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Nistor GI, Dillman RO. Cytokine network analysis of immune responses before and after autologous dendritic cell and tumor cell vaccine immunotherapies in a randomized trial. J Transl Med 2020; 18:176. [PMID: 32316978 PMCID: PMC7171762 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In a randomized phase II trial conducted in patients with metastatic melanoma, patient-specific autologous dendritic cell vaccines (DCV) were associated with longer survival than autologous tumor cell vaccines (TCV). Both vaccines presented antigens from cell-renewing autologous tumor cells. The current analysis was performed to better understand the immune responses induced by these vaccines, and their association with survival. Methods 110 proteomic markers were measured at a week-0 baseline, 1 week before the first of 3 weekly vaccine injections, and at week-4, 1 week after the third injection. Data was presented as a deviation from normal controls. A two-component principal component (PC) statistical analysis and discriminant analysis were performed on this data set for all patients and for each treatment cohort. Results At baseline PC-1 contained 64.4% of the variance and included the majority of cytokines associated with Th1 and Th2 responses, which positively correlated with beta-2-microglobulin (B2M), programmed death protein-1 (PD-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ1). Results were similar at baseline for both treatment cohorts. After three injections, DCV-treated patients showed correlative grouping among Th1/Th17 cytokines on PC-1, with an inverse correlation with B2M, FAS, and IL-18, and correlations among immunoglobulins in PC-2. TCV-treated patients showed a positive correlation on PC-1 among most of the cytokines and tumor markers B2M and FAS receptor. There were also correlative changes of IL12p40 with both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and TGFβ1. Discriminant analysis provided additional evidence that DCV was associated with innate, Th1/Th17, and Th2 responses while TCV was only associated with innate and Th2 responses. Conclusions These analyses confirm that DCV induced a different immune response than that induced by TCV, and these immune responses were associated with improved survival. Trial registration Clinical trials.gov NCT004936930 retrospectively registered 28 July 2009
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel I Nistor
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman, Suite 130, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Robert O Dillman
- AIVITA Biomedical, Inc., 18301 Von Karman, Suite 130, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA.
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Paßlick D, Piradashvili K, Bamberger D, Li M, Jiang S, Strand D, R. Wich P, Landfester K, Bros M, Grabbe S, Mailänder V. Delivering all in one: Antigen-nanocapsule loaded with dual adjuvant yields superadditive effects by DC-directed T cell stimulation. J Control Release 2018; 289:23-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Critical role of TLR7 signaling in the priming of cross-protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by a whole inactivated influenza virus vaccine. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63163. [PMID: 23658804 PMCID: PMC3642048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines fail to induce protection against antigenically distinct virus strains. Accordingly, there is a need for the development of cross-protective vaccines. Previously, we and others have shown that vaccination with whole inactivated virus (WIV) induces cross-protective cellular immunity in mice. To probe the mechanistic basis for this finding, we investigated the role of TLR7, a receptor for single-stranded RNA, in induction of cross-protection. Vaccination of TLR7-/- mice with influenza WIV failed to protect against a lethal heterosubtypic challenge; in contrast, wild-type mice were fully protected. The lack of protection in TLR7-/- mice was associated with high viral load and a relative paucity of influenza-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) from TLR7-/- mice were unable to cross-present WIV-derived antigen to influenza-specific CTLs in vitro. Similarly, TLR7-/- DCs failed to mature and become activated in response to WIV, as determined by the assessment of surface marker expression and cytokine production. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) derived from wild-type mice responded directly to WIV while purified conventional DCs (cDCs) did not respond to WIV in isolation, but were responsive in mixed pDC/cDC cultures. Depletion of pDCs prior to and during WIV immunization resulted in reduced numbers of influenza-specific CTLs and impaired protection from heterosubtypic challenge. Thus, TLR7 plays a critical role in the induction of cross-protective immunity upon vaccination with WIV. The initial target cells for WIV appear to be pDCs which by direct or indirect mechanisms promote activation of robust CTL responses against conserved influenza epitopes.
