1
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Li A, Li A, Zhou W. Low-voltage single-atom electron microscopy with carbon-based nanomaterials. Micron 2024; 186:103706. [PMID: 39216150 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2024.103706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The properties of materials are strongly correlated with their atomic scale structures. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of the atomic-scale structure-property relationship requires advancements of imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) has seen rapid development over the past decades and is now routinely employed for atomic-scale characterization. However, quantitative STEM imaging and spectroscopy analysis at the single-atom level is challenging due to the extremely weak signals generated from individual atom, thus imposing stringent requirements for analysis sensitivity. This review discusses the development and application of low-voltage STEM techniques with single-atom sensitivity, primarily based on recent research presented on an invited talk at the 5th 2D23 SALVE Symposium, including annular dark-field (ADF) imaging, functional imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis. Carbon-based nanomaterials were chosen as model systems for demonstrating the capabilities of single-atom STEM imaging and EELS analysis, due to their structural stability under low accelerating voltages and their rich physical and chemical properties. Moreover, this review summarizes recent advancements and applications of low-voltage single-atom STEM imaging and spectroscopy in the study of functional materials and discusses prospects for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aowen Li
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ang Li
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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2
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Allasia N, Collins SM, Ramasse QM, Vilé G. Hidden Impurities Generate False Positives in Single Atom Catalyst Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404883. [PMID: 38747260 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) are an emerging class of materials, leveraging maximum atom utilization and distinctive structural and electronic properties to bridge heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis. Direct imaging methods, such as aberration-corrected high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy, are commonly applied to confirm the atomic dispersion of active sites. However, interpretations of data from these techniques can be challenging due to simultaneous contributions to intensity from impurities introduced during synthesis processes, as well as any variation in position relative to the focal plane of the electron beam. To address this matter, this paper presents a comprehensive study on two representative SACs containing isolated nickel or copper atoms. Spectroscopic techniques, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, were employed to prove the high metal dispersion of the catalytic atoms. Employing scanning transmission electron microscopy imaging combined with single-atom-sensitive electron energy loss spectroscopy, we scrutinized thin specimens of the catalysts to provide an unambiguous chemical identification of the observed single-atom species and thereby distinguish impurities from active sites at the single-atom level. Overall, the study underscores the complexity of SACs characterization and establishes the importance of the use of spectroscopy in tandem with imaging at atomic resolution to fully and reliably characterize single-atom catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Allasia
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sean Michael Collins
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, School of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, WA4 4AD, Daresbury, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin Mathieu Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, WA4 4AD, Daresbury, United Kingdom
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Physics, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy
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3
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Liu W, Zong K, Ghani U, Saad A, Liu D, Deng Y, Raza W, Li Y, Hussain A, Ye P, Song Z, Cai X. Ternary Lithium Nickel Boride with 1D Rapid-Ion-Diffusion Channels as an Anode for Use in Lithium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309918. [PMID: 38084467 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Anode materials with high-rate performances and good electrochemical stabilities are urgently required for the grid-scale application of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Theoretically, transition metal borides are desirable candidates because of their appropriate working potentials and good conductivities. However, the reported metal borides exhibit poor performances owing to their lack of favorable Li+ storage sites and poor structural stabilities during long-term charging/discharging. In this work, a ternary alkali metal boride, Li1.2Ni2.5B2, which displays a high Li+ storage capacity and remarkable electrochemical stability and an excellent rate performance is studied. In contrast to conventional transition metal borides, the introduction of Li atoms facilitates the formation of 1D Ni/B-based honeycomb channels during synthesis. This Ni/B framework successfully sustains the strain during Li+ intercalation and deintercalation, and thus, the optimized Li1.2Ni2.5B2 anode exhibits an excellent cycle stability over 500 charge/discharge cycles. This electrode also exhibits superior reversible capacities of 350, 183, and 80 mA h g-1 at 0.1, 1, and 5 A g-1, respectively, indicating the considerable potential of the 1D Ni/B framework as a commercially available fast-charging LIB anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Kai Zong
- Institute of Carbon Neutrality, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Usman Ghani
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ali Saad
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yonggui Deng
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Waseem Raza
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Arshad Hussain
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Hydrogen and Energy Storage, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pengfei Ye
- College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhaoqi Song
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingke Cai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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4
