1
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Bi G, Yu C, Liu B, Fan J, Chu Y, Zhang X, Hu M. Coherent beam combining of femtosecond third-harmonic generators: towards high-power, high-beam-quality UV light generation. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1911-1914. [PMID: 38621037 DOI: 10.1364/ol.520637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Coherent beam combining (CBC) of two femtosecond third-harmonic (TH) generators is proposed and demonstrated. By applying phase modulation to one of the fundamental laser pulses, the feedback loop effectively eliminates both phase and pointing errors between the two TH femtosecond laser beams. The system delivers 345-nm femtosecond laser pulses with 22-W average power at 1-MHz repetition rate. The average combining efficiency is 91.5% over approximately 1 h of testing. The beam quality of the combined ultraviolet (UV) laser beam is near-diffraction-limited with M2 factors of M X2=1.36, M Y2=1.24, which are similar to those of the individual channels. This scheme exhibits promising potential for increasing high-beam-quality UV laser power.
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2
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Boltaev GS, Ganeev RA, Alnaser AS. Enhanced XUV harmonics generated in mixed noble gases using three-color laser fields. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:113-124. [PMID: 38175043 DOI: 10.1364/oe.507586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
High repetition coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) harmonics offer a powerful tool for investigating electron dynamics and understanding the underlying physics in a wide range of systems. We demonstrate the utilization of combined three-color (ω+2ω+3ω) laser fields in the generation of coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation in mixed noble gases. The three-color field results from the combination of fundamental, second-, and third-order harmonics of the near-infrared laser pulses in the nonlinear crystals. Different noble gases were selected as gas targets based on their ionization potentials, which are important parameters for generating higher cut-offs and intensities for the XUV harmonics. Enhanced XUV harmonic intensities were observed in the mixture of He + Kr gases when using three-color laser fields, compared to harmonics generated in the He + Kr mixture under a single-color pump. On the other hand, suppression of XUV harmonic intensity was observed in the mixture of He + Xe under the three-color pump due to the highest ionization level for these two mixed gases at similar laser conditions. Strong harmonic yields in the range of 25 to 80 eV of photon energy were observed.
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3
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Thiré N, Chatterjee G, Pertot Y, Albert O, Karras G, Zhang Y, Wyatt AS, Towrie M, Springate E, Greetham GM, Forget N. A versatile high-average-power ultrafast infrared driver tailored for high-harmonic generation and vibrational spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18874. [PMID: 37914852 PMCID: PMC10620204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46325-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on an ultrafast infrared optical parametric chirped-pulse amplifier (OPCPA), pumped by a 200-W thin-disk Yb-based regenerative amplifier at a repetition rate of 100 kHz. The OPCPA is tunable in the spectral range 1.4-3.9 [Formula: see text]m, generating up to 23 W of < 100-fs signal and 13 W of < 200-fs idler pulses for infrared spectroscopy, with additional spectral filtering capabilities for Raman spectroscopy. The OPCPA can also yield 19 W of 49-fs 1.75-[Formula: see text]m signal or 5 W of 62-fs 2.8-[Formula: see text]m idler pulses with active carrier-to-envelope-phase (CEP) stabilisation for high-harmonic generation (HHG). We illustrate the versatility of the laser design, catering to various experimental requirements for probing ultrafast science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Thiré
- Fastlite, 165 route des cistes, 06600, Antibes, France.
| | - Gourab Chatterjee
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK.
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Yoann Pertot
- Fastlite, 165 route des cistes, 06600, Antibes, France
| | | | - Gabriel Karras
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Yu Zhang
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Adam S Wyatt
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Emma Springate
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- STFC Central Laser Facility, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Nicolas Forget
- Fastlite, 165 route des cistes, 06600, Antibes, France
- CNRS UMR7010 INPHYNI, 1361 route des Lucioles, 06560, Valbonne, France
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4
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Fu W, Wang J, Yu J, Li W. Extension of high-order harmonic generation cutoff from laser-ablated tin plasma plumes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:15553-15563. [PMID: 37157654 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The high-order harmonic spectra from laser-ablated tin plasma plumes are investigated experimentally and theoretically at different laser wavelengths. It is found that the harmonic cutoff is extended to ∼84 eV and the harmonic yield is greatly improved by decreasing the driving laser wavelength from 800 nm to 400 nm. Appling the Perelomov-Popov-Terent'ev theory with the semiclassical cutoff law and one-dimensional time-dependent Schrödinger equation, the contribution of the Sn3+ ion to harmonic generation accounts for the cutoff extension at 400 nm. With the qualitative analysis of the phase mismatching effect, we reveal the phase matching caused by the dispersion of free electrons is greatly optimized in the 400 nm driving field relative to the 800 nm driving field. The high-order harmonic generated from laser-ablated tin plasma plumes driven by the short laser wavelength provides a promising way to extend cutoff energy and generate intensely coherent extreme ultraviolet radiation.
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5
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Fu W, Lai YH, Li W. Comparative study of medium length-dependent high-harmonic generation from metal ions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:47315-47325. [PMID: 36558662 DOI: 10.1364/oe.475483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study on the high-harmonic yields from the ions in the laser-ablated plumes of various metal targets (W, Mo, Cr, Cu, Ni, Fe, Ag and Mg) with the purpose of comparing their ion density and single-atom response. The harmonic yields as a function of medium length are measured and the results are fitted against a theoretical model to extract the coherence length, absorption length and strength single-atom response (in arbitrary units) of different harmonic orders for each target. It is found that the coherence lengths decrease monotonically as a function of harmonic order for all targets. Ion density of the generation media are estimated by the trend of the coherence length as a function of harmonic order. Qualitatively, targets with lower melting temperatures seem to produce laser-ablated plumes of higher ion density, vice versa. Also, the strength of the single-atom response of the metal ion species with only one electron in the outermost subshell are weak compared with the other targets considered in this study.
