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Honkanen M, Narvi E, Ojala VK, Jokilammi A, Rantakari P, Kronqvist P, Kähäri VM, Veräjänkorva E, Kurppa KJ, Rahkila J, Ekambaram R, Savolainen J, Leino R, Elenius K. Immunomodulatory Synthetic Glycocluster Molecule Prevents Melanoma Growth In Vivo. Chembiochem 2024:e202400264. [PMID: 38864514 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Triacedimannose (TADM) is a synthetic trivalent acetylated glycocluster and a transmembrane macrophage activator independent of the mannose receptor. TADM induces Th1-type immune responses and suppresses Th2-type cytokines in acute and chronic allergic inflammation models in vivo. We, therefore, wanted to test whether TADM could also facilitate anti-tumour tissue responses similar to what has been observed for the immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4. A syngeneic mouse melanoma model was selected since metastatic melanoma has been successfully targeted by checkpoint inhibitors in the clinic. TADM inhibited the growth of B16 mouse melanoma tumours at levels comparable to an anti-PD-1 antibody. TADM-treated tumours encompassed significantly more apoptotic cells as measured by TUNEL staining, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) expression was increased in the spleens of TADM-treated mice compared to untreated controls. TADM-treated mice also demonstrated increased Ly6 C low monocytes and neutrophils in the spleens. However, TADM-treated tumours showed no discernible differences in infiltrating immune cells. TADM can alone suppress the growth of melanoma tumours. TADM likely activates M1 type macrophages, type N1 neutrophils, and CD8+ and Th1 T cells, suppressing the type 2 immune response milieu of melanoma tumour with a strong type 1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meija Honkanen
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland
- Turku Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Elli Narvi
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland
| | - Veera K Ojala
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland
- Turku Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Center, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Jokilammi
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Center, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Rantakari
- Turku Bioscience Center, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Flagship, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pauliina Kronqvist
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku, Finland
- FICANWest Cancer Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Esko Veräjänkorva
- Plastic and General Surgery, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari J Kurppa
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Rahkila
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku, Finland
| | - Ramesh Ekambaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku, Finland
| | - Johannes Savolainen
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Clinical Allergology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Institute of Biomedicine and MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Center, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, Turku, Finland
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku, Finland
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Lv Z, Fan H, Gao M, Zhang X, Li G, Fan Y, Ning Z, Guo Y. The accessible chromatin landscape of lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammatory response identifying epigenome signatures and transcription regulatory networks in chickens. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131136. [PMID: 38547952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can induce systemic inflammatory response (SIR) in animals. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of SIR and therapies to ensure healthy growth is urgently needed. Chromatin remodeling plays a crucial role in the expression of genes involved in immune diseases. In the present study, the ATAC-seq analysis revealed 3491 differential open chromatin sites in the spleen of chicks with SIR induced by LPS challenge, and we presented the motifs on these sites and the associated transcription factors. The regulatory network was presented by combining the differential open chromatin data with the mRNAs and exploded cytokines. Interestingly, the LPS challenge could regulate the mRNA expression of 202 genes through chromatin reprogramming, including critical genes such as TLE1 and JUN, which regulate signaling pathways such as I-κB kinase/NF-κB, Toll-like receptor, and downstream cytokine genes. Furthermore, dietary daidzein could inhibit DNA topoisomerase II, which reprograms the spatial conformation of chromatin in the inflammatory response and attenuates SIR. In conclusion, we successfully identified key genes directly regulated by chromatin reprogramming in SIR and demonstrated the chromatin epigenome signatures and transcriptional regulatory network, which provides an important reference for further research on avian epigenetics. There is great potential for alleviating SIR using dietary daidzein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
| | - Hao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China; Section of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mingkun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Guang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuyang Fan
- Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Zhonghua Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China.
