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Yao Y, Zhao YS, Guan L. Dimension Evolution of Self-Assembled Organic Microcrystal for Laser and Polarization-Rotation Function. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307661. [PMID: 38317524 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Multidimensional integrated micro/nanostructures are vitally important for the implementation of versatile photonic functionalities, whereas current material structures still suffer undesired surface defects and contaminations in either multistep micro/nanofabrications or extreme synthetic conditions. Herein, the dimension evolution of organic self-assembled structures 2D microrings and 3D microhelixes for multidimensional photonic devices is realized via a protic/aprotic solvent-directed molecular assembly method based on a multiaxial confined-assisted growth mechanism. The 2D microrings with consummate circle boundaries and molecular-smooth surfaces function as high-quality whispering-gallery-mode microcavities for dual-wavelength energy-influence-dependent switchable lasing. Moreover, the 3D microhelixes with smooth surfaces and natural twistable characteristics act as active photon-transport materials and polarization rotators. These results will broaden the horizon of constructing multidimensional microstructures for integrated photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese, Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lunhui Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350000, China
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2
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Gorbushin N, Vainchtein A, Truskinovsky L. Transition fronts and their universality classes. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:024210. [PMID: 36109908 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.024210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Steadily moving transition (switching) fronts, associated with local transformation, symmetry breaking, or collapse, are among the most important dynamic coherent structures. The nonlinear mechanical waves of this type play a major role in many modern applications involving the transmission of mechanical information in systems ranging from crystal lattices and metamaterials to macroscopic civil engineering structures. While many different classes of such dynamic fronts are known, the interrelation between them remains obscure. Here we consider a minimal prototypical mechanical system, the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) chain with piecewise linear nonlinearity, and show that there are exactly three distinct classes of switching fronts, which differ fundamentally in how (and whether) they produce and transport oscillations. The fact that all three types of fronts could be obtained as explicit Wiener-Hopf solutions of the same discrete FPU problem allows one to identify the exact mathematical origin of the particular features of each class. To make the underlying Hamiltonian dynamics analytically transparent, we construct a minimal quasicontinuum approximation of the FPU model that captures all three classes of the fronts and reveals interrelation between them. This approximation is of higher order than conventional ones (KdV, Boussinesq) and involves mixed space-time derivatives. The proposed framework unifies previous attempts to classify the mechanical transition fronts as radiative, dispersive, topological, or compressive and categorizes them instead as irreducible types of dynamic lattice defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gorbushin
- PMMH, CNRS-UMR 7636, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - A Vainchtein
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - L Truskinovsky
- PMMH, CNRS-UMR 7636, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris, France
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3
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Ye Z, Chen F, Zhou H, Luo S, Sun F, Sun Z, Zheng Y, Chen X, Xu H, Chen Z, Li H, Wu J. Excitation-polarization-dependent dynamics of polariton condensates in the ZnO microwire at room temperature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:22LT01. [PMID: 35290965 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5e04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Based on ZnO microcavities with high quality factors, where the gain medium exhibits confinement of wave packets due to the intrinsically formed whispering gallery microcavity, strong coupling between excitons and cavity photons can be obtained at room temperature resulting in hybrid quasiparticles, e.g. exciton polaritons. In this work, polariton condensation is induced under the non-resonant excitation by linearly polarized femtosecond laser pulses with different polarization directions. The dynamical angle-resolvedk-space spectra of the photoluminescence emission of polariton condensates are measured with sub-picosecond resolution by the self-developed femtosecond angle-resolved spectroscopic imaging technique. Our results show that the ultrafast dynamics of polariton condensation is sensitive to the polarization direction of the excitation pulses which can be explained qualitatively by the combined effect of selective excitation of distinct exciton modes in the sample and the effective coupling strength of the excitation pulses in the ZnO microcavity for various polarization directions. This work strengthened the understanding of the condensation process for cavity exciton polaritons at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Luo
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Light Manipulation and Applications, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, People's Republic of China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanghai Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
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4
