1
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Huynh DT, Nolfi E, Medfai L, van Ulsen P, Jong WSP, Sijts AJAM, Luirink J. Intranasal delivery of Salmonella OMVs decorated with Chlamydia trachomatis antigens induces specific local and systemic immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2330768. [PMID: 38517203 PMCID: PMC10962599 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2330768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular pathogen responsible for the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted disease globally. The high prevalence of chlamydial infections underscores the urgent need for licensed and effective vaccines to prevent transmission in populations. Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) have emerged as promising mucosal vaccine carriers due to their inherent adjuvant properties and the ability to display heterologous antigens. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the immunogenicity of Salmonella OMVs decorated with C. trachomatis MOMP-derived CTH522 or HtrA antigens in mice. Following a prime-boost intranasal vaccination approach, two OMV-based C. trachomatis vaccines elicited significant humoral responses specific to the antigens in both systemic and vaginal compartments. Furthermore, we demonstrated strong antigen-specific IFN-γ and IL17a responses in splenocytes and cervical lymph node cells of vaccinated mice, indicating CD4+ Th1 and Th17 biased immune responses. Notably, the OMV-CTH522 vaccine also induced the production of spleen-derived CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ. In conclusion, these results highlight the potential of OMV-based C. trachomatis vaccines for successful use in future challenge studies and demonstrate the suitability of our modular OMV platform for intranasal vaccine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dung T. Huynh
- R&D department, Abera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Nolfi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lobna Medfai
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van Ulsen
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joen Luirink
- R&D department, Abera Bioscience AB, Uppsala, Sweden
- Group of Molecular Microbiology, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Lyu Q, Veldhuizen EJA, Ludwig IS, Rutten VPMG, van Eden W, Sijts AJAM, Broere F. Characterization of polarization states of canine monocyte derived macrophages. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292757. [PMID: 37939066 PMCID: PMC10631683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages can reversibly polarize into multiple functional subsets depending on their micro-environment. Identification and understanding the functionality of these subsets is relevant for the study of immune‑related diseases. However, knowledge about canine macrophage polarization is still in its infancy. In this study, we polarized canine monocytes using GM-CSF/IFN- γ and LPS towards M1 macrophages or M-CSF and IL-4 towards M2 macrophages and compared them to undifferentiated monocytes (M0). Polarized M1 and M2 macrophages were thoroughly characterized for morphology, surface marker features, gene profiles and functional properties. Our results showed that canine M1-polarized macrophages obtained a characteristic large, roundish, or amoeboid shape, while M2-polarized macrophages were smaller and adopted an elongated spindle-like morphology. Phenotypically, all macrophage subsets expressed the pan-macrophage markers CD14 and CD11b. M1-polarized macrophages expressed increased levels of CD40, CD80 CD86 and MHC II, while a significant increase in the expression levels of CD206, CD209, and CD163 was observed in M2-polarized macrophages. RNAseq of the three macrophage subsets showed distinct gene expression profiles, which are closely associated with immune responsiveness, cell differentiation and phagocytosis. However, the complexity of the gene expression patterns makes it difficult to assign clear new polarization markers. Functionally, undifferentiated -monocytes, and M1- and M2- like subsets of canine macrophages can all phagocytose latex beads. M2-polarized macrophages exhibited the strongest phagocytic capacity compared to undifferentiated monocytes- and M1-polarized cells. Taken together, this study showed that canine M1 and M2-like macrophages have distinct features largely in parallel to those of well-studied species, such as human, mouse and pig. These findings enable future use of monocyte derived polarized macrophages particularly in studies of immune related diseases in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkang Lyu
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Immunology Center of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States of America
| | - Edwin J. A. Veldhuizen
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene S. Ludwig
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Pretoria University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Segués A, van Duijnhoven SMJ, Parade M, Driessen L, Vukovic N, Zaiss D, Sijts AJAM, Berraondo P, van Elsas A. Generation and characterization of novel co-stimulatory anti-mouse TNFR2 antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2021; 499:113173. [PMID: 34699840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (TNFR2) has gained much research interest in recent years because of its potential pivotal role in autoimmune disease and cancer. However, its function in regulating different immune cells is not well understood. There is a need for well-characterized reagents to selectively modulate TNFR2 function, thereby enabling definition of TNFR2-dependent biology in human and mouse surrogate models. Here, we describe the generation, production, purification, and characterization of a panel of novel antibodies targeting mouse TNFR2. The antibodies display functional differences in binding affinity and potency to block TNFα. Furthermore, epitope binding showed that the anti-mTNFR2 antibodies target different domains on the TNFR2 protein, associated with varying capacity to enhance CD8+ T-cell activation and costimulation. Moreover, the anti-TNFR2 antibodies demonstrate binding to isolated splenic mouse Tregs ex vivo and activated CD8+ cells, reinforcing their potential use to establish TNFR2-dependent immune modulation in translational models of autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Segués
- Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, the Netherlands; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Nataša Vukovic
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dietmar Zaiss
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Institute of Immune Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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4
