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Vladimirova O, Soldan S, Su C, Kossenkov A, Ngalamika O, Tso FY, West JT, Wood C, Lieberman PM. Elevated iNOS and 3'-nitrotyrosine in Kaposi's Sarcoma tumors and mouse model. Tumour Virus Res 2023; 15:200259. [PMID: 36863485 PMCID: PMC10009278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2023.200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) is a heterogenous, multifocal vascular malignancy caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), also known as Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSHV). Here, we show that KS lesions express iNOS/NOS2 broadly throughout KS lesions, with enrichment in LANA positive spindle cells. The iNOS byproduct 3-nitrotyrosine is also enriched in LANA positive tumor cells and colocalizes with a fraction of LANA-nuclear bodies. We show that iNOS is highly expressed in the L1T3/mSLK tumor model of KS. iNOS expression correlated with KSHV lytic cycle gene expression, which was elevated in late-stage tumors (>4 weeks) but to a lesser degree in early stage (1 week) xenografts. Further, we show that L1T3/mSLK tumor growth is sensitive to an inhibitor of nitric oxide, L-NMMA. L-NMMA treatment reduced KSHV gene expression and perturbed cellular gene pathways relating to oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial dysfunction. These finding suggest that iNOS is expressed in KSHV infected endothelial-transformed tumor cells in KS, that iNOS expression depends on tumor microenvironment stress conditions, and that iNOS enzymatic activity contributes to KS tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chenhe Su
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, P.O. Box 50110, Zambia
| | - For Yue Tso
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John T West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Lee DSW, Rojas OL, Gommerman JL. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: advances and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:179-199. [PMID: 33324003 PMCID: PMC7737718 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In the past 15 years, B cells have been rediscovered to be not merely bystanders but rather active participants in autoimmune aetiology. This has been fuelled in part by the clinical success of B cell depletion therapies (BCDTs). Originally conceived as a method of eliminating cancerous B cells, BCDTs such as those targeting CD20, CD19 and BAFF are now used to treat autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. The use of BCDTs in autoimmune disease has led to some surprises. For example, although antibody-secreting plasma cells are thought to have a negative pathogenic role in autoimmune disease, BCDT, even when it controls the disease, has limited impact on these cells and on antibody levels. In this Review, we update our understanding of B cell biology, review the results of clinical trials using BCDT in autoimmune indications, discuss hypotheses for the mechanism of action of BCDT and speculate on evolving strategies for targeting B cells beyond depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S. W. Lee
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Olga L. Rojas
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Gommerman
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Khodadadi L, Cheng Q, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. The Maintenance of Memory Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:721. [PMID: 31024553 PMCID: PMC6464033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that plasma cells can become long-lived (memory) plasma cells and secrete antibodies for months, years or a lifetime. However, the mechanisms involved in this process of humoral memory, which is crucial for both protective immunity and autoimmunity, still are not fully understood. This article will address a number of open questions. For example: Is longevity of plasma cells due to their intrinsic competence, extrinsic factors, or a combination of both? Which internal signals are involved in this process? What factors provide external support? What survival factors play a part in inflammation and autoreactive disease? Internal and external factors that contribute to the maintenance of memory long-lived plasma cells will be discussed. The aim is to provide useful additional information about the maintenance of protective and autoreactive memory plasma cells that will help researchers design effective vaccines for the induction of life-long protection against infectious diseases and to efficiently target pathogenic memory plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Khodadadi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
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Keum DH, Jung HS, Wang T, Shin MH, Kim YE, Kim KH, Ahn GO, Hahn SK. Microneedle biosensor for real-time electrical detection of nitric oxide for in situ cancer diagnosis during endomicroscopy. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:1153-8. [PMID: 25728402 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A dual-diagnostic system of endom-icroscope and microneedle sensor is developed to demonstrate high-resolution imaging combined with electrical real-time detection of NO released from cancer tissues. The dual-diagnostic system can be a new platform for facile, precise, rapid, and accurate detection of cancers in various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hee Keum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Ho Sang Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Myeong Hwan Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Department of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu Pohang Kyungbuk 790-784 Korea
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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