi Chen
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Thuan Beng Saw
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411.,National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore 117583
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, 75205 Paris CEDEX 13, France
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Saw TB, Xi W, Ladoux B, Lim CT. Biological Tissues as Active Nematic Liquid Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802579. [PMID: 30156334 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Live tissues can self-organize and be described as active materials composed of cells that generate active stresses through continuous injection of energy. In vitro reconstituted molecular networks, as well as single-cell cytoskeletons show that their filamentous structures can portray nematic liquid crystalline properties and can promote nonequilibrium processes induced by active processes at the microscale. The appearance of collective patterns, the formation of topological singularities, and spontaneous phase transition within the cell cytoskeleton are emergent properties that drive cellular functions. More integrated systems such as tissues have cells that can be seen as coarse-grained active nematic particles and their interaction can dictate many important tissue processes such as epithelial cell extrusion and migration as observed in vitro and in vivo. Here, a brief introduction to the concept of active nematics is provided, and the main focus is on the use of this framework in the systematic study of predominantly 2D tissue architectures and dynamics in vitro. In addition how the nematic state is important in tissue behavior, such as epithelial expansion, tissue homeostasis, and the atherosclerosis disease state, is discussed. Finally, how the nematic organization of cells can be controlled in vitro for tissue engineering purposes is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Beng Saw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Wang Xi
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 and Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Engineering Block 4, #04-08, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
- Biomedical Institute for Global Health, Research and Technology (BIGHEART), National University of Singapore, MD6, 14 Medical Drive, #14-01, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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Christensen A, West AKV, Wullkopf L, Terra Erler J, Oddershede LB, Mathiesen J. Friction-limited cell motility in confluent monolayer tissue. Phys Biol 2018; 15:066004. [DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aacedc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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Abstract
Epithelial cells demonstrate different collective migratory modes when encountering two (2D) and three dimensional (3D) microenvironment. While planar micropatterns and constraint have been shown to strongly impact collective cell migration (CCM), how out-of-plane curvature and 3D confinement will affect epithelial organization and dynamics remains largely unknown. This is likely due to lack of proper 3D microscaffolds for studying CCM. In this chapter, we briefly review the latest achievement in microengineering approaches to control 3D microenvironment of epithelial development. Then, we introduce convenient and simple methods of fabricating elastomeric tubular biocompatible microchannels as 3D cell culture scaffolds. Afterwards, we describe in detail the experimental set-up for observing 3D coordinated cell migration on curved surfaces and under spatial constraint. Finally, we provide an approach to analyze 3D dynamics using available techniques for 2D images.
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Saw TB, Doostmohammadi A, Nier V, Kocgozlu L, Thampi S, Toyama Y, Marcq P, Lim CT, Yeomans JM, Ladoux B. Topological defects in epithelia govern cell death and extrusion. Nature 2017; 544:212-216. [PMID: 28406198 PMCID: PMC5439518 DOI: 10.1038/nature21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues (epithelia) remove excess cells through extrusion, preventing the accumulation of unnecessary or pathological cells. The extrusion process can be triggered by apoptotic signalling, oncogenic transformation and overcrowding of cells. Despite the important linkage of cell extrusion to developmental, homeostatic and pathological processes such as cancer metastasis, its underlying mechanism and connections to the intrinsic mechanics of the epithelium are largely unexplored. We approach this problem by modelling the epithelium as an active nematic liquid crystal (that has a long range directional order), and comparing numerical simulations to strain rate and stress measurements within monolayers of MDCK (Madin Darby canine kidney) cells. Here we show that apoptotic cell extrusion is provoked by singularities in cell alignments in the form of comet-shaped topological defects. We find a universal correlation between extrusion sites and positions of nematic defects in the cell orientation field in different epithelium types. The results confirm the active nematic nature of epithelia, and demonstrate that defect-induced isotropic stresses are the primary precursors of mechanotransductive responses in cells, including YAP (Yes-associated protein) transcription factor activity, caspase-3-mediated cell death, and extrusions. Importantly, the defect-driven extrusion mechanism depends on intercellular junctions, because the weakening of cell-cell interactions in an α-catenin knockdown monolayer reduces the defect size and increases both the number of defects and extrusion rates, as is also predicted by our model. We further demonstrate the ability to control extrusion hotspots by geometrically inducing defects through microcontact printing of patterned monolayers. On the basis of these results, we propose a mechanism for apoptotic cell extrusion: spontaneously formed topological defects in epithelia govern cell fate. This will be important in predicting extrusion hotspots and dynamics in vivo, with potential applications to tissue regeneration and the suppression of metastasis. Moreover, we anticipate that the analogy between the epithelium and active nematic liquid crystals will trigger further investigations of the link between cellular processes and the material properties of epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan Beng Saw