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Ma H, Kang S, Lee S, Park G, Bae Y, Park G, Kim J, Li S, Baek H, Kim H, Yu JS, Lee H, Park J, Yang J. Moisture-Induced Degradation of Quantum-Sized Semiconductor Nanocrystals through Amorphous Intermediates. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37399231 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the water-induced degradation mechanism of quantum-sized semiconductor nanocrystals is an important prerequisite for their practical application because they are vulnerable to moisture compared to their bulk counterparts. In-situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy is a desired method for studying nanocrystal degradation, and it has recently gained technical advancement. Herein, the moisture-induced degradation of semiconductor nanocrystals is investigated using graphene double-liquid-layer cells that can control the initiation of reactions. Crystalline and noncrystalline domains of quantum-sized CdS nanorods are clearly distinguished during their decomposition with atomic-scale imaging capability of the developed liquid cells. The results reveal that the decomposition process is mediated by the involvement of the amorphous-phase formation, which is different from conventional nanocrystal etching. The reaction can proceed without the electron beam, suggesting that the amorphous-phase-mediated decomposition is induced by water. Our study discloses unexplored aspects of moisture-induced deformation pathways of semiconductor nanocrystals, involving amorphous intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjong Ma
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Lee
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Gisang Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Bae
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyuri Park
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Li
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayeon Baek
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseung Kim
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sung Yu
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonkyung Lee
- Department of Physics, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Energy Science and Engineering Research Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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5
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Pu Y, He B, Niu Y, Liu X, Zhang B. Chemical Electron Microscopy (CEM) for Heterogeneous Catalysis at Nano: Recent Progress and Challenges. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0043. [PMID: 36930759 PMCID: PMC10013794 DOI: 10.34133/research.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical electron microscopy (CEM), a toolbox that comprises imaging and spectroscopy techniques, provides dynamic morphological, structural, chemical, and electronic information about an object in chemical environment under conditions of observable performance. CEM has experienced a revolutionary improvement in the past years and is becoming an effective characterization method for revealing the mechanism of chemical reactions, such as catalysis. Here, we mainly address the concept of CEM for heterogeneous catalysis in the gas phase and what CEM could uniquely contribute to catalysis, and illustrate what we can know better with CEM and the challenges and future development of CEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Pu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bowen He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yiming Niu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, In-situ Center for Physical Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
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6
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Susi T. Identifying and manipulating single atoms with scanning transmission electron microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12274-12285. [PMID: 36260089 PMCID: PMC9632407 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04807h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of individual atoms has developed from visionary speculation into an established experimental science. Using focused electron irradiation in a scanning transmission electron microscope instead of a physical tip in a scanning probe microscope confers several benefits, including thermal stability of the manipulated structures, the ability to reach into bulk crystals, and the chemical identification of single atoms. However, energetic electron irradiation also presents unique challenges, with an inevitable possibility of irradiation damage. Understanding the underlying mechanisms will undoubtedly continue to play an important role to guide experiments. Great progress has been made in several materials including graphene, carbon nanotubes, and crystalline silicon in the eight years since the discovery of electron-beam manipulation, but the important challenges that remain will determine how far we can expect to progress in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Wang G, Ke X, Sui M. Advanced TEM Characterization for Single-atom Catalysts: from Ex-situ Towards In-situ. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Elibol K, van Aken PA. Hybrid Graphene-Supported Aluminum Plasmonics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11931-11943. [PMID: 35904978 PMCID: PMC9413403 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Controlled fabrication of devices for plasmonics on suspended graphene enables obtaining tunable localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs), reducing the red-shift of LSPRs, and creating hybrid 3D-2D systems promising for adjustable dipole-dipole coupling and plasmon-mediated catalysis. Here, we apply a low-cost fabrication methodology to produce patterned aluminum nanostructures (bowties and tetramers) on graphene monolayers via electron-beam lithography and trap platinum (Pt) nanoclusters (NCs) within their hotspots by thermal annealing. We reveal the LSPRs of aluminum plasmonics on graphene using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) in a monochromated scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). The LSPRs of these nanostructures are measured to be between visible and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum and are confirmed by electromagnetic simulations. The antibonding dipole and bonding dipole modes of both structures are tuned by controlling their gap size. The tetramers enable the simultaneous excitation of both antibonding and bonding dipole modes at the poles of nanoprisms, while bowties allow us to excite these modes separately either at the poles or within the hotspot. We further show that the hybrid nanocavity-NC systems are in the intermediate coupling regime providing an enhanced plasmon absorption in the Pt NCs via the energy transfer from the antibonding dipole mode to the Pt NCs. The dipole LSPR of Pt NCs also couples to the bonding-type breathing mode in bowties. Our findings suggest that these hybrid nanocavity-graphene systems are of high application potential for plasmon-mediated catalysis, surface-enhanced fluorescence, and quantum technologies.
