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Hou T, Yang Z, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Liao X, Lin J. Histology Shift in Esophageal Cancer Between Biopsies and Resections After Neoadjuvant Therapy: A Pilot Study. Int J Surg Pathol 2024; 32:920-925. [PMID: 37899731 DOI: 10.1177/10668969231208029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy followed by resection is the mainstay treatment for locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma. We recently observed the histology shift from predominant esophageal adenocarcinoma in the biopsy to neuroendocrine neoplasm with or without adenocarcinoma in the post-treatment resection. The underlying mechanism of this finding is uncertain, and there is limited information in the literature. A total of 11 patients were identified: 10 patients received presurgical chemoradiation and 1 with chemotherapy. All biopsies were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma. When neuroendocrine immunomarkers were retrospectively performed on 5 biopsies, 2 showed focal positivity, although the classic neuroendocrine morphology was not readily appreciated. All resections contained neuroendocrine neoplasm, including 8 of well-differentiated type and 3 of neuroendocrine carcinomas. Two post-treatment esophagectomies consisted of neuroendocrine neoplasm only without residual adenocarcinoma. Upon follow-up, 8 patients died of the disease (median survival = 26 months), and 3 patients were alive after a median follow-up of 14 months. The overall median survival time was better than the reported esophageal neuroendocrine carcinoma (15 months). The 5-year observed survival rate was 11.3%, which was lower than the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 5-year survival rate of adenocarcinoma (21.8%). We reported a small series of esophageal adenocarcinoma that showed histology shift between biopsy and esophagectomy after neoadjuvant therapy. Our limited data suggest that prognosis of this group is different than the conventional adenocarcinoma. Awareness of this morphological change reminds pathologists to examine the biopsy specimens thoroughly, because recognition of neuroendocrine neoplasm, especially high-grade neuroendocrine component, might potentially affect pre- and post-surgical regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieying Hou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Zhaohai Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qingzhao Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xuchen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Liao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jingmei Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Wang Y, Ye Z, Lou X, Xu J, Jing D, Zhou C, Qin Y, Chen J, Xu X, Yu X, Ji S. Comparison among different preclinical models derived from the same patient with a non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. Hum Cell 2024:10.1007/s13577-024-01107-5. [PMID: 39078546 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-024-01107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are the second most common tumors of the pancreas, and approximately half of patients are diagnosed with liver metastases. Currently, the improvement in the efficacy of relevant treatment methods is still limited. Therefore, there is an urgent need for in-depth research on the molecular biological mechanism of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. However, due to their relatively inert biology, preclinical models are extremely scarce. Here, the patient-derived organoid, and patient-derived xenograft were successfully constructed. These two models and the previously constructed cell line named SPNE1 all derived from the same patient with a grade 3 non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor, providing new tumor modeling platforms, and characterized using immunohistochemistry, whole-exome sequencing, and single-cell transcriptome sequencing. Combined with a tumor formation experiment in immunodeficient mice, we selected the model that most closely recapitulated the parental tumor. Overall, the patient-derived xenograft model most closely resembled human tumor tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Junfeng Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Desheng Jing
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chenjie Zhou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Head and Neck and Neuroendocrine Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Jing N, Tao Z, Du X, Wen Z, Gao WQ, Dong B, Fang YX. Targeting SOX4/PCK2 signaling suppresses neuroendocrine trans-differentiation of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Biol Direct 2024; 19:56. [PMID: 39014441 PMCID: PMC11251300 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC), a lethal subset of prostate cancer (PCa), is characterized by loss of AR signaling and resistance to AR-targeted therapy. While it is well reported that second-generation AR blockers induce neuroendocrine (NE) trans-differentiation of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to promote the occurrence of NEPC, and pluripotent transcription factors might be potential regulators, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS We analyzed the data from public databsets to screen candidate genes and then focused on SOX4, a regulator of NE trans-differentiation. The expression changes of SOX4 and its relationship with tumor progression were validated in clinical tumor tissues. We evaluated malignant characteristics related to NEPC in prostate cancer cell lines with stable overexpression or knockdown of SOX4 in vitro. Tumor xenografts were analyzed after inoculating the relevant cell lines into nude mice. RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, non-targeted metabolomics analysis, as well as molecular and biochemical assays were carried out to determine the mechanism. RESULTS We screened public datasets and identified that expression of SOX4 was significantly elevated in NEPC. Overexpressing SOX4 in C4-2B cells increased cell proliferation and migration, upregulated the expression of NE marker genes, and inhibited AR expression. Consistently, inhibition of SOX4 expression in DU-145 and PC-3 cells reduced the above malignant phenotypes and repressed the expression of NE marker genes. For the in vivo assay, we found that knockdown of SOX4 inhibited tumor growth of subcutaneous xenografts in castrated nude mice which were concomitantly treated with enzalutamide (ENZ). Mechanically, we identified that one of the key enzymes in gluconeogenesis, PCK2, was a novel target of SOX4. The activation of carbohydrate metabolism reprogramming by SOX4 could promote NE trans-differentiation via the SOX4/PCK2 pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that SOX4 promotes NE trans-differentiation both in vitro and in vivo via directly enhancing PCK2 activity to activate carbohydrate metabolism reprogramming. The SOX4/PCK2 pathway and its downstream changes might be novel targets for blocking NE trans-differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhenkeke Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xinxing Du
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yu-Xiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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Khanchel F, Helal I, Hmidi A, Ben Thayer M, Zaafouri H, Hadded D, Hedhli R, Ben Brahim E, Jouini R, Chadli-Debbiche A. Goblet cell adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder: Report of two cases and a review. J Dig Dis 2024. [PMID: 39010258 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Khanchel
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imen Helal
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amira Hmidi
- Department of Pathology, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maissa Ben Thayer
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Zaafouri
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Surgery, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Dhafer Hadded
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Surgery, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raweh Hedhli
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ehsen Ben Brahim
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Raja Jouini
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aschraf Chadli-Debbiche
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
- Department of Pathology, Habib Thameur Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia
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5
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Pan B, Yan S, Yuan L, Xiang H, Ju M, Xu S, Jia W, Li J, Zhao Q, Zheng M. Multiomics sequencing and immune microenvironment characteristics define three subtypes of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix. J Pathol 2024; 263:372-385. [PMID: 38721894 DOI: 10.1002/path.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Small cell cervical carcinoma (SCCC) is the most common neuroendocrine tumor in the female genital tract, with an unfavorable prognosis and lacking an evidence-based therapeutic approach. Until now, the distinct subtypes and immune characteristics of SCCC combined with genome and transcriptome have not been described. We performed genomic (n = 18), HPV integration (n = 18), and transcriptomic sequencing (n = 19) of SCCC samples. We assessed differences in immune characteristics between SCCC and conventional cervical cancer, and other small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, through bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemical assays. We stratified SCCC patients through non-negative matrix factorization and described the characteristics of these distinct types. We further validated it using multiplex immunofluorescence (n = 77) and investigated its clinical prognostic effect. We confirmed a high frequency of PIK3CA and TP53 alterations and HPV18 integrations in SCCC. SCCC and other small cell carcinoma had similar expression signatures and immune cell infiltration patterns. Comparing patients with SCCC to those with conventional cervical cancer, the former presented immune excluded or 'desert' infiltration. The number of CD8+ cells in the invasion margin of SCCC patients predicted favorable clinical outcomes. We identified three transcriptome subtypes: an inflamed phenotype with high-level expression of genes related to the MHC-II complex (CD74) and IFN-α/β (SCCC-I), and two neuroendocrine subtypes with high-level expression of ASCL1 or NEUROD1, respectively. Combined with multiple technologies, we found that the neuroendocrine groups had more TP53 mutations and SCCC-I had more PIK3CA mutations. Multiplex immunofluorescence validated these subtypes and SCCC-I was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival. These results provide insights into SCCC tumor heterogeneity and potential therapies. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyue Pan
- Department of Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shumei Yan
- Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Linjing Yuan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huiling Xiang
- Department of Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Mingxiu Ju
- Department of Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shijie Xu
- Department of Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Weihua Jia
- Biobank of Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jundong Li
- Department of Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
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6
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Guo CC, Lee S, Lee JG, Chen H, Zaleski M, Choi W, McConkey DJ, Wei P, Czerniak B. Molecular profile of bladder cancer progression to clinically aggressive subtypes. Nat Rev Urol 2024; 21:391-405. [PMID: 38321289 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00847-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a histologically and clinically heterogenous disease. Most bladder cancers are urothelial carcinomas, which frequently develop distinct histological subtypes. Several urothelial carcinoma histological subtypes, such as micropapillary, plasmacytoid, small-cell carcinoma and sarcomatoid, show highly aggressive behaviour and pose unique challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Comprehensive genomic characterizations of the urothelial carcinoma subtypes have revealed that they probably arise from a precursor subset of conventional urothelial carcinomas that belong to different molecular subtypes - micropapillary and plasmacytoid subtypes develop along the luminal pathway, whereas small-cell and sarcomatoid subtypes evolve along the basal pathway. The subtypes exhibit distinct genomic alterations, but in most cases their biological properties seem to be primarily determined by specific gene expression profiles, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, urothelial-to-neural lineage plasticity, and immune infiltration with distinct upregulation of immune regulatory genes. These breakthrough studies have transformed our view of bladder cancer histological subtype biology, generated new hypotheses for therapy and chemoresistance, and facilitated the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles C Guo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sangkyou Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - June G Lee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huiqin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Zaleski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Woonyoung Choi
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J McConkey
- Johns Hopkins Greenberg Bladder Cancer Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peng Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bogdan Czerniak
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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7
