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Wang C, Fuller ME, Heraty LJ, Hatzinger PB, Sturchio NC. Photocatalytic mechanisms of 2,4-dinitroanisole degradation in water deciphered by C and N dual-element isotope fractionation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125109. [PMID: 33858090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In surface water environments, photodegradation may be an important process for the natural attenuation of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). Understanding the photolysis and photocatalysis mechanisms of DNAN is difficult because the photosensitivity of nitro groups and the behavior of DNAN as a potential photosensitizer are unclear in aqueous solutions. Here, we investigate the degradation mechanisms of DNAN under UV-A (λ ~ 350 nm) and UV-C (λ ~ 254 nm) irradiation in a photolysis reactor where aqueous solution was continuously recycled through a UV-irradiated volume from a non-irradiated external reservoir. By tracking C and N isotopic fractionation in DNAN and its reaction products, we observed normal 13C fractionation (εC = -3.34‰) and inverse 15N fractionation (εN = +12.30‰) under UV-A (λ ~ 350 nm) irradiation, in contrast to inverse 13C fractionation (εC = +1.45‰) and normal 15N fractionation (εN = -3.79‰) under UV-C (λ ~ 254 nm) irradiation. These results indicate that DNAN can act as a photosensitizer and may follow a product-to-parent reversion mechanism in surface water environments. The data also indicate that photocatalytic degradation of DNAN in aqueous systems can be monitored via C and N stable isotope analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Mark E Fuller
- Aptim Federal Services, LLC, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA
| | - Linnea J Heraty
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | | | - Neil C Sturchio
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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2
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Krause S, Baranov V, Nel HA, Drummond JD, Kukkola A, Hoellein T, Sambrook Smith GH, Lewandowski J, Bonet B, Packman AI, Sadler J, Inshyna V, Allen S, Allen D, Simon L, Mermillod-Blondin F, Lynch I. Gathering at the top? Environmental controls of microplastic uptake and biomagnification in freshwater food webs. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115750. [PMID: 33172701 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment, with high concentrations being detected now also in river corridors and sediments globally. Whilst there has been increasing field evidence of microplastics accumulation in the guts and tissues of freshwater and marine aquatic species, the uptake mechanisms of microplastics into freshwater food webs, and the physical and geological controls on pathway-specific exposures to microplastics, are not well understood. This knowledge gap is hampering the assessment of exposure risks, and potential ecotoxicological and public health impacts from microplastics. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of key research challenges in analysing the environmental fate and transport of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems, including the identification of hydrological, sedimentological and particle property controls on microplastic accumulation in aquatic ecosystems. This mechanistic analysis outlines the dominant pathways for exposure to microplastics in freshwater ecosystems and identifies potentially critical uptake mechanisms and entry pathways for microplastics and associated contaminants into aquatic food webs as well as their risk to accumulate and biomagnify. We identify seven key research challenges that, if overcome, will permit the advancement beyond current conceptual limitations and provide the mechanistic process understanding required to assess microplastic exposure, uptake, hazard, and overall risk to aquatic systems and humans, and provide key insights into the priority impact pathways in freshwater ecosystems to support environmental management decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 69622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Viktor Baranov
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Holly A Nel
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer D Drummond
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kukkola
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Hoellein
- Loyola University Chicago, Department of Biology, Chicago, United States
| | - Gregory H Sambrook Smith
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joerg Lewandowski
- Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany; Department of Geography, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Berta Bonet
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron I Packman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern Center for Water Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Chicago, United States
| | - Jon Sadler
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Valentyna Inshyna
- Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Steve Allen
- Strathclyde University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laurent Simon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Florian Mermillod-Blondin
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Yang X, Zhao H, Cwiertny DM, Kolodziej EP. Sorption and transport of trenbolone and altrenogest photoproducts in soil-water systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1650-1663. [PMID: 31490490 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00305c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the sorption and transport potential of seven phototransformation products of 17α-trenbolone, 17β-trenbolone, trendione, and altrenogest, along with the parent trienone steroids in batch and column soil-water systems. In batch systems, the target solutes exhibited linear isotherms, with values for sorption coefficients (log Koc) of parent steroids (2.46-2.76) higher than those for photoproducts (1.92-2.57). In column systems, the estimated retardation factors (Rsol) for parents (2.7-5.1) were ∼2-5 times higher than those for photoproducts (0.84-1.7). The log Koc (R2 = 0.75) and Rsol (R2 = 0.89-0.98) were well correlated with measured log Kow values, indicating that hydrophobic partitioning governed the soil-solute interaction of these biologically potent compounds in soil-water systems. These data indicated that photoproducts exhibited reduced sorption affinity and increased transport potential relative to more hydrophobic parent structures. In agroecosystems, traditional runoff management practices would be expected to exhibit reduced treatment effectiveness for photoproducts relative to the parent compounds of commonly used trienone steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjian Yang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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4