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Chen F, Zhou H, Li H, Cao J, Luo S, Sun Z, Zhang Z, Shao Z, Sun F, Zhou B, Dong H, Xu H, Xu H, Kavokin A, Chen Z, Wu J. Femtosecond Dynamics of a Polariton Bosonic Cascade at Room Temperature. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2023-2029. [PMID: 35200029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Whispering gallery modes in a microwire are characterized by a nearly equidistant energy spectrum. In the strong exciton-photon coupling regime, this system represents a bosonic cascade: a ladder of discrete energy levels that sustains stimulated transitions between neighboring steps. Here, by using a femtosecond angle-resolved spectroscopic imaging technique, the ultrafast dynamics of polaritons in a bosonic cascade based on a one-dimensional ZnO whispering gallery microcavity are explicitly visualized. Clear ladder-form build-up processes from higher to lower energy branches of the polariton condensates are observed, which are well reproduced by modeling using rate equations. Remarkably, a pronounced superbunching feature, which could serve as solid evidence for bosonic cascades, is demonstrated by the measured second-order time correlation factor. In addition, the nonlinear polariton parametric scattering dynamics on a time scale of hundreds of femtoseconds are revealed. Our understandings pave the way toward ultrafast coherent control of polaritons at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Junhui Cao
- School of Science, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Song Luo
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | | | - Ziqiu Shao
- School of Science, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Fenghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Beier Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Hongxing Dong
- Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- School of Science, Westlake University, Zhejiang 310024, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Zhanghai Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, China
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5
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Chen F, Li H, Zhou H, Ye Z, Luo S, Sun Z, Sun F, Wang J, Xu H, Xu H, Chen Z, Wu J. Ultrafast dynamics of exciton-polariton in optically tailored potential landscapes at room temperature. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:024001. [PMID: 34614483 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2d5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, by using femtosecond angle-resolved spectroscopic imaging technique, the ultrafast dynamics of confined exciton-polaritons in an optical induced potential well based on a ZnO whispering-gallery microcavity is explicitly visualized. The sub-picosecond transition between succeeding quantum harmonic oscillator states can be experimentally distinguished. The landscape of the potential well can be modified by the pump power, the spatial distance and the time delay of the two input laser pulses. Clarifying the underlying mechanism of the polariton harmonic oscillator is interesting for the applications of polariton-based optoelectronic devices and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Luo
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanghai Chen
- Department of Physics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
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6
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Simmons SA, Bayocboc FA, Pillay JC, Colas D, McCulloch IP, Kheruntsyan KV. What is a Quantum Shock Wave? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:180401. [PMID: 33196253 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.180401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shock waves are examples of the far-from-equilibrium behavior of matter; they are ubiquitous in nature, yet the underlying microscopic mechanisms behind their formation are not well understood. Here, we study the dynamics of dispersive quantum shock waves in a one-dimensional Bose gas, and show that the oscillatory train forming from a local density bump expanding into a uniform background is a result of quantum mechanical self-interference. The amplitude of oscillations, i.e., the interference contrast, decreases with the increase of both the temperature of the gas and the interaction strength due to the reduced phase coherence length. Furthermore, we show that vacuum and thermal fluctuations can significantly wash out the interference contrast, seen in the mean-field approaches, due to shot-to-shot fluctuations in the position of interference fringes around the mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Simmons
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - F A Bayocboc
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - J C Pillay
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - D Colas
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - I P McCulloch
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - K V Kheruntsyan
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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7
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Ballarini D, Chestnov I, Caputo D, De Giorgi M, Dominici L, West K, Pfeiffer LN, Gigli G, Kavokin A, Sanvitto D. Self-Trapping of Exciton-Polariton Condensates in GaAs Microcavities. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:047401. [PMID: 31491238 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.047401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The self-trapping of exciton-polariton condensates is demonstrated and explained by the formation of a new polaronlike state. Above the polariton lasing threshold, local variation of the lattice temperature provides the mechanism for an attractive interaction between polaritons. Because of this attraction, the condensate collapses into a small bright spot. Its position and momentum variances approach the Heisenberg quantum limit. The self-trapping does not require either a resonant driving force or a presence of defects. The trapped state is stabilized by the phonon-assisted stimulated scattering of excitons into the polariton condensate. While the formation mechanism of the observed self-trapped state is similar to the Landau-Pekar polaron model, this state is populated by several thousands of quasiparticles, in a striking contrast to the conventional single-particle polaron state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Igor Chestnov
