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Geukes Foppen MH, Rohaan MW, Borgers JSW, Philips D, Vyth-Dreese F, Beijnen JH, Nuijen B, van den Berg JH, Haanen JBAG. Intradermal Naked DNA Vaccination by DNA Tattooing for Mounting Tumor-Specific Immunity in Stage IV Melanoma Patients: A Phase I Clinical Trial. Oncol Res Treat 2024; 47:351-359. [PMID: 38583422 PMCID: PMC11323828 DOI: 10.1159/000537896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Naked DNA vaccination could be a powerful and safe strategy to mount antigen-specific cellular immunity. We designed a phase I clinical trial to investigate the toxicity of naked DNA vaccines encoding CD8+ T-cell epitope from tumor-associated antigen MART-1 in patients with advanced melanoma. METHODS This dose escalating phase Ia clinical trial investigates the toxicity and immunological response upon naked DNA vaccines encoding a CD8+ T-cell epitope from the tumor-associated antigen MART-1, genetically linked to the gene encoding domain 1 of subunit-tetanus toxin fragment C in patients with advanced melanoma (inoperable stage IIIC-IV, AJCC 7th edition). The vaccine was administrated via intradermal application using a permanent make-up or tattoo device. Safety was monitored according to CTCAE v.3.0 and skin biopsies and blood samples were obtained for immunologic monitoring. RESULTS Nine pretreated, HLA-A*0201-positive patients with advanced melanoma expressing MART-1 and MHC class I, with a good performance status, and adequate organ function, were included. With a median follow-up of 5.9 months, DNA vaccination was safe, without treatment-related deaths. Common treatment-emergent adverse events of any grade were dermatologic reactions at the vaccination site (100%) and pain (56%). One patient experienced grade 4 toxicity, most likely related to tumor progression. One patient (11%) achieved stable disease, lasting 353 days. Immune analysis showed no increase in vaccine-induced T cell response in peripheral blood of 5 patients, but did show a MART-1 specific CD8+ T cell response at the tattoo administration site. The maximum dose administered was 2 mg due to lack of clinical activity. CONCLUSION We showed that the developed DNA vaccine, applied using a novel intradermal application strategy, can be administered safely. Further research with improved vaccine formats is required to show possible clinical benefit of DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maartje W Rohaan
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Jessica S W Borgers
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy Philips
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florry Vyth-Dreese
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan Nuijen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H van den Berg
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Hufbauer M, Rattay S, Hagen C, Quaas A, Pfister H, Hartmann G, Coch C, Akgül B. Poly(I:C) Treatment Prevents Skin Tumor Formation in the Preclinical HPV8 Transgenic Mouse Model. J Invest Dermatol 2022:S0022-202X(22)02900-1. [PMID: 36584911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Actinic keratoses and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are associated with infections with human papillomavirus of genus beta (betaHPV) in immunosuppressed patients. To date, targeted therapy against betaHPV-associated skin cancer does not exist because of the large number of betaHPV without defined high-risk types. In this study, we hypothesized that the activation of innate antiviral immunity in the skin, asymptomatically infected with betaHPV, induces an antitumor response by in situ autovaccination and prevents the formation of betaHPV-associated skin cancer. To test this, we used the preclinical keratin-14-HPV8 transgenic mouse model, which develops skin tumors after mechanical wounding. Remarkably, treatment with the antiviral immune response activating polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) completely prevented cutaneous tumor growth. The induction of the IFN-induced genes Cxcl10 and Ifit1 by poly(I:C) depended on MDA5 activation. Increased numbers of total and activated CD4 and CD8 T cells were detected in poly(I:C)-treated skin. T cells were found in the skin of poly(I:C)-treated mice but not in the skin tumors of untreated mice. T-cell depletion showed a predominant role of CD4 T cells in poly(I:C)-mediated tumor prevention. Our findings identify the MDA5 ligand poly(I:C) as a promising candidate for in situ autovaccination approaches, which might serve as a treatment strategy against betaHPV-related skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hufbauer
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephanie Rattay
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Hagen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Herbert Pfister
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Coch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; nextevidence GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | - Baki Akgül
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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3
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Gomez AM, Babuadze G(G, Plourde-Campagna MA, Azizi H, Berger A, Kozak R, de La Vega MA, XIII A, Naghibosadat M, Nepveu-Traversy ME, Ruel J, Kobinger GP. A novel intradermal tattoo-based injection device enhances the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:172. [PMID: 36543794 PMCID: PMC9771775 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00581-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, tattooing technology has shown promising results toward evaluating vaccines in both animal models and humans. However, this technology has some limitations due to variability of experimental evaluations or operator procedures. The current study evaluated a device (intradermal oscillating needle array injection device: IONAID) capable of microinjecting a controlled dose of any aqueous vaccine into the intradermal space. IONAID-mediated administration of a DNA-based vaccine encoding the glycoprotein (GP) from the Ebola virus resulted in superior T- and B-cell responses with IONAID when compared to single intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) injection in mice. Moreover, humoral immune responses, induced after IONAID vaccination, were significantly higher to those obtained with traditional passive DNA tattooing in guinea pigs and rabbits. This device was well tolerated and safe during HIV vaccine delivery in non-human primates (NHPs), while inducing robust immune responses. In summary, this study shows that the IONAID device improves vaccine performance, which could be beneficial to the animal and human health, and importantly, provide a dose-sparing approach (e.g., monkeypox vaccine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M. Gomez
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - George (Giorgi) Babuadze
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences Platform, University Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON Canada
| | | | - Hiva Azizi
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Alice Berger
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Robert Kozak
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences Platform, University Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Marc-Antoine de La Vega
- grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Ara XIII
- grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Maedeh Naghibosadat
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Biological Sciences Platform, University Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON Canada
| | | | - Jean Ruel
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de Génie Mécanique, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- grid.176731.50000 0001 1547 9964Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
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4
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New vector and vaccine platforms: mRNA, DNA, viral vectors. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2022; 17:338-344. [DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Vaccines for Lyme Borreliosis: Facts and Challenges. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a multisystem infectious disease abundant in the northern countries of the world and is caused by Borrelia species. Vaccination against LB is an effective way to prevent and reduce the number of diseases in endemic areas. Several vaccines have been developed and tested in the past, but no human LB vaccine is currently available on the market. This review aims to uncover and delineate various strategies and diverse technological approaches related to vaccine production. Furthermore, we characterize already tested vaccines, possibilities for their future development, and reasons for their failure.
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Integrative Alternative Tactics for Ixodid Control. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13030302. [PMID: 35323601 PMCID: PMC8948879 DOI: 10.3390/insects13030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hard ticks are important for economic and health reasons, and control has mainly relied upon use of synthetic acaricides. Contemporary development of resistance and concerns relating to health and environmental safety have elicited exploration into alternative tactics for hard tick management. Some examples of alternative tactics involve biological control, desiccant dusts, growth regulators, vaccines, cultural methods, and ingested medications. Abstract Ixodids (hard ticks), ectoparasitic arthropods that vector the causal agents of many serious diseases of humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, have become increasingly difficult to control because of the development of resistance against commonly applied synthetic chemical-based acaricides. Resistance has prompted searches for alternative, nonconventional control tactics that can be used as part of integrated ixodid management strategies and for mitigating resistance to conventional acaricides. The quest for alternative control tactics has involved research on various techniques, each influenced by many factors, that have achieved different degrees of success. Alternative approaches include cultural practices, ingested and injected medications, biological control, animal- and plant-based substances, growth regulators, and inert desiccant dusts. Research on biological control of ixodids has mainly focused on predators, parasitoid wasps, infective nematodes, and pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Studies on animal-based substances have been relatively limited, but research on botanicals has been extensive, including whole plant, extract, and essential oil effects on ixodid mortality, behavior, and reproduction. The inert dusts kaolin, silica gel, perlite, and diatomaceous earth are lethal to ixodids, and they are impervious to environmental degradation, unlike chemical-based toxins, remaining effective until physically removed.
