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Avdonin PP, Blinova MS, Generalova GA, Emirova KM, Avdonin PV. The Role of the Complement System in the Pathogenesis of Infectious Forms of Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Biomolecules 2023; 14:39. [PMID: 38254639 PMCID: PMC10813406 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an acute disease and the most common cause of childhood acute renal failure. HUS is characterized by a triad of symptoms: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In most of the cases, HUS occurs as a result of infection caused by Shiga toxin-producing microbes: hemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1. They account for up to 90% of all cases of HUS. The remaining 10% of cases grouped under the general term atypical HUS represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with similar clinical signs. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to E. coli and S. dysenteriae type 1, a variety of bacterial and viral infections can cause the development of HUS. In particular, infectious diseases act as the main cause of aHUS recurrence. The pathogenesis of most cases of atypical HUS is based on congenital or acquired defects of complement system. This review presents summarized data from recent studies, suggesting that complement dysregulation is a key pathogenetic factor in various types of infection-induced HUS. Separate links in the complement system are considered, the damage of which during bacterial and viral infections can lead to complement hyperactivation following by microvascular endothelial injury and development of acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr P. Avdonin
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, ul. Vavilova, 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.B.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Maria S. Blinova
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, ul. Vavilova, 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.B.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Galina A. Generalova
- Saint Vladimir Moscow City Children’s Clinical Hospital, 107014 Moscow, Russia; (G.A.G.); (K.M.E.)
- Department of Pediatrics, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Khadizha M. Emirova
- Saint Vladimir Moscow City Children’s Clinical Hospital, 107014 Moscow, Russia; (G.A.G.); (K.M.E.)
- Department of Pediatrics, A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Avdonin
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, ul. Vavilova, 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.B.); (P.V.A.)
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Mahajan SD, Aalinkeel R, Parikh NU, Jacob A, Cwiklinski K, Sandhu P, Le K, Loftus AW, Schwartz SA, Quigg RJ, Alexander JJ. Immunomodulatory Role of Complement Proteins in the Neuropathology Associated with Opiate Abuse and HIV-1 Co-Morbidity. Immunol Invest 2018; 46:816-832. [PMID: 29058550 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1371891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The complement system which is a critical mediator of innate immunity plays diverse roles in the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection such as clearing HIV-1 and promoting productive HIV-1 replication. In the development of HIV-1 associated neurological disorders (HAND), there may be an imbalance between complement activation and regulation, which may contribute to the neuronal damage as a consequence of HIV-1 infection. It is well recognized that opiate abuse exacerbates HIV-1 neuropathology, however, little is known about the role of complement proteins in opiate induced neuromodulation, specifically in the presence of co-morbidity such as HIV-1 infection. Complement levels are significantly increased in the HIV-1-infected brain, thus HIV-induced complement synthesis may represent an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of AIDS in the brain, but remains underexplored. Anti-HIV-1 antibodies are able to initiate complement activation in HIV-1 infected CNS cells such as microglia and astrocytes during the course of disease progression; however, this complement activation fails to clear and eradicate HIV-1 from infected cells. In addition, the antiretroviral agents used for HIV therapy cause dysregulation of lipid metabolism, endothelial, and adipocyte cell function, and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We speculate that both HIV-1 and opiates trigger a cytokine-mediated pro-inflammatory stimulus that modulates the complement cascade to exacerbate the virus-induced neurological damage. We examined the expression levels of C1q, SC5b-9, C5L2, C5aR, C3aR, and C9 key members of the complement cascade both in vivo in post mortem brain frontal cortex tissue from patients with HAND who used/did not use heroin, and in vitro using human microglial cultures treated with HIV tat and/or heroin. We observed significant expression of C1q and SC5b-9 by immunofluorescence staining in both the brain cortical and hippocampal region in HAND patients who abused heroin. Additionally, we observed increased gene expression of C5aR, C3aR, and C9 in the brain tissue of both HIV-1 infected patients with HAND who abused and did not abuse heroin, as compared to HIV negative controls. Our results show a significant increase in the expression of complement proteins C9, C5L2, C5aR, and C3aR in HIV transfected microglia and an additional increase in the levels of these complement proteins in heroin-treated HIV transfected microglia. This study highlights the a) potential roles of complement proteins in the pathogenesis of HIV-1-related neurodegenerative disorders; b) the combined effect of an opiate, like heroin, and HIV viral protein like HIV tat on complement proteins in normal human microglial cells and HIV transfected microglial cells. In the context of HAND, targeting selective steps in the complement cascade could help ameliorating the HIV burden in the CNS, thus investigations of complement-related therapeutic approaches for the treatment of HAND are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya D Mahajan
