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Wood KA, Tong RS, Motta M, Cordeddu V, Scimone ER, Bush SJ, Maxwell DW, Giannoulatou E, Caputo V, Traversa A, Mancini C, Ferrero GB, Benedicenti F, Grammatico P, Melis D, Steindl K, Brunetti-Pierri N, Trevisson E, Wilkie AO, Lin AE, Cormier-Daire V, Twigg SR, Tartaglia M, Goriely A. SMAD4 mutations causing Myhre syndrome are under positive selection in the male germline. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:1953-1969. [PMID: 39116879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
While it is widely thought that de novo mutations (DNMs) occur randomly, we previously showed that some DNMs are enriched because they are positively selected in the testes of aging men. These "selfish" mutations cause disorders with a shared presentation of features, including exclusive paternal origin, significant increase of the father's age, and high apparent germline mutation rate. To date, all known selfish mutations cluster within the components of the RTK-RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, a critical modulator of testicular homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate the selfish nature of the SMAD4 DNMs causing Myhre syndrome (MYHRS). By analyzing 16 informative trios, we show that MYHRS-causing DNMs originated on the paternally derived allele in all cases. We document a statistically significant epidemiological paternal age effect of 6.3 years excess for fathers of MYHRS probands. We developed an ultra-sensitive assay to quantify spontaneous MYHRS-causing SMAD4 variants in sperm and show that pathogenic variants at codon 500 are found at elevated level in sperm of most men and exhibit a strong positive correlation with donor's age, indicative of a high apparent germline mutation rate. Finally, we performed in vitro assays to validate the peculiar functional behavior of the clonally selected DNMs and explored the basis of the pathophysiology of the different SMAD4 sperm-enriched variants. Taken together, these data provide compelling evidence that SMAD4, a gene operating outside the canonical RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, is associated with selfish spermatogonial selection and raises the possibility that other genes/pathways are under positive selection in the aging human testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Wood
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - R Spencer Tong
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Marialetizia Motta
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Cordeddu
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eleanor R Scimone
- Medical Genetics, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Stephen J Bush
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Dale W Maxwell
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Viviana Caputo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Traversa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Mancini
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Ferrero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Science, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Paola Grammatico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, San Camillo-Forlanini Hospital, Sapienza University, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Melis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy
| | - Katharina Steindl
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy; Scuola Superiore Meridionale (SSM, School of Advanced Studies), Genomics and Experimental Medicine Program, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eva Trevisson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrew Om Wilkie
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Angela E Lin
- Medical Genetics, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Valerie Cormier-Daire
- Université Paris Cité, Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Stephen Rf Twigg
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy.
| | - Anne Goriely
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX39DS, UK; Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DS, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX39DU, UK.
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Fang X, Baggett LM, Caylor RC, Percy AK, Neul JL, Lane JB, Glaze DG, Benke TA, Marsh ED, Motil KJ, Barrish JO, Annese FE, Skinner SA. Parental age effects and Rett syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:160-173. [PMID: 37768187 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a progressive neurodevelopmental disorder, and pathogenic Methyl-CpG-binding Protein 2 (MECP2) variants are identified in >95% of individuals with typical RTT. Most of RTT-causing variants in MECP2 are de novo and usually on the paternally inherited X chromosome. While paternal age has been reported to be associated with increased risk of genetic disorders, it is unknown whether parental age contributes to the risk of the development of RTT. Clinical data including parental age, RTT diagnostic status, and clinical severity are collected from 1226 participants with RTT and confirmed MECP2 variants. Statistical analyses are performed using Student t-test, single factor analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multi-factor regression. No significant difference is observed in parental ages of RTT probands compared to that of the general population. A small increase in parental ages is observed in participants with missense variants compared to those with nonsense variants. When we evaluate the association between clinical severity and parental ages by multiple regression analysis, there is no clear association between clinical severity and parental ages. Advanced parental ages do not appear to be a risk factor for RTT, and do not contribute to the clinical severity in individuals with RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Fang
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Alan K Percy
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Neul
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jane B Lane
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Tim A Benke
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children's Hospital Colorado-Aurora, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Eric D Marsh
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen J Motil
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Fran E Annese
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
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Wang L, Li R, Zhai J, Zhang B, Wu J, Pang L, Liu Y. Whole exome sequencing combined with dynamic ultrasound assessments for fetal skeletal dysplasias: 4 case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31321. [PMID: 36316869 PMCID: PMC9622563 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Fetal skeletal anomalies are one of the most common and potentially pathogenic developmental abnormalities detected by ultrasound screening. Any suspected fetal skeletal dysplasias often require further comprehensive evaluations. PATIENT CONCERNS Here 4 families with adverse fetal skeletal system histories were enrolled, including their histories of gestation, childbirth, familial skeletal abnormalities, and pregnancy outcomes. The corresponding diagnosis were done by whole exome sequencing (WES) combined with dynamic examination. DIAGNOSIS All of the families were definitively diagnosed through cytogenetics, molecular genetics, ultrasound, combined with multidisciplinary evaluation. Both of the fetuses in case 1 and case 2 were diagnosed with thanatophoric dysplasia type I, while the neonate in case 3 was diagnosed with Apert syndrome and a 3-years-old proband daughter with Crouzon syndrome in case 4. INTERVENTIONS We conducted karyotyping, copy number variation sequencing (CNV-seq), combined with WES to evaluate genetic conditions of abnormal fetus, neonate or proband patient. WES was preferred to obtain a relatively definitive diagnosis. OUTCOMES In cases 1 and 2, the families decided to choose termination of pregnancy due to fatal dysplasias. The couple in case 3, delivered a female baby diagnosed with Apert syndrome. Fortunately, in case 4, the family, which had a 3-years-old baby with Crouzon syndrome, gave birth to a healthy baby through prenatal diagnosis. LESSONS SUBSECTIONS Invasive prenatal diagnosis and dynamic assessments for the management of fetal skeletal dysplasias could contribute to revealing possible causes of fetal skeletal abnormalities and help clinicians conduct further genetic counseling in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Xuzhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- The Second Clinical Medical School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingfang Zhai
- Xuzhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- * Correspondence: Jingfang Zhai, Xuzhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 221009, China (e-mail: )
| | - Bei Zhang
- Xuzhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiebin Wu
- Xuzhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Libo Pang
- Xuzhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Xuzhou Clinical Medical School of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis Medical Center, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Baroud S, Wu J, Zouboulis CC. Acne Syndromes and Mosaicism. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111735. [PMID: 34829964 PMCID: PMC8615598 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal mosaicism is the coexistence of cells with at least two genotypes, by the time of birth, in an individual derived from a single zygote, which leads to a disease phenotype. Somatic mosaicism can be further categorized into segmental mosaicism and nonsegmental somatic mosaicism. Acne is a chronic illness characterized by inflammatory changes around and in the pilosebaceous units, commonly due to hormone- and inflammatory signaling-mediated factors. Several systemic disorders, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and seborrhoea-acne-hirsutism-androgenetic alopecia syndrome have classically been associated with acne. Autoinflammatory syndromes, including PAPA, PASH, PAPASH, PsAPASH, PsaPSASH, PASS, and SAPHO syndromes include acneiform lesions as a key manifestation. Mosaic germline mutations in the FGFR2 gene have been associated with Apert syndrome and nevus comedonicus, two illnesses that are accompanied by acneiform lesions. In this review, we summarize the concept of cutaneous mosaicism and elaborate on acne syndromes, as well as acneiform mosaicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumer Baroud
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany; (S.B.); (J.W.)