- Westlake University, School of Science, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Natural Sciences, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Vladimir State University, 600000 Vladimir, Russia
| | - Davide Caputo
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Kenneth West
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton Unviversity, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Loren N Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton Unviversity, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Westlake University, School of Science, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Institute of Natural Sciences, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 198504, Russia
- Russian Quantum Centre, 100 Novaya St., 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, Sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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8
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Cristofolini P, Hatzopoulos Z, Savvidis PG, Baumberg JJ. Generation of Quantized Polaritons below the Condensation Threshold. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:067401. [PMID: 30141674 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.067401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exciton polaritons in high quality semiconductor microcavities can travel long macroscopic distances (>100 μm) due to their ultralight effective mass. The polaritons are repelled from optically pumped exciton reservoirs where they are formed; however, their spatial dynamics is not as expected for pointlike particles. Instead we show polaritons emitted into waveguides travel orthogonally to the repulsive potential gradient and can only be explained if they are emitted as macroscopic delocalized quantum particles, even before they form Bose condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cristofolini
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | | | - Pavlos G Savvidis
- FORTH, IESL, 71110 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Spin Optics Laboratory, Saint-Petersburg State University, 198504, St-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- Nanophotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
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9
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Frantzeskakis DJ, Horikis TP, Rodrigues AS, Kevrekidis PG, Carretero-González R, Cuevas-Maraver J. Hydrodynamics and two-dimensional dark lump solitons for polariton superfluids. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:022205. [PMID: 30253492 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.022205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We study a two-dimensional incoherently pumped exciton-polariton condensate described by an open-dissipative Gross-Pitaevskii equation for the polariton dynamics coupled to a rate equation for the exciton density. Adopting a hydrodynamic approach, we use multiscale expansion methods to derive several models appearing in the context of shallow water waves with viscosity. In particular, we derive a Boussinesq/Benney-Luke-type equation and its far-field expansion in terms of Kadomtsev-Petviashvili-I (KP-I) equations for right- and left-going waves. From the KP-I model, we predict the existence of vorticity-free, weakly (algebraically) localized two-dimensional dark-lump solitons. We find that, in the presence of dissipation, dark lumps exhibit a lifetime three times larger than that of planar dark solitons. Direct numerical simulations show that dark lumps do exist, and their dissipative dynamics is well captured by our analytical approximation. It is also shown that lumplike and vortexlike structures can spontaneously be formed as a result of the transverse "snaking" instability of dark soliton stripes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Frantzeskakis
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - T P Horikis
- Department of Mathematics, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - A S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Física e Astronomia/CFP, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 687-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - P G Kevrekidis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-4515, USA
| | - R Carretero-González
- Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Group, Computational Sciences Research Center, and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182-7720, USA
| | - J Cuevas-Maraver
- Grupo de Física No Lineal, Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Universidad de Sevilla. Escuela Politécnica Superior, C/ Virgen de África, 7, 41011-Sevilla, Spain and Instituto de Matemáticas de la Universidad de Sevilla (IMUS). Edificio Celestino Mutis. Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
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10
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An exciton-polariton bolometer for terahertz radiation detection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10092. [PMID: 29973614 PMCID: PMC6031685 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the feasibility of a bolometric device based on exciton-polaritons. Initial measurements presented in this work show that heating - via thermal expansion and bandgap renormalization - modifies the exciton-polariton propagation wavevector making exciton-polaritons propagation remarkably sensitive to thermal variations. By theoretical simulations we predict that using a single layer graphene absorbing layer, a THz bolometric sensor can be realized by a simple exciton-polariton ring interferometer device. The predicted sensitivity is comparable to presently existing THz bolometric devices with the convenience of being a device that inherently produces an optical signal output.