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9
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Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin silica films have the potential to reach technological importance in electronics and catalysis. Several well-defined 2D-silica structures have been synthesized so far. The silica bilayer represents a 2D material with SiO2 stoichiometry. It consists of precisely two layers of tetrahedral [SiO4] building blocks, corner connected via oxygen bridges, thus forming a self-saturated silicon dioxide sheet with a thickness of ∼0.5 nm. Inspired by recent successful preparations and characterizations of these 2D-silica model systems, scientists now can forge novel concepts for realistic systems, particularly by atomic-scale studies with the most powerful and advanced surface science techniques and density functional theory calculations. This Review provides a solid introduction to these recent developments, breakthroughs, and implications on ultrathin 2D-silica films, including their atomic/electronic structures, chemical modifications, atom/molecule adsorptions, and catalytic reactivity properties, which can help to stimulate further investigations and understandings of these fundamentally important 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Qiang Zhong
- School of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 311121 Zhejiang, China
| | - Hans-Joachim Freund
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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10
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11
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Watanabe M, Egerton RF. Evolution in X-ray Analysis from Micro to Atomic Scales in Aberration- Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopes. Microscopy (Oxf) 2021; 71:i132-i147. [PMID: 34265060 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray analysis is one of the most robust approaches to extract quantitative information from various materials, and is widely used in various fields ever since Raimond Castaing established procedures to analyze electron-induced X-ray signals for materials characterization 70 years ago. The recent development of aberration-correction technology in a (scanning) transmission electron microscopes (S/TEM) offers refined electron probes below the Å level, making atomic-resolution X-ray analysis possible. In addition, the latest silicon drift detectors (SDDs) allow complex detector arrangements and new configurational designs to maximize the collection efficiency of X-ray signals, which make it feasible to acquire X-ray signals from single atoms. In this review paper, recent progress and advantages related to S/TEM-based X-ray analysis will be discussed: (1) progress in quantification for materials characterization including the recent applications to light element analysis, (2) progress in analytical spatial resolution for atomic-resolution analysis and (3) progress in analytical sensitivity toward single atom detection and analysis in materials. Both atomic resolution analysis and single atom analysis are evaluated theoretically through multislice-based calculation for electron propagation in oriented crystalline specimen in combination with X-ray spectrum simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Dept. of Mater. Sci. & Eng., Lehigh University, Bethlehem PA 18015-3195, USA
| | - R F Egerton
- Physics Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
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12
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Deline AR, Frank BP, Smith CL, Sigmon LR, Wallace AN, Gallagher MJ, Goodwin DG, Durkin DP, Fairbrother DH. Influence of Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups on the Environmental Properties, Transformations, and Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem Rev 2020; 120:11651-11697. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R. Deline
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Benjamin P. Frank
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Casey L. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Leslie R. Sigmon
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexa N. Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Miranda J. Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - David G. Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - David P. Durkin
- Department of Chemistry, United States Naval Academy, 572M Holloway Road, Annapolis, Maryland 21402, United States
| | - D. Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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13
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Guan E, Ciston J, Bare SR, Runnebaum RC, Katz A, Kulkarni A, Kronawitter CX, Gates BC. Supported Metal Pair-Site Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erjia Guan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy Facility, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Simon R. Bare
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ron C. Runnebaum
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Viticulture & Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ambarish Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Coleman X. Kronawitter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Bruce C. Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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14
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15
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The performance evaluation of direct detection electron energy-loss spectroscopy at 200 kV and 80 kV accelerating voltages. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 212:112942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Li F, Yang W, Li M, Zhou L, Lei L. Cationic quaternary ammonium salt-catalyzed LED-induced living radical polymerization with in situhalogen exchange. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00474j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cationic quaternary ammonium salts were employed as organocatalysts for light-emitting diode (LED)-induced living radical polymerization (LRP) with thein situhalogen exchange of methacrylate monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Wanting Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