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Zonneveld MI, van Herwijnen MJC, Fernandez-Gutierrez MM, Giovanazzi A, de Groot AM, Kleinjan M, van Capel TMM, Sijts AJAM, Taams LS, Garssen J, de Jong EC, Kleerebezem M, Nolte-'t Hoen ENM, Redegeld FA, Wauben MHM. Human milk extracellular vesicles target nodes in interconnected signalling pathways that enhance oral epithelial barrier function and dampen immune responses. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12071. [PMID: 33732416 PMCID: PMC7944547 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal milk is nature's first functional food. It plays a crucial role in the development of the infant's gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the immune system. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of lipid bilayer enclosed vesicles released by cells for intercellular communication and are a component of milk. Recently, we discovered that human milk EVs contain a unique proteome compared to other milk components. Here, we show that physiological concentrations of milk EVs support epithelial barrier function by increasing cell migration via the p38 MAPK pathway. Additionally, milk EVs inhibit agonist‐induced activation of endosomal Toll like receptors TLR3 and TLR9. Furthermore, milk EVs directly inhibit activation of CD4+ T cells by temporarily suppressing T cell activation without inducing tolerance. We show that milk EV proteins target key hotspots of signalling networks that can modulate cellular processes in various cell types of the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke I Zonneveld
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martijn J C van Herwijnen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Alberta Giovanazzi
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Anne Marit de Groot
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marije Kleinjan
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Toni M M van Capel
- Department of Experimental Immunology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands Centre for inflammation University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II) Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Leonie S Taams
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology Department of Inflammation Biology School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences King's College London London UK
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands.,Global Centre of Excellence Immunology Danone Nutricia Research Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Department of Experimental Immunology Academic Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands Centre for inflammation University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute (AI&II) Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group Department of Animal Sciences Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Esther N M Nolte-'t Hoen
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Frank A Redegeld
- Division of Pharmacology Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty of Science Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marca H M Wauben
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
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5
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Huang S, van Duijnhoven SMJ, Sijts AJAM, van Elsas A. Bispecific antibodies targeting dual tumor-associated antigens in cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:3111-3122. [PMID: 32989604 PMCID: PMC7679314 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a leading drug class for cancer therapy and are becoming increasingly of interest for therapeutic applications. As of April 2020, over 123 BsAbs are under clinical evaluation for use in oncology (including the two marketed BsAbs Blinatumomab and Catumaxomab). The majority (82 of 123) of BsAbs under clinical evaluation can be categorized as bispecific immune cell engager whereas a second less well-discussed subclass of BsAbs targets two tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). In this review, we summarize the clinical development of dual TAAs targeting BsAbs and provide an overview of critical considerations when designing dual TAA targeting BsAbs. METHODS Herein the relevant literature and clinical trials published in English until April 1st 2020 were searched using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database. BsAbs were considered to be active in clinic if their clinical trials were not terminated, withdrawn or completed before 2018 without reporting results. Data missed by searching ClinicalTrials.gov was manually curated. RESULTS Dual TAAs targeting BsAbs offer several advantages including increased tumor selectivity, potential to concurrently modulate two functional pathways in the tumor cell and may yield improved payload delivery. CONCLUSIONS Dual TAAs targeting BsAbs represent a valuable class of biologics and early stage clinical studies have demonstrated promising anti-tumor efficacy in both hematologic malignancies and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Huang
- Aduro Biotech Europe, Oss, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Lyu Q, Wawrzyniuk M, Rutten VPMG, van Eden W, Sijts AJAM, Broere F. Hsp70 and NF-kB Mediated Control of Innate Inflammatory Responses in a Canine Macrophage Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186464. [PMID: 32899721 PMCID: PMC7555705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases is associated with the uncontrolled activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in macrophages. Previous studies have shown that in various cell types, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) plays a crucial role in controlling NF-κB activity. So far, little is known about the role of Hsp70 in canine inflammatory processes. In this study we investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of Hsp70 in canine macrophages as well as the mechanisms underlying these effects. To this end, a canine macrophage cell line was stressed with arsenite, a chemical stressor, which upregulated Hsp70 expression as detected by flow cytometry and qPCR. A gene-edited version of this macrophage cell line lacking inducible Hsp70 was generated using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. To determine the effects of Hsp70 on macrophage inflammatory properties, arsenite-stressed wild-type and Hsp70 knockout macrophages were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and levels of phosphorylated NF-κB were determined by qPCR and Western Blotting, respectively. Our results show that non-toxic concentrations of arsenite induced Hsp70 expression in canine macrophages; Hsp70 upregulation significantly inhibited the LPS-induced expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α and IL-6, as well as NF-κB activation in canine macrophages. Furthermore, the gene editing of inducible Hsp70 by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing neutralized this inhibitory effect of cell stress on NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Collectively, our study reveals that Hsp70 may regulate inflammatory responses through NF-κB activation and cytokine expression in canine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkang Lyu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Q.L.); (M.W.); (V.P.M.G.R.); (W.v.E.); (A.J.A.M.S.)
| | - Magdalena Wawrzyniuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Q.L.); (M.W.); (V.P.M.G.R.); (W.v.E.); (A.J.A.M.S.)
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Q.L.); (M.W.); (V.P.M.G.R.); (W.v.E.); (A.J.A.M.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Q.L.); (M.W.); (V.P.M.G.R.); (W.v.E.); (A.J.A.M.S.)
| | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Q.L.); (M.W.); (V.P.M.G.R.); (W.v.E.); (A.J.A.M.S.)
