1
|
Ghate SD, Pinto L, Alva S, Srinivasa MG, Vangala RK, Naik P, Revanasiddappa BC, Rao RSP. In silico identification of potential phytochemical inhibitors for mpox virus: molecular docking, MD simulation, and ADMET studies. Mol Divers 2024:10.1007/s11030-023-10797-2. [PMID: 38519803 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-023-10797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The mpox virus (MPXV), a member of the Poxviridae family, which recently appeared outside of the African continent has emerged as a global threat to public health. Given the scarcity of antiviral treatments for mpox disease, there is a pressing need to identify and develop new therapeutics. We investigated 5715 phytochemicals from 266 species available in IMMPAT database as potential inhibitors for six MPXV targets namely thymidylate kinase (A48R), DNA ligase (A50R), rifampicin resistance protein (D13L), palmytilated EEV membrane protein (F13L), viral core cysteine proteinase (I7L), and DNA polymerase (E9L) using molecular docking. The best-performing phytochemicals were also subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and in silico ADMET analysis. The top phytochemicals were forsythiaside for A48R, ruberythric acid for A50R, theasinensin F for D13L, theasinensin A for F13L, isocinchophyllamine for I7L, and terchebin for E9L. Interestingly, the binding energies of these potential phytochemical inhibitors were far lower than brincidofovir and tecovirimat, the standard drugs used against MPXV, hinting at better binding properties of the former. These findings may pave the way for developing new MPXV inhibitors based on natural product scaffolds. However, they must be further studied to establish their inhibitory efficacy and toxicity in in vitro and in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudeep D Ghate
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
| | - Larina Pinto
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Shivakiran Alva
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Mahendra Gowdru Srinivasa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte (Deemed to be University) NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - Rajani Kanth Vangala
- Institute for Applied Research and Innovation, Neuome Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, IBAB Campus, Electronic City Phase 1, Bangalore, 560100, India
| | - Prashantha Naik
- Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangaluru, 574199, India
| | - B C Revanasiddappa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Nitte (Deemed to be University) NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (NGSMIPS), Mangaluru, 575018, India
| | - R Shyama Prasad Rao
- Center for Bioinformatics, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
- Central Research Laboratory, KS Hegde Medical Academy, NITTE Deemed to be University, Mangaluru, 575018, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sahoo AK, Augusthian PD, Muralitharan I, Vivek-Ananth RP, Kumar K, Kumar G, Ranganathan G, Samal A. In silico identification of potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins from FDA approved drugs. Mol Divers 2023; 27:2169-2184. [PMID: 36331784 PMCID: PMC9638297 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) recently declared the monkeypox outbreak 'A public health emergency of international concern'. The monkeypox virus belongs to the same Orthopoxvirus genus as smallpox. Although smallpox drugs are recommended for use against monkeypox, monkeypox-specific drugs are not yet available. Drug repurposing is a viable and efficient approach in the face of such an outbreak. Therefore, we present a computational drug repurposing study to identify the existing approved drugs which can be potential inhibitors of vital monkeypox virus proteins, thymidylate kinase and D9 decapping enzyme. The target protein structures of the monkeypox virus were modelled using the corresponding protein structures in the vaccinia virus. We identified four potential inhibitors namely, Tipranavir, Cefiderocol, Doxorubicin, and Dolutegravir as candidates for repurposing against monkeypox virus from a library of US FDA approved antiviral and antibiotic drugs using molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The main goal of this in silico study is to identify potential inhibitors against monkeypox virus proteins that can be further experimentally validated for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents against monkeypox disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Sahoo
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | | | | | - R P Vivek-Ananth
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India
| | - Kishan Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India
| | | | - Areejit Samal
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Chennai, 600113, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Mumbai, 400094, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sib Tul Hassan Shah S, Naeem I. In-silico targeting TMPK from monkey pox virus: Molecular docking analysis, density functional theory studies and molecular dynamic simulation analysis. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:14689-14701. [PMID: 36970852 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2193998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed the monkeypox epidemic a "public health emergency of worldwide significance" recently. The monkeypox virus is a member of the same Orthopoxvirus genus as the smallpox virus. Although smallpox medications are advised against monkeypox, no monkeypox-specific drugs are currently available. In the event of such an outbreak, in-silico medication identification is a practical and efficient strategy. As a result, we report a computational drug repurposing analysis to discover medicines that may be potential inhibitors of thymidylate kinase, a critical monkeypox viral enzyme. The target protein structure of the monkeypox virus was modeled using the vaccinia virus's homologous protein structure. Using molecular docking and density functional theory, we found 11 possible inhibitors of the monkeypox virus from an Asinex library of 261120 chemicals. The primary purpose of this in silico work is to find possible inhibitors of monkeypox viral proteins that can then be experimentally tested in order to develop innovative therapeutic medicines for monkeypox infection.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sib Tul Hassan Shah
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Naeem
- Department of Life Science, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luciani L, Lapidus N, Amroun A, Falchi A, Souksakhone C, Mayxay M, Dubot-Pérès A, Villarroel PMS, Diarra I, Koita O, Gallian P, de Lamballerie X. Orthopoxvirus Seroprevalence and Infection Susceptibility in France, Bolivia, Laos, and Mali. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2463-2471. [PMID: 36343384 PMCID: PMC9707606 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.221136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine a demographic overview of orthopoxvirus seroprevalence, we tested blood samples collected during 2003-2019 from France (n = 4,876), Bolivia (n = 601), Laos (n = 657), and Mali (n = 255) for neutralizing antibodies against vaccinia virus. In addition, we tested 4,448 of the 4,876 samples from France for neutralizing antibodies against cowpox virus. We confirmed extensive cross-immunity between the 2 viruses. Seroprevalence of antibodies was <1% in Bolivia, <5% in Laos, and 17.25% in Mali. In France, we found low prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in persons who were unvaccinated and vaccinated for smallpox, suggesting immunosenescence occurred in vaccinated persons, and smallpox vaccination compliance declined before the end of compulsory vaccination. Our results suggest that populations in Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America are susceptible to orthopoxvirus infections, which might have precipitated the emergence of orthopoxvirus infections such as the 2022 spread of monkeypox in Europe.
