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Schmitt CC, Aranias T, Viel T, Chateau D, Le Gall M, Waligora-Dupriet AJ, Melchior C, Rouxel O, Kapel N, Gourcerol G, Tavitian B, Lehuen A, Brot-Laroche E, Leturque A, Serradas P, Grosfeld A. Intestinal invalidation of the glucose transporter GLUT2 delays tissue distribution of glucose and reveals an unexpected role in gut homeostasis. Mol Metab 2016; 6:61-72. [PMID: 28123938 PMCID: PMC5220280 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intestinal glucose absorption is orchestrated by specialized glucose transporters such as SGLT1 and GLUT2. However, the role of GLUT2 in the regulation of glucose absorption remains to be fully elucidated. METHODS We wanted to evaluate the role of GLUT2 on glucose absorption and glucose homeostasis after intestinal-specific deletion of GLUT2 in mice (GLUT2ΔIEC mice). RESULTS As anticipated, intestinal GLUT2 deletion provoked glucose malabsorption as visualized by the delay in the distribution of oral sugar in tissues. Consequences of intestinal GLUT2 deletion in GLUT2ΔIEC mice were limiting body weight gain despite normal food intake, improving glucose tolerance, and increasing ketone body production. These features were reminiscent of calorie restriction. Other adaptations to intestinal GLUT2 deletion were reduced microvillus length and altered gut microbiota composition, which was associated with improved inflammatory status. Moreover, a reduced density of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) positive cells was compensated by increased GLP-1 content per L-cell, suggesting a preserved enteroendocrine function in GLUT2ΔIEC mice. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal GLUT2 modulates glucose absorption and constitutes a control step for the distribution of dietary sugar to tissues. Consequently, metabolic and gut homeostasis are improved in the absence of functional GLUT2 in the intestine, thus mimicking calorie restriction.
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Key Words
- 2FDG, 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose
- DPP-IV, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV
- GLP-1
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1
- GLUT1-7, glucose transporter 1–7
- Glucose homeostasis
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IL, interleukin
- IPGTT, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
- ITT, insulin tolerance test
- Intestinal adaptation
- Malabsorption
- Microbiota
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- PET-CT, Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography
- SGLT1, sodium-glucose transporter 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte C Schmitt
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Aranias
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Viel
- Plateforme imagerie du vivant, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Paris, INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Chateau
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Maude Le Gall
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | | | - Chloé Melchior
- INSERM UMR-1073, Gastroenterology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Ophélie Rouxel
- INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Kapel
- Service de Coprologie Fonctionnelle, Hopital La Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Gourcerol
- INSERM UMR-1073, Gastroenterology Department, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Bertrand Tavitian
- Plateforme imagerie du vivant, Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire de Paris, INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Edith Brot-Laroche
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Leturque
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Serradas
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Grosfeld
- INSERM UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Cités, UPD Univ Paris 05, CNRS, IHU ICAN, Paris, France.
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Abstract
The intestinal mucosa harbors the largest population of antibody (Ab)-secreting plasma cells (PC) in the human body, producing daily several grams of immunoglobulin A (IgA). IgA has many functions, serving as a first-line barrier that protects the mucosal epithelium from pathogens, toxins and food antigens (Ag), shaping the intestinal microbiota, and regulating host-commensal homeostasis. Signals induced by commensal colonization are central for regulating IgA induction, maintenance, positioning and function and the number of IgA(+) PC is dramatically reduced in neonates and germ-free (GF) animals. Recent evidence demonstrates that the innate immune effector molecules tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are required for IgA(+) PC homeostasis during the steady state and infection. Moreover, new functions ascribed to PC independent of Ab secretion continue to emerge, suggesting that PC, including IgA(+) PC, should be re-examined in the context of inflammation and infection. Here, we outline mechanisms of IgA(+) PC generation and survival, reviewing their functions in health and disease.