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11
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Plestid R, Mahon P, O'Dell DHJ. Violent relaxation in quantum fluids with long-range interactions. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:012112. [PMID: 30110820 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.012112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Violent relaxation is a process that occurs in systems with long-range interactions. It has the peculiar feature of dramatically amplifying small perturbations, and rather than driving the system to equilibrium, it instead leads to slowly evolving configurations known as quasistationary states that fall outside the standard paradigm of statistical mechanics. Violent relaxation was originally identified in gravity-driven stellar dynamics; here, we extend the theory into the quantum regime by developing a quantum version of the Hamiltonian mean field (HMF) model which exemplifies many of the generic properties of long-range interacting systems. The HMF model can either be viewed as describing particles interacting via a cosine potential, or equivalently as the kinetic XY model with infinite-range interactions, and its quantum fluid dynamics can be obtained from a generalized Gross-Pitaevskii equation. We show that singular caustics that form during violent relaxation are regulated by interference effects in a universal way described by Thom's catastrophe theory applied to waves and this leads to emergent length scales and timescales not present in the classical problem. In the deep quantum regime we find that violent relaxation is suppressed altogether by quantum zero-point motion. Our results are relevant to laboratory studies of self-organization in cold atomic gases with long-range interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Plestid
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
- Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St. N., Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 2Y5
| | - Perry Mahon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, 60 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A7
| | - D H J O'Dell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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12
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Park KD, Raschke MB. Polarization Control with Plasmonic Antenna Tips: A Universal Approach to Optical Nanocrystallography and Vector-Field Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2912-2917. [PMID: 29570303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the propagation and polarization vectors in linear and nonlinear optical spectroscopy enables us to probe the anisotropy of optical responses providing structural symmetry selective contrast in optical imaging. Here, we present a novel tilted antenna-tip approach to control the optical vector-field by breaking the axial symmetry of the nanoprobe in tip-enhanced near-field microscopy. This gives rise to a localized plasmonic antenna effect with significantly enhanced optical field vectors with control of both in-plane and out-of-plane components. We use the resulting vector-field specificity in the symmetry selective nonlinear optical response of second-harmonic generation (SHG) for a generalized approach to optical nanocrystallography and imaging. In tip-enhanced SHG imaging of monolayer MoS2 films and single-crystalline ferroelectric YMnO3, we reveal nanocrystallographic details of domain boundaries and domain topology with enhanced sensitivity and nanoscale spatial resolution. The approach is applicable to any anisotropic linear and nonlinear optical response and enables the optical nanocrystallographic imaging of molecular or quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Duck Park
- Department of Physics , Department of Chemistry , JILA , and Center for Experiments on Quantum Materials , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics , Department of Chemistry , JILA , and Center for Experiments on Quantum Materials , University of Colorado , Boulder , Colorado 80309 , United States
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13
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Dominici L, Carretero-González R, Gianfrate A, Cuevas-Maraver J, Rodrigues AS, Frantzeskakis DJ, Lerario G, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Gigli G, Kevrekidis PG, Sanvitto D. Interactions and scattering of quantum vortices in a polariton fluid. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1467. [PMID: 29654228 PMCID: PMC5899148 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum vortices, the quantized version of classical vortices, play a prominent role in superfluid and superconductor phase transitions. However, their exploration at a particle level in open quantum systems has gained considerable attention only recently. Here we study vortex pair interactions in a resonant polariton fluid created in a solid-state microcavity. By tracking the vortices on picosecond time scales, we reveal the role of nonlinearity, as well as of density and phase gradients, in driving their rotational dynamics. Such effects are also responsible for the split of composite spin–vortex molecules into elementary half-vortices, when seeding opposite vorticity between the two spinorial components. Remarkably, we also observe that vortices placed in close proximity experience a pull–push scenario leading to unusual scattering-like events that can be described by a tunable effective potential. Understanding vortex interactions can be useful in quantum hydrodynamics and in the development of vortex-based lattices, gyroscopes, and logic devices. Superfluid flow around a vortex is quantized so that vortices become discrete, particle-like defects, with interactions mediated by the surrounding fluid. Here, the authors use a polariton system to experimentally investigate the behavior and scattering of vortices in a two-component superfluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Ricardo Carretero-González