Collapse
|
5
|
Quach HQ, Ovsyannikova IG, Poland GA, Kennedy RB. Evaluating immunogenicity of pathogen-derived T-cell epitopes to design a peptide-based smallpox vaccine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15401. [PMID: 36100624 PMCID: PMC9470075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the eradication in 1980, developing safe and effective smallpox vaccines remains an active area of research due to the recent outbreaks and the public health concern that smallpox viruses could be used as bioterrorism weapons. Identifying immunogenic peptides (epitopes) would create a foundation for the development of a robust peptide-based vaccine. We previously identified a library of naturally-processed, human leukocyte antigen class I-presented vaccinia-derived peptides from infected B cells. In the current study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of these T-cell peptides in both transgenic mouse models and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A vaccine based on four selected peptides provided 100% protection against a lethal viral challenge. In addition, responses from memory T cells remained unchanged up to five months. Our results validate a practical approach for identifying and verifying immunogenic peptides for vaccine development and highlight the potential of peptide-based vaccines for various infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huy Quang Quach
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | | | - Gregory A Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Richard B Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Enhanced safety surveillance study of ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine among US military service members. Vaccine 2021; 39:5541-5547. [PMID: 34454787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the rates of myopericarditis (primary objective) and rates of cardiovascular and neurological adverse events (secondary objectives) in temporal association with ACAM2000® smallpox vaccine. METHODS Observational cohort study conducted through monthly surveillance from 2009 to 2017 of electronic medical records of military service members (SM) for pre-specified cardiac and neurological International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes reported in the 30 days following smallpox vaccination. ICD codes potentially predictive of myopericarditis and codes for encephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and sudden death were classified into Group 1. All other cardiovascular and neurological ICD codes were classified into Group 2. Medical records containing Group 1 codes were individually reviewed to confirm coding accuracy and to seek additional data in support of myopericarditis adjudication, which was performed by an independent clinical panel. Chart reviews were not performed for Group 2 codes, which were reported in aggregate only. RESULTS 897,227 SM who received ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine and 450,000 SM who received Dryvax smallpox vaccine were included in the surveillance population. The rate of adjudicated myopericarditis among ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine recipients was 20.06/100,000 and was significantly higher for males (21.8/100,000) than females (8.5/100,000) and for those < 40 years of age (21.1/100,000) than for those 40 years or older (6.3/100,000). Overall rates for any cardiovascular event (Group 1 plus Group 2) were 113.5/100,000 for ACAM2000 vaccine and 439.3/100,000 for Dryvax vaccine; rate ratio, 0.26 (95% CI, 0.24-0.28). The rates of subjects with one or more defined neurological events were 2.12/100,000 and 1.11/100,000 for ACAM2000 and Dryvax vaccines respectively; rate ratio, 1.91 (95% CI, 0.71-5.10). CONCLUSIONS Electronic records surveillance of the entire vaccinated SM population over a ten-year period found rates of myopericarditis, of defined neurological events, and of overall cardiac events that were consistent with those of prior passive surveillance studies involving Dryvax or ACAM2000 smallpox vaccines. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00927719.
Collapse
|
7
|
Faix DJ, Gordon DM, Perry LN, Raymond-Loher I, Tati N, Lin G, DiPietro G, Selmani A, Decker MD. Prospective safety surveillance study of ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine in deploying military personnel. Vaccine 2020; 38:7323-7330. [PMID: 32967791 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare rates of myopericarditis, severe and serious dermatological or neurological events, and other adverse events in deploying US military personnel who received or did not receive ACAM2000® (Smallpox [Vaccinia] Vaccine, Live) vaccine and to evaluate potential risk factors for development of myopericarditis. METHODS Prospective observational cohort study enrolling up to 15,000 ACAM2000 recipients (Cohort 1) and up to 5000 persons otherwise eligible for ACAM2000 vaccination but not vaccinated due to recency of vaccination or characteristics of their contacts (Cohort 2). Data and specimens were collected initially and 10 (6-17) days later. Those with clinical or laboratory evidence of possible myopericarditis were referred for further evaluation and adjudication by a blinded independent review committee. The adjusted odds ratio for myopericarditis was determined by a logistic regression model controlling for age, race, gender, and exercise regimen. RESULTS 14,667 subjects provided initial data and specimens (Cohort 1, 10,825; Cohort 2, 3842); 12,110 (Cohort 1, 8945; Cohort 2, 3165) completed Visit 2 per-protocol. A total of 125 (Cohort 1, 111; Cohort 2, 14) were referred for myopericarditis adjudication, yielding 54 (Cohort 1, 44, Cohort 2, 10) subclinical myopericarditis, 5 suspected myocarditis, 1 confirmed myocarditis, and 1 suspected pericarditis. Unadjusted myopericarditis rates were: Cohort 1, 5.7/1000 (95% CI, 4.3-7.5); Cohort 2, 3.2/1000 (95% CI, 1.7-5.8). Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for myopericarditis were 1.8 (95% CI: 0.9-3.6) and 1.3 (95% CI: 0.6-2.6), respectively. One hundred seventeen subjects (1.1%) in Cohort 1 and 13 (0.3%) in Cohort 2 experienced at least 1 serious adverse event. No instances of serious and severe neurological or dermatological adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS In this carefully screened, generally young and healthy service-member population, ACAM2000 vaccination was associated with modest non-significant increases in the risk of myopericarditis (adjusted OR, 1.3; unadjusted OR, 1.8); all but seven cases were subclinical. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00928577.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lori N Perry
- Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Nita Tati
- Sanofi Pasteur Inc, Swiftwater, PA, USA
| | - Grace Lin
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Michael D Decker
- Sanofi Pasteur Inc, Swiftwater, PA, USA; Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Coudron L, McDonnell MB, Munro I, McCluskey DK, Johnston ID, Tan CK, Tracey MC. Fully integrated digital microfluidics platform for automated immunoassay; A versatile tool for rapid, specific detection of a wide range of pathogens. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 128:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Baig MMF, Chen YC. Gold nanocluster-based fluorescence sensing probes for detection of dipicolinic acid. Analyst 2019; 144:3289-3296. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00240e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A switched-on fluorescence sensing probe for the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA) is demonstrated in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chie Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 300
- Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Differential detection of a surrogate biological threat agent ( Bacillus globigii ) with a portable surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 78:160-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