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Vincent Nier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Leyla Kocgozlu
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sumesh Thampi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Oxford University, UK.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, and Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore
| | - Philippe Marcq
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 6, Institut Curie, CNRS, UMR 168, Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Oxford University, UK
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), CNRS UMR 7592 & Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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33
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Dynamics of cancerous tissue correlates with invasiveness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43800. [PMID: 28262796 PMCID: PMC5338316 DOI: 10.1038/srep43800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Two of the classical hallmarks of cancer are uncontrolled cell division and tissue invasion, which turn the disease into a systemic, life-threatening condition. Although both processes are studied, a clear correlation between cell division and motility of cancer cells has not been described previously. Here, we experimentally characterize the dynamics of invasive and non-invasive breast cancer tissues using human and murine model systems. The intrinsic tissue velocities, as well as the divergence and vorticity around a dividing cell correlate strongly with the invasive potential of the tissue, thus showing a distinct correlation between tissue dynamics and aggressiveness. We formulate a model which treats the tissue as a visco-elastic continuum. This model provides a valid reproduction of the cancerous tissue dynamics, thus, biological signaling is not needed to explain the observed tissue dynamics. The model returns the characteristic force exerted by an invading cell and reveals a strong correlation between force and invasiveness of breast cancer cells, thus pinpointing the importance of mechanics for cancer invasion.
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Oza AU, Heidenreich S, Dunkel J. Generalized Swift-Hohenberg models for dense active suspensions. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2016; 39:97. [PMID: 27815788 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2016-16097-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In describing the physics of living organisms, a mathematical theory that captures the generic ordering principles of intracellular and multicellular dynamics is essential for distinguishing between universal and system-specific features. Here, we compare two recently proposed nonlinear high-order continuum models for active polar and nematic suspensions, which aim to describe collective migration in dense cell assemblies and the ordering processes in ATP-driven microtubule-kinesin networks, respectively. We discuss the phase diagrams of the two models and relate their predictions to recent experiments. The satisfactory agreement with existing experimental data lends support to the hypothesis that non-equilibrium pattern formation phenomena in a wide range of active systems can be described within the same class of higher-order partial differential equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand U Oza
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 251 Mercer Street, 10012, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Sebastian Heidenreich
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin, Abbestr. 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Dunkel
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 02139-4307, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Heidenreich S, Dunkel J, Klapp SHL, Bär M. Hydrodynamic length-scale selection in microswimmer suspensions. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:020601. [PMID: 27627229 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A universal characteristic of mesoscale turbulence in active suspensions is the emergence of a typical vortex length scale, distinctly different from the scale invariance of turbulent high-Reynolds number flows. Collective length-scale selection has been observed in bacterial fluids, endothelial tissue, and active colloids, yet the physical origins of this phenomenon remain elusive. Here, we systematically derive an effective fourth-order field theory from a generic microscopic model that allows us to predict the typical vortex size in microswimmer suspensions. Building on a self-consistent closure condition, the derivation shows that the vortex length scale is determined by the competition between local alignment forces, rotational diffusion, and intermediate-range hydrodynamic interactions. Vortex structures found in simulations of the theory agree with recent measurements in Bacillus subtilis suspensions. Moreover, our approach yields an effective viscosity enhancement (reduction), as reported experimentally for puller (pusher) microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heidenreich
- Department of Mathematical Modelling and Data Analysis, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin, Abbestrasse 2-12, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörn Dunkel
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue E17-412, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA
| | - Sabine H L Klapp
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technical University Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Bär
- Department of Mathematical Modelling and Data Analysis, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin, Abbestrasse 2-12, D-10587 Berlin, Germany
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Doostmohammadi A, Thampi SP, Yeomans JM. Defect-Mediated Morphologies in Growing Cell Colonies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:048102. [PMID: 27494503 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.048102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Morphological trends in growing colonies of living cells are at the core of physiological and evolutionary processes. Using active gel equations, which include cell division, we show that shape changes during the growth can be regulated by the dynamics of topological defects in the orientation of cells. The friction between the dividing cells and underlying substrate drives anisotropic colony shapes toward more isotropic morphologies, by mediating the number density and velocity of topological defects. We show that the defects interact with the interface at a specific interaction range, set by the vorticity length scale of flows within the colony, and that the cells predominantly reorient parallel to the interface due to division-induced active stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Doostmohammadi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - Sumesh P Thampi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