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Ravikumar Aalinkeel
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Neil U Parikh
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander Jacob
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Katherine Cwiklinski
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Prateet Sandhu
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Kevin Le
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Alexander W Loftus
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Stanley A Schwartz
- a SUNY University at Buffalo , Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Richard J Quigg
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jessy J Alexander
- b Division of Nephrology , UB Clinical and Translational Research Center , Buffalo , NY , USA
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Amet T, Lan J, Shepherd N, Yang K, Byrd D, Xing Y, Yu Q. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Anchor Deficiency Attenuates the Production of Infectious HIV-1 and Renders Virions Sensitive to Complement Attack. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:1100-1112. [PMID: 27231035 PMCID: PMC5067833 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2016.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) escapes complement-mediated lysis (CML) by incorporating host regulators of complement activation (RCA) into its envelope. CD59, a key member of RCA, is incorporated into HIV-1 virions at levels that protect against CML. Since CD59 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (GPI-AP), we used GPI anchor-deficient Jurkat cells (Jurkat-7) that express intracellular CD59, but not surface CD59, to study the molecular mechanisms underlying CD59 incorporation into HIV-1 virions and the role of host proteins in virus replication. Compared to Jurkat cells, Jurkat-7 cells were less supportive to HIV-1 replication and more sensitive to CML. Jurkat-7 cells exhibited similar capacities of HIV-1 binding and entry to Jurkat cells, but were less supportive to viral RNA and DNA biosynthesis as infected Jurkat-7 cells produced reduced amounts of HIV-1 RNA and DNA. HIV-1 virions produced from Jurkat-7 cells were CD59 negative, suggesting that viral particles acquire CD59, and probably other host proteins, from the cell membrane rather than intracellular compartments. As a result, CD59-negative virions were sensitive to CML. Strikingly, these virions exhibited reduced activity of virus binding and were less infectious, implicating that GPI-APs may be also important in ensuring the integrity of HIV-1 particles. Transient expression of the PIG-A gene restored CD59 expression on the surface of Jurkat-7 cells. After HIV-1 infection, the restored CD59 was colocalized with viral envelope glycoprotein gp120/gp41 within lipid rafts, which is identical to that on infected Jurkat cells. Thus, HIV-1 virions acquire RCA from the cell surface, likely lipid rafts, to escape CML and ensure viral infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohti Amet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jie Lan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nicole Shepherd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kai Yang
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daniel Byrd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yanyan Xing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, Wenzhou, China
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Lan J, Yang K, Byrd D, Hu N, Amet T, Shepherd N, Desai M, Gao J, Gupta S, Sun Y, Yu Q. Provirus activation plus CD59 blockage triggers antibody-dependent complement-mediated lysis of latently HIV-1-infected cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3577-89. [PMID: 25149467 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Latently HIV-1-infected cells are recognized as the last barrier toward viral eradication and cure. To purge these cells, we combined a provirus stimulant with a blocker of human CD59, a key member of the regulators of complement activation, to trigger Ab-dependent complement-mediated lysis. Provirus stimulants including prostratin and histone deacetylase inhibitors such as romidepsin and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid activated proviruses in the latently HIV-1-infected T cell line ACH-2 as virion production and viral protein expression on the cell surface were induced. Romidepsin was the most attractive provirus stimulant as it effectively activated proviruses at nanomolar concentrations that can be achieved clinically. Antiretroviral drugs including two protease inhibitors (atazanavir and darunavir) and an RT inhibitor (emtricitabine) did not affect the activity of provirus stimulants in the activation of proviruses. However, saquinavir (a protease inhibitor) markedly suppressed virus production, although it did not affect the percentage of cells expressing viral Env on the cell surface. Provirus-activated ACH-2 cells expressed HIV-1 Env that colocalized with CD59 in lipid rafts on the cell surface, facilitating direct interaction between them. Blockage of CD59 rendered provirus-activated ACH-2 cells and primary human CD4(+) T cells that were latently