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Saleki K, Alijanizadeh P, Javanmehr N, Rezaei N. The role of Toll-like receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders: Immunopathology, treatment, and management. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:1267-1325. [PMID: 38226452 DOI: 10.1002/med.22012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders denote a broad range of illnesses involving neurology and psychiatry. These disorders include depressive disorders, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, headaches, and epilepsy. In addition to their main neuropathology that lies in the central nervous system (CNS), lately, studies have highlighted the role of immunity and neuroinflammation in neuropsychiatric disorders. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate receptors that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems via adaptor proteins (e.g., MYD88) and downstream elements; TLRs are classified into 13 families that are involved in normal function and illnesses of the CNS. TLRs expression affects the course of neuropsychiatric disorders, and is influenced during their pharmacotherapy; For example, the expression of multiple TLRs is normalized during the major depressive disorder pharmacotherapy. Here, the role of TLRs in neuroimmunology, treatment, and management of neuropsychiatric disorders is discussed. We recommend longitudinal studies to comparatively assess the cell-type-specific expression of TLRs during treatment, illness progression, and remission. Also, further research should explore molecular insights into TLRs regulation and related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Saleki
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- Department of e-Learning, Virtual School of Medical Education and Management, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Parsa Alijanizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nima Javanmehr
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
- USERN Office, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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Abdelaziz K, Helmy YA, Yitbarek A, Hodgins DC, Sharafeldin TA, Selim MSH. Advances in Poultry Vaccines: Leveraging Biotechnology for Improving Vaccine Development, Stability, and Delivery. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:134. [PMID: 38400118 PMCID: PMC10893217 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapidly increasing demand for poultry products and the current challenges facing the poultry industry, the application of biotechnology to enhance poultry production has gained growing significance. Biotechnology encompasses all forms of technology that can be harnessed to improve poultry health and production efficiency. Notably, biotechnology-based approaches have fueled rapid advances in biological research, including (a) genetic manipulation in poultry breeding to improve the growth and egg production traits and disease resistance, (b) rapid identification of infectious agents using DNA-based approaches, (c) inclusion of natural and synthetic feed additives to poultry diets to enhance their nutritional value and maximize feed utilization by birds, and (d) production of biological products such as vaccines and various types of immunostimulants to increase the defensive activity of the immune system against pathogenic infection. Indeed, managing both existing and newly emerging infectious diseases presents a challenge for poultry production. However, recent strides in vaccine technology are demonstrating significant promise for disease prevention and control. This review focuses on the evolving applications of biotechnology aimed at enhancing vaccine immunogenicity, efficacy, stability, and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdelaziz
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University Poole Agricultural Center, Jersey Ln #129, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Clemson University School of Health Research (CUSHR), Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Yosra A. Helmy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA;
| | - Alexander Yitbarek
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 531 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Douglas C. Hodgins
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Tamer A. Sharafeldin
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (T.A.S.); (M.S.H.S.)
| | - Mohamed S. H. Selim
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Science, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (T.A.S.); (M.S.H.S.)
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Shen F, Wang H, Liu Z, Sun L. DNA Nanostructures: Self-Adjuvant Carriers for Highly Efficient Subunit Vaccines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312624. [PMID: 37737971 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines based on antigen proteins or epitopes of pathogens or tumors show advantages in immunological precision and high safety, but are often limited by their low immunogenicity. Adjuvants can boost immune responses by stimulating immune cells or promoting antigen uptake by antigen presenting cells (APCs), yet existing clinical adjuvants struggle in simultaneously achieving these dual functions. Additionally, the spatial organization of antigens might be crucial to their immunogenicity. Hence, superior adjuvants should potently stimulate the immune system, precisely arrange antigens, and effectively deliver antigens to APCs. Recently, precisely organizing and delivering antigens with the unique editability of DNA nanostructures has been proposed, presenting unique abilities in significantly improving the immunogenicity of antigens. In this minireview, we will discuss the principles behind using DNA nanostructures as self-adjuvant carriers and review the latest advancements in this field. The potential and challenges associated with self-adjuvant DNA nanostructures will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Shen
- Institute of Materiobiology, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 201240, China
| | - Haihan Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Lab Carbon Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lele Sun
- Institute of Materiobiology, Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
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Jia X, Huang J, Wu B, Yang M, Xu W. RNA-Seq profiling of circular RNAs in mice with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury. Genomics 2024; 116:110755. [PMID: 38061481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a serious illness that develops suddenly, progresses rapidly, has a poor treatment response and a high mortality rate. Studies have found that circular RNAs (circRNA) play a critical role in several diseases, but their role in ALI remains unclear. The aim of this study was to identify circRNAs that are associated with ALI and investigate their potential molecular mechanisms. A comparison of lung circRNA and microRNA expression profiles in mice with ALI and controls was performed by RNA-sequencing. A bioinformatic analysis was conducted to identify differentially expressed (DE) RNAs, to construct competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, and to analyze their function and pathways. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was generated by the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, and hub genes were identified using Cytoscape. Furthermore, a key ceRNA subnetwork was constructed based on these hub genes. Overall, we found 239 DE circRNAs and 42 DE microRNAs in ALI mice compared to controls. Additionally, the molecular mechanism of ALI was further understood by building ceRNA networks based on these DE genes. ALI-induced circRNAs are mostly function in the inflammatory response and metabolic processes. Moreover, DE circRNAs are primarily involved in the nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Seven hub genes were derived from the PPI network of 191 genes, followed by the construction of circRNA-miRNA-hub gene subnetworks. In this study, circRNA profiles are remarkably changed in mice with LPS-triggered ALI, and their potential contribution to the disease is revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Jia
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Jinhui Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Miao Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, NO. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China.