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Key Words
- AID, activation-induced deaminase
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- Ab, antibody
- Ag, antigen
- Arg, arginase
- Atg, autophagy-related gene
- B cell
- BAFF, B-cell activating factor
- BCMA, B-cell maturation antigen
- BM, bone marrow
- Blimp, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein
- CCL, CC chemokine ligand
- CCR, CC chemokine receptor
- CD, cluster of differentiation
- CSR, class-switch recombination
- CXCL, CXC chemokine ligand
- DC, dendritic cell
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDC, follicular dendritic cells
- FcαR, Fc fragment of IgA receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- GC, germinal center
- GF, germ-free
- GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GRP, glucose-regulated proteins
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cells
- ILF, isolated lymphoid follicles
- IRE, inositol-requiring enzyme
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, inhibitor of DNA binding
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgAD, selective IgA deficiency
- L-Arg, L-Arginine
- L-Cit, L-citrulline
- L-Glu, L-Glutamate
- L-Orn, L-Ornithine
- L-Pro, L-Proline
- LIGHT, homologous to lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, and competes with HSV glycoprotein D for herpes virus entry mediator, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes
- LP, lamina propria
- LT, lymphotoxinLTβR, LTβ-receptor
- LTi, lymphoid tissue-inducer
- LTo, lymphoid tissue organizing
- Ly, lymphocyte antigen
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- MLN, mesenteric lymph nodes
- NO, nitric oxide
- PC, plasma cells
- PP, Peyer's patch
- Pax, paired box
- ROR, Retionic acid receptor (RAR)- or retinoid-related orphan receptor
- SC, stromal cells
- SHM, somatic hypermutation
- SIGNR, specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing non-integrin-related
- SIgAsecretory IgA
- TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor
- TD, T-dependent
- TFH, T-follicular helper cells
- TGFβR, transforming growth factor β receptor
- TI, T-independent
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, TNF receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- Th, T helper cell
- Treg, T-regulatory cell
- UPR, unfolded protein response
- XBP, X-box binding protein
- bcl, B-cell lymphoma
- cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- immunoglobulin A (IgA)
- inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)
- innate immune recognition
- intestinal microbiota
- mucosa
- pIgA, polymeric IgA
- pIgR, polymeric Ig receptor
- plasma cell
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Physiology; Complex Traits Group; McGill University; Montreal, QC Canada,Correspondence to: Jörg H Fritz;
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Le Dréan G, Segain JP. Connecting metabolism to intestinal barrier function: The role of leptin. Tissue Barriers 2014; 2:e970940. [PMID: 25610758 DOI: 10.4161/21688362.2014.970940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure and function of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) are dependent upon the integrity of junctional protein structures sealing the apical surface between epithelial cells. Tight junctions (TJ) and the surrounding apical F-actin cytoskeleton are involved in the regulation of paracellular permeability. The regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization by RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway plays an important role in TJ assembly and function. There is mounting evidence that the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin exerts pleiotropic effects on the intestinal epithelium including nutrient absorption, epithelial growth, inflammation and injury. Leptin activates multiple cell signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) that can explain these pleiotropic effects. However, these pathways are also involved in the primary role of leptin that is the regulation of energy and glucose metabolism homeostasis. In this commentary, we examine how the interplay between leptin signaling pathways that regulate cell metabolism could impact upon IEB function.
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Key Words
- AMPK
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- IEB, intestinal epithelial barrier
- IEC, intestinal epithelial cells
- JAK, Janus kinase
- JAK/STAT
- LepR-b, leptin receptor
- MEF, mouse embryonic fibroblast
- MLC, myosin light chain
- ROCK, Rho-kinase
- RhoA/ROCK
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TJ, tight junctions
- VAT, visceral adipose tissue
- barrier repair
- intestinal epithelial barrier
- leptin
- metabolism
- tight-junction
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Le Dréan
- Université de Nantes; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD); Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine du Grand Ouest (CRNH) ; Nantes, France ; CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Place Alexis Ricordeau ; Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Segain
- Université de Nantes; Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (IMAD); Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine du Grand Ouest (CRNH) ; Nantes, France ; CHU Hôtel-Dieu, Place Alexis Ricordeau ; Nantes, France
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