11
|
Singh VV, Wang J. Nano/micromotors for security/defense applications. A review. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:19377-19389. [PMID: 26554557 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The new capabilities of man-made micro/nanomotors open up considerable opportunities for diverse security and defense applications. This review highlights new micromotor-based strategies for enhanced security monitoring and detoxification of chemical and biological warfare agents (CBWA). The movement of receptor-functionalized nanomotors offers great potential for sensing and isolating target bio-threats from complex samples. New mobile reactive materials based on zeolite or activated carbon offer considerable promise for the accelerated removal of chemical warfare agents. A wide range of proof-of-concept motor-based approaches, including the detection and destruction of anthrax spores, 'on-off' nerve-agent detection or effective neutralization of chemical warfare agents have thus been demonstrated. The propulsion of micromotors and their corresponding bubble tails impart significant mixing that greatly accelerates such detoxification processes. These nanomotors will thus empower sensing and destruction where stirring large quantities of decontaminating reagents and controlled mechanical agitation are impossible or undesired. New technological breakthroughs and greater sophistication of micro/nanoscale machines will lead to rapid translation of the micromotor research activity into practical defense applications, addressing the escalating threat of CBWA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virendra V Singh
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dittmann C, Han HM, Grabenbauer M, Laue M. Dormant Bacillus spores protect their DNA in crystalline nucleoids against environmental stress. J Struct Biol 2015; 191:156-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
13
|
Orozco J, Pan G, Sattayasamitsathit S, Galarnyk M, Wang J. Micromotors to capture and destroy anthrax simulant spores. Analyst 2015; 140:1421-7. [PMID: 25622851 DOI: 10.1039/c4an02169j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Towards addressing the need for detecting and eliminating biothreats, we describe a micromotor-based approach for screening, capturing, isolating and destroying anthrax simulant spores in a simple and rapid manner with minimal sample processing. The B. globilli antibody-functionalized micromotors can recognize, capture and transport B. globigii spores in environmental matrices, while showing non-interactions with excess of non-target bacteria. Efficient destruction of the anthrax simulant spores is demonstrated via the micromotor-induced mixing of a mild oxidizing solution. The new micromotor-based approach paves a way to dynamic multifunctional systems that rapidly recognize, isolate, capture and destroy biological threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jahir Orozco
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vilela D, Orozco J, Cheng G, Sattayasamitsathit S, Galarnyk M, Kan C, Wang J, Escarpa A. Multiplexed immunoassay based on micromotors and microscale tags. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3505-3509. [PMID: 25017813 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00596a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the coupling of antibody-functionalized micromotors and microwire-tagged proteins for rapid and multiplexed immunoassays. While micromotor-induced mixing accelerates the immunoreaction, tagging the proteins with microscopic particles of different sizes and shapes allows for their multiplexed discrimination, alerting of the presence of a biological threat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Vilela
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Adamo R. Glycan surface antigens fromBacillus anthracisas vaccine targets: current status and future perspectives. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:895-907. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.924404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
16
|
Gilman JK, Wright M, Clifford Lane H, Schoomaker EB. A model of federal interagency cooperation: the National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research. Biosecur Bioterror 2014; 12:144-50. [PMID: 24819736 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2013.0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The terrorist attacks of September 11 and the anthrax mailings a month later prompted a sweeping response by the federal government to improve the preparedness of the US to meet the potential threat posed by a terrorist using a biological agent. This response transcended traditional interagency boundaries, creating new opportunities while producing unique fiscal and leadership challenges. The National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research has made significant progress over the past 12 years because of its ability to adapt to the need for interagency cooperation and overcome many of these challenges. As construction of the National Interagency Biodefense Campus at Fort Detrick nears completion, the US has the capability to pursue a unique whole-of-government approach to the development of medical measures to counter the threat of bioterrorism. In addition to the high-level support of many in the federal government, the key success factors for this effort have been (1) a critical mass of leaders with the right leadership characteristics, (2) development of a compelling vision and accompanying narrative understood and articulated by all partnering organizations, and (3) recognition of the need for a partnership office to do the important communication and collaboration work in the organization to synchronize the information available to all the partners. The major barrier to interagency cooperative efforts of this kind is the inability to comingle funds from different appropriations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang CG, Chromy BA, McCutchen-Maloney SL. Host–pathogen interactions: a proteomic view. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 2:187-202. [PMID: 15892564 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2.2.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions reflect the balance of host defenses and pathogen virulence mechanisms. Advances in proteomic technologies now afford opportunities to compare protein content between complex biologic systems ranging from cells to animals and clinical samples. Thus, it is now possible to characterize host-pathogen interactions from a global proteomic view. Most reports to date focus on cataloging protein content of pathogens and identifying virulence-associated proteins or proteomic alterations in host response. A more in-depth understanding of host-pathogen interactions has the potential to improve our mechanistic understanding of pathogenicity and virulence, thereby defining novel therapeutic and vaccine targets. In addition, proteomic characterization of the host response can provide pathogen-specific host biomarkers for rapid pathogen detection and characterization, as well as for early and specific detection of infectious diseases. A review of host-pathogen interactions focusing on proteomic analyses of both pathogen and host will be presented. Relevant genomic studies and host model systems will be also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia G Zhang