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7
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Liu C, Cong X, Wang Y, Guo Q, Xie Y, Geng F, Guo J, Dong L, Zhou Y, Wu H, Yu B, Wu J, Zhang H, Yu X, Kong W. Fast DNA Vaccination Strategy Elicits a Stronger Immune Response Dependent on CD8 +CD11c + Cell Accumulation. Front Oncol 2021; 11:752444. [PMID: 34950581 PMCID: PMC8691261 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.752444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional DNA vaccine strategies usually employ a regimen of immunizations at 2-week or longer intervals to induce effective memory cell-dependent immune responses. Clinical cancer treatment requires a faster immunization strategy to contend with tumor progression. In this study, a novel fast immunization strategy was established, wherein a DNA vaccine was intramuscularly administered on days 0, 2, and 5 in a murine lung cancer model. Effector cells peaked 7 to 10 days after the last vaccination. Compared with traditional 2-week-interval immunization strategies, antigen-specific cytolysis and INF-γ secretion were significantly enhanced under the fast vaccination approach. As a result, the rapidly administered DNA vaccine elicited stronger and more prompt antitumor effects. The probable underlying mechanism of fast immunization was the accumulation of CD8+CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells at the injection site, which enhanced subsequent antigen presentation. In conclusion, the fast DNA vaccination strategy shortened vaccination time to 5 days and elicited a stronger antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Biobank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Biobank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuqian Wang
- Biobank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Xie
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Geng
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Guo
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Dong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bin Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haihong Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xianghui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Kong
- National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Atallah ÁN, Arbache S. Would it be possible to have better ways and routes of administration for vaccines against COVID-19? SAO PAULO MED J 2021; 139:416-417. [PMID: 34346963 PMCID: PMC9615589 DOI: 10.1590/1516-3180.2021.0316.18052021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Nagib Atallah
- MD, PhD. Full Professor and Head of the Discipline of Emergency Medicine and Evidence-Based Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP); and Director of Cochrane Brazil, São Paulo (SP), Brazil
| | - Samir Arbache
- MD. Preceptor of Dermatology, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC), São Paulo (SP), Brazil; and Doctoral Student, Postgraduate Program on Evidence-Based Healthcare, Department of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil
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9
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Lipofection with Synthetic mRNA as a Simple Method for T-Cell Immunomonitoring. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071232. [PMID: 34202260 PMCID: PMC8310085 DOI: 10.3390/v13071232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantification of T-cell immune responses is crucial for the monitoring of natural and treatment-induced immunity, as well as for the validation of new immunotherapeutic approaches. The present study presents a simple method based on lipofection of synthetic mRNA in mononuclear cells as a method to determine in vitro T-cell responses. We compared several commercially available transfection reagents for their potential to transfect mRNA into human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and murine splenocytes. We also investigated the impact of RNA modifications in improving this method. Our results demonstrate that antigen-specific T-cell immunomonitoring can be easily and quickly performed by simple lipofection of antigen-coding mRNA in complex immune cell populations. Thus, our work discloses a convenient solution for the in vitro monitoring of natural or therapy-induced T-cell immune responses.
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10
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Li L, Zhang X, Wang X, Kim SW, Herndon JM, Becker-Hapak MK, Carreno BM, Myers NB, Sturmoski MA, McLellan MD, Miller CA, Johanns TM, Tan BR, Dunn GP, Fleming TP, Hansen TH, Goedegebuure SP, Gillanders WE. Optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccines elicit neoantigen-specific immune responses in preclinical models and in clinical translation. Genome Med 2021; 13:56. [PMID: 33879241 PMCID: PMC8059244 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical studies and early clinical trials have shown that targeting cancer neoantigens is a promising approach towards the development of personalized cancer immunotherapies. DNA vaccines can be rapidly and efficiently manufactured and can integrate multiple neoantigens simultaneously. We therefore sought to optimize the design of polyepitope DNA vaccines and test optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccines in preclinical models and in clinical translation. METHODS We developed and optimized a DNA vaccine platform to target multiple neoantigens. The polyepitope DNA vaccine platform was first optimized using model antigens in vitro and in vivo. We then identified neoantigens in preclinical breast cancer models through genome sequencing and in silico neoantigen prediction pipelines. Optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccines specific for the murine breast tumor E0771 and 4T1 were designed and their immunogenicity was tested in vivo. We also tested an optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccine in a patient with metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. RESULTS Our data support an optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccine design encoding long (≥20-mer) epitopes with a mutant form of ubiquitin (Ubmut) fused to the N-terminus for antigen processing and presentation. Optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccines were immunogenic and generated robust neoantigen-specific immune responses in mice. The magnitude of immune responses generated by optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccines was similar to that of synthetic long peptide vaccines specific for the same neoantigens. When combined with immune checkpoint blockade therapy, optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccines were capable of inducing antitumor immunity in preclinical models. Immune monitoring data suggest that optimized polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccines are capable of inducing neoantigen-specific T cell responses in a patient with metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. CONCLUSIONS We have developed and optimized a novel polyepitope neoantigen DNA vaccine platform that can target multiple neoantigens and induce antitumor immune responses in preclinical models and neoantigen-specific responses in clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Samuel W Kim
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John M Herndon
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Beatriz M Carreno
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Present Address: Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nancy B Myers
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Mark A Sturmoski
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael D McLellan
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christopher A Miller
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tanner M Johanns
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin R Tan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Timothy P Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Present Address: Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ted H Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - S Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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11
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Kok L, Dijkgraaf FE, Urbanus J, Bresser K, Vredevoogd DW, Cardoso RF, Perié L, Beltman JB, Schumacher TN. A committed tissue-resident memory T cell precursor within the circulating CD8+ effector T cell pool. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151985. [PMID: 32728699 PMCID: PMC7537386 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence emphasizes the role of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) in the defense against recurring pathogens and malignant neoplasms. However, little is known with regard to the origin of these cells and their kinship to other CD8+ T cell compartments. To address this issue, we followed the antigen-specific progeny of individual naive CD8+ T cells to the T effector (TEFF), T circulating memory (TCIRCM), and TRM pools by lineage-tracing and single-cell transcriptome analysis. We demonstrate that a subset of T cell clones possesses a heightened capacity to form TRM, and that enriched expression of TRM–fate-associated genes is already apparent in the circulating TEFF offspring of such clones. In addition, we demonstrate that the capacity to generate TRM is permanently imprinted at the clonal level, before skin entry. Collectively, these data provide compelling evidence for early stage TRM fate decisions and the existence of committed TRM precursor cells in the circulatory TEFF compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Kok
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Feline E Dijkgraaf
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos Urbanus
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kaspar Bresser
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David W Vredevoogd
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rebeca F Cardoso
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leïla Perié
- Institut Curie, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres Research University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR168, Paris, France
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery & Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology & Immunology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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12
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Klouwens MJ, Trentelman JJ, Ersoz JI, Nieves Marques Porto F, Sima R, Hajdusek O, Thakur M, Pal U, Hovius JW. Investigating BB0405 as a novel Borrelia afzelii vaccination candidate in Lyme borreliosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4775. [PMID: 33637813 PMCID: PMC7910573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BB0405 is a surface exposed Borrelia burgdorferi protein and its vaccination protected mice against B. burgdorferi infection. As BB0405 is highly conserved across different B. burgdorferi sensu lato species, we investigated whether vaccination with recombinant BB0405 or through intradermal bb0405 DNA tattoo vaccination could provide protection against different Borrelia species, specifically against Borrelia afzelii, the predominant B. burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies causing Lyme borreliosis across Eurasia. We immunized C3H/HeN mice with recombinant BB0405 or with a codon-optimized bb0405 DNA vaccine using the pVAC plasmid and immunized corresponding control groups mice with only adjuvant or empty vectors. We subsequently subjected these immunized mice to a tick challenge with B. afzelii CB43-infected Ixodes ricinus nymphs. Upon vaccination, recombinant BB0405 induced a high total IgG response, but bb0405 DNA vaccination did not elicit antibody responses. Both vaccine formulations did not provide protection against Borrelia afzelii strain CB43 after tick challenge. In an attempt to understand the lack of protection of the recombinant vaccine, we determined expression of BB0405 and showed that B. afzelii CB43 spirochetes significantly and drastically downregulate the expression of BB0405 protein at 37 °C compared to 33 °C, where as in B. burgdorferi B31 spirochetes expression levels remain unaltered. Vaccination with recombinant BB0405 was previously shown to protect against B. burgdorferi sensu stricto. Here we show that vaccination with either recombinant BB0405 (or non-immunogenic bb0405 DNA), despite being highly conserved among B. burgdorferi sl genospecies, does not provide cross-protection against B. afzelii, mostly likely due to downregulation of this protein in B. afzelii in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Klouwens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme Borreliosis Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J J Trentelman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J I Ersoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Nieves Marques Porto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Sima