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jim Wu
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany; (S.B.); (J.W.)
| | - Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology, and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, 06847 Dessau, Germany; (S.B.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-340-501-4000
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Jose B, Emmatty TB, Methippara JJ, Kumar K, Thampi NM. Apert Syndrome: An Insight Into Dentofacial Features. Cureus 2021; 13:e17735. [PMID: 34659949 PMCID: PMC8491803 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.17735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome is a developmental malformation characterised by craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial sutures), midface hypoplasia, and syndactyly of hands and feet. Early synostosis of the coronal suture, cranial base, as well as agenesis of the sagittal suture, result in characteristic appearance and dental features like maxillary transverse and sagittal hypoplasia with concomitant dental crowding, a pseudo-cleft palate, and skeletal and dental anterior open bite. In this report, we discuss a case of Apert syndrome, with special emphasis on craniofacial characteristics, a multidisciplinary approach to its treatment, and the dentist’s role in management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijimole Jose
- Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Annoor Dental College & Hospital, Muvattupuzha, IND
| | - Tharian B Emmatty
- Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Annoor Dental College & Hospital, Muvattupuzha, IND
| | | | - Kavita Kumar
- Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Annoor Dental College & Hospital, Muvattupuzha, IND.,Pediatric Dentistry, Innocent Smiles Dental Clinic, Ernakulam, IND
| | - Nidhi Mary Thampi
- Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Annoor Dental college & Hospital, Muvattupuzha, IND
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Kobayashi Y, Ogura K, Hikita R, Tsuji M, Moriyama K. Craniofacial, oral, and cervical morphological characteristics in Japanese patients with Apert syndrome or Crouzon syndrome. Eur J Orthod 2021; 43:36-44. [PMID: 32144423 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene are responsible for both Apert syndrome (AS) and Crouzon syndrome (CS). These diseases share phenotypic characteristics, including midfacial hypoplasia and premature fusion of the calvarial suture(s). Given the extensive range of craniofacial growth and developmental abnormalities, management of these patients requires a multidisciplinary approach. This study aimed to compare craniofacial, oral, and cervical morphological characteristics in Japanese orthodontic patients with AS or CS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Lateral cephalograms, orthopantomograms, dental casts, medical interview records, facial photographs, and intraoral photographs of 7 AS patients and 12 CS patients on initial visits were used in this study. Cephalometric analyses were performed, and standard scores were calculated based on age- and sex-matched Japanese standard values. RESULTS Cephalometric analysis revealed that AS patients had significantly more severe maxillary hypoplasia in two dimensions and increased clockwise mandibular rotation. Additionally, cleft of the soft palate, anterior open bite, severe crowding in the maxillary dental arch, and congenitally missing teeth occurred more frequently among AS patients. Multiple fusions between cervical vertebrae C2, C3, C5, and C6 were observed in the AS patients. LIMITATIONS Small sample size. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS Our study shows that AS patients have more severe craniofacial and maxillofacial deformities than CS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ogura
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rina Hikita
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Tsuji
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Chico-Sordo L, Córdova-Oriz I, Polonio AM, S-Mellado LS, Medrano M, García-Velasco JA, Varela E. Reproductive aging and telomeres: Are women and men equally affected? Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 198:111541. [PMID: 34245740 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Successful reproduction is very important for individuals and for society. Currently, the human health span and lifespan are the object of intense and productive investigation with great achievements, compared to the last century. However, reproduction span does not progress concomitantly with lifespan. Reproductive organs age, decreasing the levels of sexual hormones, which are protectors of health through their action on several organs of the body. Thus, this is the starting point of the organismal decay and infertility. This starting point is easily detected in women. In men, it goes under the surface, undetected, but it goes, nevertheless. Regarding fertility, aging alters the hormonal equilibrium, decreases the potential of reproductive organs, diminishes the quality of the gametes and worsen the reproductive outcomes. All these events happen at a different pace and affecting different organs in women and men. The question is what molecular pathways are involved in reproductive aging and if there is a possible halting or even reversion of the aging events. Answers to all these points will be explained in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Chico-Sordo
- IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Isabel Córdova-Oriz
- IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Alba María Polonio
- IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lucía Sánchez S-Mellado
- IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Marta Medrano
- IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain; IVIRMA Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio García-Velasco
- IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; IVIRMA Madrid, Spain; Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisa Varela
- IVI Foundation, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IISLAFE), Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Singh RS, Singh KK, Singh SM. Origin of Sex-Biased Mental Disorders: An Evolutionary Perspective. J Mol Evol 2021; 89:195-213. [PMID: 33630117 PMCID: PMC8116267 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-021-09999-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism or sex bias in diseases and mental disorders have two biological causes: sexual selection and sex hormones. We review the role of sexual selection theory and bring together decades of molecular studies on the variation and evolution of sex-biased genes and provide a theoretical basis for the causes of sex bias in disease and health. We present a Sexual Selection-Sex Hormone theory and show that male-driven evolution, including sexual selection, leads to: (1) increased male vulnerability due to negative pleiotropic effects associated with male-driven sexual selection and evolution; (2) increased rates of male-driven mutations and epimutations in response to early fitness gains and at the cost of late fitness; and (3) enhanced female immunity due to antagonistic responses to mutations that are beneficial to males but harmful to females, reducing female vulnerability to diseases and increasing the thresholds for disorders such as autism. Female-driven evolution, such as reproduction-related fluctuation in female sex hormones in association with stress and social condition, has been shown to be associated with increased risk of certain mental disorders such as major depression disorder in women. Bodies have history, cells have memories. An evolutionary framework, such as the Sexual Selection–Sex Hormone theory, provides a historical perspective for understanding how the differences in the sex-biased diseases and mental disorders have evolved over time. It has the potential to direct the development of novel preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama S Singh
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.