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Almazmomi MA, Esmat A, Naeem A. Acute Kidney Injury: Definition, Management, and Promising Therapeutic Target. Cureus 2023; 15:e51228. [PMID: 38283512 PMCID: PMC10821757 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.51228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is caused by a sudden loss of renal function, resulting in the build-up of waste products and a significant increase in mortality and morbidity. It is commonly diagnosed in critically ill patients, with its occurrence estimated at up to 50% in patients hospitalized in the intensive critical unit. Despite ongoing efforts, the death rate associated with AKI has remained high over the past half-century. Thus, it is critical to investigate novel therapy options for preventing the epidemic. Many studies have found that inflammation and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) activation have a significant role in the pathogenesis of AKI. Noteworthy, challenges in the search for efficient pharmacological therapy for AKI have arisen due to the multifaceted origin and complexity of the clinical history of people with the disease. This article focuses on kidney injury's epidemiology, risk factors, and pathophysiological processes. Specifically, it focuses on the role of TLRs especially type 4 in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaad A Almazmomi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Ahmed Esmat
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Anjum Naeem
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, Ministry of National Guard - Health Affairs, Jeddah, SAU
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Zhu Y, Liu B, Chen Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhang W, Wang S, Zhang M, Li Y. Synthesis, evaluation and molecular dynamics study of human toll-like receptor 2/6 specific monoacyl lipopeptides as candidate immunostimulants. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106823. [PMID: 37708825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
TLR2 agonists typified by the S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-R-cysteinyl-S-serine (Pam2CS) motif have exhibited powerful immunostimulatory activities. Based on simplified monoacyl lipopeptide (Carbamate-linked N-Ac PamCS), we describe interesting SAR investigations where modifications are done to alter the size of substituents on the cysteine amine, introduce ionizable groups to the terminal and insert aromatic substitutions to the aliphatic chain. Our structural modifications have led to a highly specific human TLR2/6 agonist 14a (EC50 = 0.424 nM), which behaves like Pam2CSK4 by inducing NF-κB activation to trigger downstream signaling pathways, such as subsequent phosphorylation of related proteins (p65, p38) and production of key inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α). Importantly, the ability to stimulate enhanced T cell response compared to Carbamate-linked N-Ac PamCS makes compound 14a a further potential candidate immunostimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zonglong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xianyang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200040, China; Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, NO.6 Lane 1220 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 200040, China; Shanghai Huashen Institute of Microbes and Infections, NO.6 Lane 1220 Huashan Rd., Shanghai 200052, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yingxia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Stierschneider A, Wiesner C. Shedding light on the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in endothelial cells under physiological and inflamed conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1264889. [PMID: 38077393 PMCID: PMC10704247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1264889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are part of the innate immune system. They are capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) of microbes, and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of damaged tissues. Activation of TLR4 initiates downstream signaling pathways that trigger the secretion of cytokines, type I interferons, and other pro-inflammatory mediators that are necessary for an immediate immune response. However, the systemic release of pro-inflammatory proteins is a powerful driver of acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Over the past decades, immense progress has been made in clarifying the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of TLR4 signaling in inflammation. However, the most common strategies used to study TLR4 signaling rely on genetic manipulation of the TLR4 or the treatment with agonists such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which are often associated with the generation of irreversible phenotypes in the target cells or unintended cytotoxicity and signaling crosstalk due to off-target or pleiotropic effects. Here, optogenetics offers an alternative strategy to control and monitor cellular signaling in an unprecedented spatiotemporally precise, dose-dependent, and non-invasive manner. This review provides an overview of the structure, function and signaling pathways of the TLR4 and its fundamental role in endothelial cells under physiological and inflammatory conditions, as well as the advances in TLR4 modulation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department Science & Technology, Institute Biotechnology, IMC Krems University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