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands; (Q.L.); (M.W.); (V.P.M.G.R.); (W.v.E.); (A.J.A.M.S.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Lyu Q, Ludwig IS, Kooten PJS, Sijts AJAM, Rutten VPMG, van Eden W, Broere F. Leucinostatin acts as a co-inducer for heat shock protein 70 in cultured canine retinal pigment epithelial cells. Cell Stress Chaperones 2020; 25:235-243. [PMID: 31940135 PMCID: PMC7058576 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-019-01066-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells is the main cause of a variety of ocular diseases. Potentially heat shock proteins, by preventing molecular and cellular damage and modulating inflammatory disease, may exert a protective role in eye disease. In particular, the inducible form of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is widely upregulated in inflamed tissues, and in vivo upregulation of Hsp70 expression by HSP co-inducing compounds has been shown to be a potential therapeutic strategy for inflammatory diseases. In order to gain further understanding of the potential protective effects of Hsp70 in RPE cells, we developed a method for isolation and culture of canine RPE cells. Identity of RPE cells was confirmed by detection of its specific marker, RPE65, in qPCR, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry analysis. The ability of RPE cells to express Hsp70 upon experimental induction of cell stress, by arsenite, was analyzed by flow cytometry. Finally, in search of a potential Hsp70 co-inducer, we investigated whether the compound leucinostatin could enhance Hsp70 expression in stressed RPE cells. Canine RPE cells were isolated and cultured successfully. Purity of cells that strongly expressed RPE65 was over 90%. Arsenite-induced stress led to a time- and dose-dependent increase in Hsp70 expression in canine RPE cells in vitro. In addition, leucinostatin, which enhanced heat shock factor-1-induced transcription from the heat shock promoter in DNAJB1-luc-O23 reporter cell line, also enhanced Hsp70 expression in arsenite-stressed RPE cells, in a dose-dependent fashion. These findings demonstrate that leucinostatin can boost Hsp70 expression in canine RPE cells, most likely by activating heat shock factor-1, suggesting that leucinostatin might be applied as a new co-inducer for Hsp70 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkang Lyu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene S. Ludwig
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. S. Kooten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Victor P. M. G. Rutten
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Pretoria University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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de Groot AM, Thanki K, Gangloff M, Falkenberg E, Zeng X, van Bijnen DCJ, van Eden W, Franzyk H, Nielsen HM, Broere F, Gay NJ, Foged C, Sijts AJAM. Immunogenicity Testing of Lipidoids In Vitro and In Silico: Modulating Lipidoid-Mediated TLR4 Activation by Nanoparticle Design. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2018; 11:159-169. [PMID: 29858051 PMCID: PMC5992342 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutics based on small interfering RNA (siRNA) have promising potential as antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents. To deliver siRNA across cell membranes to reach the RNAi pathway in the cytosol of target cells, non-viral nanoparticulate delivery approaches are explored. Recently, we showed that encapsulation of siRNA in lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPNs), based on poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and cationic lipid-like materials (lipidoids), remarkably enhances intracellular delivery of siRNA as compared to siRNA delivery with LPNs modified with dioleoyltrimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) as the lipid component. However, the potential immune modulation by these cationic lipids remains unexplored. By testing lipidoids and DOTAP for innate immune-receptor-activating properties in vitro, we found that neither lipidoids nor DOTAP activate human Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 3, 7, and 9. However, in contrast to DOTAP, lipidoids are strong agonists for TLR4 and activate murine antigen-presenting cells in vitro. This agonistic effect was further confirmed in silico using a prediction model based on crystal structures. Also, lipidoids formulated as lipoplexes or as stable nucleic acid lipid particles, which was the reference formulation for siRNA delivery, proved to activate TLR4. However, by combining lipidoids with PLGA into LPNs, TLR4 activation was abrogated. Thus, lipidoid-mediated TLR4 activation during siRNA delivery may be modulated via optimization of the formulation design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marit de Groot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaushik Thanki
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Monique Gangloff
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily Falkenberg
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xianghui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Djai C J van Bijnen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne M Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nick J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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9
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de Groot AM, Platteel ACM, Kuijt N, van Kooten PJS, Vos PJ, Sijts AJAM, van der Maaden K. Nanoporous Microneedle Arrays Effectively Induce Antibody Responses against Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1789. [PMID: 29375544 PMCID: PMC5770646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is immunologically very potent because of the high number of antigen-presenting cells in the dermis and epidermis, and is therefore considered to be very suitable for vaccination. However, the skin's physical barrier, the stratum corneum, prevents foreign substances, including vaccines, from entering the skin. Microneedles, which are needle-like structures with dimensions in the micrometer range, form a relatively new approach to circumvent the stratum corneum, allowing for minimally invasive and pain-free vaccination. In this study, we tested ceramic nanoporous microneedle arrays (npMNAs), representing a novel microneedle-based drug delivery technology, for their ability to deliver the subunit vaccines diphtheria toxoid (DT) and tetanus toxoid (TT) intradermally. First, the piercing ability of the ceramic (alumina) npMNAs, which contained over 100 microneedles per array, a length of 475 µm, and an average pore size of 80 nm, was evaluated in mouse skin. Then, the hydrodynamic diameters of DT and TT and the loading of DT, TT, and imiquimod into, and subsequent release from the npMNAs were assessed in vitro. It was shown that DT and TT were successfully loaded into the tips of the ceramic nanoporous microneedles, and by using near-infrared fluorescently labeled antigens, we found that DT and TT were released following piercing of the antigen-loaded npMNAs into ex vivo murine skin. Finally, the application of DT- and TT-loaded npMNAs onto mouse skin in vivo led to the induction of antigen-specific antibodies, with titers similar to those obtained upon subcutaneous immunization with a similar dose. In conclusion, we show for the first time, the potential of npMNAs for intradermal (ID) immunization with subunit vaccines, which opens possibilities for future ID vaccination designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marit de Groot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anouk C. M. Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nico Kuijt