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - O Hajdusek
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - M Thakur
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park and Virginia- Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, USA
| | - U Pal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park and Virginia- Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, MD, USA
| | - J W Hovius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme Borreliosis Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Klouwens MJ, Trentelman JJA, Wagemakers A, Ersoz JI, Bins AD, Hovius JW. Tick-Tattoo: DNA Vaccination Against B. burgdorferi or Ixodes scapularis Tick Proteins. Front Immunol 2021; 12:615011. [PMID: 33717102 PMCID: PMC7946838 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.615011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) is the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis. Currently there is no human vaccine against Lyme borreliosis, and most research focuses on recombinant protein vaccines. DNA tattoo vaccination with B. afzelii strain PKo OspC in mice has proven to be fully protective against B. afzelii syringe challenge and induces a favorable humoral immunity compared to recombinant protein vaccination. Alternatively, several recombinant protein vaccines based on tick proteins have shown promising effect in tick-bite infection models. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of DNA vaccines against Borrelia OspC or tick antigens in a tick-bite infection model. Method We vaccinated C3H/HeN mice with OspC using a codon-optimized DNA vaccine or with recombinant protein. We challenged these mice with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss)-infected Ixodes scapularis nymphs. Subsequently, we vaccinated C3H/HeN mice with DNA vaccines coding for tick proteins for which recombinant protein vaccines have previously resulted in interference with tick feeding and/or Borrelia transmission: Salp15, tHRF, TSLPI, and Tix-5. These mice were also challenged with B. burgdorferi ss infected Ixodes scapularis nymphs. Results DNA tattoo and recombinant OspC vaccination both induced total IgG responses. Borrelia cultures and DNA loads of skin and bladder remained negative in the mice vaccinated with OspC DNA vaccination, except for one culture. DNA vaccines against tick antigens Salp15 and Tix-5 induced IgG responses, while those against tHRF and TSLPI barely induced any IgG response. In addition, Borrelia cultures, and DNA loads from mice tattooed with DNA vaccines against tick proteins TSLPI, Salp15, tHRF, and Tix-5 were all positive. Conclusion A DNA tattoo vaccine against OspC induced high specific IgG titers and provided near total protection against B. burgdorferi ss infection by tick challenge. In contrast, DNA tattoo vaccines against tick proteins TSLPI, Salp15, tHRF, and Tix-5 induced low to moderate IgG titers and did not provide protection. Therefore, DNA tattoo vaccination does not seem a suitable vaccine strategy to identify, or screen for, tick antigens for anti-tick vaccines. However, DNA tattoo vaccination is a straightforward and effective vaccination platform to assess novel B. burgdorferi sl antigen candidates in a relevant tick challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Klouwens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme Borreliosis Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jos J A Trentelman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasmin I Ersoz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joppe W Hovius
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam Multidisciplinary Lyme Borreliosis Center, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Iezzi M, Quaglino E, Amici A, Lollini PL, Forni G, Cavallo F. DNA vaccination against oncoantigens: A promise. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:316-325. [PMID: 22737607 PMCID: PMC3382874 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging evidence that DNA vaccines elicit a protective immune response in rodents, dogs and cancer patients, coupled with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of an initial DNA vaccine to treat canine tumors is beginning to close the gap between the optimistic experimental data and their difficult application in a clinical setting. Here we review a series of conceptual and biotechnological advances that are working together to make DNA vaccines targeting molecules that play important roles during cancer progression (oncoantigens) a promise with near-term clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Iezzi
- Aging Research Centre; G. d'Annunzio University; Chieti, Italy
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15
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Nguyen-Hoai T, Kobelt D, Hohn O, Vu MD, Schlag PM, Dörken B, Norley S, Lipp M, Walther W, Pezzutto A, Westermann J. HER2/neu DNA vaccination by intradermal gene delivery in a mouse tumor model: Gene gun is superior to jet injector in inducing CTL responses and protective immunity. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:1537-1545. [PMID: 23264900 PMCID: PMC3525609 DOI: 10.4161/onci.22563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines are potential tools for the induction of immune responses against both infectious disease and cancer. The dermal application of DNA vaccines is of particular interest since the epidermal and dermal layers of the skin are characterized by an abundance of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The aim of our study was to compare tumor protection as obtained by two different methods of intradermal DNA delivery (gene gun and jet injector) in a well-established HER2/neu mouse tumor model. BALB/c mice were immunized twice with a HER2/neu-coding plasmid by gene gun or jet injector. Mice were then subcutaneously challenged with HER2/neu+ syngeneic D2F2/E2 tumor cells. Protection against subsequent challenges with tumor cells as well as humoral and T-cell immune responses induced by the vaccine were monitored. Gene gun immunization was far superior to jet injector both in terms of tumor protection and induction of HER2/neu-specific immune responses. After gene gun immunization, 60% of the mice remained tumor-free until day 140 as compared with 25% after jet injector immunization. Furthermore, gene gun vaccination was able to induce both a strong TH1-polarized T-cell response with detectable cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity and a humoral immune response against HER2/neu, whereas the jet injector was not. Although the disadvantages that were associated with the use of the jet injector in our model may be overcome with methodological modifications and/or in larger animals, which exhibit a thicker skin and/or subcutaneous muscle tissue, we conclude that gene gun delivery constitutes the method of choice for intradermal DNA delivery in preclinical mouse models and possibly also for the clinical development of DNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Nguyen-Hoai
- Deptartment of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology Charité; University Medicine Berlin; Campus Berlin-Buch, Campus Benjamin Franklin and Campus Virchow-Klinikum; Berlin, Germany ; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Berlin, Germany
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16
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Dijkgraaf FE, Toebes M, Hoogenboezem M, Mertz M, Vredevoogd DW, Matos TR, Teunissen MBM, Luiten RM, Schumacher TN. Labeling and tracking of immune cells in ex vivo human skin. Nat Protoc 2020; 16:791-811. [PMID: 33349704 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human skin harbors various immune cells that are crucial for the control of injury and infection. However, the current understanding of immune cell function within viable human skin tissue is limited. We developed an ex vivo imaging approach in which fresh skin biopsies are mounted and then labeled with nanobodies or antibodies against cell surface markers on tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells, other immune cells of interest, or extracellular tissue components. Subsequent longitudinal imaging allows one to describe the dynamic behavior of human skin-resident cells in situ. In addition, this strategy can be used to study immune cell function in murine skin. The ability to follow the spatiotemporal behavior of CD8+ T cells and other immune cells in skin, including their response to immune stimuli, provides a platform to investigate physiological immune cell behavior and immune cell behavior in skin diseases. The mounting, staining and imaging of skin samples requires ~1.5 d, and subsequent tracking analysis requires a minimum of 1 d. The optional production of fluorescently labeled nanobodies takes ~5 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feline E Dijkgraaf
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mireille Toebes
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolijn Mertz
- BioImaging Facility, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David W Vredevoogd
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tiago R Matos
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel B M Teunissen
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Department of Dermatology and Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Oncode Institute, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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17
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Hettinga J, Carlisle R. Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E534. [PMID: 32947966 PMCID: PMC7564253 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2019, an 'influenza pandemic' and 'vaccine hesitancy' were listed as two of the top 10 challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its immune-rich milieu, which is evolutionarily primed to respond to challenge, and its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccination into this dermal compartment offers a way of addressing both of the challenges presented by the WHO, as well as opening up avenues for novel vaccine formulation and dose-sparing strategies to enter the clinic. This review will provide an overview of the diverse range of vaccination techniques available to target the dermal compartment, as well as their current state, challenges, and prospects, and touch upon the formulations that have been developed to maximally benefit from these new techniques. These include needle and syringe techniques, microneedles, DNA tattooing, jet and ballistic delivery, and skin permeabilization techniques, including thermal ablation, chemical enhancers, ablation, electroporation, iontophoresis, and sonophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Carlisle
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
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18
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A mouse model that is immunologically tolerant to reporter and modifier proteins. Commun Biol 2020; 3:273. [PMID: 32472011 PMCID: PMC7260180 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-0979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reporter proteins have become an indispensable tool in biomedical research. However, exogenous introduction of these reporters into mice poses a risk of rejection by the immune system. Here, we describe the generation, validation and application of a multiple reporter protein tolerant ‘Tol' mouse model that constitutively expresses an assembly of shuffled reporter proteins from a single open reading frame. We demonstrate that expression of the Tol transgene results in the deletion of CD8+ T cells specific for a model epitope, and substantially improves engraftment of reporter-gene transduced T cells. The Tol strain provides a valuable mouse model for cell transfer and viral-mediated gene transfer studies, and serves as a methodological example for the generation of poly-tolerant mouse strains. Bresser and Dijkgraaf et al. develop the ‘Tol’ strain, a genetically modified mouse model that expresses a range of shuffled reporter and modifier proteins from a single open reading frame. This strain is immunologically tolerant to these reporter and modifier proteins, providing a valuable model system for cell transfer studies and virus-mediated gene transfer studies.