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Hu Y, Gao S, Lu H, Tan S, Chen F, Ke Y, Ying JY. A Self-Immolative DNA Nanogel Vaccine toward Cancer Immunotherapy. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9778-9787. [PMID: 37877690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The development of precisely engineered vehicles for intracellular delivery and the controlled release of payloads remains a challenge. DNA-based nanomaterials offer a promising solution based on the A-T-G-C alphabet-dictated predictable assembly and high programmability. Herein, we present a self-immolative DNA nanogel vaccine, which can be tracelessly released in the intracellular compartments and activate the immune response. Three building blocks with cytosine-rich overhang domains are designed to self-assemble into a DNA nanogel framework with a controlled size. Two oligo agonists and one antigen peptide are conjugated to the building blocks via an acid-labile chemical linker. Upon internalization into acidic endosomes, the formation of i-motif configurations leads to dissociation of the DNA nanogel vaccine. The acid-labile chemical linker is cleaved, releasing the agonists and antigen in their traceless original form to activate antigen-presenting cells and an immune response. This study presents a novel strategy for constructing delivery platforms for intracellularly stimuli-triggered traceless release of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Hu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shujun Gao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Hongfang Lu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Susi Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yujie Ke
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jackie Y Ying
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #09-01, Singapore 138669, Republic of Singapore
- Bioengineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
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Öktem M, Mastrobattista E, de Jong OG. Amphipathic Cell-Penetrating Peptide-Aided Delivery of Cas9 RNP for In Vitro Gene Editing and Correction. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2500. [PMID: 37896260 PMCID: PMC10609989 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system in treating numerous genetic disorders is immense. To fully realize this potential, it is crucial to achieve safe and efficient delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 components into the nuclei of target cells. In this study, we investigated the applicability of the amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide LAH5, previously employed for DNA delivery, in the intracellular delivery of spCas9:sgRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and the RNP/single-stranded homology-directed repair (HDR) template. Our findings reveal that the LAH5 peptide effectively formed nanocomplexes with both RNP and RNP/HDR cargo, and these nanocomplexes demonstrated successful cellular uptake and cargo delivery. The loading of all RNP/HDR components into LAH5 nanocomplexes was confirmed using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Functional screening of various ratios of peptide/RNP nanocomplexes was performed on fluorescent reporter cell lines to assess gene editing and HDR-mediated gene correction. Moreover, targeted gene editing of the CCR5 gene was successfully demonstrated across diverse cell lines. This LAH5-based delivery strategy represents a significant advancement toward the development of therapeutic delivery systems for CRISPR-Cas-based genetic engineering in in vitro and ex vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier G. de Jong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.Ö.); (E.M.)
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12
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Ma X, Xin D, She R, Liu D, Ge J, Mei Z. Novel insight into cGAS-STING pathway in ischemic stroke: from pre- to post-disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275408. [PMID: 37915571 PMCID: PMC10616885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a primary cause of disability and the second leading cause of mortality, has emerged as an urgent public health issue. Growing evidence suggests that the Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, a component of innate immunity, is closely associated with microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and regulated cell death in ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying this pathway remain inadequately understood. This article comprehensively reviews the existing literature on the cGAS-STING pathway and its multifaceted relationship with ischemic stroke. Initially, it examines how various risk factors and pre-disease mechanisms such as metabolic dysfunction and senescence (e.g., hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia) affect the cGAS-STING pathway in relation to ischemic stroke. Subsequently, we explore in depth the potential pathophysiological relationship between this pathway and oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuroinflammation as well as regulated cell death including ferroptosis and PANoptosis following cerebral ischemia injury. Finally, it suggests that intervention targeting the cGAS-STING pathway may serve as promising therapeutic strategies for addressing neuroinflammation associated with ischemic stroke. Taken together, this review concludes that targeting the microglia cGAS-STING pathway may shed light on the exploration of new therapeutic strategies against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Xin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ruining She
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhigang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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13