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6
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Röcker C, Weinert P, Villeval P, Lupinski D, Delaigue M, Hönninger C, Weber R, Graf T, Ahmed MA. Nonlinear absorption in lithium triborate frequency converters for high-power ultrafast lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:5423-5438. [PMID: 35209505 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report on an analysis of the nonlinear absorption in lithium triborate (LBO) used for second and third harmonic generation of ultrashort laser pulses at average powers in the order of kW and with sub-picosecond pulse duration. Thermographic imaging of the LBO crystals together with a simple analytical model revealed the presence of nonlinear absorption in both harmonic generation processes. Subsequent processing with a numerical model considering the nonlinear mixing, the absorption, and the heat conduction was used to estimate the absorption coefficients. Average powers exceeding 100 W in the ultraviolet and 400 W in the visible spectral range were obtained while maintaining a good beam quality by avoiding excessive nonlinear absorption.
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7
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Loetgering L, Witte S, Rothhardt J. Advances in laboratory-scale ptychography using high harmonic sources [Invited]. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:4133-4164. [PMID: 35209658 DOI: 10.1364/oe.443622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet microscopy and wavefront sensing are key elements for next-generation ultrafast applications, such as chemically-resolved imaging, focal spot diagnostics in pump-and-probe experiments, and actinic metrology for the state-of-the-art lithography node at 13.5 nm wavelength. Ptychography offers a robust solution to the aforementioned challenges. Originally adapted by the electron and synchrotron communities, advances in the stability and brightness of high-harmonic tabletop sources have enabled the transfer of ptychography to the laboratory. This review covers the state of the art in tabletop ptychography with high harmonic generation sources. We consider hardware options such as illumination optics and detector concepts as well as algorithmic aspects in the analysis of multispectral ptychography data. Finally, we review technological application cases such as multispectral wavefront sensing, attosecond pulse characterization, and depth-resolved imaging.
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8
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Bao C, Zhong H, Zhou S, Feng R, Wang Y, Zhou S. Ultrafast time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with widely tunable probe photon energy of 5.3-7.0 eV for investigating dynamics of three-dimensional materials. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:013902. [PMID: 35104958 DOI: 10.1063/5.0070004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TrARPES) is a powerful technique for capturing the ultrafast dynamics of charge carriers and revealing photo-induced phase transitions in quantum materials. However, the lack of widely tunable probe photon energy, which is critical for accessing the dispersions at different out-of-plane momentum kz in TrARPES measurements, has hindered the ultrafast dynamics investigation of 3D quantum materials, such as Dirac or Weyl semimetals. Here, we report the development of a TrARPES system with a highly tunable probe photon energy from 5.3 to 7.0 eV. The tunable probe photon energy is generated by the fourth harmonic generation of a tunable wavelength femtosecond laser source by combining a β-BaB2O4 crystal and a KBe2BO3F2 crystal. A high energy resolution of 29-48 meV and time resolution of 280-320 fs are demonstrated on 3D topological materials ZrTe5 and Sb2Te3. Our work opens up new opportunities for exploring ultrafast dynamics in 3D quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyuan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Runfa Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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9
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Sopena A, Bachau H, Catoire F, Martín F, Palacios A. Selecting two-photon sequential ionization pathways in H 2 through harmonic filtering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22395-22403. [PMID: 34610062 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03449a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent experiments in gas-phase molecules have shown the versatility of using attosecond pulse trains combined with IR femtosecond pulses to track and control excitation and ionization yields on the attosecond timescale. The interplay between electron and nuclear motions drives the light-induced transitions favoring specific reaction paths, so that the time delay between the pulses can be used as the tracking parameter or as a control knob to manipulate the molecular dynamics. Here, we present ab initio simulations on the hydrogen molecule to demonstrate that by filtering the high harmonics in an attosecond pulse train one can quench or enhance specific quantum paths thus dictating the outcome of the reaction. It is then possible to discriminate the dominant sequential processes in two-photon ionization, as for example molecular excitation followed by ionization or the other way around. More interestingly, frequency filters can be employed to steer the one- and two-photon yields to favor electron emission in a specific direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Sopena
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Módulo 13, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Centre des Lasers Intenses et Applications, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Henri Bachau
- Centre des Lasers Intenses et Applications, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Catoire
- Centre des Lasers Intenses et Applications, Université de Bordeaux-CNRS-CEA, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Fernando Martín
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Módulo 13, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Palacios
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Módulo 13, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Zheng W, Jiang P, Zhang L, Wang Y, Sun Q, Liu Y, Gong Q, Wu C. Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet photoemission electron microscope. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:043709. [PMID: 34243459 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report our newly built table-top ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photoemission electron microscope. The coherent ultrafast EUV light is served by a single order harmonic, which is generated by the interaction between the intense 800-nm femtosecond laser and noble gases in the hollow core fiber. The required order of the harmonic is selected out by a single grating in the off-plane mount and focused on the sample in the ultrahigh vacuum chamber of the photoemission electron microscope. Using metal gold and copper samples, the spatial resolution is calibrated to be better than 50 nm and the energy resolution is calibrated to be better than 300 meV. This microscope provides an advanced tool for studying electron dynamics covering the full Brillouin zone of solid materials with ultrahigh time, space, and energy resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science, Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengzuo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science, Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science, Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science, Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Quan Sun
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
| | - Yunquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science, Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science, Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chengyin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science, Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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11
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King PDC, Picozzi S, Egdell RG, Panaccione G. Angle, Spin, and Depth Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy on Quantum Materials. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2816-2856. [PMID: 33346644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of X-ray based electron spectroscopies in determining chemical, electronic, and magnetic properties of solids has been well-known for several decades. A powerful approach is angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, whereby the kinetic energy and angle of photoelectrons emitted from a sample surface are measured. This provides a direct measurement of the electronic band structure of crystalline solids. Moreover, it yields powerful insights into the electronic interactions at play within a material and into the control of spin, charge, and orbital degrees of freedom, central pillars of future solid state science. With strong recent focus on research of lower-dimensional materials and modified electronic behavior at surfaces and interfaces, angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy has become a core technique in the study of quantum materials. In this review, we provide an introduction to the technique. Through examples from several topical materials systems, including topological insulators, transition metal dichalcogenides, and transition metal oxides, we highlight the types of information which can be obtained. We show how the combination of angle, spin, time, and depth-resolved experiments are able to reveal "hidden" spectral features, connected to semiconducting, metallic and magnetic properties of solids, as well as underlining the importance of dimensional effects in quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil D C King
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Picozzi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR-SPIN, Via dei Vestini 31, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Russell G Egdell
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Panaccione
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)-CNR, Laboratorio TASC, in Area Science Park, S.S.14, Km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
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12
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Boltaev GS, Iqbal M, Abbasi NA, Kim VV, Ganeev RA, Alnaser AS. Enhanced XUV harmonics generation from diatomic gases using two orthogonally polarized laser fields. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5534. [PMID: 33692428 PMCID: PMC7946962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced high repetition rate coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) harmonics represent efficient probe of electron dynamics in atoms, molecules and solids. In this work, we used orthogonally-polarized two-color laser field to generate strong even and odd high order harmonics from molecular gas targets. The dynamics of odd and even harmonics from O2, and N2 gases were investigated by employing single- and two-color laser fields using the fundamental radiation and second harmonic of 1030 nm, 37 fs, 50 kHz pulses. The relative efficiencies of harmonics were analyzed as a function of the thickness of the barium borate crystal used for second harmonic generation. Defocusing-assisted phase matching conditions were achieved in N2 gas for different groups of XUV harmonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganjaboy S Boltaev
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE
- Institute of Ion-Plasma and Laser Technologies, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 100125
| | - Mazhar Iqbal
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Naveed A Abbasi
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Vyacheslav V Kim
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Rashid A Ganeev
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE
- Faculty of Physics, Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394006, Russia
| | - Ali S Alnaser
- Department of Physics, American University of Sharjah, PO Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE.