| | - Lin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecular Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Northwest University
- Xi'an
- P. R. China
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17
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Chen J, Wu XP, Hope MA, Qian K, Halat DM, Liu T, Li Y, Shen L, Ke X, Wen Y, Du JH, Magusin PCMM, Paul S, Ding W, Gong XQ, Grey CP, Peng L. Polar surface structure of oxide nanocrystals revealed with solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5420. [PMID: 31780658 PMCID: PMC6882792 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to nanomaterials exposing nonpolar facets, polar-faceted nanocrystals often exhibit unexpected and interesting properties. The electrostatic instability arising from the intrinsic dipole moments of polar facets, however, leads to different surface configurations in many cases, making it challenging to extract detailed structural information and develop structure-property relations. The widely used electron microscopy techniques are limited because the volumes sampled may not be representative, and they provide little chemical bonding information with low contrast of light elements. With ceria nanocubes exposing (100) facets as an example, here we show that the polar surface structure of oxide nanocrystals can be investigated by applying 17O and 1H solid-state NMR spectroscopy and dynamic nuclear polarization, combined with DFT calculations. Both CeO4-termination reconstructions and hydroxyls are present for surface polarity compensation and their concentrations can be quantified. These results open up new possibilities for investigating the structure and properties of oxide nanostructures with polar facets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xin-Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Theory Center, and Supercomputing Institute, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, USA.
| | - Michael A Hope
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kun Qian
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - David M Halat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Yuhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Li Shen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaokang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yujie Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia-Huan Du
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Pieter C M M Magusin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Subhradip Paul
- DNP MAS NMR Facility, Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Weiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xue-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Centre for Computational Chemistry and Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Luming Peng
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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18
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Samantaray MK, D'Elia V, Pump E, Falivene L, Harb M, Ould Chikh S, Cavallo L, Basset JM. The Comparison between Single Atom Catalysis and Surface Organometallic Catalysis. Chem Rev 2019; 120:734-813. [PMID: 31613601 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Single atom catalysis (SAC) is a recent discipline of heterogeneous catalysis for which a single atom on a surface is able to carry out various catalytic reactions. A kind of revolution in heterogeneous catalysis by metals for which it was assumed that specific sites or defects of a nanoparticle were necessary to activate substrates in catalytic reactions. In another extreme of the spectrum, surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC), and, by extension, surface organometallic catalysis (SOMCat), have demonstrated that single atoms on a surface, but this time with specific ligands, could lead to a more predictive approach in heterogeneous catalysis. The predictive character of SOMCat was just the result of intuitive mechanisms derived from the elementary steps of molecular chemistry. This review article will compare the aspects of single atom catalysis and surface organometallic catalysis by considering several specific catalytic reactions, some of which exist for both fields, whereas others might see mutual overlap in the future. After a definition of both domains, a detailed approach of the methods, mostly modeling and spectroscopy, will be followed by a detailed analysis of catalytic reactions: hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, oxidative dehydrogenation, alkane and cycloalkane metathesis, methane activation, metathetic oxidation, CO2 activation to cyclic carbonates, imine metathesis, and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reactions. A prospective resulting from present knowledge is showing the emergence of a new discipline from the overlap between the two areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoja K Samantaray
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Valerio D'Elia
- School of Molecular Science and Engineering (MSE) , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC) , Wang Chan, Payupnai , 21210 Rayong , Thailand
| | - Eva Pump
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Moussab Harb
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Ould Chikh
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Marie Basset
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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19