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Schwartz CJ, Marra A, Selenica P, Gazzo A, Tan K, Ross D, Razavi P, Chandarlapaty S, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS, Brogi E, Pareja F, Wen HY. RB1 Genetic Alterations in Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Carcinomas: Correlation With Neuroendocrine Differentiation. Mod Pathol 2024; 37:100541. [PMID: 38897452 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2024.100541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Genetic alterations in the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1) are present in up to 40% of triple-negative breast cancers (BCs) and frequent in tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation, including small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Data on RB1 genetic alterations in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive BCs are scarce. In this study, we sought to define the morphologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of ER-positive BCs harboring somatic alterations in RB1, with emphasis on neuroendocrine differentiation. ER-positive BCs with pathogenic RB1 genetic alterations were identified in <1% of cases (N = 55) from a cohort of 6026 BCs previously subjected to targeted next-generation sequencing, including 23 primary BCs (pBCs) and 32 recurrent/metastatic BCs (mBCs). In cases where loss of heterozygosity of the wild-type RB1 allele could be assessed (93%, 51/55), most pBCs (82%, 18/22) and mBCs (90%, 26/29) exhibited biallelic RB1 inactivation, primarily through loss-of-function mutation and loss of heterozygosity (98%, 43/44). Upon histologic review, a subset of RB1-altered tumors exhibited neuroendocrine morphology (13%, 7/55), which correlated with expression of neuroendocrine markers (39%, 9/23) in both pBCs (27%, 3/11) and mBCs (50%, 6/12). Loss of Rb protein expression was observed in BCs with biallelic RB1 loss only, with similar frequency in pBCs (82%, 9/11) and mBCs (75%, 9/12). All cases with neuroendocrine marker expression (n = 9) and/or neuroendocrine morphology (n = 7) harbored biallelic genetic inactivation of RB1 and exhibited Rb loss of expression. TP53 (53%, 29/55) and PIK3CA (45%, 25/55) were the most frequently comutated genes across the cohort. Overall, these findings suggest that ER-positive BCs with biallelic RB1 genetic alterations frequently exhibit Rb protein loss, which correlates with neuroendocrine differentiation in select BCs. This study provides insights into the molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity of BCs with RB1 genetic inactivation, underscoring the need for further research into the potential clinical implications associated with these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Schwartz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Antonio Marra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pier Selenica
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Gazzo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kiki Tan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Dara Ross
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Pedram Razavi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sarat Chandarlapaty
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Now with AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Edi Brogi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Fresia Pareja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Hannah Y Wen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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8
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Yasutake N, Yamamoto H, Kuga R, Jiromaru R, Hongo T, Katayama Y, Sonoda K, Yahata H, Kato K, Oda Y. Immunohistochemical p16 overexpression and Rb loss correlate with high-risk human papillomavirus infection in endocervical adenocarcinomas. Histopathology 2024; 84:1178-1191. [PMID: 38445509 DOI: 10.1111/his.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS p16 is a sensitive surrogate marker for transcriptionally active high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection in endocervical adenocarcinoma (ECA); however, its specificity is not perfect. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined p16 and Rb expressions by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the transcriptionally active HR-HPV infection by mRNA in-situ hybridisation (ISH) with histological review in 108 ECA cases. Thirteen adenocarcinomas of endometrial or equivocal origin (six endometrioid and seven serous carcinomas) were compared as the control group. HR-HPV was detected in 83 of 108 ECA cases (77%), including five HPV-associated adenocarcinomas in situ and 78 invasive HPV-associated adenocarcinomas. All 83 HPV-positive cases showed consistent morphology, p16 positivity and partial loss pattern of Rb. Among the 25 cases of HPV-independent adenocarcinoma, four (16%) were positive for p16, and of these four cases, three of 14 (21%) were gastric type adenocarcinomas and one of 10 (10%) was a clear cell type adenocarcinoma. All 25 HPV-independent adenocarcinomas showed preserved expression of Rb irrespective of the p16 status. Similarly, all 13 cases of the control group were negative for HR-HPV with preserved expression of Rb, even though six of 13 (46%) cases were positive for p16. Compared with p16 alone, the combination of p16 overexpression and Rb partial loss pattern showed equally excellent sensitivity (each 100%) and improved specificity (100 versus 73.6%) and positive predictive values (100 versus 89.2%) in the ECA and control groups. Furthermore, HR-HPV infection correlated with better prognosis among invasive ECAs. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the combined use of p16 and Rb IHC could be a reliable method to predict HR-HPV infection in primary ECAs and mimics. This finding may contribute to prognostic prediction and therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yasutake
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Kyushu Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kuga
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rina Jiromaru
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hongo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Katayama
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenzo Sonoda
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yahata
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kato
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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9
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Jing N, Du X, Liang Y, Tao Z, Bao S, Xiao H, Dong B, Gao WQ, Fang YX. PAX6 promotes neuroendocrine phenotypes of prostate cancer via enhancing MET/STAT5A-mediated chromatin accessibility. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2024; 43:144. [PMID: 38745318 PMCID: PMC11094950 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-024-03064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subset of prostate cancer which is characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation and loss of androgen receptor (AR) signaling. Growing evidence reveals that cell lineage plasticity is crucial in the failure of NEPC therapies. Although studies suggest the involvement of the neural transcription factor PAX6 in drug resistance, its specific role in NEPC remains unclear. METHODS The expression of PAX6 in NEPC was identified via bioinformatics and immunohistochemistry. CCK8 assay, colony formation assay, tumorsphere formation assay and apoptosis assay were used to illustrate the key role of PAX6 in the progression of in vitro. ChIP and Dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to confirm the binding sequences of AR in the promoter region of PAX6, as well as the binding sequences of PAX6 in the promoter regions of STAT5A and MET. For in vivo validation, the xenograft model representing NEPC subtype underwent pathological analysis to verify the significant role of PAX6 in disease progression. Complementary diagnoses were established through public clinical datasets and transcriptome sequencing of specific cell lines. ATAC-seq was used to detect the chromatin accessibility of specific cell lines. RESULTS PAX6 expression was significantly elevated in NEPC and negatively regulated by AR signaling. Activation of PAX6 in non-NEPC cells led to NE trans-differentiation, while knock-down of PAX6 in NEPC cells inhibited the development and progression of NEPC. Importantly, loss of AR resulted in an enhanced expression of PAX6, which reprogramed the lineage plasticity of prostate cancer cells to develop NE phenotypes through the MET/STAT5A signaling pathway. Through ATAC-seq, we found that a high expression level of PAX6 elicited enhanced chromatin accessibility, mainly through attenuation of H4K20me3, which typically causes chromatin silence in cancer cells. CONCLUSION This study reveals a novel neural transcription factor PAX6 could drive NEPC progression and suggest that it might serve as a potential therapeutic target for the management of NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
- Med-X Research Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Xinxing Du
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - ZhenKeke Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Shijia Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Huixiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Baijun Dong
- Department of Urology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Med-X Research Institutes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Yu-Xiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med-X Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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10
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Manzar N, Khan UK, Goel A, Carskadon S, Gupta N, Palanisamy N, Ateeq B. An integrative proteomics approach identifies tyrosine kinase KIT as a therapeutic target for SPINK1-positive prostate cancer. iScience 2024; 27:108794. [PMID: 38384854 PMCID: PMC10879682 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Elevated serine peptidase inhibitor, Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) levels in ∼10%-25% of prostate cancer (PCa) patients associate with aggressive phenotype, for which there are limited treatment choices and dismal clinical outcomes. Using an integrative proteomics approach involving label-free phosphoproteome and proteome profiling, we delineated the downstream signaling pathways involved in SPINK1-mediated tumorigenesis and identified tyrosine kinase KIT as highly enriched. Furthermore, high to moderate levels of KIT expression were detected in ∼85% of SPINK1-positive PCa specimens. We show KIT signaling orchestrates SPINK1-mediated oncogenesis, and treatment with KIT inhibitor reduces tumor growth and metastases in preclinical mice models. Mechanistically, KIT signaling modulates WNT/β-catenin pathway and confers stemness-related features in PCa. Notably, inhibiting KIT signaling led to restoration of AR/REST levels, forming a feedback loop enabling SPINK1 repression. Overall, we uncover the role of KIT signaling downstream of SPINK1 in maintaining lineage plasticity and provide distinct treatment modalities for advanced-stage SPINK1-positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Manzar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
| | - Umar Khalid Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
| | - Ayush Goel
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
| | - Shannon Carskadon
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nilesh Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Nallasivam Palanisamy
- Vattikuti Urology Institute, Department of Urology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
- Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
- Centre of Excellence for Cancer - Gangwal School of Medical Sciences and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
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11
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Kouroukli O, Bravou V, Giannitsas K, Tzelepi V. Tissue-Based Diagnostic Biomarkers of Aggressive Variant Prostate Cancer: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:805. [PMID: 38398199 PMCID: PMC10887410 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is a common malignancy among elderly men, characterized by great heterogeneity in its clinical course, ranging from an indolent to a highly aggressive disease. The aggressive variant of prostate cancer (AVPC) clinically shows an atypical pattern of disease progression, similar to that of small cell PC (SCPC), and also shares the chemo-responsiveness of SCPC. The term AVPC does not describe a specific histologic subtype of PC but rather the group of tumors that, irrespective of morphology, show an aggressive clinical course, dictated by androgen receptor (AR) indifference. AR indifference represents an adaptive response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), driven by epithelial plasticity, an inherent ability of tumor cells to adapt to their environment by changing their phenotypic characteristics in a bi-directional way. The molecular profile of AVPC entails combined alterations in the tumor suppressor genes retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1), tumor protein 53 (TP53), and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). The understanding of the biologic heterogeneity of castration-resistant PC (CRPC) and the need to identify the subset of patients that would potentially benefit from specific therapies necessitate the development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers. This review aims to discuss the possible pathophysiologic mechanisms of AVPC development and the potential use of emerging tissue-based biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kouroukli
- Department of Pathology, Evaggelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Bravou
- Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
| | | | - Vasiliki Tzelepi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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12
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Zhang J, Chen Z, Mao Y, He Y, Wu X, Wu J, Sheng L. ID2 Promotes Lineage Transition of Prostate Cancer through FGFR and JAK-STAT Signaling. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:392. [PMID: 38254880 PMCID: PMC10814654 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs) has led to an increase in the proportion of AR-null prostate cancer, including neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and double-negative prostate cancer (DNPC), but the mechanism underlying this lineage transition has not been elucidated. We found that ID2 expression was increased in AR-null prostate cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that ID2 promotes PCa malignancy and can confer resistance to enzalutamide in PCa cells. We generated an ID2 UP50 signature, which is capable of determining resistance to enzalutamide and is valuable for predicting patient prognosis. Functional experiments showed that ID2 could activate stemness-associated JAK/STAT and FGFR signaling while inhibiting the AR signaling pathway. Our study indicates a potentially strong association between ID2 and the acquisition of a stem-like phenotype in adenocarcinoma cells, leading to resistance to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and next-generation ARPIs in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jianhong Wu
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Lu Sheng
- Department of Urology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; (J.Z.); (X.W.)