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13
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Bao C, Luo L, Zhang H, Zhou S, Ren Z, Zhou S. Full diagnostics and optimization of time resolution for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033904. [PMID: 33820058 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Achieving a high time resolution is highly desirable for revealing the electron dynamics and light-induced phenomena in time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TrARPES). Here, we identify key factors for achieving the optimum time resolution, including laser bandwidth and optical component induced chirp. A full diagnostic scheme is constructed to characterize the pulse duration and chirp of the fundamental beam, second harmonic, and fourth harmonic, and prism pairs are used to compensate for the chirp. Moreover, by using a Sb2Te3 film as a test sample, we can achieve a high test efficiency for the time resolution during the optimization process. An optimized time resolution of 81 fs is achieved in our TrARPES system with a high repetition rate tunable from 76 to 4.75/n MHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Laipeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Zefeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Dynamics Research Center for Energy and Environmental Materials, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wallauer R, Raths M, Stallberg K, Münster L, Brandstetter D, Yang X, Güdde J, Puschnig P, Soubatch S, Kumpf C, Bocquet FC, Tautz FS, Höfer U. Tracing orbital images on ultrafast time scales. Science 2021; 371:1056-1059. [PMID: 33602865 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf3286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Frontier orbitals determine fundamental molecular properties such as chemical reactivities. Although electron distributions of occupied orbitals can be imaged in momentum space by photoemission tomography, it has so far been impossible to follow the momentum-space dynamics of a molecular orbital in time, for example, through an excitation or a chemical reaction. Here, we combined time-resolved photoemission using high laser harmonics and a momentum microscope to establish a tomographic, femtosecond pump-probe experiment of unoccupied molecular orbitals. We measured the full momentum-space distribution of transiently excited electrons, connecting their excited-state dynamics to real-space excitation pathways. Because in molecules this distribution is closely linked to orbital shapes, our experiment may, in the future, offer the possibility of observing ultrafast electron motion in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wallauer
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - M Raths
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - K Stallberg
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - L Münster
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - D Brandstetter
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - X Yang
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - J Güdde
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - P Puschnig
- Institute of Physics, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - S Soubatch
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Kumpf
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - F C Bocquet
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - F S Tautz
- Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany. .,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,Experimentalphysik IV A, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Straße, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - U Höfer
- Fachbereich Physik und Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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15
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Lee C, Rohwer T, Sie EJ, Zong A, Baldini E, Straquadine J, Walmsley P, Gardner D, Lee YS, Fisher IR, Gedik N. High resolution time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with 11 eV laser pulses. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:043102. [PMID: 32357712 DOI: 10.1063/1.5139556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Performing time- and angle-resolved photoemission (tr-ARPES) spectroscopy at high momenta necessitates extreme ultraviolet laser pulses, which are typically produced via high harmonic generation (HHG). Despite recent advances, HHG-based setups still require large pulse energies (from hundreds of μJ to mJ) and their energy resolution is limited to tens of meV. Here, we present a novel 11 eV tr-ARPES setup that generates a flux of 5 × 1010 photons/s and achieves an unprecedented energy resolution of 16 meV. It can be operated at high repetition rates (up to 250 kHz) while using input pulse energies down to 3 µJ. We demonstrate these unique capabilities by simultaneously capturing the energy and momentum resolved dynamics in two well-separated momentum space regions of a charge density wave material ErTe3. This novel setup offers the opportunity to study the non-equilibrium band structure of solids with exceptional energy and time resolutions at high repetition rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Timm Rohwer
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Edbert J Sie
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Alfred Zong
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Edoardo Baldini
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Joshua Straquadine
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Philip Walmsley
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Dillon Gardner
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Young S Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ian R Fisher
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Nuh Gedik
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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16
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Cucini R, Pincelli T, Panaccione G, Kopic D, Frassetto F, Miotti P, Pierantozzi GM, Peli S, Fondacaro A, De Luisa A, De Vita A, Carrara P, Krizmancic D, Payne DT, Salvador F, Sterzi A, Poletto L, Parmigiani F, Rossi G, Cilento F. Coherent narrowband light source for ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy in the 17-31 eV photon energy range. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2020; 7:014303. [PMID: 32039283 PMCID: PMC6994270 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report on a novel narrowband High Harmonic Generation (HHG) light source designed for ultrafast photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) on solids. Notably, at 16.9 eV photon energy, the harmonics bandwidth equals 19 meV. This result has been obtained by seeding the HHG process with 230 fs pulses at 515 nm. The ultimate energy resolution achieved on a polycrystalline Au sample at 40 K is ∼22 meV at 16.9 eV. These parameters set a new benchmark for narrowband HHG sources and have been obtained by varying the repetition rate up to 200 kHz and, consequently, mitigating the space charge, operating with ≈ 3 × 10 7 electrons/s and ≈ 5 × 10 8 photons/s. By comparing the harmonics bandwidth and the ultimate energy resolution with a pulse duration of ∼105 fs (as retrieved from time-resolved experiments on bismuth selenide), we demonstrate a new route for ultrafast space-charge-free PES experiments on solids close to transform-limit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Simone Peli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro De Vita