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Biosciences Directorate, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hickman HD, Reynoso GV, Ngudiankama BF, Rubin EJ, Magadán JG, Cush SS, Gibbs J, Molon B, Bronte V, Bennink JR, Yewdell JW. Anatomically restricted synergistic antiviral activities of innate and adaptive immune cells in the skin. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 13:155-68. [PMID: 23414756 PMCID: PMC3591514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive ex vivo investigation, the spatiotemporal organization of immune cells interacting with virus-infected cells in tissues remains uncertain. To address this, we used intravital multiphoton microscopy to visualize immune cell interactions with virus-infected cells following epicutaneous vaccinia virus (VV) infection of mice. VV infects keratinocytes in epidermal foci and numerous migratory dermal inflammatory monocytes that outlie the foci. We observed Ly6G(+) innate immune cells infiltrating and controlling foci, while CD8(+) T cells remained on the periphery killing infected monocytes. Most antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells in the skin did not interact with virus-infected cells. Blocking the generation of reactive nitrogen species relocated CD8(+) T cells into foci, modestly reducing viral titers. Depletion of Ly6G(+) and CD8(+) cells dramatically increased viral titers, consistent with their synergistic but spatially segregated viral clearance activities. These findings highlight previously unappreciated differences in the anatomic specialization of antiviral immune cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather D Hickman
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rugged single domain antibody detection elements for Bacillus anthracis spores and vegetative cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32801. [PMID: 22412927 PMCID: PMC3295763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts to develop both laboratory and field-based detection assays for an array of potential biological threats started well before the anthrax attacks of 2001 and have continued with renewed urgency following. While numerous assays and methods have been explored that are suitable for laboratory utilization, detection in the field is often complicated by requirements for functionality in austere environments, where limited cold-chain facilities exist. In an effort to overcome these assay limitations for Bacillus anthracis, one of the most recognizable threats, a series of single domain antibodies (sdAbs) were isolated from a phage display library prepared from immunized llamas. Characterization of target specificity, affinity, and thermal stability was conducted for six sdAb families isolated from rounds of selection against the bacterial spore. The protein target for all six sdAb families was determined to be the S-layer protein EA1, which is present in both vegetative cells and bacterial spores. All of the sdAbs examined exhibited a high degree of specificity for the target bacterium and its spore, with affinities in the nanomolar range, and the ability to refold into functional antigen-binding molecules following several rounds of thermal denaturation and refolding. This research demonstrates the capabilities of these sdAbs and their potential for integration into current and developing assays and biosensors.
Collapse
|
20
|
Norris MH, Propst KL, Kang Y, Dow SW, Schweizer HP, Hoang TT. The Burkholderia pseudomallei Δasd mutant exhibits attenuated intracellular infectivity and imparts protection against acute inhalation melioidosis in mice. Infect Immun 2011; 79:4010-8. [PMID: 21807903 PMCID: PMC3187240 DOI: 10.1128/iai.05044-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the cause of serious and life-threatening diseases in humans, is of national biodefense concern because of its potential use as a bioterrorism agent. This microbe is listed as a select agent by the CDC; therefore, development of vaccines is of significant importance. Here, we further investigated the growth characteristics of a recently created B. pseudomallei 1026b Δasd mutant in vitro, in a cell model, and in an animal model of infection. The mutant was typified by an inability to grow in the absence of exogenous diaminopimelate (DAP); upon single-copy complementation with a wild-type copy of the asd gene, growth was restored to wild-type levels. Further characterization of the B. pseudomallei Δasd mutant revealed a marked decrease in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cytotoxicity compared to the wild type and the complemented Δasd mutant. RAW264.7 cells infected by the Δasd mutant did not exhibit signs of cytopathology or multinucleated giant cell (MNGC) formation, which were observed in wild-type B. pseudomallei cell infections. The Δasd mutant was found to be avirulent in BALB/c mice, and mice vaccinated with the mutant were protected against acute inhalation melioidosis. Thus, the B. pseudomallei Δasd mutant may be a promising live attenuated vaccine strain and a biosafe strain for consideration of exclusion from the select agent list.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. Norris
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoa, Hawaii 96822
| | - Katie L. Propst
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | | | - Steven W. Dow
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Herbert P. Schweizer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Tung T. Hoang
- Department of Microbiology
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoa, Hawaii 96822
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jung JH, Hwang GB, Lee JE, Bae GN. Preparation of airborne Ag/CNT hybrid nanoparticles using an aerosol process and their application to antimicrobial air filtration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10256-64. [PMID: 21751779 DOI: 10.1021/la201851r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely used in a variety of applications because of their unique structure and excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Additionally, silver (Ag) nanoparticles exhibit broad-spectrum biocidal activity toward many different bacteria, fungi, and viruses. In this study, we prepared Ag-coated CNT hybrid nanoparticles (Ag/CNTs) using aerosol nebulization and thermal evaporation/condensation processes and tested their usefulness for antimicrobial air filtration. Droplets were generated from a CNT suspension using a six-jet collison nebulizer, passed through a diffusion dryer to remove moisture, and entered a thermal tube furnace where silver nanoparticles were generated by thermal evaporation/condensation at ∼980 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. The CNT and Ag nanoparticle aerosols mixed together and attached to each other, forming Ag/CNTs. For physicochemical characterization, the Ag/CNTs were introduced into a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) for size distribution measurements and were sampled by the nanoparticle sampler for morphological and elemental analyses. For antimicrobial air filtration applications, the airborne Ag/CNT particles generated were deposited continuously onto an air filter medium. Physical characteristics (fiber morphology, pressure drop, and filtration efficiency) and biological characteristics (antimicrobial tests against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli bioaerosols) were evaluated. Real-time SMPS and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data showed that Ag nanoparticles that were <20 nm in diameter were homogeneously dispersed and adhered strongly to the CNT surfaces. Because of the attachment of Ag nanoparticles onto the CNT surfaces, the total particle surface area concentration measured by a nanoparticle surface area monitor (NSAM) was lower than the summation of each Ag nanoparticle and CNT generated. When Ag/CNTs were deposited on the surface of an air filter medium, the antimicrobial activity against test bacterial bioaerosols was enhanced, compared with the deposition of CNTs or Ag nanoparticles alone, whereas the filter pressure drop and bioaerosol filtration efficiency were similar to those of CNT deposition only. At a residence time of 2 h, the relative microbial viabilities of gram-positive S. epidermidis were ∼32, 13, 5, and 0.9% on the control, CNT-, Ag nanoparticle-, and Ag/CNT-deposited filters, respectively, and those of gram-negative E. coli were 13, 2.1, 0.4, and 0.1% on the control, CNTs, Ag nanoparticles, and Ag/CNTs, respectively. These Ag/CNT hybrid nanoparticles may be useful for applications in biomedical devices and antibacterial control systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Jung
