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Wong BWX, Chan YH, Logan S, Kramer MS, Yong EL. Arthralgia in midlife Singaporean women: the Integrated Women's Health Program (IWHP). Climacteric 2024; 27:178-186. [PMID: 38099561 DOI: 10.1080/13697137.2023.2287626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arthralgia is a common menopausal complaint in midlife women, and its causes remain unclear. We examined the prevalence of menopausal arthralgia with various factors including sleep quality, depression/anxiety, muscle strength and physical performance among midlife Singaporean women. METHODS The Integrated Women's Health Program (IWHP) comprised 1120 healthy, community-dwelling women of Chinese, Malay or Indian ethnicities (aged 45-69 years) attending well-women clinics at the National University Hospital, Singapore. Sociodemographic, menopausal, reproductive and health data were obtained with validated questionnaires. Muscle strength, physical performance and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were measured. Women with moderate to very severe symptoms using the Menopause Rating Scale were classified as having arthralgia. Multivariable logistic regression analyses examined risk factors for arthralgia. RESULTS One-third of the participants reported arthralgia, and 12.7%, 16.2% and 71.2% were in the premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal period, respectively. Menopausal symptoms, such as vaginal dryness (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.64, 4.24) and physical/mental exhaustion (aOR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.79, 4.47), were independent risk factors for arthralgia. Poor muscle strength (aOR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.29, 3.76), obesity (aOR: 1.94, 95% CI: 1.13, 3.32) and rheumatoid arthritis (aOR: 7.73, 95% CI: 4.47, 13.36) were also independently associated with arthralgia after adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS Arthralgia in midlife Singaporean women was associated with menopausal symptoms of vaginal dryness and physical and mental exhaustion. Women with poor muscle strength were more likely to experience menopausal arthralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W X Wong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Y H Chan
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Logan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - M S Kramer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Departments of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health and of Pediatrics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Quebec, Canada
| | - E L Yong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Nonpharmacologic and Rehabilitative Strategies to Address Chronic Pain. Prim Care 2022; 49:403-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Craig KD, MacKenzie NE. What is pain: Are cognitive and social features core components? PAEDIATRIC AND NEONATAL PAIN 2021; 3:106-118. [PMID: 35547951 PMCID: PMC8975232 DOI: 10.1002/pne2.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a universal experience, but it has been challenging to adequately define. The revised definition of pain recently published by the International Association for the Study of Pain addressed important shortcomings of the previous version; however, it remains narrow in its focus on sensory and emotional features of pain, failing to capture the substantial roles of cognitive and social core components of the experience and their importance to advances in pain management. This paper reviews evidence and theoretical models for the significant role social and cognitive factors play in pain experience and we argue that without explicit recognition of these core components in the definition, significant nuances are lost at a cost to understanding and clinical management of pain. A focus on sensory and emotional features perpetuates biomedical interventions and research, whereas recognition of cognitive and social features supports a multidimensional model of pain, advances in interdisciplinary care, and the benefits of cognitive behavioral therapy and self‐management interventions. We also explore the six Key Notes that accompany the new definition of pain, discuss their application to the understanding of pain in childhood, and, in doing so, further explore social and cognitive implications. Considerations are also described for assessment and treatment of pain in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D. Craig
- Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Nicole E. MacKenzie
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada
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de Oliveira NTB, dos Santos I, Miyamoto GC, Cabral CMN. Effects of aerobic exercise in the treatment of older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a protocol of a systematic review. Syst Rev 2019; 8:250. [PMID: 31666138 PMCID: PMC6820912 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1165-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic musculoskeletal pain affects the quality of life of older adults by interfering in their ability to perform activities of daily living. Aerobic exercise programs have been used in the treatment of various health conditions, including musculoskeletal disorders. However, there is still little evidence on the effects of aerobic exercise for the treatment of older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Thus, the objective of this study is to assess the effects of aerobic exercise in improving pain and function of older adults with chronic pain as a consequence of different chronic musculoskeletal conditions. METHODS The databases to be used in the search are PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PEDro, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Randomized controlled trials that used aerobic exercise