- MyLife Technologies, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. S. van Kooten
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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10
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Platteel ACM, Nieuwenhuizen NE, Domaszewska T, Schürer S, Zedler U, Brinkmann V, Sijts AJAM, Kaufmann SHE. Efficacy Testing of H56 cDNA Tattoo Immunization against Tuberculosis in a Mouse Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1744. [PMID: 29312295 PMCID: PMC5732355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a global threat. The only approved vaccine against TB, Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), provides insufficient protection and, being a live vaccine, can cause disseminated disease in immunocompromised individuals. Previously, we found that intradermal cDNA tattoo immunization with cDNA of tetanus toxoid fragment C domain 1 fused to cDNA of the fusion protein H56, comprising the Mtb antigens Ag85B, ESAT-6, and Rv2660c, induced antigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses in vivo. As cDNA tattoo immunization would be safer than a live vaccine in immunocompromised patients, we tested the protective efficacy of intradermal tattoo immunization against TB with H56 cDNA, as well as with H56_E, a construct optimized for epitope processing in a mouse model. As Mtb antigens can be used in combination with BCG to boost immune responses, we also tested the protective efficacy of heterologous prime-boost, using dermal tattoo immunization with H56_E cDNA to boost BCG immunization in mice. Dermal H56 and H56_E cDNA immunization induced H56-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses and Ag85B-specific IgG antibodies, but did not reduce bacterial loads, although immunization with H56_E ameliorated lung pathology. Both subcutaneous and intradermal immunization with BCG resulted in broad cellular immune responses, with increased frequencies of CD4+ T effector memory cells, T follicular helper cells, and germinal center B cells, and resulted in reduced bacterial loads and lung pathology. Heterologous vaccination with BCG/H56_E cDNA induced increased H56-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell cytokine responses compared to vaccination with BCG alone, and lung pathology was significantly decreased in BCG/H56_E cDNA immunized mice compared to unvaccinated controls. However, bacterial loads were not decreased after heterologous vaccination compared to BCG alone. CD4+ T cells responding to Ag85B- and ESAT-6-derived epitopes were predominantly IFN-γ+TNF-α+ and TNF-α+IL-2+, respectively. In conclusion, despite inducing appreciable immune responses to Ag85B and ESAT-6, intradermal H56 cDNA tattoo immunization did not substantially enhance the protective effect of BCG under the conditions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C M Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Teresa Domaszewska
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schürer
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zedler
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Microscopy Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Platteel ACM, Liepe J, van Eden W, Mishto M, Sijts AJAM. An Unexpected Major Role for Proteasome-Catalyzed Peptide Splicing in Generation of T Cell Epitopes: Is There Relevance for Vaccine Development? Front Immunol 2017; 8:1441. [PMID: 29163514 PMCID: PMC5675849 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient and safe induction of CD8+ T cell responses is a desired characteristic of vaccines against intracellular pathogens. To achieve this, a new generation of safe vaccines is being developed accommodating single, dominant antigens of pathogens of interest. In particular, the selection of such antigens is challenging, since due to HLA polymorphism the ligand specificities and immunodominance hierarchies of pathogen-specific CD8+ T cell responses differ throughout the human population. A recently discovered mechanism of proteasome-mediated CD8+ T cell epitope generation, i.e., by proteasome-catalyzed peptide splicing (PCPS), expands the pool of peptides and antigens, presented by MHC class I HLA molecules. On the cell surface, one-third of the presented self-peptides are generated by PCPS, which coincides with one-fourth in terms of abundance. Spliced epitopes are targeted by CD8+ T cell responses during infection and, like non-spliced epitopes, can be identified within antigen sequences using a novel in silico strategy. The existence of spliced epitopes, by enlarging the pool of peptides available for presentation by different HLA variants, opens new opportunities for immunotherapies and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C M Platteel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Juliane Liepe
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Willem van Eden
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michele Mishto
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI), Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Platteel ACM, Henri S, Zaiss DM, Sijts AJAM. Dissecting antigen processing and presentation routes in dermal vaccination strategies. Vaccine 2017; 35:7057-7063. [PMID: 29079107 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The skin is an attractive site for vaccination due to its accessibility and presence of immune cells surveilling this barrier. However, knowledge of antigen processing and presentation upon dermal vaccination is sparse. In this study we determined antigen processing routes that lead to CD8+ T cell activation following dermal DNA tattoo immunization, exploiting a model antigen that contains an immunoproteasome-dependent epitope. In agreement with earlier reports, we found that DNA tattoo immunization of wild type (WT) mice triggered vigorous responses to the immunoproteasome-dependent model epitope, whereas gene-deficient mice lacking the immunoproteasome subunits β5i/LMP7 and β2i/MECL1 failed to respond. Unexpectedly, dermal immunization both of irradiated bone marrow (BM) reconstituted mice in which the BM transplant was of WT origin, and of WT mice transplanted with immunoproteasome subunit-deficient BM induced a CD8+ T cell response to the immunoproteasome-dependent epitope, implying that both BM and host-derived cells contributed to processing of delivered model antigen. Depletion of radiation-resistant Langerhans cells (LC) from chimeric mice did not diminish tattoo-immunization induced CD8+ T cell responses in most mice, illustrating that LC were not responsible for antigen processing and CD8+ T cell priming in tattoo-immunized hosts. We conclude that both BM and non-BM-derived cells contribute to processing and cross-presentation of antigens delivered by dermal DNA tattoo immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C M Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Dietmar M Zaiss