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
| | - Pietro Carrara
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, via Celoria 16, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Daniel T. Payne
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Sterzi
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Federico Cilento
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14, km 163.5, Trieste, Italy
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17
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Liu Y, Beetar JE, Hosen MM, Dhakal G, Sims C, Kabir F, Etienne MB, Dimitri K, Regmi S, Liu Y, Pathak AK, Kaczorowski D, Neupane M, Chini M. Extreme ultraviolet time- and angle-resolved photoemission setup with 21.5 meV resolution using high-order harmonic generation from a turn-key Yb:KGW amplifier. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:013102. [PMID: 32012559 DOI: 10.1063/1.5121425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing and controlling electronic properties of quantum materials require direct measurements of nonequilibrium electronic band structures over large regions of momentum space. Here, we demonstrate an experimental apparatus for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy using high-order harmonic probe pulses generated by a robust, moderately high power (20 W) Yb:KGW amplifier with a tunable repetition rate between 50 and 150 kHz. By driving high-order harmonic generation (HHG) with the second harmonic of the fundamental 1025 nm laser pulses, we show that single-harmonic probe pulses at 21.8 eV photon energy can be effectively isolated without the use of a monochromator. The on-target photon flux can reach 5 × 1010 photons/s at 50 kHz, and the time resolution is measured to be 320 fs. The relatively long pulse duration of the Yb-driven HHG source allows us to reach an excellent energy resolution of 21.5 meV, which is achieved by suppressing the space-charge broadening using a low photon flux of 1.5 × 108 photons/s at a higher repetition rate of 150 kHz. The capabilities of the setup are demonstrated through measurements in the topological semimetal ZrSiS and the topological insulator Sb2-xGdxTe3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - John E Beetar
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Md Mofazzel Hosen
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Gyanendra Dhakal
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Christopher Sims
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Firoza Kabir
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Marc B Etienne
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Klauss Dimitri
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Sabin Regmi
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
| | - Arjun K Pathak
- Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa 50011-3020, USA
| | - Dariusz Kaczorowski
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-50-950 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Madhab Neupane
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
| | - Michael Chini
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502,
Japan
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19
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Sie EJ, Rohwer T, Lee C, Gedik N. Time-resolved XUV ARPES with tunable 24-33 eV laser pulses at 30 meV resolution. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3535. [PMID: 31388015 PMCID: PMC6684652 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High harmonic generation of ultrafast laser pulses can be used to perform angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) to map the electronic band structure of materials with femtosecond time resolution. However, currently it is difficult to reach high momenta with narrow energy resolution. Here, we combine a gas phase extreme ultraviolet (XUV) femtosecond light source, an XUV monochromator, and a time-of-flight electron analyzer to develop XUV-based time-resolved ARPES. Our technique can produce tunable photon energy between 24-33 eV with an unprecedented energy resolution of 30 meV and time resolution of 200 fs. This technique enables time-, energy- and momentum-resolved investigation of the nonequilibrium dynamics of electrons in materials with a full access to their first Brillouin zone. We evaluate the performance of this setup through exemplary measurements on various quantum materials, including WTe2, WSe2, TiSe2, and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edbert J Sie
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timm Rohwer
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Changmin Lee
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nuh Gedik
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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20
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Comby A, Descamps D, Beauvarlet S, Gonzalez A, Guichard F, Petit S, Zaouter Y, Mairesse Y. Cascaded harmonic generation from a fiber laser: a milliwatt XUV source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:20383-20396. [PMID: 31510133 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.020383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent progresses in femtosecond ytterbium-doped fiber laser technology are opening new perspectives in strong field physics and attosecond science. High-order harmonic generation from these systems is particularly interesting because it provides high flux beams of ultrashort extreme ultraviolet radiation. A great deal of effort has been devoted to optimize the macroscopic generation parameters. Here we investigate the possibility of enhancing the single-atom response by producing high-order harmonics from the second, third and fourth harmonics of a turnkey 50 W, 166 kHz femtosecond Yb-fiber laser providing 135 fs pulses at 1030 nm. We show that the harmonic efficiency is optimal when the process is driven by the third harmonic, producing 6.6 ± 1.3 × 1014 photons/s at 18 eV in argon, which corresponds to 1.9 ± 0.4 mW average power.