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Pedicillo MC, De Stefano IS, Zamparese R, Barile R, Meccariello M, Agostinone A, Villani G, Colangelo T, Serviddio G, Cassano T, Ronchi A, Franco R, Pannone P, Zito Marino F, Miele F, Municinò M, Pannone G. The Role of Toll-like Receptor-4 in Macrophage Imbalance in Lethal COVID-19 Lung Disease, and Its Correlation with Galectin-3. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13259. [PMID: 37686069 PMCID: PMC10487501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To the current data, there have been 6,955,141 COVID-19-related deaths worldwide, reported to WHO. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) implicated in bacterial and virus sensing could be a crosstalk between activation of persistent innate-immune inflammation, and macrophage's sub-population alterations, implicated in cytokine storm, macrophage over-activation syndrome, unresolved Acute Respiratory Disease Syndrome (ARDS), and death. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the association between Toll-like-receptor-4 (TLR-4)-induced inflammation and macrophage imbalance in the lung inflammatory infiltrate of lethal COVID-19 disease. Twenty-five cases of autopsy lung tissues were studied by digital pathology-based immunohistochemistry to evaluate expression levels of TLR-4 (CD 284), pan-macrophage marker CD68 (clone KP1), sub-population marker related to alveolar macrophage Galectin-3 (GAL-3) (clone 9C4), and myeloid derived CD163 (clone MRQ-26), respectively. SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence has been evaluated by in situ hybridation (ISH) method. This study showed TLR-4 up-regulation in a subgroup of patients, increased macrophage infiltration in both Spike-1(+) and Spike-1(-) lungs (p < 0.0001), and a macrophage shift with important down-regulation of GAL-3(+) alveolar macrophages associated with Spike-1 persistence (p < 0.05), in favor of CD163(+) myeloid derived monocyte-macrophages. Data show that TLR-4 expression induces a persistent activation of the inflammation, with inefficient resolution, and pathological macrophage shift, thus explaining one of the mechanisms of lethal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Pedicillo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Ilenia Sara De Stefano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Rosanna Zamparese
- Legal Medicine Unit, Ascoli Piceno Hospital C-G. Mazzoni, Viale Degli Iris 13, 63100 Ascoli Piceno, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Barile
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (M.M.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Mario Meccariello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (M.M.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Alessio Agostinone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Giuliana Villani
- Policlinico Riuniti, University-Hospital, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Colangelo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (M.M.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
- Cancer Cell Signalling Unit, Institute for Stem-Cell Biology, Regenerative Medicine and Innovative Therapies (ISBReMIT), IRCCS Fondazione Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale Cappuccini sc.c., San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (M.M.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Tommaso Cassano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (R.B.); (M.M.); (T.C.); (G.S.); (T.C.)
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “L Vanvitelli”, via Luciano Armanni, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (R.F.); (F.Z.M.)
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “L Vanvitelli”, via Luciano Armanni, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (R.F.); (F.Z.M.)
| | - Paola Pannone
- Federico II, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, School of medicine and Surgery, University of Naples, via Sergio Pasini, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Federica Zito Marino
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “L Vanvitelli”, via Luciano Armanni, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (R.F.); (F.Z.M.)
| | - Francesco Miele
- Department of Surgery, University of Campania “L Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Municinò
- Forensic Medicine Unit, “S. Giuliano” Hospital, via Giambattista Basile, 80014 Giugliano in Campania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale L.Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.C.P.); (I.S.D.S.); (A.A.)
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14
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Yerpude ST, Potbhare AK, Bhilkar P, Rai AR, Singh RP, Abdala AA, Adhikari R, Sharma R, Chaudhary RG. Biomedical,clinical and environmental applications of platinum-based nanohybrids: An updated review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116148. [PMID: 37211181 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles (Pt NPs) have numerous applications in various sectors, including pharmacology, nanomedicine, cancer therapy, radiotherapy, biotechnology and environment mitigation like removal of toxic metals from wastewater, photocatalytic degradation of toxic compounds, adsorption, and water splitting. The multifaceted applications of Pt NPs because of their ultra-fine structures, large surface area, tuned porosity, coordination-binding, and excellent physiochemical properties. The various types of nanohybrids (NHs) of Pt NPs can be fabricated by doping with different metal/metal oxide/polymer-based materials. There are several methods to synthesize platinum-based NHs, but biological processes are admirable because of green, economical, sustainable, and non-toxic. Due to the robust physicochemical and biological characteristics of platinum NPs, they are widely employed as nanocatalyst, antioxidant, antipathogenic, and anticancer agents. Indeed, Pt-based NHs are the subject of keen interest and substantial research area for biomedical and clinical applications. Hence, this review systematically studies antimicrobial, biological, and environmental applications of platinum and platinum-based NHs, predominantly for treating cancer and photo-thermal therapy. Applications of Pt NPs in nanomedicine and nano-diagnosis are also highlighted. Pt NPs-related nanotoxicity and the potential and opportunity for future nano-therapeutics based on Pt NPs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin T Yerpude
- Post Graduate Department of Microbiology, Seth Kesarimal Porwal College of Arts and Science and Commerce, Kamptee, 441001, India.