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19
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Tondini E, Arakelian T, Oosterhuis K, Camps M, van Duikeren S, Han W, Arens R, Zondag G, van Bergen J, Ossendorp F. A poly-neoantigen DNA vaccine synergizes with PD-1 blockade to induce T cell-mediated tumor control. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:1652539. [PMID: 31646082 PMCID: PMC6791440 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1652539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of immune-stimulating strategies has the potency to improve immunotherapy of cancer. Vaccination against neoepitopes derived from patient tumor material can generate tumor-specific T cell immunity, which could reinforce the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor therapies such as anti-PD-1 treatment. DNA vaccination is a versatile platform that allows the inclusion of multiple neoantigen-coding sequences in a single formulation and therefore represents an ideal platform for neoantigen vaccination. We developed an anti-tumor vaccine based on a synthetic DNA vector designed to contain multiple cancer-specific epitopes in tandem. The DNA vector encoded a fusion gene consisting of three neoepitopes derived from the mouse colorectal tumor MC38 and their natural flanking sequences as 40 amino acid stretches. In addition, we incorporated as reporter epitopes the helper and CTL epitope sequences of ovalbumin. The poly-neoantigen DNA vaccine elicited T cell responses to all three neoantigens and induced functional CD8 and CD4 T cell responses to the reporter antigen ovalbumin after intradermal injection in mice. The DNA vaccine was effective in preventing outgrowth of B16 melanoma expressing ovalbumin in a prophylactic setting. Moreover, the combination of therapeutic DNA vaccination and anti-PD-1 treatment was synergistic in controlling MC38 tumor growth whereas individual treatments did not succeed. These data demonstrate the potential of DNA vaccination to target multiple neoepitopes in a single formulation and highlight the cooperation between vaccine-based and checkpoint blockade immunotherapies for the successful eradication of established tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tondini
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tsolere Arakelian
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Camps
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Duikeren
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda Han
- Immunetune BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Dept. Immunohematology and Blood transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Intranodal administration of mRNA encoding nucleoprotein provides cross-strain immunity against influenza in mice. J Transl Med 2019; 17:242. [PMID: 31345237 PMCID: PMC6659201 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current human influenza vaccines lack the adaptability to match the mutational rate of the virus and therefore require annual revisions. Because of extensive manufacturing times and the possibility that antigenic alterations occur during viral vaccine strain production, an inherent risk exists for antigenic mismatch between the new influenza vaccine and circulating viruses. Targeting more conserved antigens such as nucleoprotein (NP) could provide a more sustainable vaccination strategy by inducing long term and heterosubtypic protection against influenza. We previously demonstrated that intranodal mRNA injection can induce potent antigen-specific T-cell responses. In this study, we investigated whether intranodal administration of mRNA encoding NP can induce T-cell responses capable of protecting against a heterologous influenza virus challenge. Methods BALB/c mice were immunized in the inguinal lymph nodes with different vaccination regimens of mRNA encoding NP. Immune responses were compared with NP DNA vaccination via IFN-γ ELISPOT and in vivo cytotoxicity. For survival experiments, mice were prime-boost vaccinated with 17 µg NP mRNA and infected with 1LD50 of H1N1 influenza virus 8 weeks after boost. Weight was monitored and viral titers, cytokines and immune cell populations in the bronchoalveolar lavage, and IFN-γ responses in the spleen were analyzed. Results Our results demonstrate that NP mRNA induces superior systemic T-cell responses against NP compared to classical DNA vaccination. These responses were sustained for several weeks even at low vaccine doses. Upon challenge infection, vaccination with NP mRNA resulted in reduced lung viral titers and improved recovery from infection. Finally, we show that vaccination with NP mRNA affects the immune response in infected lungs by lowering immune cell infiltration while increasing the fraction of T cells, monocytes and MHC II+ alveolar macrophages within immune infiltrates. This change was associated with altered levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions These findings suggest that intranodal vaccination with NP mRNA induces cross-strain immunity against influenza, but also highlight a paradox of influenza immunity, whereby robust immune responses can provide protection, but can also transiently exacerbate symptoms during infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-019-1991-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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21
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Tissue patrol by resident memory CD8+ T cells in human skin. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:756-764. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0404-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Bąbała N, Bovens A, de Vries E, Iglesias-Guimarais V, Ahrends T, Krummel MF, Borst J, Bins AD. Subcellular Localization of Antigen in Keratinocytes Dictates Delivery of CD4 + T-cell Help for the CTL Response upon Therapeutic DNA Vaccination into the Skin. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:835-847. [PMID: 29764836 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a mouse model of therapeutic DNA vaccination, we studied how the subcellular localization of vaccine protein impacts antigen delivery to professional antigen-presenting cells and efficiency of CTL priming. Cytosolic, membrane-bound, nuclear, and secretory versions of ZsGreen fluorescent protein, conjugated to MHC class I and II ovalbumin (OVA) epitopes, were expressed in keratinocytes by DNA vaccination into the skin. ZsGreen-OVA versions reached B cells in the skin-draining lymph node (dLN) that proved irrelevant for CTL priming. ZsGreen-OVA versions were also actively transported to the dLN by dendritic cells (DC). In the dLN, vaccine proteins localized to classical (c)DCs of the migratory XCR1+ and XCR- subtypes, and-to a lesser extent-to LN-resident cDCs. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA induced the best antitumor CTL response, even though its delivery to cDCs in the dLN was significantly less efficient than for other vaccine proteins. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA protein proved superior in CTL priming, because it led to in vivo engagement of antigen-loaded XCR1+, but not XCR1-, cDCs. Secretory ZsGreen-OVA also maximally solicited CD4+ T-cell help. The suboptimal CTL response to the other ZsGreen-OVA versions was improved by engaging costimulatory receptor CD27, which mimics CD4+ T-cell help. Thus, in therapeutic DNA vaccination into the skin, mere inclusion of helper epitopes does not ensure delivery of CD4+ T-cell help for the CTL response. Targeting of the vaccine protein to the secretory route of keratinocytes is required to engage XCR1+ cDC and CD4+ T-cell help and thus to promote CTL priming. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(7); 835-47. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Bąbała
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Astrid Bovens
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Evert de Vries
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victoria Iglesias-Guimarais
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Ahrends
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew F Krummel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jannie Borst
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Platteel ACM, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Domaszewska T, Schürer S, Zedler U, Brinkmann V, Sijts AJAM, Kaufmann SHE. Efficacy Testing of H56 cDNA Tattoo Immunization against Tuberculosis in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1744. [PMID: 29312295 PMCID: PMC5732355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a global threat. The only approved vaccine against TB, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), provides insufficient protection and, being a live vaccine, can cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Previously, we found that intradermal cDNA tattoo immunization with cDNA of tetanus toxoid fragment C domain 1 fused to cDNA of the fusion protein H56, comprising the Mtb antigens Ag85B, ESAT-6, and Rv2660c, induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vivo. As cDNA tattoo immunization would be safer than a live vaccine in immunocompromised patients, we tested the protective efficacy of intradermal tattoo immunization against TB with H56 cDNA, as well as with H56_E, a construct optimized for epitope processing in a mouse model. As Mtb antigens can be used in combination with BCG to boost immune responses, we also tested the protective efficacy of heterologous prime-boost, using dermal tattoo immunization with H56_E cDNA to boost BCG immunization in mice. Dermal H56 and H56_E cDNA immunization induced H56-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and Ag85B-specific IgG antibodies, but did not reduce bacterial loads, although immunization with H56_E ameliorated lung pathology. Both subcutaneous and intradermal immunization with BCG resulted in broad cellular immune responses, with increased frequencies of CD4+ T effector memory cells, T follicular helper cells, and germinal center B cells, and resulted in reduced bacterial loads and lung pathology. Heterologous vaccination with BCG/H56_E cDNA induced increased H56-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell cytokine responses compared to vaccination with BCG alone, and lung pathology was significantly decreased in BCG/H56_E cDNA immunized mice compared to unvaccinated controls. However, bacterial loads were not decreased after heterologous vaccination compared to BCG alone. CD4+ T cells responding to Ag85B- and ESAT-6-derived epitopes were predominantly IFN-γ+TNF-α+ and TNF-α+IL-2+, respectively. In conclusion, despite inducing appreciable immune responses to Ag85B and ESAT-6, intradermal H56 cDNA tattoo immunization did not substantially enhance the protective effect of BCG under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C M Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Teresa Domaszewska
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schürer
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zedler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Hydrodynamic gene delivery in human skin using a hollow microneedle device. J Control Release 2017; 265:120-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Platteel ACM, Henri S, Zaiss DM, Sijts AJAM. Dissecting antigen processing and presentation routes in dermal vaccination strategies. Vaccine 2017; 35:7057-7063. [PMID: 29079107 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The skin is an attractive site for vaccination due to its accessibility and presence of immune cells surveilling this barrier. However, knowledge of antigen processing and presentation upon dermal vaccination is sparse. In this study we determined antigen processing routes that lead to CD8+ T cell activation following dermal DNA tattoo immunization, exploiting a model antigen that contains an immunoproteasome-dependent epitope. In agreement with earlier reports, we found that DNA tattoo immunization of wild type (WT) mice triggered vigorous responses to the immunoproteasome-dependent model epitope, whereas gene-deficient mice lacking the immunoproteasome subunits β5i/LMP7 and β2i/MECL1 failed to respond. Unexpectedly, dermal immunization both of irradiated bone marrow (BM) reconstituted mice in which the BM transplant was of WT origin, and of WT mice transplanted with immunoproteasome subunit-deficient BM induced a CD8+ T cell response to the immunoproteasome-dependent epitope, implying that both BM and host-derived cells contributed to processing of delivered model antigen. Depletion of radiation-resistant Langerhans cells (LC) from chimeric mice did not diminish tattoo-immunization induced CD8+ T cell responses in most mice, illustrating that LC were not responsible for antigen processing and CD8+ T cell priming in tattoo-immunized hosts. We conclude that both BM and non-BM-derived cells contribute to processing and cross-presentation of antigens delivered by dermal DNA tattoo immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C M Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and the Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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26
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Hollow microneedle-mediated intradermal delivery of model vaccine antigen-loaded PLGA nanoparticles elicits protective T cell-mediated immunity to an intracellular bacterium. J Control Release 2017; 266:27-35. [PMID: 28917531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The skin is an attractive organ for immunization due to the presence of a large number of epidermal and dermal antigen-presenting cells. Hollow microneedles allow for precise and non-invasive intradermal delivery of vaccines. In this study, ovalbumin (OVA)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles with and without TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) were prepared and administered intradermally by hollow microneedles. The capacity of the PLGA nanoparticles to induce a cytotoxic T cell response, contributing to protection against intracellular pathogens, was examined. We show that a single injection of OVA-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, compared to soluble OVA, primed both adoptively transferred antigen-specific naïve transgenic CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with markedly high efficiency. Applying a triple immunization protocol, PLGA nanoparticles primed also endogenous OVA-specific CD8+ T cells. Immune response, following immunization with in particular anionic PLGA nanoparticles co-encapsulated with OVA and poly(I:C), provided protection against a recombinant strain of the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, secreting OVA. Taken together, we show that PLGA nanoparticle formulation is an excellent delivery system for protein antigen into the skin and that protective cellular immune responses can be induced using hollow microneedles for intradermal immunizations.