infected with HIV-1 sensitive to Ab-dependent complement-mediated lysis by anti-HIV-1 polyclonal Abs or plasma from HIV-1-infected patients. Therefore, a combination of provirus stimulants with regulators of complement activation blockers represents a novel approach to eliminate HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Daniel Byrd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ningjie Hu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Tohti Amet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nicole Shepherd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mona Desai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Jimin Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology and Application of Model Organisms, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Samir Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Qigui Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Center for AIDS Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202; and
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Complement Regulation and the Host Response to Infection. Xenotransplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818043.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Complement and HIV-I infection/HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2014; 20:184-98. [PMID: 24639397 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-014-0243-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The various neurological complications associated with HIV-1 infection, specifically HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist as a major public health burden worldwide. Despite the widespread use of anti-retroviral therapy, the prevalence of HAND is significantly high. HAND results from the direct effects of an HIV-1 infection as well as secondary effects of HIV-1-induced immune reaction and inflammatory response. Complement, a critical mediator of innate and acquired immunity, plays important roles in defeating many viral infections by the formation of a lytic pore or indirectly by opsonization and recruitment of phagocytes. While the role of complement in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection and HAND has been previously recognized for over 15 years, it has been largely underestimated thus far. Complement can be activated through HIV-1 envelope proteins, mannose-binding lectins (MBL), and anti-HIV-1 antibodies. Complement not only fights against HIV-1 infection but also enhances HIV-1 infection. In addition, HIV-1 can hijack complement regulators such as CD59 and CD55 and can utilize these regulators and factor H to escape from complement attack. Normally, complement levels in brain are much lower than plasma levels and there is no or little complement deposition in brain cells. Interestingly, local production and deposition of complement are dramatically increased in HIV-1-infected brain, indicating that complement may contribute to the pathogenesis of HAND. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of complement in HIV-1 infection and HAND, as well as potential therapeutic approaches targeting the complement system for the treatment and eradications of HIV-1 infection.
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Jia L, Xu Y, Zhang C, Wang Y, Chong H, Qiu S, Wang L, Zhong Y, Liu W, Sun Y, Qiao F, Tomlinson S, Song H, Zhou Y, He Y. A novel trifunctional IgG-like bispecific antibody to inhibit HIV-1 infection and enhance lysis of HIV by targeting activation of complement. Virol J 2010; 7:142. [PMID: 20584336 PMCID: PMC2904741 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complement system is not only a key component of innate immunity but also provides a first line of defense against invading pathogens, especially for viral pathogens. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), however, possesses several mechanisms to evade complement-mediated lysis (CoML) and exploit the complement system to enhance viral infectivity. Responsible for this intrinsic resistance against complement-mediated virolysis are complement regulatory membrane proteins derived from the host cell that inherently downregulates complement activation at several stages of the cascade. In addition, HIV is protected from complement-mediated lysis by binding soluble factor H (fH) through the viral envelope proteins, gp120 and gp41. Whereas inhibition of complement activity is the desired outcome in the vast majority of therapeutic approaches, there is a broader potential for complement-mediated inhibition of HIV by complement local stimulation. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS Our previous studies have proven that the complement-mediated antibody-dependent enhancement of HIV infection is mediated by the association of complement receptor type 2 bound to the C3 fragment and deposited on the surface of HIV virions. Thus, we hypothesize that another new activator of complement, consisting of two dsFv (against gp120 and against C3d respectively) linked to a complement-activating human IgG1 Fc domain ((anti-gp120 x anti-C3d)-Fc), can not only target and amplify complement activation on HIV virions for enhancing the efficiency of HIV lysis, but also reduce the infectivity of HIV through blocking the gp120 and C3d on the surface of HIV. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS Our hypothesis was tested using cell-free HIV-1 virions cultivated in vitro and assessment of virus opsonization was performed by incubating appropriate dilutions of virus with medium containing normal human serum and purified (anti-gp120 x anti-C3d)-Fc proteins. As a control group, viruses were incubated with normal human serum under the same conditions. Virus neutralization assays were used to estimate the degree of (anti-gp120 x anti-C3d)-Fc lysis of HIV compared to untreated virus. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS The targeted complement activator, (anti-gp120 x anti-C3d)-Fc, can be used as a novel approach to HIV therapy by abrogating the complement-enhanced HIV infection of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yuanyong Xu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Chuanfu Zhang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Huihui Chong