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21
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Yang Y, Tang T, Duan S, Zhou C, Hao D, Zhang W. A time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with probe photon energy up to 6.7 eV. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:063905. [PMID: 31254991 DOI: 10.1063/1.5090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy based on a Yb-based femtosecond laser and a hemispherical electron analyzer. The energy of the pump photon is tunable between 1.4 and 1.9 eV, and the pulse duration is around 30 fs. We use a KBe2BO3F2 nonlinear optical crystal to generate probe pulses, of which the photon energy is up to 6.7 eV, and obtain an overall time resolution of 1 ps and energy resolution of 18 meV. In addition, β-BaB2O4 crystals are used to generate alternative probe pulses at 6.05 eV, giving an overall time resolution of 130 fs and energy resolution of 19 meV. We illustrate the performance of the system with representative data on several samples (Bi2Se3, YbCd2Sb2, and FeSe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tianwei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaofeng Duan
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chaocheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Duxing Hao
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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22
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Puppin M, Deng Y, Nicholson CW, Feldl J, Schröter NBM, Vita H, Kirchmann PS, Monney C, Rettig L, Wolf M, Ernstorfer R. Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy of solids in the extreme ultraviolet at 500 kHz repetition rate. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:023104. [PMID: 30831759 DOI: 10.1063/1.5081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (trARPES) employing a 500 kHz extreme-ultraviolet light source operating at 21.7 eV probe photon energy is reported. Based on a high-power ytterbium laser, optical parametric chirped pulse amplification, and ultraviolet-driven high-harmonic generation, the light source produces an isolated high-harmonic with 110 meV bandwidth and a flux of more than 1011 photons/s on the sample. Combined with a state-of-the-art ARPES chamber, this table-top experiment allows high-repetition rate pump-probe experiments of electron dynamics in occupied and normally unoccupied (excited) states in the entire Brillouin zone and with a temporal system response function below 40 fs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Puppin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Y Deng
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - C W Nicholson
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Feldl
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - N B M Schröter
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - H Vita
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - P S Kirchmann
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C Monney
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - L Rettig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R Ernstorfer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Buss JH, Wang H, Xu Y, Maklar J, Joucken F, Zeng L, Stoll S, Jozwiak C, Pepper J, Chuang YD, Denlinger JD, Hussain Z, Lanzara A, Kaindl RA. A setup for extreme-ultraviolet ultrafast angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at 50-kHz repetition rate. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:023105. [PMID: 30831755 DOI: 10.1063/1.5079677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Time- and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (trARPES) is a powerful method to track the ultrafast dynamics of quasiparticles and electronic bands in energy and momentum space. We present a setup for trARPES with 22.3 eV extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) femtosecond pulses at 50-kHz repetition rate, which enables fast data acquisition and access to dynamics across momentum space with high sensitivity. The design and operation of the XUV beamline, pump-probe setup, and ultra-high vacuum endstation are described in detail. By characterizing the effect of space-charge broadening, we determine an ultimate source-limited energy resolution of 60 meV, with typically 80-100 meV obtained at 1-2 × 1010 photons/s probe flux on the sample. The instrument capabilities are demonstrated via both equilibrium and time-resolved ARPES studies of transition-metal dichalcogenides. The 50-kHz repetition rate enables sensitive measurements of quasiparticles at low excitation fluences in semiconducting MoSe2, with an instrumental time resolution of 65 fs. Moreover, photo-induced phase transitions can be driven with the available pump fluence, as shown by charge density wave melting in 1T-TiSe2. The high repetition-rate setup thus provides a versatile platform for sensitive XUV trARPES, from quenching of electronic phases down to the perturbative limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Heye Buss
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - He Wang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yiming Xu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Julian Maklar
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Frederic Joucken
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Lingkun Zeng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sebastian Stoll
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chris Jozwiak
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - John Pepper
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yi-De Chuang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jonathan D Denlinger
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Alessandra Lanzara
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Robert A Kaindl
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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24
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Saule T, Heinrich S, Schötz J, Lilienfein N, Högner M, deVries O, Plötner M, Weitenberg J, Esser D, Schulte J, Russbueldt P, Limpert J, Kling MF, Kleineberg U, Pupeza I. High-flux ultrafast extreme-ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy at 18.4 MHz pulse repetition rate. Nat Commun 2019; 10:458. [PMID: 30692528 PMCID: PMC6349926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser-dressed photoelectron spectroscopy, employing extreme-ultraviolet attosecond pulses obtained by femtosecond-laser-driven high-order harmonic generation, grants access to atomic-scale electron dynamics. Limited by space charge effects determining the admissible number of photoelectrons ejected during each laser pulse, multidimensional (i.e. spatially or angle-resolved) attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy of solids and nanostructures requires high-photon-energy, broadband high harmonic sources operating at high repetition rates. Here, we present a high-conversion-efficiency, 18.4-MHz-repetition-rate cavity-enhanced high harmonic source emitting 5 × 105 photons per pulse in the 25-to-60-eV range, releasing 1 × 1010 photoelectrons per second from a 10-µm-diameter spot on tungsten, at space charge distortions of only a few tens of meV. Broadband, time-of-flight photoelectron detection with nearly 100% temporal duty cycle evidences a count rate improvement between two and three orders of magnitude over state-of-the-art attosecond photoelectron spectroscopy experiments under identical space charge conditions. The measurement time reduction and the photon energy scalability render this technology viable for next-generation, high-repetition-rate, multidimensional attosecond metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saule
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - S Heinrich
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - J Schötz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - N Lilienfein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - M Högner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - O deVries
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Optik und Feinmechanik (IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - M Plötner
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Optik und Feinmechanik (IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - J Weitenberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik (ILT), Steinbachstr. 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - D Esser
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik (ILT), Steinbachstr. 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Schulte
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik (ILT), Steinbachstr. 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Russbueldt
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Lasertechnik (ILT), Steinbachstr. 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - J Limpert
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institut für Angewandte Physik (IAP), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Active Fiber Systems GmbH (AFS), Wildenbruchstr. 15, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - M F Kling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - U Kleineberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Am Coulombwall 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - I Pupeza
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik (MPQ), Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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25
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Li X, Fan J, Ma J, Wang G, Jin C. Application of optimized waveforms for enhancing high-harmonic yields in a three-color laser-field synthesizer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:841-854. [PMID: 30696164 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We apply the optimization method suggested by Jin et al. [Nat. Commun.5, 4003 (2014)24873949] to a three-color laser-field synthesizer in a recent experiment by Burger et al. [Opt. Express25(25), 31130 (2017)29245790] for efficient high-order harmonic generation (HHG). With the experimental laser parameters being precisely tuned according to those returned by the genetic optimization, the three-color waveform composed by a 790-nm laser with its second and third harmonic fields, can enhance the macroscopic HHG yields by one to two orders with only 80% pulse energy compared to the fundamental single-color field. We check that this enhancement can be realized for He or Ne gas at both low and high gas pressures. The optimized waveform enables the short-trajectory emissions dominant to facilitate the buildup of the harmonic field, which is revealed by analyzing the behaviors of electron trajectories and the time-frequency pictures of the single-atom and macroscopic HHG. We also optimize the two-color waveform consisting of the fundamental laser and its third harmonic field for the flexible choice in the experiment. This study provides with a practical route to implement the optimization technique in the experiment for the high-flux harmonic generation from the extreme ultraviolet to the X-rays.