| | - Ajay K Potbhare
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Seth Kesarimal Porwal College of Arts and Science and Commerce, Kamptee, 441001, India.
| | - Pavan Bhilkar
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Seth Kesarimal Porwal College of Arts and Science and Commerce, Kamptee, 441001, India.
| | - Alok R Rai
- Post Graduate Department of Microbiology, Seth Kesarimal Porwal College of Arts and Science and Commerce, Kamptee, 441001, India.
| | - Raghvendra P Singh
- Department of Research & Development, Azoth Biotech Pvt. Ltd., Noida, 201306, India.
| | - Ahmed A Abdala
- Chemical Engineering Program, Texas A and M University at Qatar POB, 23784, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Rameshwar Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry and Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Ratiram G Chaudhary
- Post Graduate Department of Chemistry, Seth Kesarimal Porwal College of Arts and Science and Commerce, Kamptee, 441001, India.
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15
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Cascini C, Ratti C, Botti L, Parma B, Cancila V, Salvaggio A, Meazza C, Tripodo C, Colombo MP, Chiodoni C. Rewiring innate and adaptive immunity with TLR9 agonist to treat osteosarcoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:154. [PMID: 37365634 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02731-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor in children and adolescent. Surgery and multidrug chemotherapy are the standard of treatment achieving 60-70% of event-free survival for localized disease at diagnosis. However, for metastatic disease, the prognosis is dismal. Exploiting immune system activation in the setting of such unfavorable mesenchymal tumors represents a new therapeutic challenge. METHODS In immune competent OS mouse models bearing two contralateral lesions, we tested the efficacy of intralesional administration of a TLR9 agonist against the treated and not treated contralateral lesion evaluating abscopal effect. Multiparametric flow cytometry was used to evaluate changes of the tumor immune microenviroment. Experiments in immune-deficient mice allowed the investigation of the role of adaptive T cells in TLR9 agonist effects, while T cell receptor sequencing was used to assess the expansion of specific T cell clones. RESULTS TLR9 agonist strongly impaired the growth of locally-treated tumors and its therapeutic effect also extended to the contralateral, untreated lesion. Multiparametric flow cytometry showed conspicuous changes in the immune landscape of the OS immune microenvironment upon TLR9 engagement, involving a reduction in M2-like macrophages, paralleled by increased infiltration of dendritic cells and activated CD8 T cells in both lesions. Remarkably, CD8 T cells were needed for the induction of the abscopal effect, whereas they were not strictly necessary for halting the growth of the treated lesion. T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing of tumor infiltrating CD8 T cells showed the expansion of specific TCR clones in the treated tumors and, remarkably, their selected representation in the contralateral untreated lesions, providing the first evidence of the rewiring of tumor-associated T cell clonal architectures. CONCLUSIONS Overall these data indicate that the TLR9 agonist acts as an in situ anti-tumor vaccine, activating an innate immune response sufficient to suppress local tumor growth while inducing a systemic adaptive immunity with selective expansion of CD8 T cell clones, which are needed for the abscopal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Cascini
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Ratti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Botti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Parma
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cancila
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Adriana Salvaggio
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Meazza
- Pediatric Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, University of Palermo School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Chiodoni
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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16
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Edwards C, Oakes RS, Jewell CM. Tuning innate immune function using microneedles containing multiple classes of toll-like receptor agonists. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8662-8674. [PMID: 37185984 PMCID: PMC10358826 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00333g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Microneedle arrays (MNAs) are patches displaying hundreds of micron-scale needles that can penetrate skin. As a result, these arrays efficiently and painlessly access this immune cell-rich niche, motivating significant clinical interest in MNA-based vaccines. Our lab has developed immune polyelectrolyte multilayers (iPEMs), nanostructures built entirely from immune signals employing electrostatic self-assembly. iPEMs consist of positively charged peptide antigen and negatively charged toll-like receptor agonists (TLRas) to assemble these components at ultra-high density since no carrier is needed. Here we used this technology to deliver MNAs with antigen and defined ratios of multiple classes of TLRa. Notably, this approach resulted in facile assembly and corresponding signal transduction through each respective TLR pathway. This control ultimately activated primary antigen presenting cells and drove proliferation of antigen-specific T cells. In related in vivo vaccine studies, application of MNAs resulted in distinct T cells response depending on the number of TLRa classes delivered with MNAs. These MNAs technologies create an opportunity to deliver nanostructured vaccine components at high density, and to probe integration of multiple TLRas in skin to tune immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Edwards