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Al-Saleem FH, Nasser Z, Olson RM, Cao L, Simpson LL. Identification of the factors that govern the ability of therapeutic antibodies to provide postchallenge protection against botulinum toxin: a model for assessing postchallenge efficacy of medical countermeasures against agents of bioterrorism and biological warfare. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:503-17. [PMID: 21586604 PMCID: PMC3141897 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.180653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies are one of the major classes of medical countermeasures that can provide protection against potential bioweapons such as botulinum toxin. Although a broad array of antibodies are being evaluated for their ability to neutralize the toxin, there is little information that defines the circumstances under which these antibodies can be used. In the present study, an effort was made to quantify the temporal factors that govern therapeutic antibody use in a postchallenge scenario. Experiments were done involving inhalation administration of toxin to mice, intravenous administration to mice, and direct application to murine phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm preparations. As part of this study, several pharmacokinetic characteristics of botulinum toxin and neutralizing antibodies were measured. The core observation that emerged from the work was that the window of opportunity within which postchallenge administration of antibodies exerted a beneficial effect increased as the challenge dose of toxin decreased. The critical factor in establishing the window of opportunity was the amount of time needed for fractional redistribution of a neuroparalytic quantum of toxin from the extraneuronal space to the intraneuronal space. This redistribution event was a dose-dependent phenomenon. It is likely that the approach used to identify the factors that govern postchallenge efficacy of antibodies against botulinum toxin can be used to assess the factors that govern postchallenge efficacy of medical countermeasures against any agent of bioterrorism or biological warfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fetweh H Al-Saleem
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 119107, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Caruana DJ. Detection and analysis of airborne particles of biological origin: present and future. Analyst 2011; 136:4641-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
25
|
Laue M, Bannert N. Detection limit of negative staining electron microscopy for the diagnosis of bioterrorism-related micro-organisms. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1159-68. [PMID: 20456527 PMCID: PMC7197746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To determine the detection limit of diagnostic negative staining electron microscopy for the diagnosis of pathogens that could be used for bioterrorism. Methods and Results: Suspensions of vaccinia poxvirus and endospores of Bacillus subtilis were used at defined concentrations as a model for poxviruses and spores of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), both of which are pathogens that could be used for bioterrorist attacks. Negative staining electron microscopy was performed directly or after sedimentation of these suspensions on to the sample supports using airfuge ultracentrifugation. For both virus and spores, the detection limit using direct adsorption of a 10‐μl sample volume onto the sample support was 106 particles per ml. Using airfuge ultracentrifugation with a sample volume of 80 μl, the detection limit could be reduced to 105 particles per ml for spores and to 5 × 104 particles per ml for poxviruses. The influence on particle detection of incubation time, washing and adsorption procedures was investigated. Conclusions: The reproducibility and sensitivity of the method were acceptable, particularly considering the small sample volume and low particle number applied onto the sample support. Significance and Impact of the Study: Diagnostic negative staining electron microscopy is used for the diagnosis of pathogens in emergency situations because it allows a rapid examination of all particulate matter down to the nanometre scale. This study provides precise detection limit for the method, an important factor for the validation and improvement of the technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Laue
- Centre for Biological Safety 4, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oscherwitz J, Yu F, Cease KB. A synthetic peptide vaccine directed against the 2ß2-2ß3 loop of domain 2 of protective antigen protects rabbits from inhalation anthrax. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3661-8. [PMID: 20696862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The current vaccines for anthrax in the United States and United Kingdom are efficacious in the two most accepted animal models of inhalation anthrax, nonhuman primates and rabbits, but require extensive immunization protocols. We previously demonstrated that a linear determinant in domain 2 of Bacillus anthracis protective Ag (PA) is a potentially important target for an epitope-specific vaccine for anthrax, as Abs specific for this site, referred to as the loop-neutralizing determinant (LND), neutralize lethal toxin in vitro, yet are virtually absent in PA-immunized rabbits. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy in rabbits of multiple antigenic peptides (MAPs) consisting of aa 304-319 from the LND of PA colinearly synthesized at the C terminus (T-B MAP) or N terminus (B-T MAP) with a heterologous T cell epitope from Plasmodium falciparum. Immunogenicity studies demonstrated that both MAPs elicited toxin-neutralizing Ab in rabbits. To evaluate the MAPs as potential anthrax vaccines, we immunized groups of rabbits (n = 7) with each MAP in Freund's adjuvant and then exposed all rabbits to a 200-LD(50) challenge with aerosolized spores of B. anthracis Ames strain. All seven rabbits immunized with the B-T MAP and 89% (six of seven) of rabbits immunized with the T-B MAP survived the spore challenge. Corollary studies with reference sera from human vaccinees immunized with rPA or anthrax vaccine absorbed and nonhuman primates immunized with PA revealed no detectable Ab with specificity for the LND. We conclude that a synthetic peptide vaccine targeting the LND would be a potentially efficacious vaccine for anthrax.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Oscherwitz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Klinman DM, Klaschik S, Tomaru K, Shirota H, Tross D, Ikeuchi H. Immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotides: Effect on gene expression and utility as vaccine adjuvants. Vaccine 2010; 28:1919-23. [PMID: 20188247 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs mimic the immunostimulatory activity of bacterial DNA. CpG ODN directly stimulate B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC), promote the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and trigger the maturation/activation of professional antigen presenting cells. CpG ODN are finding use as vaccine adjuvants, where they increase the speed, magnitude and duration of vaccine-specific immune responses. For example, CpG ODN significantly prolong the protection induced by AVA (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed). Unexpectedly, a majority of animals immunized with CpG-adjuvanted AVA maintain resistance to anthrax infection even after their Ab titers decline to sub-protective levels. This survival is mediated by the de novo production of protective Abs by high affinity long-lived memory B cells. The immunostimulatory activity of CpG ODN was probed at the molecular level by microarray. Results show that a small group of 'inducers' rapidly up-regulated a large network genes following CpG treatment of mice. This stimulatory activity is quenched by 'suppressors' that down-regulate the expression of targeted genes, including most of the 'inducers'. These