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27
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Samuels S, Marijne Heeren A, Zijlmans HJMAA, Welters MJP, van den Berg JH, Philips D, Kvistborg P, Ehsan I, Scholl SME, Nuijen B, Schumacher TNM, van Beurden M, Jordanova ES, Haanen JBAG, van der Burg SH, Kenter GG. HPV16 E7 DNA tattooing: safety, immunogenicity, and clinical response in patients with HPV-positive vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:1163-1173. [PMID: 28451790 PMCID: PMC11028457 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-017-2006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Usual type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN) is caused by HPV, predominantly type 16. Several forms of HPV immunotherapy have been studied, however, clinical results could be improved. A novel intradermal administration route, termed DNA tattooing, is superior in animal models, and was tested for the first time in humans with a HPV16 E7 DNA vaccine (TTFC-E7SH). METHODS The trial was designed to test safety, immunogenicity, and clinical response of TTFC-E7SH in twelve HPV16+ uVIN patients. Patients received six vaccinations via DNA tattooing. The first six patients received 0.2 mg TTFC-E7SH and the next six 2 mg TTFC-E7SH. Vaccine-specific T-cell immunity was evaluated by IFNγ-ELISPOT and multiparametric flow cytometry. RESULTS Only grade I-II adverse events were observed upon TTFC-E7SH vaccination. The ELISPOT analysis showed in 4/12 patients a response to the peptide pool containing shuffled E7 peptides. Multiparametric flow cytometry showed low CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses as measured by increased expression of PD-1 (4/12 in both), CTLA-4 (2/12 and 3/12), CD107a (5/12 and 4/12), or the production of IFNγ (2/12 and 1/12), IL-2 (3/12 and 4/12), TNFα (2/12 and 1/12), and MIP1β (3/12 and 6/12). At 3 months follow-up, no clinical response was observed in any of the twelve vaccinated patients. CONCLUSION DNA tattoo vaccination was shown to be safe. A low vaccine-induced immune response and no clinical response were observed in uVIN patients after TTFC-E7SH DNA tattoo vaccination. Therefore, a new phase I/II trial with an improved DNA vaccine format is currently in development for patients with uVIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Samuels
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Marijne Heeren
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center-Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry J M A A Zijlmans
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marij J P Welters
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H van den Berg
- Amsterdam Biotherapeutics Unit (AmBTU), Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daisy Philips
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilina Ehsan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Suzy M E Scholl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Curie, 25 Rue d'Ulm, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Bastiaan Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton N M Schumacher
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Beurden
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina S Jordanova
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John B A G Haanen
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd H van der Burg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Department of Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology Amsterdam, P.O. Box 90203, 1006 BE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zuleger CL, Kang C, Ranheim EA, Kurzman ID, Macklin MD, Newton MA, Wolchok JD, Vail DM, Eriksson E, Albertini MR. Pilot study of safety and feasibility of DNA microseeding for treatment of spontaneous canine melanoma. Vet Med Sci 2017; 3:134-145. [PMID: 29067210 PMCID: PMC5645840 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous canine malignant melanoma provides an excellent pre-clinical model to study DNA vaccines for melanoma immunotherapy. A USDA-approved xenogeneic human tyrosinase (huTYR) plasmid DNA vaccine delivered intramuscularly induces detectable immune responses and has clinical activity in some dogs with melanoma. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety and immunogenicity of huTYR plasmid DNA administered to the skin via microseeding in dogs with spontaneous melanoma. DNA microseeding utilizes a modified tattooing device as an alternate and potentially more potent delivery method for DNA immunization. DNA was delivered to shaved inner thigh skin of six companion dogs with melanoma approximately every 14 days for a planned total of four vaccination time points. An anti-huTYR ELISA was used to test pre- and post-treatment sera. Biopsies of treated skin were obtained for detection of huTYR transgene expression. DNA microseeding was well tolerated with no significant toxicity detected beyond local site irritation, and there were no signs of autoimmunity. huTYR-expressing cells were observed in biopsies of huTYR DNA microseeding sites. Increased humoral anti-huTYR antibodies were seen in two of five evaluable dogs following microseeding compared to baseline. DNA microseeding is well tolerated in companion dogs with melanoma. Further investigation is needed to determine if combining DNA microseeding with other immunotherapy regimens potentiates this delivery platform for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L. Zuleger
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Chulhi Kang
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Erik A. Ranheim
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Ilene D. Kurzman
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael D. Macklin
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Michael A. Newton
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical InformaticsUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | | | - David M. Vail
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin School of Veterinary MedicineMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Elof Eriksson
- Division of Plastic SurgeryBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Mark R. Albertini
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer CenterMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Medical ServiceWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
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29
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Wong KH, Zhou Q, Prabhu N, Furuhashi K, Chua YL, Grotenbreg GM, Kemeny DM. Blomia tropicalis allergen 5 (Blo t 5) T-cell epitopes and their ability to suppress the allergic immune response. Immunology 2017; 152:344-355. [PMID: 28581024 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Blomia tropicalis is the major asthma allergen in the tropics comparable to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. However, little is known about the B. tropicalis epitopes recognized by T cells. Our aim was to identify the T-cell epitopes in the major B. tropicalis allergen, Blo t 5, and investigate the potential of the corresponding peptides to inhibit the allergic inflammatory lung response. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with plasmid DNA encoding Blo t 5 and T-cell epitopes identified using the interferon-γ ELISPOT assay with 15-mer overlapping peptides. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) pulsed with Blo t 5 allergen followed by intranasal Blo t 5 challenge. Two H-2b restricted epitopes (Bt576-90 and Bt5106-115 ) were recognized by CD4 T cells specific for Blo t 5, but no CD8 epitopes were identified. In mice sensitized with Blo t 5-pulsed BMDC and challenged with intranasal Blo t 5 Bt576-90 and Bt5106-115 , peptide-specific CD4 T cells were found to secrete the T helper type 2 cytokines interleukin-5 and interleukin-13. Intradermal administration of synthetic peptides encoding the identified T-cell epitopes suppressed allergic airway inflammation to further allergen challenges. Hence, we have identified novel CD4 T-cell epitopes specific for Blo t 5 and demonstrated that these peptides could be employed therapeutically to suppress the T-cell response in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth H Wong
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Qian Zhou
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Nayana Prabhu
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Kazuki Furuhashi
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Yen Leong Chua
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Gijsbert M Grotenbreg
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Gritstone Oncology, Emeryville, CA, USA
| | - David M Kemeny
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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30
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Lankelma JM, Wagemakers A, Birnie E, Haak BW, Trentelman JJA, Weehuizen TAF, Ersöz J, Roelofs JJTH, Hovius JW, Wiersinga WJ, Bins AD. Rapid DNA vaccination against Burkholderia pseudomallei flagellin by tattoo or intranasal application. Virulence 2017; 8:1683-1694. [PMID: 28323523 PMCID: PMC5810493 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1307485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a severe infectious disease with a high mortality that is endemic in South-East Asia and Northern Australia. The causative pathogen, Burkholderia pseudomallei, is listed as potential bioterror weapon due to its high virulence and potential for easy dissemination. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine for prevention of melioidosis. Here, we explore the use of rapid plasmid DNA vaccination against B. pseudomallei flagellin for protection against respiratory challenge. We tested three flagellin DNA vaccines with different subcellular targeting designs. C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated via skin tattoo on day 0, 3 and 6 before intranasal challenge with B. pseudomallei on day 21. Next, the most effective construct was used as single vaccination on day 0 by tattoo or intranasal formulation. Mice were sacrificed 72 hours post-challenge to assess bacterial loads, cytokine responses, inflammation and microscopic lesions. A construct encoding a cellular secretion signal resulted in the most effective protection against melioidosis via tattooing, with a 10-fold reduction in bacterial loads in lungs and distant organs compared to the empty vector. Strikingly, a single intranasal administration of the same vaccine resulted in >1000-fold lower bacterial loads and increased survival. Pro-inflammatory cytokine responses were significantly diminished and strong reductions in markers for distant organ damage were observed. A rapid vaccination scheme using flagellin DNA tattoo provides significant protection against intranasal challenge with B. pseudomallei, markedly improved by a single administration via airway mucosa. Hence intranasal vaccination with flagellin-encoding DNA may be applicable when acute mass vaccination is indicated and warrants further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Lankelma