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Shaofu Qiu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Ligui Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yanwei Zhong
- The 302nd Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Fei Qiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | - Hongbin Song
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yusen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Yuxian He
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
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Abstract
The complement system, a key component of innate immunity, is a first-line defender against foreign pathogens such as HIV-1. The role of the complement system in HIV-1 pathogenesis appears to be multifaceted. Although the complement system plays critical roles in clearing and neutralizing HIV-1 virions, it also represents a critical factor for the spread and maintenance of the virus in the infected host. In addition, complement regulators such as human CD59 present in the envelope of HIV-1 prevent complement-mediated lysis of HIV-1. Some novel approaches are proposed to combat HIV-1 infection through the enhancement of antibody-dependent complement activity against HIV-1. In this paper, we will review these diverse roles of complement in HIV-1 infection.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Because complement is present in all fluids of the body, including serum, saliva and seminal fluid, and is found at mucosal surfaces and in the brain, all pathogens have to deal with complement proteins. Thus, immediately upon entering the host, independent on the route of infection, HIV activates the complement system. Although a first line of immune defense, complement cannot eliminate retroviral infections completely. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data indicate that complement, in concert with non-neutralizing antibodies, contributes to the control of HIV replication at early stages of infection. In parallel or at later stages, complement and non-neutralizing antibodies may counteract the immune response by enhancing HIV infection via complement and Fc-receptor-positive cells in 'cis' and 'trans'. SUMMARY This review highlights current knowledge in this field and emphasizes the contribution of complement and non-neutralizing antibodies in controlling versus and enhancing infection.
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Hu W, Yu Q, Hu N, Byrd D, Amet T, Shikuma C, Shiramizu B, Halperin JA, Qin X. A high-affinity inhibitor of human CD59 enhances complement-mediated virolysis of HIV-1: implications for treatment of HIV-1/AIDS. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:359-68. [PMID: 19955519 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many pathogenic enveloped viruses, including HIV-1, escape complement-mediated virolysis by incorporating host cell regulators of complement activation into their own viral envelope. The presence of complement regulators including CD59 on the external surface of the viral envelope confers resistance to complement-mediated virolysis, which may explain why human pathogenic viruses such as HIV-1 are not neutralized by complement in human fluids, even in the presence of high Ab titers against the viral surface proteins. In this study, we report the development of a recombinant form of the fourth domain of the bacterial toxin intermedilysin (the recombinant domain 4 of intermedilysin [rILYd4]), a 114 aa protein that inhibits human CD59 function with high affinity and specificity. In the presence of rILYd4, HIV-1 virions derived from either cell lines or peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-1-infected patients became highly sensitive to complement-mediated lysis activated by either anti-HIV-1 gp120 Abs or by viral infection-induced Abs present in the plasma of HIV-1-infected individuals. We also demonstrated that rILYd4 together with serum or plasma from HIV-1-infected patients as a source of anti-HIV-1 Abs and complement did not mediate complement-mediated lysis of either erythrocytes or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These results indicate that rILYd4 may represent a novel therapeutic agent against HIV-1/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiguo Hu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Complement-HIV interactions during all steps of viral pathogenesis. Vaccine 2007; 26:3046-54. [PMID: 18191309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Upon crossing the endothelial barrier of the host, HIV initiates immediate responses of the immunity system. Among its components, the complement system is one of the first the first elements, which are activated to affect HIV propagation. Complement participates not only in the early phase of the immune response, but its effects can be observed continuously and also concern the induction and modification of the adaptive immune response. Here we discuss the role of complement in early and late stages of HIV pathogenesis and review the escape mechanisms, which protect HIV from destruction by the complement system.