findings shed light on the mechanism underlying CpG-mediated immune activation and therapeutic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Direct TLR2 signaling is critical for NK cell activation and function in response to vaccinia viral infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1000811. [PMID: 20300608 PMCID: PMC2837413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in innate immune control of poxviral infections in vivo. However, the mechanism(s) underlying NK cell activation and function in response to poxviruses remains poorly understood. In a mouse model of infection with vaccinia virus (VV), the most studied member of the poxvirus family, we identified that the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88) pathway was critical for the activation of NK cells and the control of VV infection in vivo. We further showed that TLR2 signaling on NK cells, but not on accessory cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), was necessary for NK cell activation and that this intrinsic TLR2-MyD88 signaling pathway was required for NK cell activation and played a critical role in the control of VV infection in vivo. In addition, we showed that the activating receptor NKG2D was also important for efficient NK activation and function, as well as recognition of VV-infected targets. We further demonstrated that VV could directly activate NK cells via TLR2 in the presence of cytokines in vitro and TLR2-MyD88-dependent activation of NK cells by VV was mediated through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Taken together, these results represent the first evidence that intrinsic TLR signaling is critical for NK cell activation and function in the control of a viral infection in vivo, indicate that multiple pathways are required for efficient NK cell activation and function in response to VV infection, and may provide important insights into the design of effective strategies to combat poxviral infections. NK cells are an important component of innate immunity in fighting against poxviral infections in vivo. However, how NK cells are activated and exert their function in controlling poxviruses remains poorly understood. In this paper, we found that VV, the most studied member of the poxvirus family, could directly activate TLR2 on NK cells and that the direct TLR2 stimulation was critical for NK cell activation and function in the control of VV infection in vivo. We further showed that TLR2-dependent NK cell activation by VV was mediated through the PI3K-ERK pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that the activating receptor NKG2D was also required for efficient NK cell activation and function. Collectively, these results represent the first evidence that direct TLR signaling is crucial to NK cell activation and function in the control of a viral infection in vivo, indicate that multiple pathways are required for efficient NK cell activation, and may provide important insights into the design of effective strategies to combat poxviral infections.
Collapse
|
29
|
House T, Hall I, Danon L, Keeling MJ. Contingency planning for a deliberate release of smallpox in Great Britain--the role of geographical scale and contact structure. BMC Infect Dis 2010; 10:25. [PMID: 20152056 PMCID: PMC2831898 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-10-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the event of a release of a pathogen such as smallpox, which is human-to-human transmissible and has high associated mortality, a key question is how best to deploy containment and control strategies. Given the general uncertainty surrounding this issue, mathematical modelling has played an important role in informing the likely optimal response, in particular defining the conditions under which mass-vaccination would be appropriate. In this paper, we consider two key questions currently unanswered in the literature: firstly, what is the optimal spatial scale for intervention; and secondly, how sensitive are results to the modelling assumptions made about the pattern of human contacts? Methods Here we develop a novel mathematical model for smallpox that incorporates both information on individual contact structure (which is important if the effects of contact tracing are to be captured accurately) and large-scale patterns of movement across a range of spatial scales in Great Britain. Results Analysis of this model confirms previous work suggesting that a locally targeted 'ring' vaccination strategy is optimal, and that this conclusion is actually quite robust for different socio-demographic and epidemiological assumptions. Conclusions Our method allows for intuitive understanding of the reasons why national mass vaccination is typically predicted to be suboptimal. As such, we present a general framework for fast calculation of expected outcomes during the attempted control of diverse emerging infections; this is particularly important given that parameters would need to be interactively estimated and modelled in any release scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas House
- Warwick Mathematics Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Klinman DM, Yamamoto M, Tross D, Tomaru K. Anthrax prevention and treatment: utility of therapy combining antibiotic plus vaccine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 9:1477-86. [PMID: 19769541 DOI: 10.1517/14712590903307347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The intentional release of anthrax spores in 2001 confirmed this pathogen's ability to cause widespread panic, morbidity and mortality. While individuals exposed to anthrax can be successfully treated with antibiotics, pre-exposure vaccination can reduce susceptibility to infection-induced illness. Concern over the safety and immunogenicity of the licensed US vaccine (Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (AVA)) has fueled research into alternatives. Second-generation anthrax vaccines based on purified recombinant protective antigen (rPA) have entered clinical trials. These rPA vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent illness, but the magnitude and duration of the resultant protective response is modest. Efforts are underway to bolster the immunogenicity of rPA by combining it with adjuvants and other immunostimulatory agents. Third generation vaccines are under development that utilize a wide variety of immunization platforms, antigens, adjuvants, delivery methods and routes of delivery to optimize the induction of a protective immunity. For the foreseeable future, vaccination will rely on first and second generation vaccines co-administered with immune adjuvants. Optimal post-exposure treatment of immunologically naive individuals should include a combination of vaccine plus antibiotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute (NCI), NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jung JH, Lee JE, Hwang GB, Lee BU, Lee SB, Jurng JS, Bae GN. Electrospray-Assisted Ultraviolet Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Spectrometer for Real-time Characterization of Bacterial Particles. Anal Chem 2009; 82:664-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac902189n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Jung
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Byoung Hwang
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Uk Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Bok Lee
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Jurng
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Nam Bae
- Global Environment Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea, Public Health Microbiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Yeongeon-dong, Jongro-gu, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea, Aerosol and Bioengineering Laboratory, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Protection against anthrax and plague by a combined vaccine in mice and rabbits. Vaccine 2009; 27:7436-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
33
|