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Alex Wagemakers
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Emma Birnie
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan W Haak
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Jos J A Trentelman
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Tassili A F Weehuizen
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Jasmin Ersöz
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Joppe W Hovius
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.,c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- a Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.,c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- c Department of Internal Medicine , Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
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31
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Development of an intradermal DNA vaccine delivery strategy to achieve single-dose immunity against respiratory syncytial virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:2840-2847. [PMID: 28413132 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a massive medical burden in infants, children and the elderly worldwide, and an effective, safe RSV vaccine remains an unmet need. Here we assess a novel vaccination strategy based on the intradermal delivery of a SynCon® DNA-based vaccine encoding engineered RSV-F antigen using a surface electroporation device (SEP) to target epidermal cells, in clinically relevant experimental models. We demonstrate the ability of this strategy to elicit robust immune responses. Importantly we demonstrate complete resistance to pulmonary infection at a single low dose of vaccine in the cotton rat RSV/A challenge model. In contrast to the formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) vaccine, there was no enhanced lung inflammation upon virus challenge after DNA vaccination. In summary the data presented outline the pre-clinical development of a highly efficacious, tolerable and safe non-replicating vaccine delivery strategy.
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32
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Deken MA, Song JY, Gadiot J, Bins AD, Kroon P, Verbrugge I, Blank CU. Dermal Delivery of Constructs Encoding Cre Recombinase to Induce Skin Tumors in Pten LoxP/LoxP;Braf CA/+ Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122149. [PMID: 27999416 PMCID: PMC5187949 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current genetically-engineered mouse melanoma models are often based on Tyr::CreERT2-controlled MAPK pathway activation by the BRAFV600E mutation and PI3K pathway activation by loss of PTEN. The major drawback of these models is the occurrence of spontaneous tumors caused by leakiness of the Tyr::CreERT2 system, hampering long-term experiments. To address this problem, we investigated several approaches to optimally provide local delivery of Cre recombinase, including injection of lentiviral particles, DNA tattoo administration and particle-mediated gene transfer, to induce melanomas in PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ mice lacking the Tyr::CreERT2 allele. We found that dermal delivery of the Cre recombinase gene under the control of a non-specific CAG promoter induced the formation of melanomas, but also keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinomas. Delivery of Cre recombinase DNA under the control of melanocyte-specific promoters in PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ mice resulted in sole melanoma induction. The growth rate and histological features of the induced tumors were similar to 4-hydroxytamoxifen-induced tumors in Tyr::CreERT2;PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ mice, while the onset of spontaneous tumors was prevented completely. These novel induction methods will allow long-term experiments in mouse models of skin malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A Deken
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ji-Ying Song
- Department of Experimental Animal Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jules Gadiot
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan D Bins
- Division of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paula Kroon
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Inge Verbrugge
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Christian U Blank
- Department of Immunology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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33
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Muschaweckh A, Buchholz VR, Fellenzer A, Hessel C, König PA, Tao S, Tao R, Heikenwälder M, Busch DH, Korn T, Kastenmüller W, Drexler I, Gasteiger G. Antigen-dependent competition shapes the local repertoire of tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:3075-3086. [PMID: 27899444 PMCID: PMC5154944 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) constitute a major component of the immune-surveillance system in nonlymphoid organs. Local, noncognate factors are both necessary and sufficient to support the programming of TRM cell fate in tissue-infiltrating T cells. Recent evidence suggests that TCR signals received in infected nonlymphoid tissues additionally contribute to TRM cell formation. Here, we asked how antigen-dependent pathways influence the generation of skin-resident memory T cells that arise from a polyclonal repertoire of cells induced by infection with an antigenically complex virus and recombinant vaccine vector. We found that CD8+ T cells of different specificities underwent antigen-dependent competition in the infected tissue, which shaped the composition of the local pool of TRM cells. This local cross-competition was active for T cells recognizing antigens that are coexpressed by infected cells. In contrast, TRM cell development remained largely undisturbed by the presence of potential competitors when antigens expressed in the same tissue were segregated through infection with antigenically distinct viral quasispecies. Functionally, local cross-competition might serve as a gatekeeping mechanism to regulate access to the resident memory niche and to fine-tune the local repertoire of antiviral TRM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Muschaweckh
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Fellenzer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Hessel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Paul-Albert König
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Sha Tao
- Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ronny Tao
- Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Heikenwälder
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Korn
- Klinikum rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Institute of Experimental Immunology, Universität Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany .,Institute for Virology, Universitätsklinikum Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81675 Munich, Germany .,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene and Forschungszentrum für Immuntherapie, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Freiburg Medical Center, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Schultheis K, Schaefer H, Yung BS, Oh J, Muthumani K, Humeau L, Broderick KE, Smith TRF. Characterization of guinea pig T cell responses elicited after EP-assisted delivery of DNA vaccines to the skin. Vaccine 2016; 35:61-70. [PMID: 27894716 PMCID: PMC5221502 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The skin is an ideal target tissue for vaccine delivery for a number of reasons. It is highly accessible, and most importantly, enriched in professional antigen presenting cells. Possessing strong similarities to human skin physiology and displaying a defined epidermis, the guinea pig is an appropriate model to study epidermal delivery of vaccine. However, whilst we have characterized the humoral responses in the guinea pig associated with skin vaccine protocols we have yet to investigate the T cell responses. In response to this inadequacy, we developed an IFN-γ ELISpot assay to characterize the cellular immune response in the peripheral blood of guinea pigs. Using a nucleoprotein (NP) influenza pDNA vaccination regimen, we characterized host T cell responses. After delivery of the DNA vaccine to the guinea pig epidermis we detected robust and rapid T cell responses. The levels of IFN-γ spot-forming units averaged approximately 5000 per million cells after two immunizations. These responses were broad in that multiple regions across the NP antigen elicited a T cell response. Interestingly, we identified a number of NP immunodominant T cell epitopes to be conserved across an outbred guinea pig population, a phenomenon which was also observed after immunization with a RSV DNA vaccine. We believe this data enhances our understanding of the cellular immune response elicited to a vaccine in guinea pigs, and globally, will advance the use of this model for vaccine development, especially those targeting skin as a delivery site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Schultheis
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Hubert Schaefer
- Intracelluar Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bryan S Yung
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Janet Oh
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Karuppiah Muthumani
- Vaccine Center, The Wistar Institute of Anatomy & Biology, 3601 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Kate E Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA
| | - Trevor R F Smith
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 660W. Germantown Pike, Suite 110, Plymouth Meeting, PA 19462, USA.
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Replicon RNA Viral Vectors as Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4040039. [PMID: 27827980 PMCID: PMC5192359 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded RNA viruses of both positive and negative polarity have been used as vectors for vaccine development. In this context, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, measles virus and rhabdoviruses have been engineered for expression of surface protein genes and antigens. Administration of replicon RNA vectors has resulted in strong immune responses and generation of neutralizing antibodies in various animal models. Immunization of mice, chicken, pigs and primates with virus-like particles, naked RNA or layered DNA/RNA plasmids has provided protection against challenges with lethal doses of infectious agents and administered tumor cells. Both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy has been achieved in cancer immunotherapy. Moreover, recombinant particles and replicon RNAs have been encapsulated by liposomes to improve delivery and targeting. Replicon RNA vectors have also been subjected to clinical trials. Overall, immunization with self-replicating RNA viruses provides high transient expression levels of antigens resulting in generation of neutralizing antibody responses and protection against lethal challenges under safe conditions.