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Albert PJ, Schwarz US. Dynamics of Cell Ensembles on Adhesive Micropatterns: Bridging the Gap between Single Cell Spreading and Collective Cell Migration. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004863. [PMID: 27054883 PMCID: PMC4824460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The collective dynamics of multicellular systems arise from the interplay of a few fundamental elements: growth, division and apoptosis of single cells; their mechanical and adhesive interactions with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix; and the tendency of polarized cells to move. Micropatterned substrates are increasingly used to dissect the relative roles of these fundamental processes and to control the resulting dynamics. Here we show that a unifying computational framework based on the cellular Potts model can describe the experimentally observed cell dynamics over all relevant length scales. For single cells, the model correctly predicts the statistical distribution of the orientation of the cell division axis as well as the final organisation of the two daughters on a large range of micropatterns, including those situations in which a stable configuration is not achieved and rotation ensues. Large ensembles migrating in heterogeneous environments form non-adhesive regions of inward-curved arcs like in epithelial bridge formation. Collective migration leads to swirl formation with variations in cell area as observed experimentally. In each case, we also use our model to predict cell dynamics on patterns that have not been studied before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp J. Albert
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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38
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Doostmohammadi A, Adamer MF, Thampi SP, Yeomans JM. Stabilization of active matter by flow-vortex lattices and defect ordering. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10557. [PMID: 26837846 PMCID: PMC4742889 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Active systems, from bacterial suspensions to cellular monolayers, are continuously driven out of equilibrium by local injection of energy from their constituent elements and exhibit turbulent-like and chaotic patterns. Here we demonstrate both theoretically and through numerical simulations, that the crossover between wet active systems, whose behaviour is dominated by hydrodynamics, and dry active matter where any flow is screened, can be achieved by using friction as a control parameter. Moreover, we discover unexpected vortex ordering at this wet-dry crossover. We show that the self organization of vortices into lattices is accompanied by the spatial ordering of topological defects leading to active crystal-like structures. The emergence of vortex lattices, which leads to the positional ordering of topological defects, suggests potential applications in the design and control of active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Doostmohammadi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK
| | - Michael F. Adamer
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK
| | - Sumesh P. Thampi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK
| | - Julia M. Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3NP, UK
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39
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Doostmohammadi A, Thampi SP, Saw TB, Lim CT, Ladoux B, Yeomans JM. Celebrating Soft Matter's 10th Anniversary: Cell division: a source of active stress in cellular monolayers. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7328-7336. [PMID: 26265162 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01382h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the notion of cell division-induced activity and show that the cell division generates extensile forces and drives dynamical patterns in cell assemblies. Extending the hydrodynamic models of lyotropic active nematics we describe turbulent-like velocity fields that are generated by the cell division in a confluent monolayer of cells. We show that the experimentally measured flow field of dividing Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells is reproduced by our modeling approach. Division-induced activity acts together with intrinsic activity of the cells in extensile and contractile cell assemblies to change the flow and director patterns and the density of topological defects. Finally we model the evolution of the boundary of a cellular colony and compare the fingering instabilities induced by cell division to experimental observations on the expansion of MDCK cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Doostmohammadi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP, UK.
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Thampi SP, Golestanian R, Yeomans JM. Active nematic materials with substrate friction. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 90:062307. [PMID: 25615093 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.90.062307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Active turbulence in dense active systems is characterized by high vorticity on a length scale that is large compared to that of individual entities. We describe the properties of active turbulence as momentum propagation is screened by frictional damping. As friction is increased, the spacing between the walls in the nematic director field decreases as a consequence of the more rapid velocity decays. This leads to, first, a regime with more walls and an increased number of topological defects, and then to a jammed state in which the walls deliminate bands of opposing flow, analogous to the shear bands observed in passive complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumesh P Thampi
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - Ramin Golestanian
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, 1 Keble Road, Oxford, OX1 3NP, United Kingdom
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