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13
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Campanelli G, Deabel RA, Puaar A, Devarakonda LS, Parupathi P, Zhang J, Waxner N, Yang C, Kumar A, Levenson AS. Molecular Efficacy of Gnetin C as Dual-Targeted Therapy for Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300479. [PMID: 37863824 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Resistance of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) to enzalutamide (Enz) involves the expression of constitutively active androgen receptor splice variant (AR-V7). In addition to altered AR pathways, CRPC is characterized by "non-AR-driven" signaling, which includes an overexpression of metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1). Combining natural compounds with anticancer drugs may enhance drug effectiveness while reducing adverse effects. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of Gnetin C (GnC) alone and in combination with Enz against CRPC are examined. METHODS AND RESULTS The effects of GnC alone and in combination with Enz are assessed by cell viability, clonogenic survival, cell migration, and AR and MTA1 expression using 22Rv1 cells. The tumor growth in vivo is assessed by bioluminescent imaging, western blots, RT-PCR, and IHC. GnC alone and in combined treatment inhibit cell viability, clonogenic survival and migration, and AR and MTA1 expression in 22Rv1 cells. The underlying AR- and MTA1-targeted anticancer mechanisms of treatments in vivo involve inhibition of proliferation and angiogenesis, and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate that GnC alone and GnC combined with Enz effectively inhibits AR- and MTA1-promoted tumor-progression in advanced CRPC, which indicates its potential as a novel therapeutic approach for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisella Campanelli
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Rabab Al Deabel
- School of Health Professions and Nursing, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Anand Puaar
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Prashanth Parupathi
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Noah Waxner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Ching Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Anait S Levenson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY, USA
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14
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Turpin A, Delliaux C, Parent P, Chevalier H, Escudero-Iriarte C, Bonardi F, Vanpouille N, Flourens A, Querol J, Carnot A, Leroy X, Herranz N, Lanel T, Villers A, Olivier J, Touzet H, de Launoit Y, Tian TV, Duterque-Coquillaud M. Fascin-1 expression is associated with neuroendocrine prostate cancer and directly suppressed by androgen receptor. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1903-1914. [PMID: 37875732 PMCID: PMC10703930 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02449-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is an aggressive form of prostate cancer, arising from resistance to androgen-deprivation therapies. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with NEPC development and invasiveness are still poorly understood. Here we investigated the expression and functional significance of Fascin-1 (FSCN1), a pro-metastasis actin-bundling protein associated with poor prognosis of several cancers, in neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer. METHODS Differential expression analyses using Genome Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, clinical samples and cell lines were performed. Androgen or antagonist's cellular treatments and knockdown experiments were used to detect changes in cell morphology, molecular markers, migration properties and in vivo tumour growth. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-Seq) data and ChIP assays were analysed to decipher androgen receptor (AR) binding. RESULTS We demonstrated that FSCN1 is upregulated during neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer in vitro, leading to phenotypic changes and NEPC marker expression. In human prostate cancer samples, FSCN1 expression is restricted to NEPC tumours. We showed that the androgen-activated AR downregulates FSCN1 expression and works as a transcriptional repressor to directly suppress FSCN1 expression. AR antagonists alleviate this repression. In addition, FSCN1 silencing further impairs in vivo tumour growth. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings identify FSCN1 as an AR-repressed gene. Particularly, it is involved in NEPC aggressiveness. Our results provide the rationale for the future clinical development of FSCN1 inhibitors in NEPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Turpin
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lille University Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Carine Delliaux
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Pauline Parent
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lille University Hospital, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Hortense Chevalier
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Oscar Lambret, 3, rue Frederic Combemale, 59000, Lille, France
| | | | - Franck Bonardi
- University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Vanpouille
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Anne Flourens
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Jessica Querol
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurélien Carnot
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Oscar Lambret, 3, rue Frederic Combemale, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Leroy
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institut de Pathologie, CHU Lille, Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolás Herranz
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tristan Lanel
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institut de Pathologie, CHU Lille, Avenue Oscar Lambret, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Arnauld Villers
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
- Department of Urology, Hospital Claude Huriez, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jonathan Olivier
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
- Department of Urology, Hospital Claude Huriez, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Touzet
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Yvan de Launoit
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Tian V Tian
- Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), 08035, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine Duterque-Coquillaud
- University Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR9020-U1277-CANTHER-Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000, Lille, France.
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15
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Stingu E, Dobrowolski JM, Bombach P, Nann D, Singer S, Horger M, Lauer UM, Zender L, Hinterleitner C, Hinterleitner M. Myasthenia gravis as initial presentation of a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor: A case report. Exp Ther Med 2023; 26:523. [PMID: 37854502 PMCID: PMC10580239 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease, which is characterized by a postsynaptic neuromuscular transmission defect, with antibodies directly targeting the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or other structural proteins of the neuromuscular junction. The majority of MG cases are associated with thymic pathologies, including thymoma, thyroiditis, autoimmune diseases or malignant hematologic neoplasia. The present study reported a rare case of AChR-positive and late-onset ocular MG, which rapidly progressed to a generalized myasthenic syndrome as an initial presentation of a pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasia (pNEN). Following complete surgical resection of the pNEN, the myasthenic syndrome was improved and the anti-AChR antibody titers were reduced. It has been reported that MG is a paraneoplastic syndrome in thymic neoplasms and less common in hematologic malignancies. However, currently, only few cases of MG as initial presentation of a solid tumor, and more particular of a neuroendocrine neoplasm, have been reported in the literature. In conclusion, surveillance for extrathymic solid malignancies in newly diagnosed patients with MG could promote the early diagnosis of associated tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stingu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jerome-Maurice Dobrowolski
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Paula Bombach
- Department of Neurology and Interdisciplinary Neuro-Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Dominik Nann
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Singer
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Horger
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Clemens Hinterleitner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Martina Hinterleitner
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’, University of Tuebingen, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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16
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Shen M, Liu S, Toland A, Hsu EC, Hartono AB, Alabi BR, Aslan M, Nguyen HM, Sessions CJ, Nolley R, Shi C, Huang J, Brooks JD, Corey E, Stoyanova T. ACAA2 is a novel molecular indicator for cancers with neuroendocrine phenotype. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1818-1828. [PMID: 37798372 PMCID: PMC10667239 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine phenotype is commonly associated with therapy resistance and poor prognoses in small-cell neuroendocrine cancers (SCNCs), such as neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) and small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Expression levels of current neuroendocrine markers exhibit high case-by-case variability, so multiple markers are used in combination to identify SCNCs. Here, we report that ACAA2 is elevated in SCNCs and is a potential molecular indicator for SCNCs. METHODS ACAA2 expressions in tumour xenografts, tissue microarrays (TMAs), and patient tissues from prostate and lung cancers were analysed via immunohistochemistry. ACAA2 mRNA levels in lung and prostate cancer (PC) patients were assessed in published datasets. RESULTS ACAA2 protein and mRNA levels were elevated in SCNCs relative to non-SCNCs. Medium/high ACAA2 intensity was observed in 78% of NEPC PDXs samples (N = 27) relative to 33% of adeno-CRPC (N = 86), 2% of localised PC (N = 50), and 0% of benign prostate specimens (N = 101). ACAA2 was also elevated in lung cancer patient tissues with neuroendocrine phenotype. 83% of lung carcinoid tissues (N = 12) and 90% of SCLC tissues (N = 10) exhibited medium/high intensity relative to 40% of lung adenocarcinoma (N = 15). CONCLUSION ACAA2 expression is elevated in aggressive SCNCs such as NEPC and SCLC, suggesting it is a potential molecular indicator for SCNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Shen
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shiqin Liu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Angus Toland
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - En-Chi Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alifiani B Hartono
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Busola R Alabi
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Merve Aslan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Holly M Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Rosalie Nolley
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chanjuan Shi
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jiaoti Huang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James D Brooks
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tanya Stoyanova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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17
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Song Z, Cao Q, Guo B, Zhao Y, Li X, Lou N, Zhu C, Luo G, Peng S, Li G, Chen K, Wang Y, Ruan H, Guo Y. Overexpression of RACGAP1 by E2F1 Promotes Neuroendocrine Differentiation of Prostate Cancer by Stabilizing EZH2 Expression. Aging Dis 2023; 14:1757-1774. [PMID: 37196108 PMCID: PMC10529746 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of prostate cancer. It is characterized by the loss of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in neuroendocrine transdifferentiation, and finally, resistance to AR-targeted therapy. With the application of a new generation of potent AR inhibitors, the incidence of NEPC is gradually increasing. The molecular mechanism of neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains largely unclear. In this study, using NEPC-related genome sequencing database analyses, we screened RACGAP1, a common differentially expressed gene. We investigated RACGAP1 expression in clinical prostate cancer specimens by IHC. Regulated pathways were examined by Western blotting, qRT-PCR, luciferase reporter, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and immunoprecipitation assays. The corresponding function of RACGAP1 in prostate cancer was analyzed by CCK-8 and Transwell assays. The changes of neuroendocrine markers and AR expression in C4-2-R and C4-2B-R cells were detected in vitro. We confirmed that RACGAP1 contributed to NE transdifferentiation of prostate cancer. Patients with high tumor RACGAP1 expression had shorter relapse-free survival time. The expression of RACGAP1 was induced by E2F1. RACGAP1 promoted neuroendocrine transdifferentiation of prostate cancer by stabilizing EZH2 expression in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Moreover, overexpression of RACGAP1 promoted enzalutamide resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. Our results showed that the upregulation of RACGAP1 by E2F1 increased EZH2 expression, which drove NEPC progression. This study explored the molecular mechanism of NED and may provide novel methods and ideas for targeted therapy of NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengshuai Song
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuechao Li
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ning Lou
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Gang Luo
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Song Peng
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Guohao Li
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Hailong Ruan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yonglian Guo
- Department of Urology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan 430030, China
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18