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Robert S Oakes
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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17
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Wang L, Li S, Cai K, Xiao Y, Ye L. TLR7 Agonists Modulate the Activation of Human Conjunctival Epithelial Cells Induced by IL-1β via the ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2023:10.1007/s10753-023-01818-1. [PMID: 37154978 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival epithelia cells play an important role in the development of allergic reactions. TLR7 agonists have been shown in studies to increase the body's immunological tolerance by controlling the proportion of Th1/Th2 cells, although it is still unknown what impact this has on conjunctival epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the effect of TLR7 agonists on the inflammatory-activation of conjunctival epithelial cells induced by IL-1β. Quantitative PCR and ELISA analysis confirmed that TLR7 agonists could impair the proinflammatory cytokines released by the epithelia cells, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines led to subsequent reactive oxygen species and neutrophil chemotaxis. Phosphorylation analysis and nucleocytoplasmic separation further confirmed that TLR7 agonists inhibit IL-1β-induced epithelia cells activation and ATP depletion via modulating the cytoplasmic residence of ERK1/2. Our finding indicated that TLR7 of conjunctival epithelia cells could be as a potent anti-inflammatory target for the ocular surface. And TLR7 agonists may become potential new drug for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shixu Li
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaihong Cai
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China.
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18
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Anti- E. coli Immunoglobulin Yolk (IgY): Reduction of pathogen receptors and inflammation factors could be caused by decrease in E. coli load. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13876. [PMID: 36873547 PMCID: PMC9982617 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) remains the major cause of morbidity and mortality after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, especially for intestinal GVHD, as steroid resistant GVHD results in high mortality. For this reason, new treatments of GVHD are needed. One approach is the reduction of pathogenic bacteria using anti-E. coli Immunoglobulin Yolk (IgY). In a haploidentical murine model, B6D2F1 mice conditioned with total body irradiation (TBI), received bone marrow cells (BM) and splenocytes (SC) from either syngeneic (Syn = B6D2F1) or allogeneic (Allo = C57BL/6) donors. Following this, animals received from day -2 until day +28 chow contained IgY or control chow. Thereafter the incidence and severity of aGVHD, the cytokines, chemokines, IDO1 and different pathogen-recognition receptors (PRR) were analyzed and compared to control animals (received chow without IgY). We found that animals receiving chow with IgY antibody showed reduced GVHD severity compared to control animals. On day28 after alloBMT, IDO, NOD2, TLR2, TLR4 and the inflammatory chemokine CCL3, were reduced in the colon and correlated with a significant decrease in E. coli bacteria. In summary chow containing chicken antibodies (IgY) improved GVHD via decrease in bacterial load of E coli conducting to reduction of pathogen receptors (NOD2, TLR2 and 4), IDO, chemokines and cytokines.
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19
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Stierschneider A, Neuditschko B, Colleselli K, Hundsberger H, Herzog F, Wiesner C. Comparative and Temporal Characterization of LPS and Blue-Light-Induced TLR4 Signal Transduction and Gene Expression in Optogenetically Manipulated Endothelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050697. [PMID: 36899833 PMCID: PMC10000987 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In endothelial cells (ECs), stimulation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the release of diverse pro-inflammatory mediators, beneficial in controlling bacterial infections. However, their systemic secretion is a main driver of sepsis and chronic inflammatory diseases. Since distinct and rapid induction of TLR4 signaling is difficult to achieve with LPS due to the specific and non-specific affinity to other surface molecules and receptors, we engineered new light-oxygen-voltage-sensing (LOV)-domain-based optogenetic endothelial cell lines (opto-TLR4-LOV LECs and opto-TLR4-LOV HUVECs) that allow fast, precise temporal, and reversible activation of TLR4 signaling pathways. Using quantitative mass-spectrometry, RT-qPCR, and Western blot analysis, we show that pro-inflammatory proteins were not only expressed differently, but also had a different time course when the cells were stimulated with light or LPS. Additional functional assays demonstrated that light induction promoted chemotaxis of THP-1 cells, disruption of the EC monolayer and transmigration. In contrast, ECs incorporating a truncated version of the TLR4 extracellular domain (opto-TLR4 ΔECD2-LOV LECs) revealed high basal activity with fast depletion of the cell signaling system upon illumination. We conclude that the established optogenetic cell lines are well suited to induce rapid and precise photoactivation of TLR4, allowing receptor-specific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stierschneider
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Benjamin Neuditschko
- Institute Krems Bioanalytics, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Katrin Colleselli
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Harald Hundsberger
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Franz Herzog
- Institute Krems Bioanalytics, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Christoph Wiesner