| | - Karun K Singh
- Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shiva M Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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9
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Min Swe NM, Kobayashi Y, Kamimoto H, Moriyama K. Aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 regulate osteoblast differentiation in the developing coronal sutures of an Apert syndrome (Fgfr2 S252W /+ ) mouse model. Dev Dyn 2020; 250:465-476. [PMID: 32822074 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apert syndrome is an autosomal, dominant inherited disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and syndactyly caused by gain-of-function mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene. Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays critical roles in regulating the skeletal development. Here, we analyzed the role of this pathway in the developing coronal sutures (CS) of a murine Apert syndrome model (Fgfr2S252W/+ ). RESULTS We observed aberrantly increased mRNA expression of Lrp5 and Lrp6 in CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice, whereas both wild type (WT) and Fgfr2S252W/+ mice showed similar expression of other Wnt/β-catenin-related genes, such as Wnt3, Wnt3a, Fzd4, Fzd6, Axin2, and Dkk1 as evidenced by in situ hybridization. Significantly increased Lrp5 and Lrp6 mRNA expression was observed by quantitative PCR analysis of cultured cells isolated from CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice. Phospho-LRP5, phospho-LRP6, and non-phospho-β-catenin were upregulated in Fgfr2S252W/+ CS compared with that in WT CS. Short-interfering RNA targeting Lrp5 and Lrp6 significantly reduced runt-related transcription factor 2, collagen type 1 alpha 1, and osteocalcin mRNA expression, and alkaline phosphatase activity in cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was activated in the CS of Fgfr2S252W/+ mice during craniofacial development, suggesting the involvement of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in the pathogenesis of CS synostosis in Fgfr2S252W/+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nay Myo Min Swe
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiho Kobayashi
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamimoto
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Moriyama
- Department of Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Division of Maxillofacial and Neck Reconstruction, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Brajadenta GS, Sari AIP, Nauphar D, Pratamawati TM, Thoreau V. Molecular analysis of exon 7 of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene in an Indonesian patient with Apert syndrome: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31387623 PMCID: PMC6685243 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-019-2173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apert syndrome, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man number 101200, is a rare genetic condition, with autosomal dominant inheritance, characterized by craniosynostosis, midfacial malformation, and severe symmetrical syndactyly. Apert syndrome is associated with other systemic malformations, including intellectual disability. At least seven mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene have been found to cause Apert syndrome. Most cases of Apert syndrome are caused by one of the two most frequent mutations located in exon 7 (Ser252Trp or Pro253Arg). CASE PRESENTATION A 27-year-old Javanese man presented borderline intellectual functioning and striking dysmorphisms. A clinical diagnosis of Apert syndrome was previously made based on these clinical features. Furthermore, POSSUM software was used before molecular analysis and the result showed suspected Apert syndrome with a cut-off point of 14. Molecular genetic analysis of FGFR2, targeting exon 7, was performed by direct sequencing. In this patient, a missense mutation c.755C>G was detected, changing a serine into a tryptophan (p.Ser252Trp). CONCLUSION We report the case of an Indonesian man with Apert syndrome with a c.755C>G (p.Ser252Trp) mutation in the FGFR2 gene. Our patient showed similar dysmorphism to previously reported cases, although cleft palate as a typical feature for p.Ser252Trp mutation was not present. In spite of the accessibility of molecular genetic testing in a few parts of the world, the acknowledgement of clinically well-defined syndromes will remain exceptionally imperative in developing countries with a lack of diagnostic facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gara Samara Brajadenta
- Department of Medical Biology, Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Swadaya Gunung Jati University, Jalan Terusan Pemuda No.1A, Cirebon, West Java 45132 Indonesia
- EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Impairments, University of Poitiers Pole Biologie - Sante (B.36), 1, rue Georges Bonnet, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France
| | - Ariestya Indah Permata Sari
- Department of Medical Biology, Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Swadaya Gunung Jati University, Jalan Terusan Pemuda No.1A, Cirebon, West Java 45132 Indonesia
| | - Donny Nauphar
- Department of Medical Biology, Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Swadaya Gunung Jati University, Jalan Terusan Pemuda No.1A, Cirebon, West Java 45132 Indonesia
| | - Tiar Masykuroh Pratamawati
- Department of Medical Biology, Division of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Swadaya Gunung Jati University, Jalan Terusan Pemuda No.1A, Cirebon, West Java 45132 Indonesia
| | - Vincent Thoreau
- EA3808 Neurovascular Unit and Cognitive Impairments, University of Poitiers Pole Biologie - Sante (B.36), 1, rue Georges Bonnet, 86073 Poitiers Cedex, France
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12
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Clayton R, Göbel K, Niessen C, Paus R, Steensel M, Lim X. Homeostasis of the sebaceous gland and mechanisms of acne pathogenesis. Br J Dermatol 2019; 181:677-690. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R.W. Clayton
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester U.K
| | - K. Göbel
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore
- Department of Dermatology Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne The University of Cologne Germany
| | - C.M. Niessen
- Department of Dermatology Cologne Excellence Cluster on Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), and Centre for Molecular Medicine Cologne The University of Cologne Germany
| | - R. Paus
- Centre for Dermatology Research University of Manchester, and NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre Manchester U.K
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL U.S.A
| | - M.A.M. Steensel
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore
| | - X. Lim
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore
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13
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Apert syndrome without craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:565-567. [PMID: 30643948 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apert syndrome is a rare form of syndromic craniosynostosis, also known as acrocephalosyndactyly, which is a disorder characterized by a unique set of craniofacial, hand, and foot abnormalities. Diagnosis is made through a genetic analysis, where the mutation of FGFR2, Ser252Trp, and Pro253Arg confirms the diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION Although craniosynostosis is the most common characteristic in clinical presentation, we present an atypical case of a one-and-a-half-year-old girl with Apert syndrome confirmed by genetic testing but without craniosynostosis.
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14
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Zhu X, Shen X, Jiang X, Wei K, He T, Ma Y, Liu J, Hu X. Nonlinear expression and visualization of nonmetric relationships in genetic diseases and microbiome data. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:505. [PMID: 30577738 PMCID: PMC6302369 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The traditional methods of visualizing high-dimensional data objects in low-dimensional metric spaces are subject to the basic limitations of metric space. These limitations result in multidimensional scaling that fails to faithfully represent non-metric similarity data. Results Multiple maps t-SNE (mm-tSNE) has drawn much attention due to the construction of multiple mappings in low-dimensional space to visualize the non-metric pairwise similarity to eliminate the limitations of a single metric map. mm-tSNE regularization combines the intrinsic geometry between data points in a high-dimensional space. The weight of data points on each map is used as the regularization parameter of the manifold, so the weights of similar data points on the same map are also as close as possible. However, these methods use standard momentum methods to calculate parameters of gradient at each iteration, which may lead to erroneous gradient search directions so that the target loss function fails to achieve a better local minimum. In this article, we use a Nesterov momentum method to learn the target loss function and correct each gradient update by looking back at the previous gradient in the candidate search direction. By using indirect second-order information, the algorithm obtains faster convergence than the original algorithm. To further evaluate our approach from a comparative perspective, we conducted experiments on several datasets including social network data, phenotype similarity data, and microbiomic data. Conclusions The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better results than several versions of mm-tSNE based on three evaluation indicators including the neighborhood preservation ratio (NPR), error rate and time complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchao Zhu
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianjun Shen
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xingpeng Jiang
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiping Wei
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting He
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Hu
- School of Computer, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China.,College of Computing and Informatics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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15
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Flora M, Diniz P, Neto AL, Teixeira N, Carvalho P, Pinto FG. Minimally Invasive Hallux Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis for Hallux Varus in Pfeiffer Syndrome: A Case Report. J Foot Ankle Surg 2018; 57:205-209. [PMID: 29103889 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pfeiffer syndrome is a rare hereditary condition with an autosomal dominant transmission caused by a mutation that affects fibroblast growth factor receptors. It is one of the acrocephalosyndactyly diseases causing cranial malformations owing to early suture fusion. In the foot, it is typically associated with hallux varus, first ray hyperplasia, and partial lesser digit syndactyly. We report a clinical case of a 10-year-old patient with Pfeiffer type I syndrome with bilateral severe hallux varus due to a hypoplastic trapezoidal shaped proximal phalanx, a distal, medial-facing articular surface, and interphalangeal instability. This deformity was addressed by minimally invasive hallux interphalangeal joint arthrodesis with internal and external fixation. We report the results at the 2-year follow-up point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Flora
- Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery II, Hospital de Santana, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Diniz
- Orthopaedic Surgery Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery II, Hospital de Santana, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Luisa Neto
- Orthopaedic Surgery Resident, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery II, Hospital de Santana, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nelson Teixeira
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Resident, Hospital de Egas Moniz, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Carvalho
- Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery II, Hospital de Santana, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Francisco Guerra Pinto
- Orthopaedic Surgeon, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Dr. José de Almeida, Cascais, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Bräuer S, Zimyanin V, Hermann A. Prion-like properties of disease-relevant proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:591-613. [PMID: 29417336 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of age-related neurodegenerative diseases is the appearance of cellular protein deposits and spreading of this pathology throughout the central nervous system. Growing evidence has shown the involvement and critical role of proteins with prion-like properties in the formation of these characteristic cellular aggregates. Prion-like domains of such proteins with their proposed function in the organization of membraneless organelles are prone for misfolding and promoting further aggregation. Spreading of these toxic aggregates between cells and across tissues can explain the progression of clinical phenotypes and pathology in a stereotypical manner, characteristic for almost every neurodegenerative disease. Here, we want to review the current evidence for the role of prion-like mechanisms in classical neurodegenerative diseases and ALS in particular. We will also discuss an intriguingly central role of the protein TDP-43 in the majority of cases of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bräuer
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, 01129, Dresden, Germany
| | - V Zimyanin
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Hermann
- Department of Neurology, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Lichtenberger R, Simpson MA, Smith C, Barker J, Navarini AA. Genetic architecture of acne vulgaris. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1978-1990. [PMID: 28593717 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a ubiquitary skin disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the pilosebaceous unit resulting from bacterial colonization of hair follicles by Propionibacterium acnes, androgen-induced increased sebum production, altered keratinization and inflammation. Here, we review our current understanding of the genetic architecture of this intriguing disease. We analysed genomewide association studies (GWAS) and candidate genes studies for acne vulgaris. Moreover, we included GWAS studies for the associated disease polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Overall, the available data revealed sixteen genetic loci flagged by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), none of which has been confirmed yet by independent studies. Moreover, a GWAS for PCOS identified 21 susceptible loci. The genetic architecture is complex which has been revealed by GWAS. Further and larger studies in different populations are required to confirm or disprove results from candidate gene studies as well to identify signals that may overlap between different populations. Finally, studies on rare genetic variants in acne and associated diseases like PCOS may deepen our understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lichtenberger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - C Smith
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - J Barker
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
| | - A A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College, London, UK
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18
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Agerholm JS, McEvoy FJ, Heegaard S, Charlier C, Jagannathan V, Drögemüller C. A de novo missense mutation of FGFR2 causes facial dysplasia syndrome in Holstein cattle. BMC Genet 2017; 18:74. [PMID: 28768473 PMCID: PMC5541750 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-017-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surveillance for bovine genetic diseases in Denmark identified a hitherto unreported congenital syndrome occurring among progeny of a Holstein sire used for artificial breeding. A genetic aetiology due to a dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance or a mosaic germline mutation was suspected as all recorded cases were progeny of the same sire. Detailed investigations were performed to characterize the syndrome and to reveal its cause. Results Seven malformed calves were submitted examination. All cases shared a common morphology with the most striking lesions being severe facial dysplasia and complete prolapse of the eyes. Consequently the syndrome was named facial dysplasia syndrome (FDS). Furthermore, extensive brain malformations, including microencephaly, hydrocephalus, lobation of the cerebral hemispheres and compression of the brain were present. Subsequent data analysis of progeny of the sire revealed that around 0.5% of his offspring suffered from FDS. High density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping data of the seven cases and their parents were used to map the defect in the bovine genome. Significant genetic linkage was obtained for three regions, including chromosome 26 where whole genome sequencing of a case-parent trio revealed two de novo variants perfectly associated with the disease: an intronic SNP in the DMBT1 gene and a single non-synonymous variant in the FGFR2 gene. This FGFR2 missense variant (c.927G>T) affects a gene encoding a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and across species. It is predicted to change an evolutionary conserved tryptophan into a cysteine residue (p.Trp309Cys). Both variant alleles were proven to result from de novo mutation events in the germline of the sire. Conclusions FDS is a novel genetic disorder of Holstein cattle. Mutations in the human FGFR2 gene are associated with various dominant inherited craniofacial dysostosis syndromes. Given the phenotypic similarities in FDS affected calves, the genetic mapping and absence of further high impact variants in the critical genome regions, it is highly likely that the missense mutation in the FGFR2 gene caused the FDS phenotype in a dominant mode of inheritance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12863-017-0541-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen S Agerholm
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg C, DK, Denmark.
| | - Fintan J McEvoy
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg C, DK, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, DK, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, DK, Denmark
| | - Carole Charlier
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R & Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cord Drögemüller
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Das S, Munshi A. Research advances in Apert syndrome. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2017; 8:194-199. [PMID: 30191107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome is one of the several genetic syndromes associated with craniosynostosis, a condition that includes premature fusion of one or multiple cranial sutures. There has been significant clinical variation among different sutural synostoses and also within particular suture synostosis. Enormous progress has been made in identifying various mutations associated with Apert Syndrome. Although a causal gene has been defined, the precise role of this mutation in producing craniofacial dysmorphology and other related abnormalities is in the process of discovery. Most of the understanding regarding this rare disorder has been possible due to mouse models that have helped in deciphering the elements of this rare human disease. Thus, molecular and cellular understanding of the disease has taken a leap and further with the advent of technology definitive diagnosis of the syndrome is no more of an issue. In this review, we have discussed and consolidated the possible molecular studies that have contributed in understanding of this rare syndrome. This article may help clinicians and researchers to inform about the latest progress in Apert syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satrupa Das
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases, Osmania University, Begumpet, Hyderabad, India.,Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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20
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Urhoj SK, Andersen PK, Mortensen LH, Davey Smith G, Nybo Andersen AM. Advanced paternal age and stillbirth rate: a nationwide register-based cohort study of 944,031 pregnancies in Denmark. Eur J Epidemiol 2017; 32:227-234. [PMID: 28271174 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-017-0237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advanced paternal age has been associated with a variety of rare conditions and diseases of great public health impact. An increased number of de novo point mutations in sperm with increasing age have been suggested as a mechanism, which would likely also affect fetal viability. We examined the association between paternal age and stillbirth rate in a large nationwide cohort. We identified all pregnancies in Denmark from 1994 to 2010 carried to a gestational age of at least 22 completed weeks (n = 944,031) as registered in national registers and linked to individual register data about the parents. The hazard ratio of stillbirth according to paternal age was estimated, adjusted for maternal age in 1-year categories, year of outcome, and additionally parental educational levels. The relative rate of stillbirth (n = 4946) according to paternal age was found to be J-shaped with the highest hazard ratio for fathers aged more than 40 years when paternal age was modelled using restricted cubic splines. When modelled categorically, the adjusted hazard ratios of stillbirth were as follows: <25, 1.16 (95% confidence interval, CI 1.01-1.34); 25-29, 1.03 (95% CI 0.95-1.11); 35-39, 1.16 (95% CI 1.07-1.26); 40-44, 1.41 (95% CI 1.26-1.59); 45-49, 1.20 (95% CI 0.97-1.49); 50+, 1.58 (95% CI 1.18-2.11), compared with fathers aged 30-34 years. These estimates attenuated slightly when further adjusted for parental education. Our study showed that paternal age was associated with the relative rate of stillbirth in a J-shaped manner with the highest hazard ratios among fathers aged more than 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kjaer Urhoj
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 5, POB 2099, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Per Kragh Andersen
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 5, POB 2099, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Laust Hvas Mortensen
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 5, POB 2099, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.,Methods and Analysis, Statistics Denmark, Sejrøgade 11, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Oster Farimagsgade 5, POB 2099, 1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
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21