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Liu R, Xu Z, Huang X, Xu B, Chen M. Yin Yang 1 promotes the neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer cells via the non-canonical WNT pathway (FYN/STAT3). Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1422. [PMID: 37771187 PMCID: PMC10539684 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing number of studies have shown that Yin Yang 1 (YY1) promotes the development of multiple tumours. The purpose of the current study was to determine the mechanism by which YY1 mediates neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer (NEPC) cells undergoing cellular plasticity. METHODS Using the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, we bioinformatically analyzed YY1 expression in prostate cancer (PCa). Aberrant YY1 expression was validated in different PCa tissues and cell lines via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. In vivo and in vitro functional assays verified the oncogenicity of YY1 in PCa. Further functional assays showed that ectopic expression of YY1 promoted cellular plasticity in PCa cells via epithelial-mesenchymal transition induction and neuroendocrine differentiation. RESULTS Androgen deprivation therapy induced a decrease in YY1 protein ubiquitination, enhanced its stability, and thus enhanced the transcriptional activity of FZD8. Castration enhanced FZD8 binding to Wnt9A and mediated cellular plasticity by activating the non-canonical Wnt (FZD8/FYN/STAT3) pathway. CONCLUSIONS We identified YY1 as a novel dysregulated transcription factor that plays an important role in NEPC progression in this study. We believe that an in-depth investigation of the mechanism underlying YY1-mediated disease may lead to improved NEPC therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui‐ji Liu
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
- Department of UrologyAffiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of UrologySoutheast University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Zhi‐Peng Xu
- Department of UrologyAffiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of UrologySoutheast University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Urology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of MedicineUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduChina
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of UrologyAffiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of UrologySoutheast University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of UrologyAffiliated Zhongda Hospital of Southeast UniversityNanjingChina
- Surgical Research Center, Institute of UrologySoutheast University Medical SchoolNanjingChina
- Department of Urology, Nanjing Lishui District People's HospitalZhongda Hospital Lishui BranchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
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19
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Ooki A, Osumi H, Fukuda K, Yamaguchi K. Potent molecular-targeted therapies for gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1021-1054. [PMID: 37422534 PMCID: PMC10584733 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10121-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), which are characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation, can arise in various organs. NENs have been divided into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) based on morphological differentiation, each of which has a distinct etiology, molecular profile, and clinicopathological features. While the majority of NECs originate in the pulmonary organs, extrapulmonary NECs occur most predominantly in the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system. Although platinum-based chemotherapy is the main therapeutic option for recurrent or metastatic GEP-NEC patients, the clinical benefits are limited and associated with a poor prognosis, indicating the clinically urgent need for effective therapeutic agents. The clinical development of molecular-targeted therapies has been hampered due to the rarity of GEP-NECs and the paucity of knowledge on their biology. In this review, we summarize the biology, current treatments, and molecular profiles of GEP-NECs based on the findings of pivotal comprehensive molecular analyses; we also highlight potent therapeutic targets for future precision medicine based on the most recent results of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ooki
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Osumi
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensei Yamaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Chemotherapy, Cancer Institute Hospital of the Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Schmidt M, Hinterleitner C, Singer S, Lauer UM, Zender L, Hinterleitner M. Diagnostic Approaches for Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of Unknown Primary (NEN-UPs) and Their Prognostic Relevance-A Retrospective, Long-Term Single-Center Experience. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4316. [PMID: 37686593 PMCID: PMC10486951 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) represent a rare and heterogenous group of tumors with predominantly gastroenteropancreatic or pulmonary origin. Despite numerous diagnostic efforts, the primary tumor site remains unknown in up to 20% of the patients diagnosed with NEN. In this subgroup of NEN patients, a standard diagnostic algorithm has not yet been integrated into clinical routine. Of note, an undetermined primary tumor site in NENs is associated with an impaired clinical outcome by at least "formally" limiting treatment options exclusively approved for NENs of a certain histological origin. In this retrospective study, a patient cohort of 113 patients initially diagnosed with NEN of unknown primary (NEN-UP) was analyzed. In 13 patients (11.5%) a primary tumor site could be identified subsequently, amongst others, by performing somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-PET-based imaging, which was irrespective of the initial clinical or demographic features. Diagnostic work-up and therapeutic regimens did not differ significantly between patients with an identified or unidentified primary tumor site; only a detailed immunohistochemical assessment providing additional information on the tumor origin proved to be significantly associated with the detection of a primary tumor site. Our study revealed that a profound diagnostic work-up, particularly including SSTR-PET-based imaging, leads to additional treatment options, finally resulting in significantly improved clinical outcomes for patients with NEN-UPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schmidt
- Department of Medical Oncology & Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’ (iFIT), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Clemens Hinterleitner
- Department of Medical Oncology & Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’ (iFIT), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephan Singer
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Medical Oncology & Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’ (iFIT), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Medical Oncology & Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’ (iFIT), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martina Hinterleitner
- Department of Medical Oncology & Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- ENETS Center of Excellence, University Hospital Tuebingen, Otfried-Mueller-Str. 14, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 ‘Image-Guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy’ (iFIT), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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21
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Van Emmenis L, Ku SY, Gayvert K, Branch JR, Brady NJ, Basu S, Russell M, Cyrta J, Vosoughi A, Sailer V, Alnajar H, Dardenne E, Koumis E, Puca L, Robinson BD, Feldkamp MD, Winkis A, Majewski N, Rupnow B, Gottardis MM, Elemento O, Rubin MA, Beltran H, Rickman DS. The Identification of CELSR3 and Other Potential Cell Surface Targets in Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 3:1447-1459. [PMID: 37546702 PMCID: PMC10401480 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Although recent efforts have led to the development of highly effective androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, a significant subset of patients will progress with resistant disease including AR-negative tumors that display neuroendocrine features [neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC)]. On the basis of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data from a clinical cohort of tissue from benign prostate, locally advanced prostate cancer, metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and NEPC, we developed a multi-step bioinformatics pipeline to identify NEPC-specific, overexpressed gene transcripts that encode cell surface proteins. This included the identification of known NEPC surface protein CEACAM5 as well as other potentially targetable proteins (e.g., HMMR and CESLR3). We further showed that cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 3 (CELSR3) knockdown results in reduced NEPC tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro. We provide in vivo data including laser capture microdissection followed by RNA-seq data supporting a causal role of CELSR3 in the development and/or maintenance of the phenotype associated with NEPC. Finally, we provide initial data that suggests CELSR3 is a target for T-cell redirection therapeutics. Further work is now needed to fully evaluate the utility of targeting CELSR3 with T-cell redirection or other similar therapeutics as a potential new strategy for patients with NEPC. Significance The development of effective treatment for patients with NEPC remains an unmet clinical need. We have identified specific surface proteins, including CELSR3, that may serve as novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets for NEPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Van Emmenis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Sheng-Yu Ku
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kaitlyn Gayvert
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | | | - Nicholas J. Brady
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Subhasree Basu
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Joanna Cyrta
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Aram Vosoughi
- Department of Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Verena Sailer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Hussein Alnajar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Etienne Dardenne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Elena Koumis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Loredana Puca
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - Brent Rupnow
- Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - David S. Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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22
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Zhang X, Barnett E, Smith J, Wilkinson E, Subramaniam RM, Zarrabi A, Rodger EJ, Chatterjee A. Genetic and epigenetic features of neuroendocrine prostate cancer and their emerging applications. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 383:41-66. [PMID: 38359970 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer in men globally. De novo neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is uncommon at initial diagnosis, however, (treatment-induced) t-NEPC emerges in up to 25% of prostate adenocarcinoma (PRAD) cases treated with androgen deprivation, carrying a drastically poor prognosis. The transition from PRAD to t-NEPC is underpinned by several key genetic mutations; TP53, RB1, and MYCN are the main genes implicated, bearing similarities to other neuroendocrine tumours. A broad range of epigenetic alterations, such as aberrations in DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and non-coding RNAs, may drive lineage plasticity from PRAD to t-NEPC. The clinical diagnosis of NEPC is hampered by a lack of accessible biomarkers; recent advances in liquid biopsy techniques assessing circulating tumour cells and ctDNA in NEPC suggest that the advent of non-invasive means of monitoring progression to NEPC is on the horizon. Such techniques are vital for NEPC management; diagnosis of t-NEPC is crucial for implementing effective treatment, and precision medicine will be integral to providing the best outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward Barnett
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jim Smith
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Te Whatu Ora/Health New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Emma Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rathan M Subramaniam
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, Midwifery and Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia; Department of Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Amir Zarrabi
- Te Whatu Ora/Health New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand; Precision Urology, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Euan J Rodger
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Honorary Professor, School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES University, Dehradun, India.
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23
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Qiu MZ, Chen Q, Zheng DY, Zhao Q, Wu QN, Zhou ZW, Yang LQ, Luo QY, Sun YT, Lai MY, Yuan SS, Wang FH, Luo HY, Wang F, Li YH, Zhang HZ, Xu RH. Precise microdissection of gastric mixed adeno-neuroendocrine carcinoma dissects its genomic landscape and evolutionary clonal origins. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112576. [PMID: 37285266 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is a clinically aggressive and heterogeneous tumor composed of adenocarcinoma (ACA) and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). The genomic properties and evolutionary clonal origins of MANEC remain unclear. We conduct whole-exome and multiregional sequencing on 101 samples from 33 patients to elucidate their evolutionary paths. We identify four significantly mutated genes, TP53, RB1, APC, and CTNNB1. MANEC resembles chromosomal instability stomach adenocarcinoma in that whole-genome doubling in MANEC is predominant and occurs earlier than most copy-number losses. All tumors are of monoclonal origin, and NEC components show more aggressive genomic properties than their ACA counterparts. The phylogenetic trees show two tumor divergence patterns, including sequential and parallel divergence. Furthermore, ACA-to-NEC rather than NEC-to-ACA transition is confirmed by immunohistochemistry on 6 biomarkers in ACA- and NEC-dominant regions. These results provide insights into the clonal origin and tumor differentiation of MANEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Zhen Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qingjian Chen
- Department of Basic Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Dan-Yang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China; Department of Clinical Oncology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Qi Zhao
- Department of Basic Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qi-Nian Wu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Li-Qiong Yang
- Department of Basic Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Yun Luo
- Department of Basic Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ting Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yu Lai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Sha-Sha Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Hua Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Yan Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China; Research Unit of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Gastrointestinal Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510060, P.R. China.