in the treatment of older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain will be included. Primary outcomes will be pain and function. We will use the PEDro scale to evaluate the methodological quality and statistical description of each included study, and the strength of the recommendations will be summarized using GRADE. DISCUSSION The results of this systematic review will provide a synthesis of the current evidence on the effects of aerobic exercise in the treatment of older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain. In addition, this information can help health professionals in decision-making about the use of aerobic exercise in the treatment of older adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This systematic review was recorded prospectively, and the results will be part of a doctoral thesis to be published in a peer-reviewed international journal and possibly presented at international conferences. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO, CRD42019118903.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiane Teixeira Bastos de Oliveira
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno, 448/475, Tatuapé, São Paulo, SP 03071-000 Brazil
| | - Irlei dos Santos
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno, 448/475, Tatuapé, São Paulo, SP 03071-000 Brazil
| | - Gisela Cristiane Miyamoto
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno, 448/475, Tatuapé, São Paulo, SP 03071-000 Brazil
| | - Cristina Maria Nunes Cabral
- Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, Rua Cesário Galeno, 448/475, Tatuapé, São Paulo, SP 03071-000 Brazil
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Crowe M, Whitehead L, Seaton P, Jordan J, Mccall C, Maskill V, Trip H. Qualitative meta-synthesis: the experience of chronic pain across conditions. J Adv Nurs 2016; 73:1004-1016. [PMID: 27679971 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To synthesize qualitative descriptions of the experience of chronic pain across conditions. BACKGROUND Chronic pain is a transdiagnostic symptom in that while somatic pathology plays a role in activating pain pathways, psychological and social factors contribute to the experience of pain over time. The treatment of the underlying condition may require both biomedical intervention and biopsychosocial approaches. DESIGN Qualitative meta-synthesis using Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative Research (CERQual) developed by Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group to evaluate the strength of the evidence. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Ovid Medline from 2000-2015. REVIEW METHODS Following a systematic search strategy all papers were assessed in relation to inclusion criteria and quality. Themes were extracted from each study and a meta-synthesis conducted before completing an evaluation of confidence in the findings. RESULTS Forty-one papers exploring the experience of chronic pain were included in the review. Five meta-themes were identified across the studies: 1) the body as obstacle; 2) invisible but real; 3) disrupted sense of self; 4) unpredictability; and 5) keeping going. There was high confidence in the evidence for three themes: 'the body as obstacle'; 'disrupted sense of self' and 'keeping going'; and moderate confidence in the evidence for 'invisible but real' and 'unpredictability'. CONCLUSIONS The findings in this review suggest there are similarities in the experience of chronic pain across a range of conditions that have implications for the development of transdiagnostic pain management strategies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Crowe
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Whitehead
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philippa Seaton
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Jordan
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Catherine Mccall
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Virginia Maskill
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Henrietta Trip
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Health-related quality of life in patients with chronic rheumatic disease after a multidisciplinary rehabilitation regimen. Qual Life Res 2016; 26:381-391. [PMID: 27600521 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-016-1402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multidisciplinary rehabilitation has beneficial effects on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with chronic rheumatic diseases. However, whether this intervention benefits different age groups in women or men is largely unknown. PURPOSE To investigate HRQoL in patients with chronic rheumatic disease after completion of a 3-week multidisciplinary treatment, with special focus on differences in effect between age and gender groups. METHOD HRQoL was measured with SF-36. Mean scores for all SF-36 domains were compared before and after the 3-week regimen and again at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. Multivariable linear regression models using generalized estimating equations to account for repeated measurement were employed. A weighting procedure to account for differential dropouts was applied. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-six women and 74 men with chronic rheumatic disease were included. There were short-term improvements in all SF-36 domains irrespective of age or gender. These effects persisted for up to 1 year in the psychological, social, and energy domains for women under 50. We found no lasting effects for men; however, young men showed similar trends. CONCLUSION Inpatient multidisciplinary rehabilitation improves short-term HRQoL in all patients. Younger women maintain these beneficial effects for up to 1 year. Additional intervention should be considered for elderly women and for men in order to sustain rehabilitation effects.