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Wu C, Chen H, Corrigan N, Jung K, Kan X, Li Z, Liu W, Xu J, Boyer C. Computer-Guided Discovery of a pH-Responsive Organic Photocatalyst and Application for pH and Light Dual-Gated Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8207-8220. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiaonan Kan
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenjian Liu
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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20
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Saitoh M, Gao X, Ogawa T, Ikuhara YH, Kobayashi S, Fisher CAJ, Kuwabara A, Ikuhara Y. Systematic analysis of electron energy-loss near-edge structures in Li-ion battery materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25052-25061. [PMID: 30247492 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03390k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Electrical conductivity, state of charge and chemical stability of Li-ion battery materials all depend on the electronic states of their component atoms, and tools for measuring these reliably are needed for advanced materials analysis and design. Here we report a systematic investigation of electron energy-loss near-edge structures (ELNES) of Li-K and O-K edges for ten representative Li-ion battery electrodes and solid-state electrolytes obtained by performing transmission electron microscopy with a Wien-filter monochromator-equipped microscope. While the peaks of Li-K edges are positioned at about 62 eV for most of the materials examined, the peak positions of O-K edges vary within a range of about 530 to 540 eV, and the peaks can be categorised into three groups based on their characteristic edge shapes: (i) double peaks, (ii) single sharp peaks, and (iii) single broad peaks. The double peaks of group (i) are attributable to the d0 electronic configuration of their transition metal ions bonded to O atoms. The origin of the different peak shapes of groups (ii) and (iii) is more subtle but insights are gained using density functional theory methods to simulate O-K ELNES edges of group (ii) material LiCoO2 and group (iii) material LiFePO4. Comparison of their densities of states reveals that in LiCoO2 the Co-O hybrid orbitals are separated from Li-O hybrid orbitals, resulting in a sharp peak in the O-K edge, while Fe-O, Li-O and P-O hybrid orbitals in LiFePO4 partially overlap each other and produce a broad peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motofumi Saitoh
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan
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21
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Wen Y, Shang T, Gu L. Analytical ABF-STEM imaging of Li ions in rechargeable batteries. Microscopy (Oxf) 2018; 66:25-38. [PMID: 27856513 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfw100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries are being intensively investigated in an attempt to solve the energy issues while meeting the environmental demands. Even though Li-ion batteries (LIB) with high energy and light weight have been commercialized within the last 20 years, these devices currently require higher energy density, output power and sustainability characteristics. The atomic behavior of Li ion that determines LIB's performance is hardly characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) owing to its weak electron-scattering power. In this sense, annular bright-field (ABF) scanning TEM (STEM), in which the contrast has a low scaling rate with the atomic number, has been proven to be a robust technique for simultaneous imaging of light and heavy elements. The s-state model, in which electron channeling along the atomic column allows the intensity to be focusing in the forward direction, has successfully explained the theory of ABF contrast. Furthermore, the detector angle range, the defocus-thickness dependence and the accelerating voltage (among other parameters) were discussed for optimized imaging conditions. ABF-STEM has shown powerful capabilities in resolving the atomic structure and the chemistry of electrodes (e.g. Li-ion occupation and diffusion, phase transformation and interface reaction), thereby providing critical insights into the physical properties, the battery performance and the design guidance of LIB. The future directions of ABF imaging for the characterization of LIB materials were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuren Wen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Tongtong Shang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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Probing the localization of magnetic dichroism by atomic-size astigmatic and vortex electron beams. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4019. [PMID: 29507317 PMCID: PMC5838113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We report localization of a magnetic dichroic signal on atomic columns in electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD), probed by beam distorted by four-fold astigmatism and electron vortex beam. With astigmatic probe, magnetic signal to noise ratio can be enhanced by blocking the intensity from the central part of probe. However, the simulations show that for atomic resolution magnetic measurements, vortex beam is a more effective probe, with much higher magnetic signal to noise ratio. For all considered beam shapes, the optimal SNR constrains the signal detection at low collection angles of approximately 6–8 mrad. Irrespective of the material thickness, the magnetic signal remains strongly localized within the probed atomic column with vortex beam, whereas for astigmatic probes, the magnetic signal originates mostly from the nearest neighbor atomic columns. Due to excellent signal localization at probing individual atomic columns, vortex beams are predicted to be a strong candidate for studying the crystal site specific magnetic properties, magnetic properties at interfaces, or magnetism arising from individual atomic impurities.