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, and the Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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13
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Platteel ACM, Mishto M, Textoris-Taube K, Keller C, Liepe J, Busch DH, Kloetzel PM, Sijts AJAM. CD8(+) T cells of Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice recognize both linear and spliced proteasome products. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:1109-18. [PMID: 26909514 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells responding to infection recognize pathogen-derived epitopes presented by MHC class-I molecules. While most of such epitopes are generated by proteasome-mediated antigen cleavage, analysis of tumor antigen processing has revealed that epitopes may also derive from proteasome-catalyzed peptide splicing (PCPS). To determine whether PCPS contributes to epitope processing during infection, we analyzed the fragments produced by purified proteasomes from a Listeria monocytogenes polypeptide. Mass spectrometry identified a known H-2K(b) -presented linear epitope (LLO296-304 ) in the digests, as well as four spliced peptides that were trimmed by ERAP into peptides with in silico predicted H-2K(b) binding affinity. These spliced peptides, which displayed sequence similarity with LLO296-304 , bound to H-2K(b) molecules in cellular assays and one of the peptides was recognized by CD8(+) T cells of infected mice. This spliced epitope differed by one amino acid from LLO296-304 and double staining with LLO296-304 - and spliced peptide-folded MHC multimers showed that LLO296-304 and its spliced variant were recognized by the same CD8(+) T cells. Thus, PCPS multiplies the variety of peptides that is processed from an antigen and leads to the production of epitope variants that can be recognized by cross-reacting pathogen-specific CD8(+) T cells. Such mechanism may reduce the chances for pathogen immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk C M Platteel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Mishto
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Interdepartmental Centre "Luigi Galvani" for Bioinformatics, Biophysics and Biocomplexity (CIG), Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Christin Keller
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juliane Liepe
- Centre for Integrative Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter M Kloetzel
- Institut für Biochemie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Zeng X, de Groot AM, Sijts AJAM, Broere F, Oude Blenke E, Colombo S, van Eden W, Franzyk H, Nielsen HM, Foged C. Surface coating of siRNA-peptidomimetic nano-self-assemblies with anionic lipid bilayers: enhanced gene silencing and reduced adverse effects in vitro. Nanoscale 2015; 7:19687-19698. [PMID: 26553270 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr04807a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cationic vectors have demonstrated the potential to facilitate intracellular delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides. However, enhanced transfection efficiency is usually associated with adverse effects, which also proves to be a challenge for vectors based on cationic peptides. In this study a series of proteolytically stable palmitoylated α-peptide/β-peptoid peptidomimetics with a systematically varied number of repeating lysine and homoarginine residues was shown to self-assemble with small interfering RNA (siRNA). The resulting well-defined nanocomplexes were coated with anionic lipids giving rise to net anionic liposomes. These complexes and the corresponding liposomes were optimized towards efficient gene silencing and low adverse effects. The optimal anionic liposomes mediated a high silencing effect, which was comparable to that of the control (cationic Lipofectamine 2000), and did not display any noticeable cytotoxicity and immunogenicity in vitro. In contrast, the corresponding nanocomplexes mediated a reduced silencing effect with a more narrow safety window. The surface coating with anionic lipid bilayers led to partial decomplexation of the siRNA-peptidomimetic nanocomplex core of the liposomes, which facilitated siRNA release. Additionally, the optimal anionic liposomes showed efficient intracellular uptake and endosomal escape. Therefore, these findings suggest that a more efficacious and safe formulation can be achieved by surface coating of the siRNA-peptidomimetic nano-self-assemblies with anionic lipid bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Anne Marit de Groot
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alice J A M Sijts
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Broere
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Oude Blenke
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. and Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Colombo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Willem van Eden
- Division of Immunology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Franzyk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Foged
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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15
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van Loosdregt J, Fleskens V, Fu J, Brenkman AB, Bekker CPJ, Pals CEGM, Meerding J, Berkers CR, Barbi J, Gröne A, Sijts AJAM, Maurice MM, Kalkhoven E, Prakken BJ, Ovaa H, Pan F, Zaiss DMW, Coffer PJ. Stabilization of the transcription factor Foxp3 by the deubiquitinase USP7 increases Treg-cell-suppressive capacity. Immunity 2013; 39:259-71. [PMID: 23973222 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Stable Foxp3 expression is required for the development of functional regulatory T (Treg) cells. Here, we demonstrate that the expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 can be regulated through the polyubiquitination of multiple lysine residues, resulting in proteasome-mediated degradation. Expression of the deubiquitinase (DUB) USP7 was found to be upregulated and active in Treg cells, being associated with Foxp3 in the nucleus. Ectopic expression of USP7 decreased Foxp3 polyubiquitination and increased Foxp3 expression. Conversely, either treatment with DUB inhibitor or USP7 knockdown decreased endogenous Foxp3 protein expression and decreased Treg-cell-mediated suppression in vitro. Furthermore, in a murine adoptive-transfer-induced colitis model, either inhibition of DUB activity or USP7 knockdown in Treg cells abrogated their ability to resolve inflammation in vivo. Our data reveal a molecular mechanism in which rapid temporal control of Foxp3 expression in Treg cells can be regulated by USP7, thereby modulating Treg cell numbers and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorg van Loosdregt
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht 3584EA, The Netherlands
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16