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Knights AJ, Fucikova J, Pasam A, Koernig S, Cebon J. Inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonists demonstrate divergent immunomodulatory properties in human immune subsets with implications for combination therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:321-35. [PMID: 22923192 PMCID: PMC11028923 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are critical in regulating apoptosis resistance in cancer. Antagonists of IAPs, such as LCL161, are in clinical development and show promise as anti-cancer agents for solid and hematological cancers, with preliminary data suggesting they may act as immunomodulators. IAP antagonists hypersensitize tumor cells to TNF-α-mediated apoptosis, an effect that may work in synergy with that of cancer vaccines. This study aimed to further investigate the immunomodulatory properties of LCL161 on human immune subsets. T lymphocytes treated with LCL161 demonstrated significantly enhanced cytokine secretion upon activation, with little effect on CD4 and CD8 T-cell survival or proliferation. LCL161 treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells significantly enhanced priming of naïve T cells with synthetic peptides in vitro. Myeloid dendritic cells underwent phenotypic maturation upon IAP antagonism and demonstrated a reduced capacity to cross-present a tumor antigen-based vaccine. These effects are potentially mediated through an observed activation of the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, following IAP antagonism with a resulting upregulation of anti-apoptotic molecules. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the immunomodulatory properties of antagonists at physiologically relevant concentrations and indicates their combination with immunotherapy requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Knights
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Melbourne, Austin Branch, Austin Hospital, 145-163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.
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Drutman SB, Trombetta ES. Dendritic cells continue to capture and present antigens after maturation in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2140-6. [PMID: 20644175 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) maturation is critical for the regulation of T cell responses. The downregulation of endocytosis on maturation is considered a key adaptation that dissociates prior Ag capture by DCs from subsequent T cell engagement. To study the dynamics of Ag capture and presentation in situ, we studied the capacity for Ag uptake by DCs matured in their natural tissue environment. We found that after maturation in vivo, mouse DCs retained a robust capacity to capture soluble Ags. Furthermore, Ags internalized by mature DCs were efficiently presented on MHC class II and cross-presented on MHC class I. These results suggest that under inflammatory conditions, mature DCs may contribute to T cell stimulation without exclusively relying on prior exposure to Ags as immature DC precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott B Drutman
- Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Nguyen DN, Green JJ, Chan JM, Longer R, Anderson DG. Polymeric Materials for Gene Delivery and DNA Vaccination. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:847-867. [PMID: 28413262 PMCID: PMC5391878 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200801478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Gene delivery holds great potential for the treatment of many different diseases. Vaccination with DNA holds particular promise, and may provide a solution to many technical challenges that hinder traditional vaccine systems including rapid development and production and induction of robust cell-mediated immune responses. However, few candidate DNA vaccines have progressed past preclinical development and none have been approved for human use. This Review focuses on the recent progress and challenges facing materials design for nonviral DNA vaccine drug delivery systems. In particular, we highlight work on new polymeric materials and their effects on protective immune activation, gene delivery, and current efforts to optimize polymeric delivery systems for DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Nguyen
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Jordan J Green
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Juliana M Chan
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Robert Longer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, E25 Room 342, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
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Tejle K, Lindroth M, Magnusson KE, Rasmusson B. Wild-type Leishmania donovani promastigotes block maturation, increase integrin expression and inhibit detachment of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells--the influence of phosphoglycans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 279:92-102. [PMID: 18177309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective immune response against the parasite, including the role of dendritic cells (DC) in the course of infection, plays a fundamental role. This study shows that wild-type (WT) Leishmania promastigotes and specifically the phosphoglycans family of virulence-associated antigens inhibit human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) maturation and detachment to distinct surfaces. Immature phagocytosis of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by immature MoDC results in the increased expression of CD11b and CD51, and inhibition of cell detachment to distinct surfaces, which was dependent on the presence of phosphoglycans. These findings demonstrate that phosphoglycans of WT L. donovani might also inhibit human DC migration to lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tejle