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24
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Griger J, Widholz SA, Jesinghaus M, de Andrade Krätzig N, Lange S, Engleitner T, Montero JJ, Zhigalova E, Öllinger R, Suresh V, Winkler W, Lier S, Baranov O, Trozzo R, Ben Khaled N, Chakraborty S, Yu J, Konukiewitz B, Steiger K, Pfarr N, Rajput A, Sailer D, Keller G, Schirmacher P, Röcken C, Fagerstedt KW, Mayerle J, Schmidt-Supprian M, Schneider G, Weichert W, Calado DP, Sommermann T, Klöppel G, Rajewsky K, Saur D, Rad R. An integrated cellular and molecular model of gastric neuroendocrine cancer evolution highlights therapeutic targets. Cancer Cell 2023:S1535-6108(23)00208-8. [PMID: 37352862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Gastric neuroendocrine carcinomas (G-NEC) are aggressive malignancies with poorly understood biology and a lack of disease models. Here, we use genome sequencing to characterize the genomic landscapes of human G-NEC and its histologic variants. We identify global and subtype-specific alterations and expose hitherto unappreciated gains of MYC family members in a large part of cases. Genetic engineering and lineage tracing in mice delineate a model of G-NEC evolution, which defines MYC as a critical driver and positions the cancer cell of origin to the neuroendocrine compartment. MYC-driven tumors have pronounced metastatic competence and display defined signaling addictions, as revealed by large-scale genetic and pharmacologic screening of cell lines and organoid resources. We create global maps of G-NEC dependencies, highlight critical vulnerabilities, and validate therapeutic targets, including candidates for clinical drug repurposing. Our study gives comprehensive insights into G-NEC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Griger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sebastian A Widholz
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Moritz Jesinghaus
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Philipps University Marburg and University Hospital Marburg (UKGM), Marburg, Germany; Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas de Andrade Krätzig
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lange
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Engleitner
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Juan José Montero
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Zhigalova
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Öllinger
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Veveeyan Suresh
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Wiebke Winkler
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Svenja Lier
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Baranov
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Riccardo Trozzo
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Najib Ben Khaled
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Shounak Chakraborty
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Jiakun Yu
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Björn Konukiewitz
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Nicole Pfarr
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Ashish Rajput
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - David Sailer
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Gisela Keller
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Peter Schirmacher
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | | | - Julia Mayerle
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Dinis P Calado
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany; Immunity and Cancer, Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, UK
| | - Thomas Sommermann
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Günter Klöppel
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin 13125, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute for Experimental Cancer Therapy, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg 69120, Germany; Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.
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25
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Khan J, Ullah A, Yasinzai AQK, Waheed A, Ballur K, Dickerson TE, Ullah K, Mejias CD, Saeed O. Comparative Survival Benefits of Surgery and Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Gallbladder: A Population-Based Study with Insight into Future Personalized Therapeutic Approach. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1009. [PMID: 37373998 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13061009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gallbladder (NECs-GB) are rare tumors, accounting for <0.2% of all neuroendocrine carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. They originate from the neuroendocrine cells of the gallbladder epithelium with associated intestinal or gastric metaplasia. The current study is the largest study from the SEER database on NECs-GB that aims to elucidate the demographic, clinical, and pathologic factors influencing the prognosis and comparative survival analysis of different treatment modalities. METHODS The data from 176 patients with NECs-GB was abstracted from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database (2000-2018). Multivariate analysis, non-parametric survival analysis, and a chi-square test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS NECs-GB had a higher incidence amongst females (72.7%) and Caucasians (72.7%). Most patients had surgery only (N = 52, 29.5%), (N = 40) 22.7% had chemotherapy only, and (N = 23) 13.1% had chemotherapy with surgery. Only (N = 17) 9.7% had trimodaltiy (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy), and for (N = 41) 23.3% the status of chemotherapy was unknown, and these cases had neither radiation nor surgery. CONCLUSION NECs-GB more frequently affects Caucasian females after the 6th decade of life. The combination of surgery, radiation, and adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with better long-term (5 years) outcomes, while surgery alone was associated with better short-term (<2 years) outcome survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaffar Khan
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Asad Ullah
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Surgery, San Joaquin General Hospital, French Camp, CA 95231, USA
| | - Kalyani Ballur
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | | | - Kaleem Ullah
- Bolan Medical College, Internal Medicine, Quetta 83700, Pakistan
| | | | - Omer Saeed
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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26
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Wang M, Wisniewski CA, Xiong C, Chhoy P, Goel HL, Kumar A, Zhu LJ, Li R, St Louis PA, Ferreira LM, Pakula H, Xu Z, Loda M, Jiang Z, Brehm MA, Mercurio AM. Therapeutic blocking of VEGF binding to neuropilin-2 diminishes PD-L1 expression to activate antitumor immunity in prostate cancer. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade5855. [PMID: 37134151 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade5855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancers are largely unresponsive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and there is strong evidence that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression itself must be inhibited to activate antitumor immunity. Here, we report that neuropilin-2 (NRP2), which functions as a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor on tumor cells, is an attractive target to activate antitumor immunity in prostate cancer because VEGF-NRP2 signaling sustains PD-L1 expression. NRP2 depletion increased T cell activation in vitro. In a syngeneic model of prostate cancer that is resistant to ICI, inhibition of the binding of VEGF to NRP2 using a mouse-specific anti-NRP2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) resulted in necrosis and tumor regression compared with both an anti-PD-L1 mAb and control immunoglobulin G. This therapy also decreased tumor PD-L1 expression and increased immune cell infiltration. We observed that the NRP2, VEGFA, and VEGFC genes are amplified in metastatic castration-resistant and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. We also found that individuals with NRP2High PD-L1High metastatic tumors had lower androgen receptor expression and higher neuroendocrine prostate cancer scores than other individuals with prostate cancer. In organoids derived from patients with neuroendocrine prostate cancer, therapeutic inhibition of VEGF binding to NRP2 using a high-affinity humanized mAb suitable for clinical use also diminished PD-L1 expression and caused a substantial increase in immune-mediated tumor cell killing, consistent with the animal studies. These findings provide justification for the initiation of clinical trials using this function-blocking NRP2 mAb in prostate cancer, especially for patients with aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Wang
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Christi A Wisniewski
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Choua Xiong
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Peter Chhoy
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hira Lal Goel
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ayush Kumar
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lihua Julie Zhu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rui Li
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Pamela A St Louis
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lindsay M Ferreira
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hubert Pakula
- Department of Pathology, Cornell Weill School of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- aTyr Pharma Inc., San Diego CA, 92121, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Cornell Weill School of Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zhong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Arthur M Mercurio
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan School of Medicine, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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27
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Liu J, Zhao Y, He D, Jones KM, Tang S, Allison DB, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang Q, Wang X, Li C, Wang C, Li L, Liu X. A kinome-wide CRISPR screen identifies CK1α as a target to overcome enzalutamide resistance of prostate cancer. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101015. [PMID: 37075701 PMCID: PMC10140619 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Enzalutamide (ENZA), a second-generation androgen receptor antagonist, has significantly increased progression-free and overall survival of patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). However, resistance remains a prominent obstacle in treatment. Utilizing a kinome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen, we identified casein kinase 1α (CK1α) as a therapeutic target to overcome ENZA resistance. Depletion or pharmacologic inhibition of CK1α enhanced ENZA efficacy in ENZA-resistant cells and patient-derived xenografts. Mechanistically, CK1α phosphorylates the serine residue S1270 and modulates the protein abundance of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), a primary initiator of DNA double-strand break (DSB)-response signaling, which is compromised in ENZA-resistant cells and patients. Inhibition of CK1α stabilizes ATM, resulting in the restoration of DSB signaling, and thus increases ENZA-induced cell death and growth arrest. Our study details a therapeutic approach for ENZA-resistant PCa and characterizes a particular perspective for the function of CK1α in the regulation of DNA-damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daheng He
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Katelyn M Jones
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Shan Tang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Derek B Allison
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Yanquan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Qiongsi Zhang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chaohao Li
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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28
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Smith J, Barnett E, Rodger EJ, Chatterjee A, Subramaniam RM. Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Genetics and Epigenetics. PET Clin 2023; 18:169-187. [PMID: 36858744 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a group of rare, heterogeneous tumors of neuroendocrine cell origin, affecting a range of different organs. The clinical management of NENs poses significant challenges, as tumors are often diagnosed at an advanced stage where overall survival remains poor with current treatment regimens. In addition, a host of complex and often unique molecular changes underpin the pathobiology of each NEN subtype. Exploitation of the unique genetic and epigenetic signatures driving each NEN subtype provides an opportunity to enhance the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of NEN in an emerging era of individualized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Smith
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Te Whatu Ora - Southern, Dunedin Public Hospital, 270 Great King Street, PO Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Edward Barnett
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Euan J Rodger
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rathan M Subramaniam
- Department of Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, Duke University, 2301 Erwin Rd, BOX 3808, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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29