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Strategies to enhance immunogenicity of cDNA vaccine encoded antigens by modulation of antigen processing. Vaccine 2016; 34:5132-5140. [PMID: 27593157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most vaccines are based on protective humoral responses while for intracellular pathogens CD8(+) T cells are regularly needed to provide protection. However, poor processing efficiency of antigens is often a limiting factor in CD8(+) T cell priming, hampering vaccine efficacy. The multistage cDNA vaccine H56, encoding three secreted Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, was used to test a complete strategy to enhance vaccine' immunogenicity. Potential CD8(+) T cell epitopes in H56 were predicted using the NetMHC3.4/ANN program. Mice were immunized with H56 cDNA using dermal DNA tattoo immunization and epitope candidates were tested for recognition by responding CD8(+) T cells in ex vivo assays. Seven novel CD8(+) T cell epitopes were identified. H56 immunogenicity could be substantially enhanced by two strategies: (i) fusion of the H56 sequence to cDNA of proteins that modify intracellular antigen processing or provide CD4(+) T cell help, (ii) by substitution of the epitope's hydrophobic C-terminal flanking residues for polar glutamic acid, which facilitated their proteasome-mediated generation. We conclude that this whole strategy of in silico prediction of potential CD8(+) T cell epitopes in novel antigens, followed by fusion to sequences with immunogenicity-enhancing properties or modification of epitope flanking sequences to improve proteasome-mediated processing, may be exploited to design novel vaccines against emerging or 'hard to treat' intracellular pathogens.
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Hawksworth DJ, Ziemann R, Manoj S. Enhanced Immune Response Following DNA Immunization Through In Vivo Electroporation. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 35:239-244. [PMID: 27463371 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2016.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA immunization offers the advantage of allowing for the initiation of animal immunogenicity studies while work to produce and purify the protein of interest is completed. In this study, we sought to evaluate in vivo electroporation (EP) as a means to enhance the antigen-specific immune response from DNA immunization. Mice were immunized thrice with DNA encoding the protein of interest through intramuscular (IM) or intradermal (ID) injections. Test animals were administered an electrical pulse into the muscle or dermis at the site of injection immediately following immunization. In addition, cardiotoxin was injected into the muscle of a subset of test animals 5 days before each DNA injection. Nine weeks following the final DNA immunization, mice were immunized with the encoded purified protein emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Sera from EP mice taken 2 weeks following the final DNA immunization showed a significant enhancement in antibody response. Specifically, those mice treated with cardiotoxin, immunized IM and given EP showed a strong response, but this was only observed versus solid phase and not solution phase antigen, suggesting the resulting antibody was of low titer and affinity. Similar testing following the protein immunization revealed a significant improvement in relative affinity versus sera taken following DNA immunization. Our results suggest EP can enhance the immune response elicited by DNA immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Ziemann
- 1 Abbott Laboratories , Antibody Research, Abbott Park, Illinois
| | - Sharmila Manoj
- 2 Abbott Laboratories , Antibody Engineering, Abbott Park, Illinois
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Ahrends T, Bąbała N, Xiao Y, Yagita H, van Eenennaam H, Borst J. CD27 Agonism Plus PD-1 Blockade Recapitulates CD4+ T-cell Help in Therapeutic Anticancer Vaccination. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2921-31. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kinnear E, Caproni LJ, Tregoning JS. A Comparison of Red Fluorescent Proteins to Model DNA Vaccine Expression by Whole Animal In Vivo Imaging. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130375. [PMID: 26091084 PMCID: PMC4475043 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA vaccines can be manufactured cheaply, easily and rapidly and have performed well in pre-clinical animal studies. However, clinical trials have so far been disappointing, failing to evoke a strong immune response, possibly due to poor antigen expression. To improve antigen expression, improved technology to monitor DNA vaccine transfection efficiency is required. In the current study, we compared plasmid encoded tdTomato, mCherry, Katushka, tdKatushka2 and luciferase as reporter proteins for whole animal in vivo imaging. The intramuscular, subcutaneous and tattooing routes were compared and electroporation was used to enhance expression. We observed that overall, fluorescent proteins were not a good tool to assess expression from DNA plasmids, with a highly heterogeneous response between animals. Of the proteins used, intramuscular delivery of DNA encoding either tdTomato or luciferase gave the clearest signal, with some Katushka and tdKatushka2 signal observed. Subcutaneous delivery was weakly visible and nothing was observed following DNA tattooing. DNA encoding haemagglutinin was used to determine whether immune responses mirrored visible expression levels. A protective immune response against H1N1 influenza was induced by all routes, even after a single dose of DNA, though qualitative differences were observed, with tattooing leading to high antibody responses and subcutaneous DNA leading to high CD8 responses. We conclude that of the reporter proteins used, expression from DNA plasmids can best be assessed using tdTomato or luciferase. But, the disconnect between visible expression level and immunogenicity suggests that in vivo whole animal imaging of fluorescent proteins has limited utility for predicting DNA vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Kinnear
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa J. Caproni
- Touchlight Genetics Ltd., Leatherhead, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Tregoning
- Mucosal Infection & Immunity Group, Section of Virology, Imperial College London, St Mary’s Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Recent insights into cutaneous immunization: How to vaccinate via the skin. Vaccine 2015; 33:4663-74. [PMID: 26006087 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Technologies and strategies for cutaneous vaccination have been evolving significantly during the past decades. Today, there is evidence for increased efficacy of cutaneously delivered vaccines allowing for dose reduction and providing a minimally invasive alternative to traditional vaccination. Considerable progress has been made within the field of well-established cutaneous vaccination strategies: Jet and powder injection technologies, microneedles, microporation technologies, electroporation, sonoporation, and also transdermal and transfollicular vaccine delivery. Due to recent advances, the use of cutaneous vaccination can be expanded from prophylactic vaccination for infectious diseases into therapeutic vaccination for both infectious and non-infectious chronic conditions. This review will provide an insight into immunological processes occurring in the skin and introduce the key innovations of cutaneous vaccination technologies.
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Tattoo Delivery of a Semliki Forest Virus-Based Vaccine Encoding Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:221-38. [PMID: 26343186 PMCID: PMC4494346 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is an attractive organ for immunization because of the presence of antigen-presenting cells. Intradermal delivery via tattooing has demonstrated superior vaccine immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in comparison to conventional delivery methods. In this study, we explored the efficacy of tattoo injection of a tumor vaccine based on recombinant Semliki Forest virus replicon particles (rSFV) targeting human papillomavirus (HPV). Tattoo injection of rSFV particles resulted in antigen expression in both the skin and draining lymph nodes. In comparison with intramuscular injection, the overall antigen expression determined at the site of administration and draining lymph nodes was 10-fold lower upon tattoo injection. Delivery of SFV particles encoding the E6 and E7 antigens of human papillomavirus type 16 (SFVeE6,7) via tattooing resulted in HPV-specific cytotoxic T cells and in vivo therapeutic antitumor response. Strikingly, despite the observed lower overall transgene expression, SFVeE6,7 delivered via tattoo injection resulted in higher or equal levels of immune responses as compared to intramuscular injection. The intrinsic immunogenic potential of tattooing provides a benefit for immunotherapy based on an alphavirus.
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Abstract
The skin is known to be a highly immunogenic site for vaccination, but few vaccines in clinical use target skin largely because conventional intradermal injection is difficult and unreliable to perform. Now, a number of new or newly adapted delivery technologies have been shown to administer vaccine to the skin either by non-invasive or minimally invasive methods. Non-invasive methods include high-velocity powder and liquid jet injection, as well as diffusion-based patches in combination with skin abrasion, thermal ablation, ultrasound, electroporation, and chemical enhancers. Minimally invasive methods are generally based on small needles, including solid microneedle patches, hollow microneedle injections, and tattoo guns. The introduction of these advanced delivery technologies can make the skin a site for simple, reliable vaccination that increases vaccine immunogenicity and offers logistical advantages to improve the speed and coverage of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeu-Chun Kim
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Grunwald T, Ulbert S. Improvement of DNA vaccination by adjuvants and sophisticated delivery devices: vaccine-platforms for the battle against infectious diseases. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:1-10. [PMID: 25648133 PMCID: PMC4313101 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Advantages of DNA vaccination against infectious diseases over more classical immunization methods include the possibilities for rapid manufacture, fast adaptation to newly emerging pathogens and high stability at ambient temperatures. In addition, upon DNA immunization the antigen is produced by the cells of the vaccinated individual, which leads to activation of both cellular and humoral immune responses due to antigen presentation via MHC I and MHC II molecules. However, so far DNA vaccines have shown most efficient immunogenicity mainly in small rodent models, whereas in larger animals including humans there is still the need to improve effectiveness. This is mostly due to inefficient delivery of the DNA plasmid into cells and nuclei. Here, we discuss technologies used to overcome this problem, including physical means such as in vivo electroporation and co-administration of adjuvants. Several of these methods have already entered clinical testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grunwald
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
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Levin Y, Kochba E, Hung I, Kenney R. Intradermal vaccination using the novel microneedle device MicronJet600: Past, present, and future. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:991-7. [PMID: 25745830 PMCID: PMC4514308 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1010871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intradermal immunization has become a forefront of vaccine improvement, both scientifically and commercially. Newer technologies are being developed to address the need to reduce the dose required for vaccination and to improve the reliability and ease of injection, which have been major hurdles in expanding the number of approved vaccines using this route of administration. In this review, 7 y of clinical experience with a novel intradermal delivery device, the MicronJet600, which is a registered hollow microneedle that simplifies the delivery of liquid vaccines, are summarized. This device has demonstrated both significant dose-sparing and superior immunogenicity in various vaccine categories, as well as in diverse subject populations and age groups. These studies have shown that intradermal delivery using this device is safe, effective, and preferred by the subjects. Comparison with other intradermal devices and potential new applications for intradermal delivery that could be pursued in the future are also discussed.