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Barber MA, Zhang T, Gagne BA, Sentman CL. NK cells negatively regulate antigen presentation and tumor-specific CTLs in a syngeneic lymphoma model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:6140-7. [PMID: 17475840 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are known to kill tumor cells and produce proinflammatory cytokines that lead to the generation of tumor-specific CTLs. Many studies have used MHC class I-deficient tumor cells and/or adjuvants that induce NK cell responses. In this study, the focus was on less-immunogenic lymphoma cells that express MHC class I as a model to study NK cell responses to tumors that do not directly stimulate NK cell activation. When RMA tumor cells that expressed a truncated version of OVA, or RMA cells alone, were injected into mice that were depleted of NK cells, the mice developed an increased number of tumor-specific CTLs, increased IFN-gamma responses, and a higher amount of Ag presentation in draining LNs compared with mice with intact NK cells. These data suggest that NK cells can inhibit the development of effective adaptive immunity in the absence of signals that trigger NK cell activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- H-2 Antigens/biosynthesis
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Barber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Santos K, Simon DAL, Conway E, Bowers WJ, Mitra S, Foster TH, Lugade A, Lord EM, Federoff HJ, Dewhurst S, Frelinger JG. Spatial and temporal expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon-encoded genes: implications for their use as immunization vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:93-105. [PMID: 17298238 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great interest in developing new immunization vectors. Helper virus-free herpes amplicons, plasmid-based vectors that encode no viral gene products and have an extremely large coding capacity, are attractive viral vaccine candidates for expressing recombinant proteins in vivo for immunization. Earlier studies in mice, using amplicons encoding the gp120 protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), resulted in strikingly robust cellular immune responses as measured by cytotoxicity and interferon gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays. To begin to understand how such vectors function in vivo to generate an immune response, we used amplicons encoding reporter constructs including green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase to examine the duration of expression after administration to mice. Luciferase expression, measured with the IVIS system from Xenogen/Caliper Life Sciences (Hopkinton, MA) and by enzymatic assays of tissue extracts, revealed that expression after injection of the HSVluc amplicons peaked earlier than 24 hr after injection into mice. HSVegfp injection resulted in peak accumulation of GFP 24 hr after administration in vivo. Thus, both reporter genes revealed a rather rapid and robust expression pattern of short duration. The short period of expression appears in part to be due to gene silencing. Examination of the cells transduced by amplicons encoding GFP and human B7.1 suggested that the amplicons transduce a variety of cells, including professional antigen-presenting cells. From this and previous work, we conclude that amplicons may engender a potent immune response by directly transducing dendritic cells as well as by cross-priming of antigen produced by other transduced host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Santos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Beukema EL, Brown MP, Hayball JD. The potential role of fowlpox virus in rational vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:565-77. [PMID: 16989636 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.4.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The design of optimal vaccines requires detailed knowledge of how protective immune responses are generated in vivo under normal circumstances. This approach to vaccine development, where the immune correlates of protection are defined and vaccines are designed to elicit the same response, is called rational vaccine design. Poxviruses are attractive candidates for inclusion in such design strategies owing to their large genome, which allows for the inclusion of multiple heterologous genes, including those encoding antigens, co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines. Fowlpox virus, the prototypical member of the Avipoxvirus genus, is particularly suitable, as it is also incapable of replicating in mammalian cells. The potential of recombinant fowlpox virus as a safe vaccine vector is being evaluated currently in a number of clinical trials for diseases, including HIV, malaria and various types of cancer. Despite their promise, intricate details regarding how fowlpox virus interacts with the host immune system have not been resolved. In this review, the issues surrounding the use of fowlpox virus as a vaccine vector and possible strategies for enhancing its efficacy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Beukema
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute, Level 4, Hanson Institute Building, Frome Road, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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