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26
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Helk T, Zürch M, Spielmann C. Perspective: Towards single shot time-resolved microscopy using short wavelength table-top light sources. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2019; 6:010902. [PMID: 30868083 PMCID: PMC6404932 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved imaging allows revealing the interaction mechanisms in the microcosm of both inorganic and biological objects. While X-ray microscopy has proven its advantages for resolving objects beyond what can be achieved using optical microscopes, dynamic studies using full-field imaging at the nanometer scale are still in their infancy. In this perspective, we present the current state of the art techniques for full-field imaging in the extreme-ultraviolet- and soft X-ray-regime which are suitable for single exposure applications as they are paramount for studying dynamics in nanoscale systems. We evaluate the performance of currently available table-top sources, with special emphasis on applications, photon flux, and coherence. Examples for applications of single shot imaging in physics, biology, and industrial applications are discussed.
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27
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Nicholson CW, Lücke A, Schmidt WG, Puppin M, Rettig L, Ernstorfer R, Wolf M. Beyond the molecular movie: Dynamics of bands and bonds during a photoinduced phase transition. Science 2018; 362:821-825. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aar4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. W. Nicholson
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Present address: Department of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - A. Lücke
- Department of Physics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - W. G. Schmidt
- Department of Physics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - M. Puppin
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Rettig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Ernstorfer
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Wolf
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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28
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Jin C, Chen MC, Sun HW, Lin CD. Extension of water-window harmonic cutoff by laser defocusing-assisted phase matching. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4433-4436. [PMID: 30211883 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We extend a recently demonstrated scheme [Optica4, 976 (2017)OPTIC82334-253610.1364/OPTICA.4.000976] to overcome the limit of conventional harmonic cutoff for different pulse durations, laser wavelengths, and gas targets. By tuning the truncation of long wavelength lasers, we show that the defocusing-assisted phase matching (DAPM) can be achieved in a tightly focused beam and highly ionized short gas cell, and can be used to effectively extend the harmonic cutoff energy and optimize its yield. An analysis of phase matching reveals that at longer wavelengths, greater cutoff extension to the water window region is achieved because of the larger harmonic intrinsic phase (proportional to the cube of laser wavelength), and because DAPM works at relatively higher laser intensities using a Ne target. This scheme provides a promising method for efficiently generating intense attosecond light sources in the extreme ultraviolet to x-rays.
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29
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Corder C, Zhao P, Bakalis J, Li X, Kershis MD, Muraca AR, White MG, Allison TK. Ultrafast extreme ultraviolet photoemission without space charge. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2018; 5:054301. [PMID: 30246049 PMCID: PMC6127013 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Time- and Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy from surfaces can be used to record the dynamics of electrons and holes in condensed matter on ultrafast time scales. However, ultrafast photoemission experiments using extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) light have previously been limited by either space-charge effects, low photon flux, or limited tuning range. In this article, we describe XUV photoelectron spectroscopy experiments with up to 5 nA of average sample current using a tunable cavity-enhanced high-harmonic source operating at 88 MHz repetition rate. The source delivers >1011 photons/s in isolated harmonics to the sample over a broad photon energy range from 18 to 37 eV with a spot size of 58 × 100 μm2. From photoelectron spectroscopy data, we place conservative upper limits on the XUV pulse duration and photon energy bandwidth of 93 fs and 65 meV, respectively. The high photocurrent, lack of strong space charge distortions of the photoelectron spectra, and excellent isolation of individual harmonic orders allow us to observe laser-induced modifications of the photoelectron spectra at the 10-4 level, enabling time-resolved XUV photoemission experiments in a qualitatively new regime.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Zhao
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Jin Bakalis
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | - Xinlong Li
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
| | | | - Amanda R Muraca
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA
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30
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Zhou X, He S, Liu G, Zhao L, Yu L, Zhang W. New developments in laser-based photoemission spectroscopy and its scientific applications: a key issues review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2018; 81:062101. [PMID: 29460857 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aab0cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The significant progress in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) in last three decades has elevated it from a traditional band mapping tool to a precise probe of many-body interactions and dynamics of quasiparticles in complex quantum systems. The recent developments of deep ultraviolet (DUV, including ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet) laser-based ARPES have further pushed this technique to a new level. In this paper, we review some latest developments in DUV laser-based photoemission systems, including the super-high energy and momentum resolution ARPES, the spin-resolved ARPES, the time-of-flight ARPES, and the time-resolved ARPES. We also highlight some scientific applications in the study of electronic structure in unconventional superconductors and topological materials using these state-of-the-art DUV laser-based ARPES. Finally we provide our perspectives on the future directions in the development of laser-based photoemission systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjiang Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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31
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Kraus PM, Zürch M, Cushing SK, Neumark DM, Leone SR. The ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic revolution in chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0008-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Park SH, Kim M, Min CK, Eom I, Nam I, Lee HS, Kang HS, Kim HD, Jang HY, Kim S, Hwang SM, Park GS, Park J, Koo TY, Kwon S. PAL-XFEL soft X-ray scientific instruments and X-ray optics: First commissioning results. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:055105. [PMID: 29864848 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We report an overview of soft X-ray scientific instruments and X-ray optics at the free electron laser (FEL) of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, with selected first-commissioning results. The FEL exhibited a pulse energy of 200 μJ/pulse, a pulse width of <50 fs full width at half maximum, and an energy bandwidth of 0.44% at a photon energy of 850 eV. Monochromator resolving power of 10 500 was achieved. The estimated total time resolution between optical laser and X-ray pulses was <270 fs. A resonant inelastic X-ray scattering spectrometer was set up; its commissioning results are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Han Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Minseok Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Changi-Ki Min
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Inhyuk Nam
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Heung-Soo Lee
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Heung-Sik Kang
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Hyeong-Do Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Ho Young Jang
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Seonghan Kim
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Sun-Min Hwang
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Gi-Soo Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Jaehun Park
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Tae-Yeong Koo
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
| | - Soonnam Kwon
- PAL-XFEL, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, South Korea
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33
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Poletto L, Frassetto F. Cost-effective plane-grating monochromator design for extreme-ultraviolet application. APPLIED OPTICS 2018; 57:1202-1211. [PMID: 29469865 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.001202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The optical design of a plane-grating monochromator mainly intended for high resolution in the extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray is presented. The configuration has three optical elements. It uses a uniform line-spaced plane grating illuminated in the converging light coming from a focusing concave mirror and an additional plane mirror that is needed to change the grating subtended angle to keep the system in focus on a fixed slit. The parameters of the focusing mirror are determined to introduce a coma that compensates for the coma given by the grating. A monochromator for the 12-50 eV region is designed for application to high-order laser harmonics.