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Detection and quantification of metastable photoproducts of trenbolone and altrenogest using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:150-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Manamsa K, Lapworth DJ, Stuart ME. Temporal variability of micro-organic contaminants in lowland chalk catchments: New insights into contaminant sources and hydrological processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:566-577. [PMID: 26850859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the temporal variation of a broad suite of micro organic (MO) compounds within hydrologically linked compartments of a lowland Chalk catchment, the most important drinking water aquifer in the UK. It presents an assessment of results from relatively high frequency monitoring at a well-characterised site, including the type and concentrations of compounds detected and how they change under different hydrological conditions including exceptionally high groundwater levels and river flow conditions during 2014 and subsequent recovery. This study shows for the first time that within the Chalk groundwater there can be a greater diversity of the MOs compared to surface waters. Within the Chalk 26 different compounds were detected over the duration of the study compared to 17 in the surface water. Plasticisers (0.06-39μg/L) were found to dominate in the Chalk groundwater on 5 visits (38.4%) accounting for 14.5% of detections but contributing highest concentrations whilst other compounds dominated in the surface water. Trichloroethene and atrazine were among the most frequently detected compounds. The limit for the total pesticide concentration detected did not exceed EU/UK prescribed concentration values for drinking water. Emerging organic compounds such as caffeine, which currently do not have water quality limits, were also detected. The low numbers of compounds found within the hyporheic zone highlight the role of this transient interface in the attenuation and breakdown of the MOs, and provision of an important ecosystem service.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manamsa
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - M E Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
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Wammer KH, Anderson KC, Erickson PR, Kliegman S, Moffatt ME, Berg SM, Heitzman JA, Pflug NC, McNeill K, Martinovic-Weigelt D, Abagyan R, Cwiertny DM, Kolodziej EP. Environmental Photochemistry of Altrenogest: Photoisomerization to a Bioactive Product with Increased Environmental Persistence via Reversible Photohydration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7480-7488. [PMID: 27356268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite its wide use as a veterinary pharmaceutical, environmental fate data is lacking for altrenogest, a potent synthetic progestin. Here, it is reported that direct photolysis of altrenogest under environmentally relevant conditions was extremely efficient and rapid (half-life ∼25 s). Photolysis rates (observed rate constant kobs = 2.7 ± 0.2 × 10(-2) s(-1)) were unaffected by changes in pH or temperature but were sensitive to oxygen concentrations (N2-saturated kobs = 9.10 ± 0.32 × 10(-2) s(-1); O2-saturated kobs = 1.38 ± 0.11 × 10(-2) s(-1)). The primary photoproduct was identified as an isomer formed via an internal 2 + 2 cycloaddition reaction; the triplet lifetime (8.4 ± 0.2 μs) and rate constant (8 × 10(4) s(-1)) of this reaction were measured using transient absorption spectroscopy. Subsequent characterization determined that this primary cycloaddition photoproduct undergoes photohydration. The resultant photostable secondary photoproducts are subject to thermal dehydration in dark conditions, leading to reversion to the primary cycloaddition photoproduct on a time scale of hours to days, with the photohydration and dehydration repeatable over several light/dark cycles. This dehydration reaction occurs more rapidly at higher temperatures and is also accelerated at both high and low pH values. In vitro androgen receptor (AR)-dependent gene transcriptional activation cell assays and in silico nuclear hormone receptor screening revealed that certain photoproducts retain significant androgenic activity, which has implications for exposure risks associated with the presence and cycling of altrenogest and its photoproducts in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine H Wammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Kyler C Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Paul R Erickson
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Kliegman
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marianna E Moffatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Stephanie M Berg
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Jackie A Heitzman
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas , St. Paul, Minnesota 55105, United States
| | - Nicholas C Pflug
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich , CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman, La Jolla, California 92093-0747, United States
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Tacoma , Tacoma, Washington 98402 United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-2700 United States
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7
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Baltrusaitis J, Patterson EV, O'Connor M, Qu S, Kolodziej EP, Cwiertny DM. Reversible Photohydration of Trenbolone Acetate Metabolites: Mechanistic Understanding of Product-to-Parent Reversion through Complementary Experimental and Theoretical Approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:6753-61. [PMID: 26800354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Photolysis experiments (in H2O and D2O) and quantum chemical calculations were performed to explore the pH-dependent, reversible photohydration of trenbolone acetate (TBA) metabolites. Photohydration of 17α-trenbolone (17α-TBOH) and 17β-trenbolone (17β-TBOH) occurred readily in simulated sunlight to yield hydrated products with incorporated H(+) at C4 and OH(-) at either C5 (5-OH-TBOH) or C12 (12-OH-TBOH) in the tetracyclic steroid backbone. Although unable to be elucidated analytically, theory suggests preferred orientations of cis-12-OH-TBOH (relative to C13 methyl) and trans-5-OH-TBOH, with the former most thermodynamically stable overall. Both experiment and theory indicate limited stability of trans-5-OH-TBOH at acidic pH where it undergoes concurrent, carbocation-mediated thermal rearrangement to cis-12-OH-TBOH and dehydration to regenerate its parent structure. Experiments revealed cis-12-OH-TBOH to be more stable at acidic pH, which is the only condition where its reversion to parent TBA metabolite occurred. At basic pH cis-12-OH-TBOH decayed quickly via hydroxide/water addition, behavior that theory attributes to the formation of a stable enolate resistant to dehydration but prone to thermal hydration. In a noteworthy deviation from predicted theoretical stability, 17α-TBOH photohydration yields major trans-5-OH-TBOH and minor cis-12-OH-TBOH, a distribution also opposite that observed for 17β-TBOH. Because H(+) and OH(-) loss from adjacent carbon centers allows trans-5-OH-TBOH to dehydrate at all pH values, the presumed kinetically controlled yield of 17α-TBOH photohydrates results in a greater propensity for 17α-TBOH reversion than 17β-TBOH. Additional calculations explored minor, but potentially bioactive, trenbolone analogs that could be generated via alternative rearrangement of the acidic carbocation intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Baltrusaitis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University , B336 Iacocca Hall, 111 Research Drive, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Eric V Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Meghan O'Connor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Shen Qu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington , Tacoma, Tacoma Washington 98402, United States
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - David M Cwiertny
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa , 4105 Seamans Center for the Engineering Arts and Sciences, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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