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Higgins R, Pink A, Hunger R, Yawalkar N, Navarini AA. Generalized Comedones, Acne, and Hidradenitis Suppurativa in a Patient with an FGFR2 Missense Mutation. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:16. [PMID: 28293556 PMCID: PMC5328982 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the fibroblast growth factor-receptor gene 2 (FGFR2) gene have been implicated in numerous diseases, including nevus comedonicus (NC) and naevoid acne that have somatic missense mutations in FGFR2 in the affected tissue. A patient presented in our department with unusual, innumerable large comedones throughout his back reminiscient of NC, as well as multifocal hidradenitis suppurativa and acne. Topical and systemic treatments were unsuccessful. Whole exome sequencing of blood-derived DNA detected a germline mutation in FGFR2 that was predicted to be damaging. This could explain the multifocal and severe nature of the disease. We suggest screening other, phenotypically similar patients for FGFR2 mutations. Our findings, once confirmed independently, could indicate that therapeutic modulation of FGFR signaling in the acne tetrad could be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Higgins
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Andrew Pink
- King's College, St John's Institute of Dermatology , London , UK
| | - Robert Hunger
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Nikhil Yawalkar
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital and University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; King's College, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, UK
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22
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Janecka M, Mill J, Basson MA, Goriely A, Spiers H, Reichenberg A, Schalkwyk L, Fernandes C. Advanced paternal age effects in neurodevelopmental disorders-review of potential underlying mechanisms. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1019. [PMID: 28140401 PMCID: PMC5299396 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between advanced paternal age (APA) at conception and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring, particularly with regard to increased risk for autism and schizophrenia. Conclusive evidence about how age-related changes in paternal gametes, or age-independent behavioral traits affect neural development is still lacking. Recent evidence suggests that the origins of APA effects are likely to be multidimensional, involving both inherited predisposition and de novo events. Here we provide a review of the epidemiological and molecular findings to date. Focusing on the latter, we present the evidence for genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underpinning the association between late fatherhood and disorder in offspring. We also discuss the limitations of the APA literature. We propose that different hypotheses relating to the origins of the APA effects are not mutually exclusive. Instead, multiple mechanisms likely contribute, reflecting the etiological complexity of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Janecka
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Mill
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - M A Basson
- Department of Craniofacial and Stem Cell Biology, MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Goriely
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - H Spiers
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - A Reichenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Schalkwyk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - C Fernandes
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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23
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Helsten T, Schwaederle M, Kurzrock R. Fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling in hereditary and neoplastic disease: biologic and clinical implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2016. [PMID: 26224133 PMCID: PMC4573649 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) are transmembrane growth factor receptors with wide tissue distribution. FGF/FGFR signaling is involved in neoplastic behavior and also development, differentiation, growth, and survival. FGFR germline mutations (activating) can cause skeletal disorders, primarily dwarfism (generally mutations in FGFR3), and craniofacial malformation syndromes (usually mutations in FGFR1 and FGFR2); intriguingly, some of these activating FGFR mutations are also seen in human cancers. FGF/FGFR aberrations reported in cancers are mainly thought to be gain-of-function changes, and several cancers have high frequencies of FGFR alterations, including breast, bladder, or squamous cell carcinomas (lung and head and neck). FGF ligand aberrations (predominantly gene amplifications) are also frequently seen in cancers, in contrast to hereditary syndromes. There are several pharmacologic agents that have been or are being developed for inhibition of FGFR/FGF signaling. These include both highly selective inhibitors as well as multi-kinase inhibitors. Of note, only four agents (ponatinib, pazopanib, regorafenib, and recently lenvatinib) are FDA-approved for use in cancer, although the approval was not based on their activity against FGFR. Perturbations in the FGFR/FGF signaling are present in both inherited and malignant diseases. The development of potent inhibitors targeting FGF/FGFR may provide new tools against disorders caused by FGF/FGFR alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Helsten
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.
| | - Maria Schwaederle
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA.
| | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC #0658, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0658, USA
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Gratten J, Wray NR, Peyrot WJ, McGrath JJ, Visscher PM, Goddard ME. Risk of psychiatric illness from advanced paternal age is not predominantly from de novo mutations. Nat Genet 2016; 48:718-24. [PMID: 27213288 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The offspring of older fathers have higher risk of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Paternal-age-related de novo mutations are widely assumed to be the underlying causal mechanism, and, although such mutations must logically make some contribution, there are alternative explanations (for example, elevated liability to psychiatric illness may delay fatherhood). We used population genetic models based on empirical observations of key parameters (for example, mutation rate, prevalence, and heritability) to assess the genetic relationship between paternal age and risk of psychiatric illness. These models suggest that age-related mutations are unlikely to explain much of the increased risk of psychiatric disorders in children of older fathers. Conversely, a model incorporating a weak correlation between age at first child and liability to psychiatric illness matched epidemiological observations. Our results suggest that genetic risk factors shared by older fathers and their offspring are a credible alternative explanation to de novo mutations for risk to children of older fathers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Gratten
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wouter J Peyrot
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John J McGrath
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael E Goddard
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Berg E, Lie RT, Sivertsen Å, Haaland ØA. Parental age and the risk of isolated cleft lip: a registry-based study. Ann Epidemiol 2015; 25:942-7.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Ngombe LK, Kabamba CM, Nday DK, Fundi JN, Kitenge TK, Numbi L. [Apert syndrome in a 60-year old Congolese: about one observation]. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 20:433. [PMID: 26309466 PMCID: PMC4537887 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.433.6742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Le syndrome d'Apert est une rare acrocéphalosyndactylie caractérisée par une dysmorphie crânio-faciale avec une crâniosténose, une syndactylie aux mains et aux pieds et d'autres malformations cérébrales. La coexistence de plusieurs malformations avec un important lot de préjudices esthétiques constitue la gravité de ce syndrome. Une prise en charge précoce et multidisciplinaire s'avère important. Les auteurs rapportent une observation rare d'un syndrome d'apert chez un patient congolais âgé de 60 ans qui n'a jamais bénéficié d'une prise en charge. Ainsi, cette observation décrit les aspects cliniques et évolutifs de cette affection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Kabamba Ngombe
- Université de Kamina, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Santé Publique, Unité de toxicologie, République Démocratique du Congo ; Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Santé Publique, Unité de toxicologie, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Christophe Mwamba Kabamba
- Université de Kamina, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Santé Publique, Unité de toxicologie, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - David Kakez Nday
- Zone de Santé de Dilolo, hopital General de Dilole, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Jimmy Ngoie Fundi
- Zone de Santé de Kolwezi, Hôpital General de Kolwezi, Kolwezi, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Tony Kayembe Kitenge
- Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Santé Publique, Unité de toxicologie, République Démocratique du Congo
| | - Luboya Numbi
- Université de Kamina, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Santé Publique, Unité de toxicologie, République Démocratique du Congo ; Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Santé Publique, Unité de toxicologie, République Démocratique du Congo ; Université de Lubumbashi, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Pédiatrie, République Démocratique du Congo
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Gallo LH, Nelson KN, Meyer AN, Donoghue DJ. Functions of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors in cancer defined by novel translocations and mutations. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:425-49. [PMID: 26003532 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The four receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) within the family of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors (FGFRs) are critical for normal development but also play an enormous role in oncogenesis. Mutations and/or abnormal expression often lead to constitutive dimerization and kinase activation of FGFRs, and represent the primary mechanism for aberrant signaling. Sequencing of human tumors has revealed a plethora of somatic mutations in FGFRs that are frequently identical to germline mutations in developmental syndromes, and has also identified novel FGFR fusion proteins arising from chromosomal rearrangements that contribute to malignancy. This review details approximately 200 specific point mutations in FGFRs and 40 different fusion proteins created by translocations involving FGFRs that have been identified in human cancer. This review discusses the effects of these genetic alterations on downstream signaling cascades, and the challenge of drug resistance in cancer treatment with antagonists of FGFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro H Gallo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - Katelyn N Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - April N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
| | - Daniel J Donoghue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0367, United States.