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Bae SY, Bergom HE, Day A, Greene JT, Sychev ZE, Larson G, Corey E, Plymate SR, Freedman TS, Hwang JH, Drake JM. ZBTB7A as a novel vulnerability in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1093332. [PMID: 37065756 PMCID: PMC10090553 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1093332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a highly aggressive subtype of prostate cancer. NEPC is characterized by the loss of androgen receptor (AR) signaling and transdifferentiation toward small-cell neuroendocrine (SCN) phenotypes, which results in resistance to AR-targeted therapy. NEPC resembles other SCN carcinomas clinically, histologically and in gene expression. Here, we leveraged SCN phenotype scores of various cancer cell lines and gene depletion screens from the Cancer Dependency Map (DepMap) to identify vulnerabilities in NEPC. We discovered ZBTB7A, a transcription factor, as a candidate promoting the progression of NEPC. Cancer cells with high SCN phenotype scores showed a strong dependency on RET kinase activity with a high correlation between RET and ZBTB7A dependencies in these cells. Utilizing informatic modeling of whole transcriptome sequencing data from patient samples, we identified distinct gene networking patterns of ZBTB7A in NEPC versus prostate adenocarcinoma. Specifically, we observed a robust association of ZBTB7A with genes promoting cell cycle progression, including apoptosis regulating genes. Silencing ZBTB7A in a NEPC cell line confirmed the dependency on ZBTB7A for cell growth via suppression of the G1/S transition in the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. Collectively, our results highlight the oncogenic function of ZBTB7A in NEPC and emphasize the value of ZBTB7A as a promising therapeutic strategy for targeting NEPC tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yi Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Hannah E. Bergom
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Abderrahman Day
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Institute for Health Informatics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joseph T. Greene
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Zoi E. Sychev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Gabrianne Larson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephen R. Plymate
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tanya S. Freedman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Justin H. Hwang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Justin M. Drake
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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30
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Kowash RR, Akbay EA. Tumor intrinsic and extrinsic functions of CD73 and the adenosine pathway in lung cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130358. [PMID: 37033953 PMCID: PMC10079876 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenosine pathway is an exciting new target in the field of cancer immunotherapy. CD73 is the main producer of extracellular adenosine. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has one of the highest CD73 expression signatures among all cancer types and the presence of common oncogenic drivers of NSCLC, such as mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and KRAS, correlate with increased CD73 expression. Current immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies only benefit a subset of patients, and it has proved challenging to understand which patients might respond even with the current understanding of predictive biomarkers. The adenosine pathway is well known to disrupt cytotoxic function of T cells, which is currently the main target of most clinical agents. Data thus far suggests that combining ICB therapies already in the clinic with adenosine pathway inhibitors provides promise for the treatment of lung cancer. However, antigen loss or lack of good antigens limits efficacy of ICB; simultaneous activation of other cytotoxic immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells can be explored in these tumors. Clinical trials harnessing both T and NK cell activating treatments are still in their early stages with results expected in the coming years. In this review we provide an overview of new literature on the adenosine pathway and specifically CD73. CD73 is thought of mainly for its role as an immune modulator, however recent studies have demonstrated the tumor cell intrinsic properties of CD73 are potentially as important as its role in immune suppression. We also highlight the current understanding of this pathway in lung cancer, outline ongoing studies examining therapies in combination with adenosine pathway targeting, and discuss future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R. Kowash
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Esra A. Akbay
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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31
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Advances in Molecular Regulation of Prostate Cancer Cells by Top Natural Products of Malaysia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1536-1567. [PMID: 36826044 PMCID: PMC9954984 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains both a global health burden and a scientific challenge. We present a review of the molecular targets driving current drug discovery to fight this disease. Moreover, the preventable nature of most PCa cases represents an opportunity for phytochemicals as chemopreventive when adequately integrated into nutritional interventions. With a renovated interest in natural remedies as a commodity and their essential role in cancer drug discovery, Malaysia is looking towards capitalizing on its mega biodiversity, which includes the oldest rainforest in the world and an estimated 1200 medicinal plants. We here explore whether the list of top Malay plants prioritized by the Malaysian government may fulfill the potential of becoming newer, sustainable sources of prostate cancer chemotherapy. These include Andrographis paniculate, Centella asiatica, Clinacanthus nutans, Eurycoma longifolia, Ficus deltoidea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Marantodes pumilum (syn. Labisia pumila), Morinda citrifolia, Orthosiphon aristatus, and Phyllanthus niruri. Our review highlights the importance of resistance factors such as Smac/DIABLO in cancer progression, the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in cancer metastasis, and the regulation of PCa cells by some promising terpenes (andrographolide, Asiatic acid, rosmarinic acid), flavonoids (isovitexin, gossypin, sinensetin), and alkylresorcinols (labisiaquinones) among others.
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Flores Legarreta A, Salvo G, Gonzales NR, Chisholm G, Hillman RT, Frumovitz M. RB1 alteration and poor prognosis in women with high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a NeCTuR study. J Gynecol Oncol 2023:34.e50. [PMID: 36807750 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2023.34.e50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the gene alteration status in high-grade neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma (NECC) specimens and to explore the potential association of unique gene alterations with survival. METHODS Results from tumor-based molecular testing on specimens from women with high-grade NECC in the Neuroendocrine Cervical Tumor Registry were reviewed and analyzed. Tumor specimens could be from primary or metastatic sites and obtained at initial diagnosis, during treatment, or at recurrence. RESULTS Molecular testing results were available for 109 women with high-grade NECC. The genes most frequently mutated were PIK3CA (mutated in 18.5% of patients), TP53 (17.4%), and MYC (14.5%). Other targetable alterations identified were alterations in KIT (7.3%), KRAS (7.3%), and PTEN (7.3%). Women with tumors having an RB1 alteration (6.4%) had a median overall survival (OS) of 13 months, compared to 26 months for women with tumors that did not have an RB1 alteration (p=0.003). None of the other genes evaluated were shown to be associated with OS. CONCLUSION Although no individual alteration was found in a majority of tumor specimens from patients with high-grade NECC, a large proportion of women with this disease will have at least one targetable alteration. Treatments based on these gene alterations may offer additional targeted therapies for women with recurrent disease, who currently have very limited therapeutic options. Patients with tumors that harbor RB1 alterations have decreased OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Flores Legarreta
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Gloria Salvo
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Naomi R Gonzales
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary Chisholm
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael Frumovitz
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Vasciaveo A, Arriaga JM, de Almeida FN, Zou M, Douglass EF, Picech F, Shibata M, Rodriguez-Calero A, de Brot S, Mitrofanova A, Chua CW, Karan C, Realubit R, Pampou S, Kim JY, Afari SN, Mukhammadov T, Zanella L, Corey E, Alvarez MJ, Rubin MA, Shen MM, Califano A, Abate-Shen C. OncoLoop: A Network-Based Precision Cancer Medicine Framework. Cancer Discov 2023; 13:386-409. [PMID: 36374194 PMCID: PMC9905319 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-22-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prioritizing treatments for individual patients with cancer remains challenging, and performing coclinical studies using patient-derived models in real time is often unfeasible. To circumvent these challenges, we introduce OncoLoop, a precision medicine framework that predicts drug sensitivity in human tumors and their preexisting high-fidelity (cognate) model(s) by leveraging drug perturbation profiles. As a proof of concept, we applied OncoLoop to prostate cancer using genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) that recapitulate a broad spectrum of disease states, including castration-resistant, metastatic, and neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Interrogation of human prostate cancer cohorts by Master Regulator (MR) conservation analysis revealed that most patients with advanced prostate cancer were represented by at least one cognate GEMM-derived tumor (GEMM-DT). Drugs predicted to invert MR activity in patients and their cognate GEMM-DTs were successfully validated in allograft, syngeneic, and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of tumors and metastasis. Furthermore, OncoLoop-predicted drugs enhanced the efficacy of clinically relevant drugs, namely, the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab and the AR inhibitor enzalutamide. SIGNIFICANCE OncoLoop is a transcriptomic-based experimental and computational framework that can support rapid-turnaround coclinical studies to identify and validate drugs for individual patients, which can then be readily adapted to clinical practice. This framework should be applicable in many cancer contexts for which appropriate models and drug perturbation data are available. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 247.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Vasciaveo
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
| | - Juan Martín Arriaga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Francisca Nunes de Almeida
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Min Zou
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Eugene F. Douglass
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
| | - Florencia Picech
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Maho Shibata
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
- Department of Urology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Calero
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 3008
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern and Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland 3008
| | - Simone de Brot
- COMPATH, Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland 3012
| | - Antonina Mitrofanova
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
| | - Chee Wai Chua
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
- Department of Urology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Charles Karan
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- J.P. Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Ronald Realubit
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- J.P. Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Sergey Pampou
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- J.P. Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Jaime Y. Kim
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Stephanie N. Afari
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Timur Mukhammadov
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
| | - Luca Zanella
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA 98195
| | - Mariano J. Alvarez
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- DarwinHealth Inc, New York, NY
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland 3008
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine (BCPM) Bern, Switzerland 3008
| | - Michael M. Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
- Department of Urology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- J.P. Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
| | - Cory Abate-Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Urology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA 10032
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA 10032
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A Nomogram Model Based on Neuroendocrine Markers for Predicting the Prognosis of Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of Cervix. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12031227. [PMID: 36769874 PMCID: PMC9917535 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12031227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining traditional clinical parameters with neuroendocrine markers to construct a nomogram model to predict the postoperative recurrence of neuroendocrine carcinoma of cervix (NECC). METHODS A total of 257 patients were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to establish a nomogram model in the training cohorts, which was further validated in the validation cohorts. The calibration curve was used to conduct the internal and external verification of the model. RESULTS Overall, 41 relapse cases were observed in the training (23 cases) and validation (18 cases) cohorts. The univariate analysis preliminarily showed that FIGO stage, stromal invasion, nerve invasion, lymph vascular space invasion, lymph node involvement, cervical-uterine junction invasion and CgA were correlated with NECC recurrence. The multivariate analysis further confirmed that FIGO stage (p = 0.023), stromal invasion (p = 0.002), lymph vascular space invasion (p = 0.039) and lymph node involvement (p = 0.00) were independent risk factors for NECC recurrence, which were ultimately included in the nomogram model. In addition, superior consistency indices were demonstrated in the training (0.863, 95% CI 0.784-0.942) and validation (0.884, 95% CI 0.758-1.010) cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The established nomogram model combining traditional clinical parameters with neuroendocrine markers can reliably and accurately predict the recurrence risks in NECC patients.