Jung JH, Lee JE, Kim SS. Thermal effects on bacterial bioaerosols in continuous air flow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4723-4730. [PMID: 19482337 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to bacterial bioaerosols can have adverse effects on health, such as infectious diseases, acute toxic effects, and allergies. The search for ways of preventing and curing the harmful effects of bacterial bioaerosols has created a strong demand for the study and development of an efficient method of controlling bioaerosols. We investigated the thermal effects on bacterial bioaerosols of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis by using a thermal electric heating system in continuous air flow. The bacterial bioaerosols were exposed to a surrounding temperature that ranged from 20 degrees C to 700 degrees C for about 0.3 s. Both E. coli and B. subtilis vegetative cells were rendered more than 99.9% inactive at 160 degrees C and 350 degrees C of wall temperature of the quartz tube, respectively. Although the data on bacterial injury showed that the bacteria tended to sustain greater damage as the surrounding temperature increased, Gram-negative E. coli was highly sensitive to structural injury but Gram-positive B. subtilis was slightly more sensitive to metabolic injury. In addition, the inactivation of E. coli endotoxins was found to range from 9.2% (at 200 degrees C) to 82.0% (at 700 degrees C). However, the particle size distribution and morphology of both bacterial bioaerosols were maintained, despite exposure to a surrounding temperature of 700 degrees C. Our results show that thermal heating in a continuous air flow can be used with short exposure time to control bacterial bioaerosols by rendering the bacteria and endotoxins to a large extent inactive. This result could also be useful for developing more effective thermal treatment strategies for use in air purification or sterilization systems to control bioaerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hee Jung
- Aerosol and Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Inhibition of vaccinia virus replication by peptide aptamers. Antiviral Res 2009; 82:134-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.02.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
35
|
Duncan EJS, Kournikakis B, Ho J, Hill I. Pulmonary deposition of aerosolized Bacillus atrophaeus in a Swine model due to exposure from a simulated anthrax letter incident. Inhal Toxicol 2009; 21:141-52. [PMID: 18923948 DOI: 10.1080/08958370802412629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dry anthrax spore powder is readily disseminated as an aerosol and it is possible that passive dispersion when opening a letter containing anthrax spores may result in lethal doses to humans. The specific aim of this study was to quantify the respirable aerosol hazard associated with opening an envelope/letter contaminated with a dry spore powder of the biological pathogen anthrax in a typical office environment. An envelope containing a letter contaminated with 1.0 g of dry Bacillus atrophaeus (BG) spores (pathogen simulant) was opened in the presence of an unrestrained swine model. Aerosolized spores were detected in the room in seconds and peak concentrations occurred by three minutes. The swine, located approximately 1.5 m from the source, was exposed to the aerosol for 28 min following the letter opening event and then moved to a clean room for 30 min. A necropsy was completed to determine the extent of in vivo spore deposition in the lungs. The median number of viable colony forming units (CFU) measured in the combined right and left lung was 21,200: the average mass of both lungs was 283 g. In excess of 100 CFU per gram of lung tissue was found at sites within the anterior, intermediate and posterior lobes. The results of this study confirmed that opening an envelope containing spores generated an aerosol spanning the respirable particle size range of 1-10 microm, and that normal respiration of swine led to spore deposition throughout the lungs. The observed deposition of spores in the lungs of the swine is within the LD(50) range of 2,500-55,000 estimated for humans for inhaled anthrax. Thus, there would appear to be a significant health risk to those individuals exposed to anthrax spores when opening a contaminated envelope.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Scott Duncan
- Defence R. & D. Canada - Suffield, Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Exposure to anthrax leaves susceptible hosts at prolonged risk of infection since spores can persist in vivo for months before germinating to cause life-threatening disease. Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA, the licensed US vaccine) induces immunity too slowly to protect susceptible individuals post-exposure. Antibiotics prevent the proliferation of vegetative bacilli but do not block latent spores from germinating. Thus, anthrax-exposed individuals must remain on antibiotic therapy for months to eliminate the threat posed by delayed spore germination. Unfortunately, long-term antibiotic treatment is poorly tolerated and frequently discontinued. This work explores whether administering a single dose of a long-acting antibiotic (Dalbavancin) combined with a rapidly immunogenic vaccine/adjuvant combination can provide seamless protection from anthrax with minimal patient compliance. Results show that significant protection is achieved by delivering a single dose of this therapeutic combination any time before through 3 days after anthrax exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
DNA reviews: DNA identification following CBRN incidents. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2008; 4:255-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-008-9066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
38
|
Tross D, Klinman DM. Effect of CpG oligonucleotides on vaccine-induced B cell memory. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2008; 181:5785-90. [PMID: 18832738 PMCID: PMC2562272 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adding synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing unmethylated CpG motifs to Anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA, the licensed human vaccine) increases the speed and magnitude of the resultant Ab response. Ab titers persist in the protective range for >1 year, significantly longer than in animals vaccinated with AVA alone. Unexpectedly, a majority of mice immunized with CpG-adjuvanted AVA maintained resistance to anthrax infection even after their Ab titers had declined into the subprotective range. The survival of these animals was mediated by the de novo production of protective Abs by high affinity memory B cells re-stimulated immediately after challenge. Thus, a previously unrecognized benefit of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides adjuvants is their ability to expand the long-lived memory B cell population. Current findings demonstrate that CpG-adjuvanted AVA mediates protection both by stimulating a strong/persistent serum Ab response and by generating a high-affinity long-lived pool of memory B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra Tross
- National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Blais DR, Alvarez‐Puebla RA, Bravo‐Vasquez JP, Fenniri H, Pezacki JP. Multiplex pathogen detection based on spatially addressable microarrays of barcoded resins. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:948-53. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
40
|