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Zaiss DMW, van Loosdregt J, Gorlani A, Bekker CPJ, Gröne A, Sibilia M, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP, Roovers RC, Coffer PJ, Sijts AJAM. Amphiregulin enhances regulatory T cell-suppressive function via the epidermal growth factor receptor. Immunity 2013. [PMID: 23333074 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.023.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be critically involved in tissue development and homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of cancer. Here we showed that Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells express EGFR under inflammatory conditions. Stimulation with the EGF-like growth factor Amphiregulin (AREG) markedly enhanced Treg cell function in vitro, and in a colitis and tumor vaccination model we showed that AREG was critical for efficient Treg cell function in vivo. In addition, mast cell-derived AREG fully restored optimal Treg cell function. These findings reveal EGFR as a component in the regulation of local immune responses and establish a link between mast cells and Treg cells. Targeting of this immune regulatory mechanism may contribute to the therapeutic successes of EGFR-targeting treatments in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar M W Zaiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Zaiss DMW, van Loosdregt J, Gorlani A, Bekker CPJ, Gröne A, Sibilia M, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP, Roovers RC, Coffer PJ, Sijts AJAM. Amphiregulin enhances regulatory T cell-suppressive function via the epidermal growth factor receptor. Immunity 2013; 38:275-84. [PMID: 23333074 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is known to be critically involved in tissue development and homeostasis as well as in the pathogenesis of cancer. Here we showed that Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells express EGFR under inflammatory conditions. Stimulation with the EGF-like growth factor Amphiregulin (AREG) markedly enhanced Treg cell function in vitro, and in a colitis and tumor vaccination model we showed that AREG was critical for efficient Treg cell function in vivo. In addition, mast cell-derived AREG fully restored optimal Treg cell function. These findings reveal EGFR as a component in the regulation of local immune responses and establish a link between mast cells and Treg cells. Targeting of this immune regulatory mechanism may contribute to the therapeutic successes of EGFR-targeting treatments in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar M W Zaiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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18
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van Helden MJG, Zaiss DMW, Sijts AJAM. CCR2 defines a distinct population of NK cells and mediates their migration during influenza virus infection in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52027. [PMID: 23272202 PMCID: PMC3521727 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that play an important role in control of viral infections. We recently showed that intranasal infection of mice with influenza virus induced the accumulation of NK cells in the airways. NK cells however did not proliferate in the airways or in the draining lymph node, but in the bone marrow mainly. As also monocyte-precursors undergo vigorous proliferation in the bone marrow (BM) during infections and then egress CCR2-dependently, we decided to determine the role of CCR2 in NK cell migration during intranasal influenza virus infection. We show that a unique population of NK cells in the BM expressed CCR2 and that monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), one of the CCR2 ligands, was produced in the airways of influenza virus infected mice. Analysis of BM chimeric mice reconstituted with a mix of wild-type (wt) and CCR2-deficient BM cells showed that upon influenza virus infection, a significantly lower proportion of CCR2-deficient than wt NK cells was recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Taken together, our data demonstrate that during influenza virus infection a proportion of NK cells migrate in a CCR2-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. G. van Helden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar M. W. Zaiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (DMWZ); (AJAMS)
| | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (DMWZ); (AJAMS)
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19
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van Helden MJG, van Kooten PJS, Bekker CPJ, Gröne A, Topham DJ, Easton AJ, Boog CJP, Busch DH, Zaiss DMW, Sijts AJAM. Pre-existing virus-specific CD8(+) T-cells provide protection against pneumovirus-induced disease in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:6382-8. [PMID: 22940382 PMCID: PMC3465553 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pneumoviruses such as pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (bRSV) or human (h)RSV are closely related pneumoviruses that cause severe respiratory disease in their respective hosts. It is well-known that T-cell responses are essential in pneumovirus clearance, but pneumovirus-specific T-cell responses also are important mediators of severe immunopathology. In this study we determined whether memory- or pre-existing, transferred virus-specific CD8+ T-cells provide protection against PVM-induced disease. We show that during infection with a sublethal dose of PVM, both natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T-cells expand relatively late. Induction of CD8+ T-cell memory against a single CD8+ T-cell epitope, by dendritic cell (DC)-peptide immunization, leads to partial protection against PVM challenge and prevents Th2 differentiation of PVM-induced CD4 T-cells. In addition, adoptively transferred PVM-specific CD8+ T-cells, covering the entire PVM-specific CD8+ T-cell repertoire, provide partial protection from PVM-induced disease. From these data we infer that antigen-specific memory CD8+ T-cells offer significant protection to PVM-induced disease. Thus, CD8+ T-cells, despite being a major cause of PVM-associated pathology during primary infection, may offer promising targets of a protective pneumovirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J G van Helden
- Division of Immunology, University of Utrecht, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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van Helden MJG, de Graaf N, Boog CJP, Topham DJ, Zaiss DMW, Sijts AJAM. The bone marrow functions as the central site of proliferation for long-lived NK cells. J Immunol 2012; 189:2333-7. [PMID: 22821961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NK cells play an important role in the early defense against invading pathogens. Although it is well established that infection leads to a substantial, local increase in NK cell numbers, little is known about the mechanisms that trigger their proliferation and migration. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of NK cell responses after intranasal respiratory virus infection. We show that NK cell numbers increased in the airways after influenza virus infection but find no evidence of proliferation either at the site of infection or in the draining lymph nodes. Instead, we find that the bone marrow (BM) is the primary site of proliferation of both immature and mature NK cells during infection. Using an adoptive transfer model, we demonstrate that peripheral, long-lived and phenotypically mature NK cells migrate back to the BM and proliferate there, both homeostatically and in response to infection. Thus, the BM is not only a site of NK cell development but also an important site for proliferation of long-lived mature NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J G van Helden