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Spruijt B, Rijken BFM, Joosten KFM, Bredero-Boelhouwer HH, Pullens B, Lequin MH, Wolvius EB, van Veelen-Vincent MLC, Mathijssen IMJ. Atypical presentation of a newborn with Apert syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst 2015; 31:481-6. [PMID: 25433548 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-014-2601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apert syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by a consistent phenotype including bilateral coronal suture synostosis with an enlarged anterior fontanel, midface hypoplasia, and complex symmetric syndactyly of hands and feet. CASE REPORT We present a boy with Apert syndrome caused by the pathogenic c.755C > G p.Ser252Trp mutation in the FGFR2 gene with atypical characteristics, including premature fusion of the metopic suture with a small anterior fontanel, hypotelorism, and a massive posterior fontanel. Directly after birth, he showed papilledema, epilepsy, and central apneas. CONCLUSION We present a newborn with Apert syndrome with atypical craniofacial presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Spruijt
- Dutch Craniofacial Center, Sophia Children's Hospital-Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, Room SK-1202, PO Box 2060, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,
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Stark Z, McGillivray G, Sampson A, Palma-Dias R, Edwards A, Said JM, Whiteley G, Fink AM. Apert syndrome: temporal lobe abnormalities on fetal brain imaging. Prenat Diagn 2014; 35:179-82. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zornitza Stark
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Fetal Medicine Unit; Royal Women's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Sunshine Hospital; Western Health; Melbourne Australia
| | - George McGillivray
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services; Murdoch Children's Research Institute; Melbourne Australia
- Fetal Medicine Unit; Royal Women's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
| | - Amanda Sampson
- Fetal Medicine Unit; Royal Women's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Pauline Gandell Women's Imaging Centre; The Royal Women's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
| | - Ricardo Palma-Dias
- Fetal Medicine Unit; Royal Women's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Pauline Gandell Women's Imaging Centre; The Royal Women's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Pregnancy Research Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Andrew Edwards
- Fetal Diagnostic Unit; Monash Medical Centre; Melbourne Australia
- The Ritchie Centre; Monash Institute of Medical Research; Melbourne Australia
| | - Joanne M. Said
- Fetal Medicine Unit; Royal Women's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Maternal Fetal Medicine, Sunshine Hospital; Western Health; Melbourne Australia
- NorthWest Academic Centre; The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - Gillian Whiteley
- Department of Radiology; Monash Medical Centre; Melbourne Australia
| | - A. Michelle Fink
- Fetal Medicine Unit; Royal Women's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
- Department of Radiology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
- Medical Imaging Department; The Royal Children's Hospital; Melbourne Australia
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Kumar GR, Jyothsna M, Ahmed SB, Sree Lakshmi KR. Apert's Syndrome. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2014; 7:69-72. [PMID: 25206244 PMCID: PMC4144061 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Apert's syndrome (acrocephalosyndactyly) is a rare congenital disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, midfacial malforma-tion and symmetrical syndactyly of hands and feet. Craniofacial deformities include cone-shaped calvarium, fat forehead, prop-tosis, hypertelorism and short nose with a bulbous tip. Intraoral findings include high arched palate with pseudocleft, maxillary transverse and sagittal hypoplasia with concomitant dental crowding, skeletal and dental anterior open bite and several retained primary teeth. We report one such case of 14-year-old boy having all the classical features of Apert's syndrome with particular emphasis on brief review of genetic features. How to cite this article: Kumar GR, Jyothsna M, Ahmed SB, Lakshmi KRS. Apert's Syndrome. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2014;7(1):69-72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudipaneni Ravi Kumar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Government Dental College and Hospital, Rims, Kadapa Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mandapati Jyothsna
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Government Dental College and Hospital, Rims, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Syed Basheer Ahmed
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge, Government Dental College and Hopital, Rims, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Ketham Reddy Sree Lakshmi
- Tutor, Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry Government Dental College and Hospital, Rims, Kadapa Andhra Pradesh, India
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Mundhofir FEP, Sistermans EA, Faradz SMH, Hamel BCJ. p.Ser252Trp and p.Pro253Arg mutations in FGFR2 gene causing Apert syndrome: the first clinical and molecular report of Indonesian patients. Singapore Med J 2013; 54:e72-5. [PMID: 23546041 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2013055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Apert syndrome (AS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterised by craniosynostosis and limb malformations, and is associated with congenital heart disease and other systemic malformations, including intellectual disability. We report two Indonesian patients with AS, in whom molecular analysis detected p.Ser252Trp (c.755C>G) and p.Pro253Arg (c.758C>G) mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene, respectively. Although the syndrome has been frequently described, this is the first clinical report of AS confirmed by molecular analysis in Indonesia. The difference in severity of clinical features in the two patients may be consistent with a genotype-phenotype correlation of the FGFR2mutation. The management of individuals with AS is best achieved within a multidisciplinary setting. However, in most developing countries, early intervention may be delayed due to late diagnosis, a lack of facilities and financial constraints. This report underpins the benefits of early diagnosis for AS management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farmaditya E P Mundhofir
- Centre for Biomedical Research (CEBIOR), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr Sutomo 14, Semarang, Indonesia
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Chen CP, Su YN, Chang TY, Chern SR, Chen CY, Su JW, Wang W. Rapid detection of de novo P253R mutation in FGFR2 using uncultured amniocytes in a pregnancy affected by polyhydramnios, Blake's pouch cyst, and Apert syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 52:273-7. [PMID: 23915865 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present prenatal ultrasound and molecular genetic diagnosis of Apert syndrome. CASE REPORT A 30-year-old, gravida 3, para 2 woman was referred for genetic counseling at 32 weeks of gestation because of polyhydramnios and craniofacial and digital abnormalities in the fetus. She had undergone amniocentesis at 18 weeks of gestation because of maternal anxiety. Results of amniocentesis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX. A prenatal ultrasound at 32 weeks of gestation revealed a female fetus with a fetal biometry equivalent to 32 weeks, polyhydramnios with an increased amniotic fluid index of 26.1 cm, frontal bossing, midface hypoplasia, hypertelorism, Blake's pouch cyst with an apparent posterior fossa cyst in communication with the fourth ventricle on axial images, digital fusion, and bilateral syndactyly of the hands and feet. A DNA testing for the FGFR2 gene was immediately performed using uncultured amniocytes obtained by repeated amniocentesis, which revealed a heterozygous c.758C>G, CCT>CGT transversion leading to a p.Pro253Arg (P253R) mutation in the FGFR2 gene. Subsequently, a diagnosis of Apert syndrome was made. Molecular analysis of the FGFR2 gene in the parents did not reveal such a mutation. The fetus postnatally manifested frontal bossing, midface hypoplasia, and bilateral syndactyly of the hands (mitten hands) and feet. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of polyhydramnios, frontal bossing, and midface hypoplasia associated with brain and digital abnormalities should include a differential diagnosis of Apert syndrome. A molecular analysis of FGFR2 using uncultured amniocytes is useful for rapid confirmation of Apert syndrome at prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
Birth rates for older fathers have increased 30% since 1980. When combined with the increased risk for genetic and multifactorial disorders in children conceived by older fathers, paternal age has become an important health issue for modern society. Laboratory research in this area has been minimal, perhaps because of significant experimental barriers, not the least of which is inadequate access to fresh, disease-free human testicular tissue. Regardless, progress has been made and intriguing models supported by experimental evidence have been proposed. The putative mechanisms range from reduced DNA repair activity, leading to increased mutagenesis, to positive selection of germ cells harboring specific disease-causing mutations. There remain many important venues for research in this increasingly relevant phenomenon that impacts future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila R Momand