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Manzar N, Ganguly P, Khan UK, Ateeq B. Transcription networks rewire gene repertoire to coordinate cellular reprograming in prostate cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 89:76-91. [PMID: 36702449 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) represent the most commonly deregulated DNA-binding class of proteins associated with multiple human cancers. They can act as transcriptional activators or repressors that rewire the cistrome, resulting in cellular reprogramming during cancer progression. Deregulation of TFs is associated with the onset and maintenance of various cancer types including prostate cancer. An emerging subset of TFs has been implicated in the regulation of multiple cancer hallmarks during tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the role of key TFs which modulate transcriptional cicuitries involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer. We further highlight the role of TFs associated with key cancer hallmarks, including, chromatin remodeling, genome instability, DNA repair, invasion, and metastasis. We also discuss the pluripotent function of TFs in conferring lineage plasticity, that aids in disease progression to neuroendocrine prostate cancer. At the end, we summarize the current understanding and approaches employed for the therapeutic targeting of TFs and their cofactors in the clinical setups to prevent disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishat Manzar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Promit Ganguly
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Umar Khalid Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India; Mehta Family Center for Engineering in Medicine, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
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Li X, Yang F, He N, Zhang M, Lv Y, Yu Y, Dong Q, Hou X, Hao Y, An Z, Zhang H, Yang Z, Zhai H, Guo D, Cao Z, Jiang VC, Chen Y. YM155 inhibits neuroblastoma growth through degradation of MYCN: A new role as a USP7 inhibitor. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 181:106343. [PMID: 36436754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amplification of the MYCN gene (MNA) is observed in approximately 25 to 35% of neuroblastoma patients, and is a well-recognized marker of tumor aggressiveness and poor outcome. Targeting MYCN is a novel therapy strategy to induce tumor regression. Here, we discovered that a BIRC5/Survivin inhibitor, YM155, specifically inhibits MNA neuroblastoma cell growth in vitro. We found that YM155 promotes MYCN degradation in MNA cells. Further, we found that YM155 inhibits USP7 deubiquitinase activity in vitro, using Ub-aminomethylcoumarin (Ub-AMC) as substrate. Results from in vivo studies further demonstrated that YM155 significantly inhibited the tumor growth in MNA neuroblastoma xenograft model. Our data support a novel mechanism of action of YM155 in inhibition of growth of cancer cells through inducing MYCN degradation by inibition of activity of deubiquitinase like USP7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Feili Yang
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Na He
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Yan Lv
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Yue Yu
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Qian Dong
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Xiaofu Hou
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Yanbing Hao
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Zhida An
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Heiyan Zhai
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Dagang Guo
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Zhixiang Cao
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Vernon C Jiang
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Yiyou Chen
- Cothera Bioscience, Inc., 155 Bovet Road, Suite 660, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA.
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Wang Y, Wang F, Qin Y, Lou X, Ye Z, Zhang W, Gao H, Chen J, Xu X, Yu X, Ji S. Recent progress of experimental model in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: drawbacks and challenges. Endocrine 2023; 80:266-282. [PMID: 36648608 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The neuroendocrine neoplasm, in general, refers to a heterogeneous group of all tumors originating from peptidergic neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine neoplasms are divided into two histopathological subtypes: well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors account for more than 80% of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Due to the greater proportion of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors compared to pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma, this review will only focus on them. The worldwide incidence of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is rising year by year due to sensitive detection with an emphasis on medical examinations and the improvement of testing technology. Although the biological behavior of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors tends to be inert, distant metastasis is common, often occurring very early. Because of the paucity of basic research on pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, the mechanism of tumor development, metastasis, and recurrence are still unclear. In this context, the representative preclinical models simulating the tumor development process are becoming ever more widely appreciated to address the clinical problems of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. So far, there is no comprehensive report on the experimental model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. This article systematically summarizes the characteristics of preclinical models, such as patient-derived cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, genetically engineered mouse models, and patient-derived organoids, and their advantages and disadvantages, to provide a reference for further studies of neuroendocrine tumors. We also highlight the method of establishment of liver metastasis mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zeng Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wuhu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Heli Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung and gastrointestinal system: convergent biology and a path to better therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:16-32. [PMID: 36307533 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-022-00696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) can develop in almost any organ and span a spectrum from well-differentiated and indolent neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) to poorly differentiated and highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), including small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). These neoplasms are thought to primarily derive from neuroendocrine precursor cells located throughout the body and can also arise through neuroendocrine transdifferentiation of organ-specific epithelial cell types. Hence, NENs constitute a group of tumour types that share key genomic and phenotypic characteristics irrespective of their site of origin, albeit with some organ-specific differences. The establishment of representative preclinical models for several of these disease entities together with analyses of human tumour specimens has provided important insights into crucial aspects of their biology with therapeutic implications. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of NENs of the gastrointestinal system and lung from clinical and biological perspectives. Research on NENs has typically been siloed by the tumour site of origin, and a cross-cutting view might enable advances in one area to accelerate research in others. Therefore, we aim to emphasize that a better understanding of the commonalities and differences of NENs arising in different organs might more effectively inform clinical research to define therapeutic targets and ultimately optimize patient care.
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Preclinical Models of Neuroendocrine Neoplasia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225646. [PMID: 36428741 PMCID: PMC9688518 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasia (NENs) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers that can arise from neuroendocrine tissues throughout the body and differentiate them from other tumors. Their low incidence and high diversity make many of them orphan conditions characterized by a low incidence and few dedicated clinical trials. Study of the molecular and genetic nature of these diseases is limited in comparison to more common cancers and more dependent on preclinical models, including both in vitro models (such as cell lines and 3D models) and in vivo models (such as patient derived xenografts (PDXs) and genetically-engineered mouse models (GEMMs)). While preclinical models do not fully recapitulate the nature of these cancers in patients, they are useful tools in investigation of the basic biology and early-stage investigation for evaluation of treatments for these cancers. We review available preclinical models for each type of NEN and discuss their history as well as their current use and translation.
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40
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Chen X, Shao Y, Wei W, Zhu S, Li Y, Chen Y, Li H, Tian H, Sun G, Niu Y, Shang Z. Androgen deprivation restores ARHGEF2 to promote neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:927. [PMID: 36335093 PMCID: PMC9637107 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) plays an important role in the progression of prostate cancer and has been targeted by castration or AR-antagonists. The emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is inevitable. However, it is not entirely clear how ADT fails or how it causes resistance. Through analysis of RNA-seq data, we nominate ARHGEF2 as a pivotal androgen-repressed gene. We show that ARHGEF2 is directly suppressed by androgen/AR. AR occupies the enhancer and communicates with the promoter region of ARHGEF2. Functionally, ARHGEF2 is important for the growth, lethal phenotype, and survival of CRPC cells and tumor xenografts. Correspondingly, AR inhibition or AR antagonist treatment can restore ARHGEF2 expression, thereby allowing prostate cancer cells to induce treatment resistance and tolerance. Overall, our findings provide an explanation for the contradictory clinical results that ADT resistance may be caused by the up-regulation of ARHGEF2 and provide a novel target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanrong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Huai'an Maternal and Children Health Hospital, Huai'an, China
| | - Shimiao Zhu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yutong Chen
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hanling Li
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guijiang Sun
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqun Shang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Institute of Urology, The second hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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41
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Mahadevan NR, Sholl LM. To Rb or Not to Rb: Uncovering Unique Subsets of Small Cell Lung Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4603-4605. [PMID: 36044394 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The use of IHC as a surrogate for specific underlying genomic alterations has allowed for increasingly comprehensive and accurate diagnosis of small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). This is especially relevant in light of the increasing recognition of the biologic heterogeneity of this aggressive and difficult-to-treat lung tumor. Integrated genomic and IHC profiling of Rb status in SCLC yields new diagnostic insights and has translational implications. See related article by Febres-Aldana et al., p. 4702.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin R Mahadevan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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42
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Basak D, Gregori L, Johora F, Deb S. Preclinical and Clinical Research Models of Prostate Cancer: A Brief Overview. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101607. [PMID: 36295041 PMCID: PMC9605520 DOI: 10.3390/life12101607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and mortality from prostate cancer (PCa) are on the rise which poses a major public health concern worldwide. In this narrative review, we have summarized the characteristics of major in vitro and in vivo PCa models including their utility in developing treatment strategies. Androgens, particularly, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) activate the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway that facilitates the development and progression of castration resistant PCa. Several enzymes namely, CYP17A1, HSD17B, and SRD5A are essential to furnishing DHT from dehydroepiandrosterone in the classical pathway while DHT is formed from androstanediol in the backdoor pathway. The advancement in delineating the molecular heterogeneity of PCa has been possible through the development of several in vitro and in vivo research models. Generally, tissue culture models are advantageous to understand PCa biology and investigate the efficacy and toxicity of novel agents; nevertheless, animal models are indispensable to studying the PCa etiology and treatment since they can simulate the tumor microenvironment that plays a central role in initiation and progression of the disease. Moreover, the availability of several genetically engineered mouse models has made it possible to study the metastasis process. However, the conventional models are not devoid of limitations. For example, the lack of heterogeneity in tissue culture models and the variation of metastatic characteristics in xenograft models are obviously challenging. Additionally, due to the racial and ethnic disparities in PCa pathophysiology, a new model that can represent PCa encompassing different ethnicities is urgently needed. New models should continue to evolve to address the genetic and molecular complexities as well as to further elucidate the finer details of the steroidogenic pathway associated with PCa.