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34
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Basov DN, Averitt RD, Hsieh D. Towards properties on demand in quantum materials. NATURE MATERIALS 2017; 16:1077-1088. [PMID: 29066824 DOI: 10.1038/nmat5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an explosion in the field of quantum materials, headlined by the predictions and discoveries of novel Landau-symmetry-broken phases in correlated electron systems, topological phases in systems with strong spin-orbit coupling, and ultra-manipulable materials platforms based on two-dimensional van der Waals crystals. Discovering pathways to experimentally realize quantum phases of matter and exert control over their properties is a central goal of modern condensed-matter physics, which holds promise for a new generation of electronic/photonic devices with currently inaccessible and likely unimaginable functionalities. In this Review, we describe emerging strategies for selectively perturbing microscopic interaction parameters, which can be used to transform materials into a desired quantum state. Particular emphasis will be placed on recent successes to tailor electronic interaction parameters through the application of intense fields, impulsive electromagnetic stimulation, and nanostructuring or interface engineering. Together these approaches outline a potential roadmap to an era of quantum phenomena on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - R D Averitt
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - D Hsieh
- Department of Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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35
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Müller M, Klenke A, Gottschall T, Klas R, Rothhardt C, Demmler S, Rothhardt J, Limpert J, Tünnermann A. High-average-power femtosecond laser at 258 nm. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:2826-2829. [PMID: 28708179 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.002826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present an ultrafast fiber laser system delivering 4.6 W average power at 258 nm based on two-stage fourth-harmonic generation in beta barium borate (BBO). The beam quality is close to being diffraction limited with an M2 value of 1.3×1.6. The pulse duration is 150 fs, which, potentially, is compressible down to 40 fs. A plain BBO and a sapphire-BBO compound are compared with respect to the achievable beam quality in the conversion process. This laser is applicable in scientific and industrial fields. Further scaling to higher average power is discussed.
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36
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Silly MG, Ferté T, Tordeux MA, Pierucci D, Beaulieu N, Chauvet C, Pressacco F, Sirotti F, Popescu H, Lopez-Flores V, Tortarolo M, Sacchi M, Jaouen N, Hollander P, Ricaud JP, Bergeard N, Boeglin C, Tudu B, Delaunay R, Luning J, Malinowski G, Hehn M, Baumier C, Fortuna F, Krizmancic D, Stebel L, Sergo R, Cautero G. Pump-probe experiments at the TEMPO beamline using the low-α operation mode of Synchrotron SOLEIL. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2017; 24:886-897. [PMID: 28664896 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577517007913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The SOLEIL synchrotron radiation source is regularly operated in special filling modes dedicated to pump-probe experiments. Among others, the low-α mode operation is characterized by shorter pulse duration and represents the natural bridge between 50 ps synchrotron pulses and femtosecond experiments. Here, the capabilities in low-α mode of the experimental set-ups developed at the TEMPO beamline to perform pump-probe experiments with soft X-rays based on photoelectron or photon detection are presented. A 282 kHz repetition-rate femtosecond laser is synchronized with the synchrotron radiation time structure to induce fast electronic and/or magnetic excitations. Detection is performed using a two-dimensional space resolution plus time resolution detector based on microchannel plates equipped with a delay line. Results of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, circular dichroism and magnetic scattering experiments are reported, and their respective advantages and limitations in the framework of high-time-resolution pump-probe experiments compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu G Silly
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Tom Ferté
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Agnes Tordeux
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Debora Pierucci
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Nathan Beaulieu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Christian Chauvet
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Federico Pressacco
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Fausto Sirotti
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Horia Popescu
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Victor Lopez-Flores
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Marina Tortarolo
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Maurizio Sacchi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Nicolas Jaouen
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Philippe Hollander
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Jean Paul Ricaud
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Nicolas Bergeard
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Boeglin
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Bharati Tudu
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris VI, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement, Paris 75005, France
| | - Renaud Delaunay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris VI, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique - Matière et Rayonnement, Paris 75005, France
| | - Jan Luning
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint Aubin, Gif sur Yvette 91192, France
| | - Gregory Malinowski
- P2M - Institut Jean Lamour UMR7198, CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy 54506, France
| | - Michel Hehn
- P2M - Institut Jean Lamour UMR7198, CNRS - Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy 54506, France
| | - Cédric Baumier
- CSNSM, Université Paris Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Batiment 104 et 108, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Franck Fortuna
- CSNSM, Université Paris Sud and CNRS/IN2P3, Batiment 104 et 108, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Damjan Krizmancic
- Laboratorio TASC, IOM-CNR, SS 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Luigi Stebel
- ELETTRA Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14 Km 163.5, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Rudi Sergo
- ELETTRA Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14 Km 163.5, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cautero
- ELETTRA Sincrotrone Trieste SCpA, Area Science Park, Strada Statale 14 Km 163.5, I-34012 Basovizza, Italy
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37
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Mo SK. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy for the study of two-dimensional materials. NANO CONVERGENCE 2017; 4:6. [PMCID: PMC6141890 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-017-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Quantum systems in confined geometries allow novel physical properties that cannot easily be attained in their bulk form. These properties are governed by the changes in the band structure and the lattice symmetry, and most pronounced in their single layer limit. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) is a direct tool to investigate the underlying changes of band structure to provide essential information for understanding and controlling such properties. In this review, recent progresses in ARPES as a tool to study two-dimensional atomic crystals have been presented. ARPES results from few-layer and bulk crystals of material class often referred as “beyond graphene” are discussed along with the relevant developments in the instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Kwan Mo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
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38
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Rajeev R, Hellwagner J, Schumacher A, Jordan I, Huppert M, Tehlar A, Niraghatam BR, Baykusheva D, Lin N, von Conta A, Wörner HJ. In situ frequency gating and beam splitting of vacuum- and extreme-ultraviolet pulses. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2016; 5:e16170. [PMID: 30167130 PMCID: PMC6059825 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Monochromatization of high-harmonic sources has opened fascinating perspectives regarding time-resolved photoemission from all phases of matter. Such studies have invariably involved the use of spectral filters or spectrally dispersive optical components that are inherently lossy and technically complex. Here we present a new technique for the spectral selection of near-threshold harmonics and their spatial separation from the driving beams without any optical elements. We discover the existence of a narrow phase-matching gate resulting from the combination of the non-collinear generation geometry in an extended medium, atomic resonances and absorption. Our technique offers a filter contrast of up to 104 for the selected harmonics against the adjacent ones and offers multiple temporally synchronized beamlets in a single unified scheme. We demonstrate the selective generation of 133, 80 or 56 nm femtosecond pulses from a 400-nm driver, which is specific to the target gas. These results open new pathways towards phase-sensitive multi-pulse spectroscopy in the vacuum- and extreme-ultraviolet, and frequency-selective output coupling from enhancement cavities.