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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van Helden MJG, de Graaf N, Bekker CPJ, Boog CJP, Zaiss DMW, Sijts AJAM. Immunoproteasome-deficiency has no effects on NK cell education, but confers lymphocytes into targets for NK cells in infected wild-type mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23769. [PMID: 21887316 PMCID: PMC3161060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and contribute to the eradication of virus infected cells and tumors. NK cells express inhibitory and activating receptors and their decision to kill a target cell is based on the balance of signals received through these receptors. MHC class I molecules are recognized by inhibitory receptors, and their presence during NK cell education influences the responsiveness of peripheral NK cells. We here demonstrate that mice with reduced MHC class I cell surface expression, due to deficiency of immunoproteasomes, have responsive NK cells in the periphery, indicating that the lower MHC class I levels do not alter NK cell education. Following adoptive transfer into wild-type (wt) recipients, immunoproteasome-deficient splenocytes are tolerated in naive but rejected in virus-infected recipients, in an NK cell dependent fashion. These results indicate that the relatively low MHC class I levels are sufficient to protect these cells from rejection by wt NK cells, but that this tolerance is broken in infection, inducing an NK cell-dependent rejection of immunoproteasome-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. G. van Helden
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natascha de Graaf
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis P. J. Bekker
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claire J. P. Boog
- Department of Vaccinology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Dietmar M. W. Zaiss
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AS); (DZ)
| | - Alice J. A. M. Sijts
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AS); (DZ)
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22
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Zaiss DMW, Bekker CPJ, Gröne A, Lie BA, Sijts AJAM. Proteasome immunosubunits protect against the development of CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. J Immunol 2011; 187:2302-9. [PMID: 21804012 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to inflammatory cytokines induces the expression of three proteasome immunosubunits, two of which are encoded in the MHC class II region. The induced subunits replace their constitutive homologs in newly formed "so-called" immunoproteasomes. Immunosubunit incorporation enhances the proteasome's proteolytic activity and modifies the proteasome's cleavage-site preferences, which improves the generation of many MHC class I-presented peptides and shapes the fine specificity of pathogen-specific CD8 T cell responses. In this article, we report on a second effect of immunoproteasome formation on CD8 T cell responses. We show that mice deficient for the immunosubunits β5i/low molecular mass polypeptide (LMP7) and β2i/multicatalytic endopeptidase complex-like-1 develop early-stage multiorgan autoimmunity following irradiation and bone marrow transplantation. Disease symptoms are caused by CD8 T cells and are transferable into immunosubunit-deficient, RAG1-deficient mice. Moreover, using the human Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium MHC dataset, we identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms within the β5i/LMP7-encoding gene sequences, which were in strong linkage disequilibrium, as independent genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes development in humans. Strikingly, these single nucleotide polymorphisms significantly enhanced the risk conferred by HLA haplotypes that were previously shown to predispose for type 1 diabetes. These data suggested that inflammation-induced immunosubunit expression in peripheral tissues constitutes a mechanism that prevents the development of CD8 T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar M W Zaiss
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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de Graaf N, van Helden MJG, Textoris-Taube K, Chiba T, Topham DJ, Kloetzel PM, Zaiss DMW, Sijts AJAM. PA28 and the proteasome immunosubunits play a central and independent role in the production of MHC class I-binding peptides in vivo. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:926-35. [PMID: 21360704 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Proteasomes play a fundamental role in the processing of intracellular antigens into peptides that bind to MHC class I molecules for the presentation of CD8(+) T cells. Three IFN-γ-inducible catalytic proteasome (immuno)subunits as well as the IFN-γ-inducible proteasome activator PA28 dramatically accelerate the generation of a subset of MHC class I-presented antigenic peptides. To determine whether these IFN-γ-inducible proteasome components play a compounded role in antigen processing, we generated mice lacking both PA28 and immunosubunits β5i/LMP7 and β2i/MECL-1. Analyses of MHC class I cell-surface levels ex vivo demonstrated that PA28 deficiency reduced the production of MHC class I-binding peptides both in cells with and without immunosubunits, in the latter cells further decreasing an already diminished production of MHC ligands in the absence of immunoproteasomes. In contrast, the immunosubunits but not PA28 appeared to be of critical importance for the induction of CD8(+) T-cell responses to multiple dominant Influenza and Listeria-derived epitopes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PA28 and the proteasome immunosubunits use fundamentally different mechanisms to enhance the supply of MHC class I-binding peptides; however, only the immunosubunit-imposed effects on proteolytic epitope processing appear to have substantial influence on the specificity of pathogen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha de Graaf
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Zaiss DMW, Boog CJP, van Eden W, Sijts AJAM. Considerations in the design of vaccines that induce CD8 T cell mediated immunity. Vaccine 2010; 28:7716-22. [PMID: 20851090 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The protective capacity of many currently used vaccines is based on induction of neutralizing antibodies. Many pathogens, however, have adapted themselves in different ways to escape antibody-based immune protection. In particular, for those infections against which conventional neutralizing antibody-based vaccinations appear challenging, CD8 T-cells are considered to be promising candidates for vaccine targeting. The design of vaccines that induce robust and long-lasting protective CD8 T-cell responses however imposes new challenges, as many factors such as kinetics and efficiency of antigen-processing and presentation by antigen presenting cells, T-cell repertoire and cytokine environment during T cell priming contribute to the specificity and functionality of CD8 T-cell responses. In the following, we review the most prominent aspects that underlie CD8 T-cell induction and discuss how this knowledge may help to improve the design of efficient CD8 T-cell inducing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M W Zaiss