Silverman JEY, Ciustea M, Shudofsky AMD, Bender F, Shoemaker RH, Ricciardi RP. Identification of polymerase and processivity inhibitors of vaccinia DNA synthesis using a stepwise screening approach. Antiviral Res 2008; 80:114-23. [PMID: 18621425 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nearly all DNA polymerases require processivity factors to ensure continuous incorporation of nucleotides. Processivity factors are specific for their cognate DNA polymerases. For this reason, the vaccinia DNA polymerase (E9) and the proteins associated with processivity (A20 and D4) are excellent therapeutic targets. In this study, we show the utility of stepwise rapid plate assays that (i) screen for compounds that block vaccinia DNA synthesis, (ii) eliminate trivial inhibitors, e.g. DNA intercalators, and (iii) distinguish whether inhibitors are specific for blocking DNA polymerase activity or processivity. The sequential plate screening of 2222 compounds from the NCI Diversity Set library yielded a DNA polymerase inhibitor (NSC 55636) and a processivity inhibitor (NSC 123526) that were capable of reducing vaccinia viral plaques with minimal cellular cytotoxicity. These compounds are predicted to block cellular infection by the smallpox virus, variola, based on the very high sequence identity between A20, D4 and E9 of vaccinia and the corresponding proteins of variola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice Elaine Y Silverman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Strug I, Calvo-Calle JM, Green KM, Cruz J, Ennis FA, Evans JE, Stern LJ. Vaccinia peptides eluted from HLA-DR1 isolated from virus-infected cells are recognized by CD4+ T cells from a vaccinated donor. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:2703-11. [PMID: 18507432 DOI: 10.1021/pr700780x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Class II MHC proteins bind peptides and present them to CD4 (+) T cells as part of the immune system's surveillance of bodily tissues for foreign and pathogenic material. Antigen processing and presentation pathways have been characterized in detail in normal cells, but there is little known about the actual viral peptides that are presented to CD4 (+) T cells that signal infection. In this study, two-dimensional LC-MS/MS was used to identify vaccinia virus-derived peptides among the hundreds to thousands of peptide antigens bound to the human class II MHC protein HLA-DR1 on the surface of vaccinia virus-infected cells. The peptides, derived from the I6L, D6R, and A10L viral proteins, were 15 residues in length, bound efficiently to HLA-DR1 as synthetic peptides, and were recognized by vaccinia-specific CD4 (+) T cells obtained from an immunized donor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Strug
- Department of Pathology, Proteomic and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
House T, Keeling MJ. Deterministic epidemic models with explicit household structure. Math Biosci 2008; 213:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2008.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
43
|
Martinez J, Huang X, Yang Y. Direct Action of Type I IFN on NK Cells Is Required for Their Activation in Response to Vaccinia Viral Infection In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:1592-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
44
|
Sharon M, Nir P, Lior K, David BN, Tomer I, Paula S, Reuven L, Shlomo L. Tail scarification with Vaccinia virus Lister as a model for evaluation of smallpox vaccine potency in mice. Vaccine 2007; 25:7743-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 09/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
45
|
Eisenbach C, Neumann-Haefelin C, Freyse A, Korsukéwitz T, Hoyler B, Stremmel W, Thimme R, Encke J. Immune responses against HCV-NS3 after accidental infection with HCV-NS3 recombinant vaccinia virus. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14:817-9. [PMID: 17927619 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2007.00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
46
|
Klinman DM. CpG oligonucleotides accelerate and boost the immune response elicited by AVA, the licensed anthrax vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 5:365-9. [PMID: 16827620 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.3.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, improving the immune response elicited by coadministered vaccines. Combining CpG ODN with anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA), the licensed human vaccine, can increase the speed, magnitude and avidity of the resultant anti-anthrax response in mice, rhesus macaques and humans. Adsorbing the CpG ODN onto cationic poly(actide-coglycolides) microparticles further boosts immunity to coadministered AVA. The antibody response induced by CpG ODN plus AVA confers protection against systemic anthrax challenge in multiple animal models. These findings suggest that CpG ODN, alone or in combination with other adjuvants and delivery strategies, may support the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against biothreat pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Building 29A, Room 3D 10, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research/Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Klinman DM, Currie D, Lee G, Grippe V, Merkel T. Systemic but not mucosal immunity induced by AVA prevents inhalational anthrax. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1478-83. [PMID: 17913545 PMCID: PMC2117355 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Improved vaccines and adjuvants are being developed to reduce the threat posed by a terrorist attack involving aerosolized anthrax spores. Nevertheless, uncertainty persists concerning the relative benefits of inducing mucosal vs systemic immunity to host survival following inhalational exposure to anthrax spores. This work examines the effect of delivering the licensed human vaccine (anthrax vaccine adsorbed, AVA) combined with a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) adjuvant intraperitoneally or intranasally to A/J mice. Results indicate that protection from inhalational anthrax correlates with the induction of a strong systemic rather than mucosal immune response, and demonstrate that protection is significantly improved and accelerated by the addition of CpG ODN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fischer NO, Tarasow TM, Tok JBH. Aptasensors for biosecurity applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2007; 11:316-28. [PMID: 17548236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid (aptasensors) have found steadily increased utility and application over the past decade. In particular, aptamers have been touted as a valuable complement to and, in some cases, replacement for antibodies owing to their structural and functional robustness as well as their ease in generation and synthesis. They are thus attractive for biosecurity applications (e.g. pathogen detection) and are especially well suited because their in vitro generation process does not require infection of any host systems. Herein we provide a brief overview of the aptamers generated against pathogens and toxins over the past few years. In addition, a few recently described detection platforms using aptamers and potentially suitable applications for biosecurity will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas O Fischer
- BioSecurity and NanoSciences Laboratory, Chemistry, Materials & Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Klinman DM, Xie H, Ivins BE. CpG oligonucleotides improve the protective immune response induced by the licensed anthrax vaccine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1082:137-50. [PMID: 17145935 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1348.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, improving the response elicited by a coadministered vaccine. Combining CpG ODN with anthrax vaccine adsorbed (AVA, the licensed human vaccine) increases the speed, magnitude, and avidity of the resultant antibody response. IgG Abs against anthrax protective antigen (PA) protect mice, guinuea pigs, and rhesus macaques from infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Section of Retroviral Immunology, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Madjid M, Luepker RV, Greenlund KJ, Taubert KA, Roy MJ, Robertson RM. Task Force IV: Cardiovascular Effects of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biological Terrorism Threats. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 49:1407-12. [PMID: 17394982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|