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Stoiber H, Speth C, Dierich MP. Role of complement in the control of HIV dynamics and pathogenesis. Vaccine 2003; 21 Suppl 2:S77-82. [PMID: 12763687 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In all ex vivo preparations of HIV tested so far, C3 fragments and, after seroconversion, antibodies were detected on the viral surface. This indicates that HIV survives complement-mediated lysis. The virus has adopted different protection mechanisms to keep complement activation under the threshold necessary to induce virolysis. Among them are complement regulatory proteins that remain functionally active on the surface of HIV and turn down the complement cascade and serum proteins with complement regulatory activities. Therefore, opsonized virions accumulate in HIV-infected individuals, and subsequently adhere to complement receptor (CR) expressing cells. Among them are B cells, which bind opsonized virus. Such bound virus is efficiently transferred to autologous T cells, which subsequently are infected. Other cells interacting via CR with opsonized HIV are follicular dendritic cells (FDC). As shown by ex vivo experiments, up to 80% of virus is bound to follicular dendritic cells through C3-CR interactions. In the brain, HIV is not only interacting with complement proteins, but is able to induce their expression. Thus, interaction of HIV with the complement system is a main mechanism for pathogenesis to AIDS, since retention of (complement-resistant) opsonized viral particles on cell surfaces via CRs occurs in different compartments in HIV-infected individuals, thereby promoting transmission of virus to other permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heribert Stoiber
- Institute of Hygiene and Social Medicine and Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for AIDS Research, University Innsbruck, Fritz Pregl-Strasse 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Haslin C, Chermann JC. Anti-R7V antibodies as therapeutics for HIV-infected patients in failure of HAART. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2002; 13:621-4. [PMID: 12482524 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(02)00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts to use therapeutic antibodies to treat HIV have been unsuccessful owing to the high variability of the viral proteins, the multiplicity of the cellular targets, and the conformational changes of the gp120 glycoprotein during cell binding. A new concept of identifying a cellular antigen associated with the HIV envelope was investigated. The characterized epitope, R7V, is responsible for the formation of antibodies protective against HIV in non-progressor patients. The purified anti-R7V antibodies neutralize all HIV isolates, including the escape mutants after highly active antiretroviral therapy, creating a new therapeutic tool for the treatment of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Haslin
- URRMA R&D, Centre de Vie Agora, ZI des Paluds, BP 1055, 13781 Cedex, Aubagne, France.
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Pintér C, Beltrami S, Stoiber H, Negri DR, Titti F, Clivio A. Interference with complement regulatory molecules as a possible therapeutic strategy in HIV infection. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2000; 9:199-205. [PMID: 11060671 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.9.2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Drugs which inhibit different stages of the HIV infection process, such as cell entry through CD4 and chemokine receptors, production of double stranded DNA from the HIV genome and maturation of newly produced viruses, are now proposed for AIDS therapy. None of these treatments, however, solve the problem of complete HIV eradication and the frequent appearance of mutants displaying drug resistance. We have recently detailed a strategy describing how HIV protects itself from the human complement and propose that interference of this resistance could be a possible target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pintér
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, University of Milano, via G.B. Grassi, 74, I-20157 Milano, Italy
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Abstract
The complement system plays an important role in the antimicrobial defense of the organism. Its components recognize a large variety of pathogens and target them for destruction, either directly by formation of a membrane attack complex or indirectly by recruiting phagocytic cells. In addition, it has several functions in cell activation, clearance of immune complexes, control of inflammatory reactions, chemotaxis and autoimmunity. For mediation of all these tasks of the complement system, complement receptor molecules on the cell surface play a key role. Current knowledge on structure, function, signal transduction and associated molecules is briefly summarized here. The role of complement receptors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated pathogenesis is ambiguous and varies depending on cell type. On the one hand, complement receptors support the infected host to manage HIV infection and to defend itself, at least partially, against viral spreading throughout the organism. Such complement receptor-mediated supporting mechanisms are activation of immune cells and lysis of viral particles and infected host cells. On the other hand, HIV employs complement receptors to intrude more easily into various cell types, to become localized into lymph follicles and to activate viral replication in latently infected cells. This review summarizes the complex interaction of virus and complement receptors in HIV infection for different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Speth
- Institute for Hygiene, Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
In human plasma, HIV activates the complement system, even in the absence of specific antibodies. Complement activation would, however, be harmful to the virus if the reactions were allowed to go to completion, since their final outcome would be virolysis. This is avoided by complement regulatory molecules, which either are included in the virus membrane upon budding from the infected cells (e.g. DAF/CD55) or are secondarily attached to HIV envelope glycoproteins as in the case of factor H. By using this strategy of interaction with complement components, HIV takes advantage of human complement activation for enhancement of infectivity, for follicular localization, and for broadening its target cell range at the same time that it displays an intrinsic resistance against the lytic action of human complement. This intrinsic resistance to complement-mediated virolysis can be overcome by monoclonal antibodies inhibiting recruitment of human factor H to the virus surface, suggesting a new therapeutic principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stoiber
- Institut für Hygiene, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Dierich MP, Frank I, Stoiber H, Clivio A, Spruth M, Steindl F, Katinger HW. The envelope of HIV. Immunol Lett 1996; 54:205-6. [PMID: 9052879 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(96)02674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M P Dierich
- Institut fur Hygiene, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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