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Yeh E, Fanganiello RD, Sunaga DY, Zhou X, Holmes G, Rocha KM, Alonso N, Matushita H, Wang Y, Jabs EW, Passos-Bueno MR. Novel molecular pathways elicited by mutant FGFR2 may account for brain abnormalities in Apert syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60439. [PMID: 23593218 PMCID: PMC3617104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apert syndrome (AS), the most severe form craniosynostosis, is characterized by premature fusion of coronal sutures. Approximately 70% of AS patients carry S252W gain-of-function mutation in FGFR2. Besides the cranial phenotype, brain dysmorphologies are present and are not seen in other FGFR2-asociated craniosynostosis, such as Crouzon syndrome (CS). Here, we hypothesized that S252W mutation leads not only to overstimulation of FGFR2 downstream pathway, but likewise induces novel pathological signaling. First, we profiled global gene expression of wild-type and S252W periosteal fibroblasts stimulated with FGF2 to activate FGFR2. The great majority (92%) of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were divergent between each group of cell populations and they were regulated by different transcription factors. We than compared gene expression profiles between AS and CS cell populations and did not observe correlations. Therefore, we show for the first time that S252W mutation in FGFR2 causes a unique cell response to FGF2 stimulation. Since our gene expression results suggested that novel signaling elicited by mutant FGFR2 might be associated with central nervous system (CNS) development and maintenance, we next investigated if DEGs found in AS cells were also altered in the CNS of an AS mouse model. Strikingly, we validated Strc (stereocilin) in newborn Fgfr2S252W/+ mouse brain. Moreover, immunostaining experiments suggest a role for endothelial cells and cerebral vasculature in the establishment of characteristic CNS dysmorphologies in AS that has not been proposed by previous literature. Our approach thus led to the identification of new target genes directly or indirectly associated with FGFR2 which are contributing to the pathophysiology of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yeh
- Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutive Biology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto D. Fanganiello
- Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutive Biology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Y. Sunaga
- Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutive Biology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gregory Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katia M. Rocha
- Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutive Biology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nivaldo Alonso
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Matushita
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yingli Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ethylin W. Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics and Evolutive Biology, Institute of Bioscience, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Zhou X, Pu D, Liu R, Li X, Wen X, Zhang L, Chen L, Deng M, Liu L. The Fgfr2(S252W/+) mutation in mice retards mandible formation and reduces bone mass as in human Apert syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:983-92. [PMID: 23495007 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Apert syndrome is a common craniosynostosis caused by gain-of-function missense mutations of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2). Mice with the FGFR2 S252W mutation can elucidate the mechanism by which the human Apert syndrome phenotypes arise. However, many studies have focused on mutant skull and long bone malformation, only few studies have focused on mandible changes. Bone formation and micro-architecture between 28- and 56-day-old mutant mice and controls were compared to investigate the changes in the mandibular micro-architecture caused by the Fgfr2(S252W/+) mutation to provide a basis for exploring the pathogenesis and therapeutic measures of human Apert syndrome. Fgfr2(S252W/+) mutant mice were established, and their general characteristics, including weight, naso-anal length, and calcium and phosphate content in serum and bone were tested. Calcein labeling, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and toluidine blue staining were used to detect osteoblast and osteoclast activities. H&E staining and micro-CT detection were used to test micro-architecture changes. The changes in mineral apposition rate and micro-architecture of the Fgfr2(S252W/+) mice were statistically significant; however, the magnitude of the micro-architecture became less with age. The Fgfr2(S252W/+) mutation may retard mandibular bone formation, decreased bone volume, and compromised skeletal architecture by regulating both osteoblastogenesis and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Sun WM, Wu D, Li Y, Li ZR. Substituent Effects on the Structural Features and Nonlinear Optical Properties of the Organic Alkalide Li+(calix[4]pyrrole)Li−. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:408-16. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Apert syndrome is one of the more clinically distinct craniosynostosis syndromes in man. It is caused by gain-of-function mutations in FGFR2, over 98% of which are the two amino acid substitution mutations S252W and P253R. FGFR2 is widely expressed throughout development, so that many tissues are adversely affected in Apert syndrome, particularly the calvarial bones, which begin to fuse during embryonic development, and the brain. DISCUSSION Mouse models of both of these two causative mutations and a third rare splice mutation have been created and display many of the phenotypes typical of Apert syndrome. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying Apert phenotypes have begun to be elucidated, and proof-of-principle treatment of these phenotypes by chemical inhibitor and gene-based therapies has been demonstrated.
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Pasmant E, Amiel J, Rodriguez D, Vidaud M, Vidaud D, Parfait B. Two independent de novo mutations as a cause for neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan syndrome in a single family. Am J Med Genet A 2012; 158A:2290-2291. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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Lim J, Maher GJ, Turner GDH, Dudka-Ruszkowska W, Taylor S, Meyts ERD, Goriely A, Wilkie AOM. Selfish spermatogonial selection: evidence from an immunohistochemical screen in testes of elderly men. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42382. [PMID: 22879958 PMCID: PMC3412839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dominant congenital disorders Apert syndrome, achondroplasia and multiple endocrine neoplasia–caused by specific missense mutations in the FGFR2, FGFR3 and RET proteins respectively–represent classical examples of paternal age-effect mutation, a class that arises at particularly high frequencies in the sperm of older men. Previous analyses of DNA from randomly selected cadaveric testes showed that the levels of the corresponding FGFR2, FGFR3 and RET mutations exhibit very uneven spatial distributions, with localised hotspots surrounded by large mutation-negative areas. These studies imply that normal testes are mosaic for clusters of mutant cells: these clusters are predicted to have altered growth and signalling properties leading to their clonal expansion (selfish spermatogonial selection), but DNA extraction eliminates the possibility to study such processes at a tissue level. Using a panel of antibodies optimised for the detection of spermatocytic seminoma, a rare tumour of spermatogonial origin, we demonstrate that putative clonal events are frequent within normal testes of elderly men (mean age: 73.3 yrs) and can be classed into two broad categories. We found numerous small (less than 200 cells) cellular aggregations with distinct immunohistochemical characteristics, localised to a portion of the seminiferous tubule, which are of uncertain significance. However more infrequently we identified additional regions where entire seminiferous tubules had a circumferentially altered immunohistochemical appearance that extended through multiple serial sections that were physically contiguous (up to 1 mm in length), and exhibited enhanced staining for antibodies both to FGFR3 and a marker of downstream signal activation, pAKT. These findings support the concept that populations of spermatogonia in individual seminiferous tubules in the testes of older men are clonal mosaics with regard to their signalling properties and activation, thus fulfilling one of the specific predictions of selfish spermatogonial selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Lim
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey J. Maher
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth D. H. Turner
- Department of Cellular Pathology, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wioleta Dudka-Ruszkowska
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Computational Biology Research Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Goriely
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew O. M. Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Paternal age effect mutations and selfish spermatogonial selection: causes and consequences for human disease. Am J Hum Genet 2012; 90:175-200. [PMID: 22325359 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced paternal age has been associated with an increased risk for spontaneous congenital disorders and common complex diseases (such as some cancers, schizophrenia, and autism), but the mechanisms that mediate this effect have been poorly understood. A small group of disorders, including Apert syndrome (caused by FGFR2 mutations), achondroplasia, and thanatophoric dysplasia (FGFR3), and Costello syndrome (HRAS), which we collectively term "paternal age effect" (PAE) disorders, provides a good model to study the biological and molecular basis of this phenomenon. Recent evidence from direct quantification of PAE mutations in sperm and testes suggests that the common factor in the paternal age effect lies in the dysregulation of spermatogonial cell behavior, an effect mediated molecularly through the growth factor receptor-RAS signal transduction pathway. The data show that PAE mutations, although arising rarely, are positively selected and expand clonally in normal testes through a process akin to oncogenesis. This clonal expansion, which is likely to take place in the testes of all men, leads to the relative enrichment of mutant sperm over time-explaining the observed paternal age effect associated with these disorders-and in rare cases to the formation of testicular tumors. As regulation of RAS and other mediators of cellular proliferation and survival is important in many different biological contexts, for example during tumorigenesis, organ homeostasis and neurogenesis, the consequences of selfish mutations that hijack this process within the testis are likely to extend far beyond congenital skeletal disorders to include complex diseases, such as neurocognitive disorders and cancer predisposition.