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23
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Ohno K, Manjanath A, Kawazoe Y, Hatakeyama R, Misaizu F, Kwon E, Fukumura H, Ogasawara H, Yamada Y, Zhang C, Sumi N, Kamigaki T, Kawachi K, Yokoo K, Ono S, Kasama Y. Extensive first-principles molecular dynamics study on Li encapsulation into C 60 and its experimental confirmation. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1825-1836. [PMID: 29308793 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of increasing the production ratio of endohedral C60 by impinging foreign atoms against C60 is a crucial matter of the science and technology employed towards industrialization of these functional building block materials. Among these endohedral fullerenes, Li+@C60 exhibits a wide variety of physical and chemical phenomena and has the potential to be applicable in areas spanning the medical field to photovoltaics. However, currently, Li+@C60 can be experimentally produced with only ∼1% ratio using the plasma shower method with a 30 eV kinetic energy provided to the impinging Li+ ion. From extensive first-principles molecular dynamics simulations, it is found that the maximum production ratio of Li+@C60 per hit is increased to about 5.1% (5.3%) when a Li+ ion impinges vertically on a six-membered ring of C60 with 30 eV (40 eV) kinetic energy, although many C60 molecules are damaged during this collision. On the contrary, when it impinges vertically on a six-membered ring with 10 eV kinetic energy, the production ratio remains at 1.3%, but the C60 molecules are not damaged at all. On the other hand, when the C60 is randomly oriented, the production ratio reduces to about 3.7 ± 0.5%, 3.3 ± 0.5%, and 0.2 ± 0.03% for 30 eV, 40 eV, and 10 eV kinetic energy, respectively. Based on these observations we demonstrate the possibility of increasing the production ratio by fixing six-membered rings atop C60 using the Cu(111) substrate or UV light irradiation. In order to assess the ideal experimental production ratio, the 7Li solid NMR spectroscopy measurement is also performed for the multilayer randomly oriented C60 sample irradiated by Li+ using the plasma shower method combined with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Time-of-flight mass spectroscopy measurements are also performed to cross check whether Li+@C60 molecules are produced in the sample. The resulting experimental estimate, 4% for 30 eV incident kinetic energy, fully agrees with our simulation results mentioned above, suggesting the consistency and accuracy of our simulations and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohno
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - A Manjanath
- Department of Physics, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan.
| | - Y Kawazoe
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-4 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan and Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Hatakeyama
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-5 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - F Misaizu
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-4 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan and Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - E Kwon
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-4 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan and Research and Analytical Center for Giant Molecules, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - H Fukumura
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - H Ogasawara
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Y Yamada
- Division of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten'nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - C Zhang
- Division of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten'nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - N Sumi
- Division of Applied Physics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Ten'nodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - T Kamigaki
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
| | - K Kawachi
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
| | - K Yokoo
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
| | - S Ono
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
| | - Y Kasama
- Idea International Corporation, 1-15-35 Sagigamori, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-0922, Japan
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24
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Single-atom detection of light elements: Imaging or spectroscopy? Ultramicroscopy 2017; 180:150-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Komsa HP, Senga R, Suenaga K, Krasheninnikov AV. Structural Distortions and Charge Density Waves in Iodine Chains Encapsulated inside Carbon Nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3694-3700. [PMID: 28548839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atomic chains are perfect systems for getting fundamental insights into the electron dynamics and coupling between the electronic and ionic degrees of freedom in one-dimensional metals. Depending on the band filling, they can exhibit Peierls instabilities (or charge density waves), where equally spaced chain of atoms with partially filled band is inherently unstable, exhibiting spontaneous distortion of the lattice that further leads to metal-insulator transition in the system. Here, using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy, we directly image the atomic structures of a chain of iodine atoms confined inside carbon nanotubes. In addition to long equidistant chains, the ones consisting of iodine dimers and trimers were also observed, as well as transitions between them. First-principles calculations reproduce the experimentally observed bond lengths and lattice constants, showing that the ionic movement is largely unconstrained in the longitudinal direction, while naturally confined by the nanotube in the lateral directions. Moreover, the trimerized chain bears the hallmarks of a charge density wave. The transition is driven by changes in the charge transfer between the chain and the nanotube and is enabled by the charge compensation and additional screening provided by the nanotube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu-Pekka Komsa
- COMP, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ryosuke Senga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Central 5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Suenaga
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Central 5, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Arkady V Krasheninnikov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research , 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University , P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- National University of Science and Technology MISiS , 4 Leninskiy Prospekt, Moscow 119049, Russian Federation
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