- Division of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
CD8 T cells resolve intracellular pathogens by responding to pathogen-derived peptides that are presented on the cell surface by MHC class I molecules. Although most pathogens encode a large variety of antigenic peptides, protective CD8 T cell responses target usually only a few of these. To determine the mechanism by which the IFN-gamma-inducible proteasome (immuno) subunits enhance the ability of specific pathogen-derived peptides to elicit CD8 T cell responses, we generated a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes strain (rLM-E1) that secretes a model Ag encompassing the immunoproteasome-dependent E1B(192-200) and immunoproteasome-independent E1A(234-243) epitope. Analyses of Ag presentation showed that infected gene-deficient professional APCs, lacking the immunosubunits LMP7/ibeta5 and MECL-1/ibeta2, processed and presented the rLM-E1-derived E1B(192-200) epitope but with delayed kinetics. E1A epitope processing proceeded normally in these cells. Accordingly, infected gene-deficient mice failed to respond to the otherwise immunodominant E1B(192-200) epitope but mounted normal CD8 T cell responses to E1A(234-243) which was processed by the same professional APCs, from the same rLM-E1 Ag. The inability of gene-deficient mice to respond to E1B(192-200) was not explained by insufficient quantities of antigenic peptide, as splenic APC of 36-h-infected gene-deficient mice that presented the two E1 epitopes at steady state levels elicited responses to both E1B(192-200) and E1A(234-243) when transferred into LMP7+MECL-1-deficient mice. Taken together, our findings indicate that not absolute epitope quantities but early Ag-processing kinetics determine the ability of pathogen-derived peptides to elicit CD8 T cell responses, which is of importance for rational T cell vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parampal Deol
- D. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Divekar AA, Zaiss DMW, Lee FEH, Liu D, Topham DJ, Sijts AJAM, Mosmann TR. Protein vaccines induce uncommitted IL-2-secreting human and mouse CD4 T cells, whereas infections induce more IFN-gamma-secreting cells. J Immunol 2006; 176:1465-73. [PMID: 16424174 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse and human CD4 T cells primed during an immune response may differentiate into effector phenotypes such as Th1 (secreting IFN-gamma) or Th2 (secreting IL-4) that mediate effective immunity against different classes of pathogen. However, primed CD4 T cells can also remain uncommitted, secreting IL-2 and chemokines, but not IFN-gamma or IL-4. We now show that human CD4 T cells primed by protein vaccines mostly secreted IL-2, but not IFN-gamma, whereas in the same individuals most CD4 T cells initially primed by infection with live pathogens secreted IFN-gamma. We further demonstrate that many tetanus-specific IL-2+IFN-gamma- cells are uncommitted and that a single IL-2+IFN-gamma- cell can differentiate into Th1 or Th2 phenotypes following in vitro stimulation under appropriate polarizing conditions. In contrast, influenza-specific IL-2+IFN-gamma- CD4 cells maintained a Th1-like phenotype even under Th2-polarizing conditions. Similarly, adoptively transferred OTII transgenic mouse T cells secreted mainly IL-2 after priming with OVA in alum, but were biased toward IFN-gamma secretion when primed with the same OVA peptide presented as a pathogen Ag during live infection. Thus, protein subunit vaccines may prime a unique subset of differentiated, but uncommitted CD4 T cells that lack some of the functional properties of committed effectors induced by infection. This has implications for the design of more effective vaccines against pathogens requiring strong CD4 effector T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha A Divekar
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Regulation of the proteasome system, which is responsible for the generation of most MHC class I-bound peptides, occurs through the interaction of the 20S proteasome with several regulatory proteins. One of these is PI31, which acts in vitro as an inhibitor of proteasome activity. Here, we demonstrate that, rather than inhibiting proteasome function, PI31 acts as a selective modulator of the proteasome-mediated steps in MHC class I antigen processing. Overexpression of PI31 in mouse embryonic cells has no impact on proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Instead, PI31, which localizes at the nuclear envelope/endoplasmic reticulum membrane, selectively interferes with the maturation of immunoproteasome precursor complexes. Consequently, overexpression of PI31 abrogates MHC class I presentation of an immunoproteasome-dependent cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope and reduces the surface MHC class I levels on IFN-gamma-treated mouse embryonic cells. Thus, PI31 represents a cellular regulator of proteasome formation and of proteasome-mediated antigen processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar M W Zaiss
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty Charité, Humboldt University, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Sun Y, Sijts AJAM, Song M, Janek K, Nussbaum AK, Kral S, Schirle M, Stevanovic S, Paschen A, Schild H, Kloetzel PM, Schadendorf D. Expression of the proteasome activator PA28 rescues the presentation of a cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope on melanoma cells. Cancer Res 2002; 62:2875-82. [PMID: 12019167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome system represents a major source of HLA class I- presented peptides exposed to CTLs. Stimulation of cells with IFN-gamma instantly induces the expression of the proteasome immunosubunits as well as the proteasome activator PA28. These proteins have been shown to optimize class I antigen presentation of several viral CTL epitopes; however, their contribution to tumor antigen processing remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the generation of an HLA-A*0201-presented epitope derived from the melanoma antigen tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2). Melanoma cells that lacked the IFN-gamma-inducible proteasome activator PA28 and immunoproteasomes did not display the TRP2(360-368) epitope to specific CTLs. Our experiments demonstrate that epitope presentation correlated with the presence of PA28 and could be completely rescued by restoration of PA28 expression. In vitro digestion of TRP2 polypeptides with 20S proteasomes confirmed that PA28 is essential for epitope liberation. Thus, our experiments indicate that PA28 provides the threshold for CTL recognition of this epitope. Importantly, processing of a second TRP2-derived epitope, TRP2(288-296), was diminished in IFN-gamma-treated cells, even in the absence of immunoproteasome up-regulation. Therefore, the reported IFN-gamma-induced self-regulation of epitopes may not necessarily be a consequence of immunoproteasomes as suggested previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Sun
- Skin Cancer Unit of German Cancer Research Center, University of Heidelberg, Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1, 68135 Mannheim, Germany
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