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Xu G, McMahan CA, Hildreth K, Garcia RA, Herbert DC, Walter CA. Ionizing radiation-induced mutant frequencies increase transiently in male germ cells of older mice. Mutat Res 2012; 744:135-9. [PMID: 22314132 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous mutant frequency in the male germline increases with age, thereby increasing the risk of siring offspring with genetic disorders. In the present study we investigated the effect of age on ionizing radiation-induced male germline mutagenesis. lacI transgenic mice were treated with ionizing radiation at 4-, 15- and 26-month-old, and mutant frequencies were determined for pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids at 15 days or 49 days after ionizing radiation treatment. Cells collected 15 days after treatment were derivatives of irradiated differentiating spermatogenic cells while cells collected 49 days later were derivatives of spermatogonial stem cells. The results showed that (1) spontaneous mutant frequency increased in spermatogenic cells recovered from nonirradiated old mice (26-months-old), particularly in the round spermatids; (2) mutant frequencies were significantly increased in round spermatids obtained from middle-aged mice (15-months-old) and old age mice (26-months-old) at 15 and 49 days after irradiation compared to the sham-treated old mice; and (3) pachytene spermatocytes obtained from 15- or 26-month-old mice displayed a significantly increased mutant frequency at 15 days post irradiation. This study indicates that age modulates the mutagenic response to ionizing radiation in the male germline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogang Xu
- Department of Cellular & Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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Vogel KS, Perez M, Momand JR, Acevedo-Torres K, Hildreth K, Garcia RA, Torres-Ramos CA, Ayala-Torres S, Prihoda TJ, McMahan CA, Walter CA. Age-related instability in spermatogenic cell nuclear and mitochondrial DNA obtained from Apex1 heterozygous mice. Mol Reprod Dev 2011; 78:906-19. [PMID: 21919107 PMCID: PMC3391697 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of spontaneous mutations increases with age in the male germline; consequently, older men have an increased risk of siring children with genetic disease due to de novo mutations. The lacI transgenic mouse can be used to study paternal age effects, and in this system, the prevalence of de novo mutations increases in the male germline at old ages. Mutagenesis is linked with DNA repair capacity, and base excision repair (BER), which can ameliorate spontaneous DNA damage, decreases in nuclear extracts of spermatogenic cells from old mice. Mice heterozygous for a null allele of the Apex1 gene, which encodes apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I (APEN), an essential BER enzyme, display an accelerated increase in spontaneous germline mutagenesis early in life. Here, the consequences of lifelong reduction of APEN on genetic instability in the male germline were examined, for the first time, at middle and old ages. Mutant frequency increased earlier in spermatogenic cells from Apex1(+/-) mice (by 6 months of age). Nuclear DNA damage increased with age in the spermatogenic lineage for both wild-type and Apex1(+/-) mice. By old age, mutant frequencies were similar for wild-type and APEN-deficient mice. Mitochondrial genome repair also depends on APEN, and novel analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage revealed an increase in the Apex1(+/-) spermatogenic cells by middle age. Thus, Apex1 heterozygosity results in accelerated damage to mtDNA and spontaneous mutagenesis, consistent with an essential role for APEN in maintaining nuclear and mtDNA integrity in spermatogenic cells throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine S. Vogel
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
| | - Marissa Perez
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
| | - Jamila R. Momand
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
| | | | - Kim Hildreth
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
| | - Rebecca A. Garcia
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Prihoda
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
| | - C. Alex McMahan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
| | - Christi A. Walter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900
- South Texas Veteran’s Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
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Chim H, Manjila S, Cohen AR, Gosain AK. Molecular signaling in pathogenesis of craniosynostosis: the role of fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor–β. Neurosurg Focus 2011; 31:E7. [DOI: 10.3171/2011.5.focus1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of signals between dura mater, suture mesenchyme, and brain is essential in determining the fate of cranial sutures and the pathogenesis of premature suture fusion leading to craniosynostosis. At the forefront of research into suture fusion is the role of fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor–β, which have been found to be critical in the cell-signaling cascade involved in aberrant suture fusion. In this review, the authors discuss recent and ongoing research into the role of fibroblast growth factor and transforming growth factor–β in the etiopathogenesis of craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Chim
- 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University; and
| | - Sunil Manjila
- 2Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Alan R. Cohen
- 2Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Arun K. Gosain
- 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University; and
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Pauli S, von Velsen N, Burfeind P, Steckel M, Mänz J, Buchholz A, Borozdin W, Kohlhase J. CHD7 mutations causing CHARGE syndrome are predominantly of paternal origin. Clin Genet 2011; 81:234-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stavropoulos D, Bartzela T, Bronkhorst E, Mohlin B, Hagberg C. Dental agenesis patterns of permanent teeth in Apert syndrome. Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119:198-203. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2011.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Contemporary sequencing studies often ignore the diploid nature of the human genome because they do not routinely separate or 'phase' maternally and paternally derived sequence information. However, many findings - both from recent studies and in the more established medical genetics literature - indicate that relationships between human DNA sequence and phenotype, including disease, can be more fully understood with phase information. Thus, the existing technological impediments to obtaining phase information must be overcome if human genomics is to reach its full potential.
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48
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Skeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders with Anterior Segment Manifestations. Cornea 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06387-6.00067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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49
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Schmidt JA, Abramowitz LK, Kubota H, Wu X, Niu Z, Avarbock MR, Tobias JW, Bartolomei MS, Brinster RL. In vivo and in vitro aging is detrimental to mouse spermatogonial stem cell function. Biol Reprod 2010; 84:698-706. [PMID: 21191109 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.110.088229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of techniques to maintain the spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) in vivo and in vitro for extended periods essentially allows for the indefinite continuation of an individual germline. Recent evidence indicates that the aging of male reproductive function is due to failure of the SSC niche. SSCs are routinely cultured for 6 mo, and no apparent effect of culture over this period has been observed. To determine the effects of SSC aging, we utilized an in vitro culture system, followed by quantitative transplantation experiments. After culture for 6 mo, SSCs that had been aged in vivo for 1500 days had a slower proliferation rate than SSCs that were aged in vivo to 8 or 300 days. Examination of methylation patterns revealed no apparent difference in DNA methylation between SSCs that were aged 8, 300, or 1500 days before culture. Long-term culture periods resulted in a loss of stem cell potential without an obvious change in the visual appearance of the culture. DNA microarray analysis of in vivo- and in vitro-aged SSCs identified the differential expression of several genes important for SSC function, including B-cell CLL/lymphoma 6, member B (Bcl6b), Lim homeobox protein 1 (Lhx1), and thymus cell antigen 1, theta (Thy1). Collectively, these data indicate that, although both in vitro and in vivo aging are detrimental to SSC function, in vitro aging results in greater loss of function, potentially due to a decrease in core SSC self-renewal gene expression and an increase in germ cell differentiation gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Schmidt
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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50
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Goriely A, Lord H, Lim J, Johnson D, Lester T, Firth HV, Wilkie AOM. Germline and somatic mosaicism for FGFR2 mutation in the mother of a child with Crouzon syndrome: Implications for genetic testing in "paternal age-effect" syndromes. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:2067-73. [PMID: 20635358 PMCID: PMC2988406 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Crouzon syndrome is a dominantly inherited disorder characterized by craniosynostosis and facial dysostosis, caused by mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene; it belongs to a class of disorders that mostly arise as de novo mutations and exhibit a near-exclusive paternal origin of mutation and elevated paternal age (“paternal age effect”). However, even if this is the major mode of origin of mutations in paternal age-effect disorders, germline mosaicism may also occur. Here we describe the first molecularly documented evidence of germline and somatic mosaicism for FGFR2 mutation, identified in the mother of a child with Crouzon syndrome caused by a heterozygous c.1007A>G (p.Asp336Gly) substitution. Levels of maternal somatic mosaicism for this mutation, estimated by pyrosequencing, ranged from 3.3% in hair roots to 14.1% in blood. Our observation underlines the importance of parental molecular testing for accurate genetic counseling of the risk of recurrence for Crouzon, and other paternal age-effect syndromes. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Goriely
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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