- Nonlinear Dynamical Systems Group, Computational Sciences Research Center, and Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182-7720, USA
| | - Antonio Gianfrate
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Jesús Cuevas-Maraver
- Grupo de Física No Lineal, Departamento de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Virgen de África, 7, 41011, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Matemáticas de la Universidad de Sevilla (IMUS), Edificio Celestino Mutis. Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Augusto S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Física e Astronomia/CFP, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, R. Campo Alegre, 687, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Dimitri J Frantzeskakis
- Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos, Athens, 15784, Greece
| | - Giovanni Lerario
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Panayotis G Kevrekidis
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003-4515, USA
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.,INFN Sezione di Lecce, 73100, Lecce, Italy
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14
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Gianfrate A, Dominici L, Voronych O, Matuszewski M, Stobińska M, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Gigli G, Sanvitto D. Superluminal X-waves in a polariton quantum fluid. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2018; 7:17119. [PMID: 30839621 PMCID: PMC6107045 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate for the first time the spontaneous generation of two-dimensional exciton-polariton X-waves. X-waves belong to the family of localized packets that can sustain their shape without spreading, even in the linear regime. This allows the wavepacket to maintain its shape and size for very low densities and very long times compared to soliton waves, which always necessitate a nonlinearity to compensate the diffusion. Here, we exploit the polariton nonlinearity and uniquely structured dispersion, comprising both positive- and negative-mass curvatures, to trigger an asymmetric four-wave mixing in momentum space. This ultimately enables the self-formation of a spatial X-wave front. Using ultrafast imaging experiments, we observe the early reshaping of the initial Gaussian packet into the X-pulse and its propagation, even for vanishingly small densities. This allows us to outline the crucial effects and parameters that drive the phenomena and to tune the degree of superluminal propagation, which we found to be in close agreement with numerical simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Gianfrate
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Oksana Voronych
- Institute of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Gdańsk, ul. Wita Stwosza 57, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Matuszewski
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- INFN, sezione di Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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15
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Ma X, Egorov OA, Schumacher S. Creation and Manipulation of Stable Dark Solitons and Vortices in Microcavity Polariton Condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:157401. [PMID: 28452514 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.157401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solitons and vortices obtain widespread attention in different physical systems as they offer potential use in information storage, processing, and communication. In exciton-polariton condensates in semiconductor microcavities, solitons and vortices can be created optically. However, dark solitons are unstable and vortices cannot be spatially controlled. In the present work we demonstrate the existence of stable dark solitons and vortices under nonresonant incoherent excitation of a polariton condensate with a simple spatially periodic pump. In one dimension, we show that an additional coherent light pulse can be used to create or destroy a dark soliton in a controlled manner. In two dimensions we demonstrate that a coherent light beam can be used to move a vortex to a specific position on the lattice or be set into motion by simply switching the periodic pump structure from two-dimensional (lattice) to one-dimensional (stripes). Our theoretical results open up exciting possibilities for optical on-demand generation and control of dark solitons and vortices in polariton condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Ma
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Oleg A Egorov
- Institute of Condensed Matter Theory and Solid State Optics, Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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16