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39
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Rothhardt J, Rothhardt C, Müller M, Klenke A, Kienel M, Demmler S, Elsmann T, Rothhardt M, Limpert J, Tünnermann A. 100 W average power femtosecond laser at 343 nm. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:1885-1888. [PMID: 27082370 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.001885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a femtosecond laser system delivering up to 100 W of average power at 343 nm. The laser system employs a Yb-based femtosecond fiber laser and subsequent second- and third-harmonic generation in beta barium borate (BBO) crystals. Thermal gradients within these BBO crystals are mitigated by sapphire heat spreaders directly bonded to the front and back surface of the crystals. Thus, a nearly diffraction-limited beam quality (M2 < 1.4) is achieved, despite the high thermal load to the nonlinear crystals. This laser source is expected to push many industrial and scientific applications in the future.
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40
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Plötzing M, Adam R, Weier C, Plucinski L, Eich S, Emmerich S, Rollinger M, Aeschlimann M, Mathias S, Schneider CM. Spin-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy using femtosecond extreme ultraviolet light pulses from high-order harmonic generation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:043903. [PMID: 27131684 DOI: 10.1063/1.4946782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental mechanism responsible for optically induced magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic thin films has been under intense debate since almost two decades. Currently, numerous competing theoretical models are in strong need for a decisive experimental confirmation such as monitoring the triggered changes in the spin-dependent band structure on ultrashort time scales. Our approach explores the possibility of observing femtosecond band structure dynamics by giving access to extended parts of the Brillouin zone in a simultaneously time-, energy- and spin-resolved photoemission experiment. For this purpose, our setup uses a state-of-the-art, highly efficient spin detector and ultrashort, extreme ultraviolet light pulses created by laser-based high-order harmonic generation. In this paper, we present the setup and first spin-resolved spectra obtained with our experiment within an acquisition time short enough to allow pump-probe studies. Further, we characterize the influence of the excitation with femtosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses by comparing the results with data acquired using a continuous wave light source with similar photon energy. In addition, changes in the spectra induced by vacuum space-charge effects due to both the extreme ultraviolet probe- and near-infrared pump-pulses are studied by analyzing the resulting spectral distortions. The combination of energy resolution and electron count rate achieved in our setup confirms its suitability for spin-resolved studies of the band structure on ultrashort time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Plötzing
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - R Adam
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - C Weier
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - L Plucinski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Eich
- University of Kaiserslautern and Research Center OPTIMAS, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S Emmerich
- University of Kaiserslautern and Research Center OPTIMAS, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - M Rollinger
- University of Kaiserslautern and Research Center OPTIMAS, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - M Aeschlimann
- University of Kaiserslautern and Research Center OPTIMAS, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S Mathias
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, I. Physikalisches Institut, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - C M Schneider
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Peter Grünberg Institut (PGI-6), 52425 Jülich, Germany
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41
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Ellis JL, Hickstein DD, Xiong W, Dollar F, Palm BB, Keister KE, Dorney KM, Ding C, Fan T, Wilker MB, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Dukovic G, Jimenez JL, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM. Materials Properties and Solvated Electron Dynamics of Isolated Nanoparticles and Nanodroplets Probed with Ultrafast Extreme Ultraviolet Beams. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:609-615. [PMID: 26807653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present ultrafast photoemission measurements of isolated nanoparticles in vacuum using extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light produced through high harmonic generation. Surface-selective static EUV photoemission measurements were performed on nanoparticles with a wide array of compositions, ranging from ionic crystals to nanodroplets of organic material. We find that the total photoelectron yield varies greatly with nanoparticle composition and provides insight into material properties such as the electron mean free path and effective mass. Additionally, we conduct time-resolved photoelectron yield measurements of isolated oleylamine nanodroplets, observing that EUV photons can create solvated electrons in liquid nanodroplets. Using photoemission from a time-delayed 790 nm pulse, we observe that a solvated electron is produced in an excited state and subsequently relaxes to its ground state with a lifetime of 151 ± 31 fs. This work demonstrates that femotosecond EUV photoemission is a versatile surface-sensitive probe of the properties and ultrafast dynamics of isolated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ellis
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Franklin Dollar
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Brett B Palm
- CIRES and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - K Ellen Keister
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kevin M Dorney
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Chengyuan Ding
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Tingting Fan
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Molly B Wilker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyle J Schnitzenbaumer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Gordana Dukovic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jose L Jimenez
- CIRES and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Henry C Kapteyn
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Margaret M Murnane
- JILA-NIST and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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