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Kennedy MC, Henman MC, Cousins G. General Practitioners and Chronic Non-Malignant Pain Management in Older Patients: A Qualitative Study. PHARMACY 2016; 4:E15. [PMID: 28970388 PMCID: PMC5419349 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy4010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic non-malignant pain (CNMP) is commonly managed by General Practitioners (GPs) in primary care. Analgesics are the mainstay of CNMP management in this setting. Selection of medications by GPs may be influenced by micro factors which are relevant to the practice setting, meso factors which relate to the local or regional environment or macro factors such as those arising from national or international influences. The aim of this study is to explore influences on GP practises in relation to pain management for older adults with CNMP. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 GPs. Transcripts were organised using the Framework Method of Data Management while an applied thematic analysis was used to identify the themes emerging from the data. Clinical considerations such as the efficacy of analgesics, adverse effects and co-morbidities strongly influence prescribing decisions. The GPs interviewed identified the lack of guidance on this subject in Ireland and described the impact of organisational and structural barriers of the Irish healthcare system on the management of CNMP. Changes in practice behaviours coupled with health system reforms are required to improve the quality and consistency of pharmacotherapeutic management of CNMP in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin C Henman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gráinne Cousins
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephens Green, Dublin , Ireland.
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New approaches to treating pain. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1103-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Nieuwenhuizen MG, de Groot S, Janssen TWJ, van der Maas LCC, Beckerman H. Canadian Occupational Performance Measure performance scale: validity and responsiveness in chronic pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 51:727-46. [PMID: 25357091 DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2012.12.0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The construct validity and construct responsiveness of the performance scale of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) was measured in 87 newly admitted patients with chronic pain attending an outpatient rehabilitation clinic. At admission and after 12 wk, patients completed a COPM interview, the Pain Disability Index (PDI), and the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (RAND-36). We determined the construct validity of the COPM by correlations between the COPM performance scale (COPM-P), the PDI, and the RAND-36 at admission. Construct responsiveness was assessed by calculating the correlations between the change scores (n = 57). The COPM-P did not significantly correlate with the PDI (r = -0.260) or with any subscale of the RAND-36 (r = -0.007 to 0.248). Only a moderate correlation was found between change scores of the COPM-P and PDI (r = -0.380) and weak to moderate correlations were found between change scores of the COPM-P and the RAND-36 (r = -0.031 to 0.388), with the higher correlations for the physical functioning, social functioning, and role limitations (physical) subscales. In patients with chronic pain attending our rehabilitation program, the COPM-P measures something different than the RAND-36 or PDI. Therefore, construct validity of the COPM-P was not confirmed by our data. We were not able to find support for the COPM-P to detect changes in occupational performance.
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Rastogi R, Meek BD. Management of chronic pain in elderly, frail patients: finding a suitable, personalized method of control. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:37-46. [PMID: 23355774 PMCID: PMC3552607 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s30165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The elderly population is projected to make up 20% of the total United States population by the year 2030. In addition, epidemiological data suggests increasing prevalence of chronic pain and frailty with advancing age. Pain, being a subjective symptom, is challenging to manage effectively. This is more so in elderly populations with age-specific physiological changes that affect drug action and metabolism. Elderly patients are also more likely to have multiple chronic health pathologies, declining function, and frailty. The barriers present for patients, providers, and health systems also negatively impact efficient and effective pain control. These factors result in disproportionate utilization of health resources by the older population group. The scientific literature is lagging behind in age-specific studies for the elderly population. As a result, there is a lack of age-specific standardized management guidelines for various health problems, including chronic pain. Increasing efforts are now being directed to studies on pain control in the elderly. However, pain management remains inconsistent and suboptimal. This article is an attempt to suggest an informed, comprehensive guide to achieve effective pain control in the presence of these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rastogi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA.