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Altfeder I, Voevodin AA, Check MH, Eichfeld SM, Robinson JA, Balatsky AV. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Observation of Phonon Condensate. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43214. [PMID: 28225066 PMCID: PMC5320553 DOI: 10.1038/srep43214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Using quantum tunneling of electrons into vibrating surface atoms, phonon oscillations can be observed on the atomic scale. Phonon interference patterns with unusually large signal amplitudes have been revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy in intercalated van der Waals heterostructures. Our results show that the effective radius of these phonon quasi-bound states, the real-space distribution of phonon standing wave amplitudes, the scattering phase shifts, and the nonlinear intermode coupling strongly depend on the presence of defect-induced scattering resonance. The observed coherence of these quasi-bound states most likely arises from phase- and frequency-synchronized dynamics of all phonon modes, and indicates the formation of many-body condensate of optical phonons around resonant defects. We found that increasing the strength of the scattering resonance causes the increase of the condensate droplet radius without affecting the condensate fraction inside it. The condensate can be observed at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Altfeder
- Nanoelectronic Materials Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Andrey A. Voevodin
- Nanoelectronic Materials Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Michael H. Check
- Nanoelectronic Materials Branch, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433, USA
| | - Sarah M. Eichfeld
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Joshua A. Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Center for Two-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Alexander V. Balatsky
- Institute for Materials Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Nordita, Center for Quantum Materials, KTH Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Sun Y, Wen P, Yoon Y, Liu G, Steger M, Pfeiffer LN, West K, Snoke DW, Nelson KA. Bose-Einstein Condensation of Long-Lifetime Polaritons in Thermal Equilibrium. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:016602. [PMID: 28106443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.016602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) with atoms and quasiparticles has triggered wide exploration of macroscopic quantum effects. Microcavity polaritons are of particular interest because quantum phenomena such as BEC and superfluidity can be observed at elevated temperatures. However, polariton lifetimes are typically too short to permit thermal equilibration. This has led to debate about whether polariton condensation is intrinsically a nonequilibrium effect. Here we report the first unambiguous observation of BEC of optically trapped polaritons in thermal equilibrium in a high-Q microcavity, evidenced by equilibrium Bose-Einstein distributions over broad ranges of polariton densities and bath temperatures. With thermal equilibrium established, we verify that polariton condensation is a phase transition with a well-defined density-temperature phase diagram. The measured phase boundary agrees well with the predictions of basic quantum gas theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbao Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Patrick Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Yoseob Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Gangqiang Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15218, USA
| | - Mark Steger
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15218, USA
| | - Loren N Pfeiffer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Ken West
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - David W Snoke
- Department of Physics, University of Pittsburgh, 3941 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15218, USA
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Excitonics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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18
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Ma X, Driben R, Malomed BA, Meier T, Schumacher S. Two-dimensional symbiotic solitons and vortices in binary condensates with attractive cross-species interaction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34847. [PMID: 27703235 PMCID: PMC5050495 DOI: 10.1038/srep34847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We consider a two-dimensional (2D) two-component spinor system with cubic attraction between the components and intra-species self-repulsion, which may be realized in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, as well as in a quasi-equilibrium condensate of microcavity polaritons. Including a 2D spatially periodic potential, which is necessary for the stabilization of the system against the critical collapse, we use detailed numerical calculations and an analytical variational approximation (VA) to predict the existence and stability of several types of 2D symbiotic solitons in the spinor system. Stability ranges are found for symmetric and asymmetric symbiotic fundamental solitons and vortices, including hidden-vorticity (HV) modes, with opposite vorticities in the two components. The VA produces exceptionally accurate predictions for the fundamental solitons and vortices. The fundamental solitons, both symmetric and asymmetric ones, are completely stable, in either case when they exist as gap solitons or regular ones. The symmetric and asymmetric vortices are stable if the inter-component attraction is stronger than the intra-species repulsion, while the HV modes have their stability region in the opposite case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuekai Ma
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Rodislav Driben
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Boris A Malomed
- Department of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Torsten Meier