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43
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Liu X, Li WJ, Puzanov I, Goodrich DW, Chatta G, Tang DG. Prostate cancer as a dedifferentiated organ: androgen receptor, cancer stem cells, and cancer stemness. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:291-303. [PMID: 35866337 PMCID: PMC9484140 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is characterized and driven by gradual loss of a differentiated phenotype and gain of stem cell-like features. In prostate cancer (PCa), androgen receptor (AR) signaling is important for cancer growth, progression, and emergence of therapy resistance. Targeting the AR signaling axis has been, over the decades, the mainstay of PCa therapy. However, AR signaling at the transcription level is reduced in high-grade cancer relative to low-grade PCa and loss of AR expression promotes a stem cell-like phenotype, suggesting that emergence of resistance to AR-targeted therapy may be associated with loss of AR signaling and gain of stemness. In the present mini-review, we first discuss PCa from the perspective of an abnormal organ with increasingly deregulated differentiation, and discuss the role of AR signaling during PCa progression. We then focus on the relationship between prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) and AR signaling. We further elaborate on the current methods of using transcriptome-based stemness-enriched signature to evaluate the degree of oncogenic dedifferentiation (cancer stemness) in pan-cancer datasets, and present the clinical significance of scoring transcriptome-based stemness across the spectrum of PCa development. Our discussions highlight the importance to evaluate the dynamic changes in both stem cell-like features (stemness score) and AR signaling activity across the PCa spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhuo Liu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
| | - Wen Jess Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
- Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center and the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
| | - Igor Puzanov
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
| | - David W Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
- Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center and the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
| | - Gurkamal Chatta
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
- Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center and the University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14263, U.S.A
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44
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Lou X, Qin Y, Xu X, Yu X, Ji S. Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and clinical challenge of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188782. [PMID: 36028148 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the course of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), they generally become more heterogeneous with individual cells exhibiting distinct molecular fingerprints. This heterogeneity manifests itself through an unequal distribution of genetically-variant, tumor cell subpopulations within disease locations (i.e., spatial heterogeneity) or changes in the genomic landscape over time (i.e., temporal heterogeneity); these characteristics complicate clinical diagnosis and treatment. Effective, feasible tumor heterogeneity detection and eradication methods are essential to overcome the clinical challenges of pancreatic NETs. This review explores the molecular fingerprints of pancreatic NETs and the spectrum of tumoral heterogeneity. We then describe the challenges of assessing heterogeneity by liquid biopsies and imaging modalities and the therapeutic challenges for pancreatic NETs. In general, navigating these challenges, refining approaches for translational research, and ultimately improving patient care are available once we have a better understanding of intratumoral spatiotemporal heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lou
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yi Qin
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaowu Xu
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shunrong Ji
- Center for Neuroendocrine Tumors, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China; Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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45
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Arenas-Gallo C, Owiredu J, Weinstein I, Lewicki P, Basourakos SP, Vince R, Al Hussein Al Awamlh B, Schumacher FR, Spratt DE, Barbieri CE, Shoag JE. Race and prostate cancer: genomic landscape. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:547-561. [PMID: 35945369 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00622-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, new insights into the genomic pathogenesis of prostate cancer have been provided. Large-scale integrative genomics approaches enabled researchers to characterize the genetic and epigenetic landscape of prostate cancer and to define different molecular subclasses based on the combination of genetic alterations, gene expression patterns and methylation profiles. Several molecular drivers of prostate cancer have been identified, some of which are different in men of different races. However, the extent to which genomics can explain racial disparities in prostate cancer outcomes is unclear. Future collaborative genomic studies overcoming the underrepresentation of non-white patients and other minority populations are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Arenas-Gallo
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jude Owiredu
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilon Weinstein
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Patrick Lewicki
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Spyridon P Basourakos
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy Vince
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Bashir Al Hussein Al Awamlh
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Fredrick R Schumacher
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Christopher E Barbieri
- Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan E Shoag
- Department of Urology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA. .,Department of Urology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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46
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Wang Z, Wang T, Hong D, Dong B, Wang Y, Huang H, Zhang W, Lian B, Ji B, Shi H, Qu M, Gao X, Li D, Collins C, Wei G, Xu C, Lee HJ, Huang J, Li J. Single-cell transcriptional regulation and genetic evolution of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. iScience 2022; 25:104576. [PMID: 35789834 PMCID: PMC9250006 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of prostate cancer, with a 10% five-year survival rate. However, little is known about its origin and the mechanisms governing its emergence. Our study characterized ADPC and NEPC in prostate tumors from 7 patients using scRNA-seq. First, we identified two NEPC gene expression signatures representing different phases of trans-differentiation. New marker genes we identified may be used for clinical diagnosis. Second, integrative analyses combining expression and subclonal architecture revealed different paths by which NEPC diverges from the original ADPC, either directly from treatment-naïve tumor cells or from specific intermediate states of treatment-resistance. Third, we inferred a hierarchical transcription factor (TF) network underlying the progression, which involves constitutive regulation by ASCL1, FOXA2, and selective regulation by NKX2-2, POU3F2, and SOX2. Together, these results defined the complex expression profiles and advanced our understanding of the genetic and transcriptomic mechanisms leading to NEPC differentiation. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed two distinct transcriptional programs of NEPC Cell-level clonal evolution analysis extended the divergent model of ADPC to NEPC Screening of NEPC-specific transcription factors through network-based approaches
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47
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Symonds L, Konnick E, Vakar-Lopez F, Cheng HH, Schweizer MT, Nelson PS, Pritchard CC, Montgomery B. BRCA2 Alterations in Neuroendocrine/Small-Cell Carcinoma Prostate Cancer: A Case Series. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200091. [PMID: 35834759 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Symonds
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Erik Konnick
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Funda Vakar-Lopez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Heather H Cheng
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael T Schweizer
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA.,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Brotman Baty Institute for Precision Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,VA Puget Sound and Precision Oncology Program for Cancer of the Prostate, Seattle, WA
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48
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Tang F, Xu D, Wang S, Wong CK, Martinez-Fundichely A, Lee CJ, Cohen S, Park J, Hill CE, Eng K, Bareja R, Han T, Liu EM, Palladino A, Di W, Gao D, Abida W, Beg S, Puca L, Meneses M, De Stanchina E, Berger MF, Gopalan A, Dow LE, Mosquera JM, Beltran H, Sternberg CN, Chi P, Scher HI, Sboner A, Chen Y, Khurana E. Chromatin profiles classify castration-resistant prostate cancers suggesting therapeutic targets. Science 2022; 376:eabe1505. [PMID: 35617398 PMCID: PMC9299269 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe1505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the loss of androgen receptor (AR) dependence leads to clinically aggressive tumors with few therapeutic options. We used ATAC-seq (assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing), RNA-seq, and DNA sequencing to investigate 22 organoids, six patient-derived xenografts, and 12 cell lines. We identified the well-characterized AR-dependent and neuroendocrine subtypes, as well as two AR-negative/low groups: a Wnt-dependent subtype, and a stem cell-like (SCL) subtype driven by activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factors. We used transcriptomic signatures to classify 366 patients, which showed that SCL is the second most common subtype of CRPC after AR-dependent. Our data suggest that AP-1 interacts with the YAP/TAZ and TEAD proteins to maintain subtype-specific chromatin accessibility and transcriptomic landscapes in this group. Together, this molecular classification reveals drug targets and can potentially guide therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanying Tang
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Duo Xu
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Shangqian Wang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Urology department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211116, China
| | - Chen Khuan Wong
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander Martinez-Fundichely
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Cindy J. Lee
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sandra Cohen
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jane Park
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Corinne E. Hill
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kenneth Eng
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Rohan Bareja
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Teng Han
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eric Minwei Liu
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Computational Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ann Palladino
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Wei Di
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wassim Abida
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shaham Beg
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Loredana Puca
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Maximiliano Meneses
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elisa De Stanchina
- Antitumor Assessment Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael F. Berger
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lukas E. Dow
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Juan Miguel Mosquera
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Himisha Beltran
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Cora N. Sternberg
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Ping Chi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Howard I. Scher
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Biomarker Development Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Andrea Sboner
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Corresponding authors. (E.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Ekta Khurana
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.,Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021 USA.,Corresponding authors. (E.K.); (Y.C.)
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49
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Frizziero M, Kilgour E, Simpson KL, Rothwell DG, Moore DA, Frese KK, Galvin M, Lamarca A, Hubner RA, Valle JW, McNamara MG, Dive C. Expanding Therapeutic Opportunities for Extrapulmonary Neuroendocrine Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:1999-2019. [PMID: 35091446 PMCID: PMC7612728 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-3058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (PD-NEC) are rare cancers garnering interest as they become more commonly encountered in the clinic. This is due to improved diagnostic methods and the increasingly observed phenomenon of "NE lineage plasticity," whereby nonneuroendocrine (non-NE) epithelial cancers transition to aggressive NE phenotypes after targeted treatment. Effective treatment options for patients with PD-NEC are challenging for several reasons. This includes a lack of targetable, recurrent molecular drivers, a paucity of patient-relevant preclinical models to study biology and test novel therapeutics, and the absence of validated biomarkers to guide clinical management. Although advances have been made pertaining to molecular subtyping of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a PD-NEC of lung origin, extrapulmonary (EP)-PD-NECs remain understudied. This review will address emerging SCLC-like, same-organ non-NE cancer-like and tumor-type-agnostic biological vulnerabilities of EP-PD-NECs, with the potential for therapeutic exploitation. The hypotheses surrounding the origin of these cancers and how "NE lineage plasticity" can be leveraged for therapeutic purposes are discussed. SCLC is herein proposed as a paradigm for supporting progress toward precision medicine in EP-PD-NECs. The aim of this review is to provide a thorough portrait of the current knowledge of EP-PD-NEC biology, with a view to informing new avenues for research and future therapeutic opportunities in these cancers of unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Frizziero
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) Centre of Excellence, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Kilgour
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn L. Simpson
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic G. Rothwell
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Moore
- Cancer Research UK Lung Cancer Centre of Excellence, University College London Cancer Institute, 72 Huntley St, London WC1E 6DD, United Kingdom
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 235 Euston Rd, London NW1 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Kristopher K. Frese
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Galvin
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Lamarca
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) Centre of Excellence, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Hubner
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) Centre of Excellence, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Juan W. Valle
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) Centre of Excellence, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Mairéad G. McNamara
- Division of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Manchester European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) Centre of Excellence, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, 550 Wilmslow Rd, Manchester, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Dive
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute Cancer Biomarker Centre, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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Thomas E, Thankan RS, Purushottamachar P, Huang W, Kane MA, Zhang Y, Ambulos N, Weber DJ, Njar VCO. Transcriptome profiling reveals that VNPP433-3β, the lead next-generation galeterone analog inhibits prostate cancer stem cells by downregulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell markers. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:643-654. [PMID: 35512605 PMCID: PMC9322274 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) virtually present in all tumors albeit in small numbers are primarily responsible for driving cancer progression, metastasis, drug resistance, and recurrence. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer in men worldwide, and castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains a major challenge despite the tremendous advancements in medicine. Currently, none of the available treatment options are effective in treating CRPC. We earlier reported that VNPP433-3β, the lead next-generation galeterone analog is effective in treating preclinical in vivo models of CRPC. In this study using RNA-seq, cytological, and biochemical methods, we report that VNPP433-3β inhibits prostate CSCs by targeting key pathways critical to stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. VNPP433-3β inhibits CSCs in PCa, presumably by degrading the androgen receptor (AR) thereby decreasing the AR-mediated transcription of several stem cell markers including BMI1 and KLF4. Transcriptome analyses by RNA-seq, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis demonstrate that VNPP433-3β inhibits transcription of several genes and functional pathways critical to the prostate CSCs thereby inhibiting CSCs in PCa besides targeting the bulk of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Retheesh S Thankan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Isoprene Pharmaceuticals Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Flavocure Biotech, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiliang Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuji Zhang
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Ambulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Weber
- The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent C O Njar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,The Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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