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Karargyri D. Interprofessional pain learning and working: different perspectives. Br J Pain 2012; 6:66-9. [PMID: 26516471 PMCID: PMC4590115 DOI: 10.1177/2049463712443453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
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Tang NKY, Goodchild CE, Sanborn AN, Howard J, Salkovskis PM. Deciphering the temporal link between pain and sleep in a heterogeneous chronic pain patient sample: a multilevel daily process study. Sleep 2012; 35:675-87A. [PMID: 22547894 PMCID: PMC3321427 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Because insomnia is a common comorbidity of chronic pain, scientific and clinical interest in the relationship of pain and sleep has surged in recent years. Although experimental studies suggest a sleep-interfering property of pain and a pain-enhancing effect of sleep deprivation/fragmentation, the temporal association between pain and sleep as experienced by patients is less understood. The current study was conducted to examine the influence of presleep pain on subsequent sleep and sleep on pain reports the next day, taking into consideration other related psychophysiologic variables such as mood and arousal. DESIGN A daily process study, involving participants to monitor their pain, sleep, mood, and presleep arousal for 1 wk. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the data. SETTING In the patients' natural living and sleeping environment. PATIENTS One hundred nineteen patients (73.9% female, mean age = 46 years) with chronic pain and concomitant insomnia. MEASUREMENT An electronic diary was used to record patients' self-reported sleep quality/efficiency and ratings of pain, mood, and arousal at different times of the day; actigraphy was also used to provide estimates of sleep efficiency. RESULTS Results indicated that presleep pain was not a reliable predictor of subsequent sleep. Instead, sleep was better predicted by presleep cognitive arousal. Although sleep quality was a consistent predictor of pain the next day, the pain-relieving effect of sleep was only evident during the first half of the day. CONCLUSIONS These findings challenge the often-assumed reciprocal relationship between pain and sleep and call for a diversification in thinking of the daily interaction of these 2 processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Y Tang
- Arthritis Research UK Primary Care Centre, Primary Care Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
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van de Wetering EJ, Lemmens KM, Nieboer AP, Huijsman R. Cognitive and behavioral interventions for the management of chronic neuropathic pain in adults - A systematic review. Eur J Pain 2012; 14:670-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang Z, Cai YQ, Zou F, Bie B, Pan ZZ. Epigenetic suppression of GAD65 expression mediates persistent pain. Nat Med 2011; 17:1448-55. [PMID: 21983856 PMCID: PMC3210928 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a common neurological disease involving lasting, multifaceted maladaptations ranging from gene modulation to synaptic dysfunction and emotional disorders. Sustained pathological stimuli in many diseases alter the output activities of certain genes through epigenetic modifications, but it is unclear how epigenetic mechanisms operate in the development of chronic pain. We show here that in the rat brainstem nucleus raphe magnus, which is important for central mechanisms of chronic pain, persistent inflammatory and neuropathic pain epigenetically suppresses Gad2 (encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65)) transcription through histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated histone hypoacetylation, resulting in impaired γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synaptic inhibition. Gad2 knockout mice showed sensitized pain behavior and impaired GABA synaptic function in their brainstem neurons. In wild-type but not Gad2 knockout mice, HDAC inhibitors strongly increased GAD65 activity, restored GABA synaptic function and relieved sensitized pain behavior. These findings suggest GAD65 and HDACs as potential therapeutic targets in an epigenetic approach to the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Verra ML, Angst F, Staal JB, Brioschi R, Lehmann S, Aeschlimann A, de Bie RA. Differences in pain, function and coping in Multidimensional Pain Inventory subgroups of chronic back pain: a one-group pretest-posttest study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:145. [PMID: 21718525 PMCID: PMC3141610 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with non-specific back pain are not a homogeneous group but heterogeneous with regard to their bio-psycho-social impairments. This study examined a sample of 173 highly disabled patients with