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Department of Physics and Center for Optoelectronics and Photonics Paderborn (CeOPP), Universität Paderborn, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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19
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Sanvitto D, Kéna-Cohen S. The road towards polaritonic devices. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:1061-73. [PMID: 27429208 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are quasiparticles that form in semiconductors when an elementary excitation such as an exciton or a phonon interacts sufficiently strongly with light. In particular, exciton-polaritons have attracted tremendous attention for their unique properties, spanning from an ability to undergo ultra-efficient four-wave mixing to superfluidity in the condensed state. These quasiparticles possess strong intrinsic nonlinearities, while keeping most characteristics of the underlying photons. Here we review the most important features of exciton-polaritons in microcavities, with a particular emphasis on the emerging technological applications, the use of new materials for room-temperature operation, and the possibility of exploiting polaritons for quantum computation and simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR - NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Stéphane Kéna-Cohen
- Department of Engineering Physics, École Polytechnique de Montréal, PO Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville Montréal, Quebec H3C 3A7, Canada
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20
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Braidotti MC, Gentilini S, Conti C. Gamow vectors explain the shock profile. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:21963-21970. [PMID: 27661931 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.021963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The description of shock waves beyond the shock point is a challenge in nonlinear physics and optics. Finding solutions to the global dynamics of dispersive shock waves is not always possible due to the lack of integrability. Here we propose a new method based on the eigenstates (Gamow vectors) of a reversed harmonic oscillator in a rigged Hilbert space. These vectors allow analytical formulation for the development of undular bores of shock waves in a nonlinear nonlocal medium. Experiments by a photothermal induced nonlinearity confirm theoretical predictions: the undulation period as a function of power and the characteristic quantized decays of Gamow vectors. Our results demonstrate that Gamow vectors are a novel and effective paradigm for describing extreme nonlinear phenomena.
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21
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Dominici L, Dagvadorj G, Fellows JM, Ballarini D, De Giorgi M, Marchetti FM, Piccirillo B, Marrucci L, Bramati A, Gigli G, Szymańska MH, Sanvitto D. Vortex and half-vortex dynamics in a nonlinear spinor quantum fluid. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500807. [PMID: 26665174 PMCID: PMC4672757 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Vortices are archetypal objects that recur in the universe across the scale of complexity, from subatomic particles to galaxies and black holes. Their appearance is connected with spontaneous symmetry breaking and phase transitions. In Bose-Einstein condensates and superfluids, vortices are both point-like and quantized quasiparticles. We use a two-dimensional (2D) fluid of polaritons, bosonic particles constituted by hybrid photonic and electronic oscillations, to study quantum vortex dynamics. Polaritons benefit from easiness of wave function phase detection, a spinor nature sustaining half-integer vorticity, strong nonlinearity, and tuning of the background disorder. We can directly generate by resonant pulsed excitations a polariton condensate carrying either a full or half-integer vortex as initial condition and follow their coherent evolution using ultrafast imaging on the picosecond scale. The observations highlight a rich phenomenology, such as the spiraling of the half-vortex and the joint path of the twin charges of a full vortex, until the moment of their splitting. Furthermore, we observe the ordered branching into newly generated secondary couples, associated with the breaking of radial and azimuthal symmetries. This allows us to devise the interplay of nonlinearity and sample disorder in shaping the fluid and driving the vortex dynamics. In addition, our observations suggest that phase singularities may be seen as fundamental particles whose quantized events span from pair creation and recombination to 2D+t topological vortex strings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dominici
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi,” Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | - Dario Ballarini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca M. Marchetti
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Piccirillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Marrucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Bramati
- Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, UPMC-Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, ENS-PSL, Research University, Collàge de France, 4 place Jussieu, case 74, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica “Ennio de Giorgi,” Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Marzena H. Szymańska
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, WC1E6BT London, UK
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) NANOTEC, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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