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Key Words
- AE, adverse event
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette–Guérin
- BD, Becton Dickinson
- CDC, Center of Disease Control
- DTP, diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus
- EMEA, European Medicines Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- GMT, geometric mean titer
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HIV, Human immunodeficiency virus
- HPV, human papilloma virus
- ID, intradermal
- IM, Intramuscular
- IPV, inactivated polio vaccine
- MEMS, Micro Electro Mechanical System
- Mantoux
- PPD, Purified protein derivative
- SAGE, Strategic Advisory Group of Experts
- SQ, subcutaneous
- WHO, World Health Organization
- dose-sparing
- icddr,b, International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh
- immunogenicity
- influenza vaccine
- intradermal
- microneedles
- vaccine delivery
- vaccine device
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivan Hung
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases; Carol Yu's Center for Infection and Division of Infectious Diseases; The University of Hong Kong; Queen Mary Hospital;Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
DNA vaccination is an attractive vaccination method. First, the production of plasmid DNA as a vaccine is considerably more cheap and simple than the production of recombinant protein. Second, the expression cassette of DNA vaccines can readily be modified, making DNA vaccines highly flexible. Finally, in animal models, DNA vaccination is able to induce potent cellular immune responses. Over the past decade, the focus in the DNA vaccination field has in large part moved from intramuscular immunization towards dermal administration. As a natural "porte d'entrée" for pathogens, the skin is rich in antigen-presenting cells, which are required for generating an efficient antigen-specific immune response. This chapter describes a DNA vaccination protocol that utilizes a simple tattooing device for the dermal delivery of plasmid DNA. This technique, called DNA tattooing, is capable of generating high frequencies of antigen-reactive T cells in mice and macaques.
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DNA vaccination strategy targets epidermal dendritic cells, initiating their migration and induction of a host immune response. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2014; 1:14054. [PMID: 26052522 PMCID: PMC4448738 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The immunocompetence and clinical accessibility of dermal tissue offers an appropriate and attractive target for vaccination. We previously demonstrated that pDNA injection into the skin in combination with surface electroporation (SEP), results in rapid and robust expression of the encoded antigen in the epidermis. Here, we demonstrate that intradermally EP-enhanced pDNA vaccination results in the rapid induction of a host humoral immune response. In the dermally relevant guinea pig model, we used high-resolution laser scanning confocal microscopy to observe direct dendritic cell (DC) transfections in the epidermis, to determine the migration kinetics of these cells from the epidermal layer into the dermis, and to follow them sequentially to the immediate draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, we delineate the relationship between the migration of directly transfected epidermal DCs and the generation of the host immune response. In summary, these data indicate that direct presentation of antigen to the immune system by DCs through SEP-based in vivo transfection in the epidermis, is related to the generation of a humoral immune response.
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Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents of cervical cancer, the third most common cancer in women. The development of prophylactic HPV vaccines Gardasil® and Cervarix® targeting the major oncogenic HPV types is now the frontline of cervical cancer prevention. Both vaccines have been proven to be highly effective and safe although there are still open questions about their target population, cross-protection, and long-term efficacy. The main limitation for a worldwide implementation of Gardasil® and Cervarix® is their high cost. To develop more affordable vaccines research groups are concentrated in new formulations with different antigens including capsomeres, the minor capsid protein L2 and DNA. In this article we describe the vaccines' impact on HPV-associated disease, the main open questions about the marketed vaccines, and current efforts for the development of second-generation vaccines.
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Melief CJM, Scheper RJ, de Vries IJM. Scientific contributions toward successful cancer immunotherapy in The Netherlands. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:121-6. [PMID: 25455598 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This historical overview shows that immunologists and clinicians from The Netherlands have contributed in a major way to better insights in the nature of cancer immunity. This work involved elucidation of the nature of cancer-associated antigens in autologous and allogeneic settings in addition to understanding of the cellular basis of natural immune responses against cancers and of important immune evasion mechanisms. Insight into such basic immunological mechanisms has contributed to the development of innovating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J M Melief
- Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; ISA Pharmaceuticals, The Netherlands.
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, Free University Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Rapid outer-surface protein C DNA tattoo vaccination protects against Borrelia afzelii infection. Gene Ther 2014; 21:1051-7. [PMID: 25273355 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Borrelia afzelii is the predominant Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis in Europe. Currently there is no human vaccine against Lyme borreliosis, and most research focuses on recombinant protein vaccines against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. DNA tattooing is a novel vaccination method that can be applied in a rapid vaccination schedule. We vaccinated C3H/HeN mice with B. afzelii strain PKo OspC (outer-surface protein C) using a codon-optimized DNA vaccine tattoo and compared this with recombinant protein vaccination in a 0-2-4 week vaccination schedule. We also assessed protection by DNA tattoo in a 0-3-6 day schedule. DNA tattoo and recombinant OspC vaccination induced comparable total IgG responses, with a lower IgG1/IgG2a ratio after DNA tattoo. Two weeks after syringe-challenge with 5 × 10(5) B. afzelii spirochetes most vaccinated mice had negative B. afzelii tissue DNA loads and all were culture negative. Furthermore, DNA tattoo vaccination in a 0-3-6 day regimen also resulted in negative Borrelia loads and cultures after challenge. To conclude, DNA vaccination by tattoo was fully protective against B. afzelii challenge in mice in a rapid vaccination protocol, and induces a favorable humoral immunity compared to recombinant protein vaccination. Rapid DNA tattoo is a promising vaccination strategy against spirochetes.
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50
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Grunwald T, Tenbusch M, Schulte R, Raue K, Wolf H, Hannaman D, de Swart RL, Überla K, Stahl-Hennig C. Novel vaccine regimen elicits strong airway immune responses and control of respiratory syncytial virus in nonhuman primates. J Virol 2014; 88:3997-4007. [PMID: 24453366 PMCID: PMC3993754 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02736-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Induction of long-lasting immunity against viral respiratory tract infections remains an elusive goal. Using a nonhuman primate model of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infection, we compared mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by different DNA delivery approaches to a novel parenteral DNA prime-tonsillar adenoviral vector booster immunization regimen. Intramuscular (i.m.) electroporation (EP) of a DNA vaccine encoding the fusion protein of hRSV induced stronger systemic immune responses than intradermal EP, tattoo immunization, and conventional i.m. DNA injection. A single EP i.m., followed by two atraumatic tonsillar immunizations with the adenoviral vector, elicited strong systemic immune responses, an unique persistent CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response in the lower respiratory tract and protection from intranasal hRSV challenge. Thus, parenteral DNA priming followed by booster immunization targeted to a mucosal inductive site constitutes an effective vaccine regimen for eliciting protective immune responses at mucosal effector sites. IMPORTANCE The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most common cause of severe respiratory tract disease in infancy and leads to substantial morbidity and morality in the elderly. In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and efficacy of several gene-based immunization protocols in rhesus macaques. Thereby, we found that the combination of an initially parenterally delivered DNA vaccine with a subsequent atraumatic tonsillar adenoviral vector immunization results in a strong systemic immune response accompanied by an exceptional high T-cell response in the mucosa. Strikingly, these animals were protected against a RSV challenge infection controlling the viral replication indicated by a 1,000-fold-lower viral load in the lower respiratory tract. Since mucosal cellular responses of this strength had not been described in earlier RSV vaccine studies, this heterologous DNA prime-tonsillar boost vaccine strategy is very promising and should be pursued for further preclinical and clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grunwald
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Reiner Schulte
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans Wolf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Drew Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rik L. de Swart
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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