chronic back pain to find out how the three subgroups based on the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) differed in their response to an inpatient pain management program. Methods Subgroup classification was conducted by cluster analysis using MPI subscale scores at entry into the program. At program entry and at discharge after four weeks, participants completed the MPI, the MOS Short Form-36 (SF-36), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Coping Strategies Questionnaire (CSQ). Pairwise analyses of the score changes of the mentioned outcomes of the three MPI subgroups were performed using the Mann-Whitney-U-test for significance. Results Cluster analysis identified three MPI subgroups in this highly disabled sample: a dysfunctional, interpersonally distressed and an adaptive copers subgroup. The dysfunctional subgroup (29% of the sample) showed the highest level of depression in SF-36 mental health (33.4 ± 13.9), the interpersonally distressed subgroup (35% of the sample) a modest level of depression (46.8 ± 20.4), and the adaptive copers subgroup (32% of the sample) the lowest level of depression (57.8 ± 19.1). Significant differences in pain reduction and improvement of mental health and coping were observed across the three MPI subgroups, i.e. the effect sizes for MPI pain reduction were: 0.84 (0.44 - 1.24) for the dysfunctional subgroup, 1.22 (0.86 - 1.58) for the adaptive copers subgroup, and 0.53 (0.24 - 0.81) for the interpersonally distressed subgroup (p = 0.006 for pairwise comparison). Significant score changes between subgroups concerning activities and physical functioning could not be identified. Conclusions MPI subgroup classification showed significant differences in score changes for pain, mental health and coping. These findings underscore the importance of assessing individual differences to understand how patients adjust to chronic back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Verra
- Physiotherapy Institute, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Stern A, Sánchez-Magro I, Rull M. Chronic noncancer pain intensity is inversely related to analgesic adherence in pain clinics. J Med Econ 2011; 14:568-75. [PMID: 21728910 DOI: 10.3111/13696998.2011.598202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The relationship between chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) control and pain medication (analgesic) adherence has not been widely documented. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between pain intensity and the degree of adherence to analgesic medication prescribed in pain clinics. There was also a special emphasis on the influence of polypharmacy on adherence. METHODS A cross-sectional clinical survey was carried out in pain clinics across Spain. Demographic and clinical data were collected from patients: pain intensity, analgesic prescription and adherence, and the presence of concomitant medical conditions and treatments. The relationship between analgesic adherence and pain intensity was analyzed using correlations and propensity scores based on ordinal logistic regression. Correlates of pain intensity were explored using multiple linear regression. RESULTS Data was gathered from 1407 patients; 1321 were eligible for analysis. Their mean (standard deviation) age was 61.6 (14.7) years and the majority (67.3%) were women. More than half (57.9%) received step 3 analgesics. Pain intensity was scored 5 out of 10 on average. Just 65.9% of patients were reported to not have missed any analgesic dose during the previous week. Pain intensity correlated negatively with analgesic adherence (r(s) = -0.151, p < 0.001). Moderate versus very intense pain was predicted in patients with 'good' and 'very poor' adherence, respectively. The presence of concomitant medications also correlated negatively with analgesic adherence (r(s) = -0.074, p = 0.007). However, few investigators reported such a negative effect of polypharmacy. LIMITATIONS Key limitations of this research are its cross-sectional design and the absence of an objective means of measuring medication adherence. CONCLUSIONS This study has shown that there is a small but significant inverse relationship between analgesic adherence and CNCP control, which has remained elusive to date and should be further evaluated. Polypharmacy also had a negative influence on adherence, although this was not acknowledged by all investigators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Stern
- Medical Department, Grünenthal Pharma SA, Madrid, Spain.
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Lindelof K, Ellrich J, Jensen R, Bendtsen L. Central pain processing in chronic tension-type headache. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:1364-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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