- Department of Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, IMC University of Applied Sciences, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Correspondence:
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20
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Yin W, Deng B, Xu Z, Wang H, Ma F, Zhou M, Lu Y, Zhang J. Formulation and Evaluation of Lipidized Imiquimod as an Effective Adjuvant. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:378-387. [PMID: 36688646 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are essential for the induction of robust immune responses against vaccine antigens. Small-molecule TLR7 agonists hold high potential for this purpose. In this communication, imiquimod (IMQ) bearing a cholesterol lipid moiety derivative, IMQ-Chol, was designed and synthesized as a vaccine adjuvant, which could release parent IMQ molecules in aqueous conditions via amide bond hydrolysis. We performed a series of immunological evaluations by cooperating with the inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). All of the results confirmed that IMQ-Chol could stimulate the body for a prolonged time to produce strong humoral and cellular immunity with a balanced Th1/Th2 immune response through a TLR7-related MAPK pathway. In addition, the results of the proof-of-concept vaccine indicated IMQ-Chol had a good effect on preventing and treating FMD in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Yin
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, P. R. China
| | - Bihua Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, P. R. China
| | - Zeyu Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, P. R. China
| | - Fang Ma
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, P. R. China
| | - Mingxu Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, P. R. China
| | - Yu Lu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, P. R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
| | - Jinqiu Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology & Engineering, National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing210014, P. R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, P. R. China
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21
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Xin J. Critical signaling pathways governing colitis-associated colorectal cancer: Signaling, therapeutic implications, and challenges. Dig Liver Dis 2023; 55:169-177. [PMID: 36002360 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2022.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Long-term colitis in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may lead to colon cancer called colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). Since the advent of preclinical prototypes of CAC, various immunological messaging cascades have been identified as implicated in developing this disease. The toll-like receptor (TLR)s, Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mammalian target of rapamycin complex (mTOR), autophagy, and oxidative stress are only a few of the molecular mechanisms that have been recognized as major components to CAC progression. These pathways may also represent attractive medicinal candidates for the prevention and management of CAC. CAC signaling mechanisms at the molecular level and how their dysregulation may cause illness are summarized in this comprehensive overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Third People's hospital of Qingdao, 266000, China.
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22
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Li Y, Wang Z, Hou Y, Liu X, Hong J, Shi X, Huang X, Zhang T, Liao X, Zhang L. Novel TLR7/8 agonists promote activation of HIV-1 latent reservoirs and human T and NK cells. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1033448. [PMID: 36778871 PMCID: PMC9911797 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1033448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can successfully suppress HIV-1 replication to undetectable levels but fails to eliminate latent and persistent HIV-1 reservoirs. Recent studies have focused on the immunomodulatory agents such as Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 (TLR7 and TLR8) capable of activating, thereby rendering the reservoir susceptible to antiretroviral inhibition and immune recognition and elimination. In this context, this study focused on generating a diverse repertoire of TLR7/8 agonists to identify more potent candidates for activating latent HIV-1 and immune cells' response. Through combinational strategies of computer-aided design and biological characterization, 159 pyrido [3,2-d] pyrimidine and pyridine-2-amine-based derivatives were synthesized. Of which, two TLR7/8 dual and one TLR8-specific agonists with exceptionally high potency in activating HIV-1 latent reservoirs in cell lines and PBMCs of patients with persistent and durable virologic controls were identified. Particularly, these agonists appeared to enhance NK and T cells activity, which were correlated with the degree of surface activation markers. The outcome of this study highlights the remarkable potential of TLR7/8 agonists in simultaneously activating HIV-1 from the latently infected cells and augmenting immune effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhisong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Hou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Junxian Hong
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanling Shi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xuebin Liao, ✉
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Linqi Zhang, ✉
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23
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Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang B, Fan Q, Yang Q, Xu J, Dai H, Xu F, Wang C. Blood Clot Scaffold Loaded with Liposome Vaccine and siRNAs Targeting PD-L1 and TIM-3 for Effective DC Activation and Cancer Immunotherapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:760-774. [PMID: 36520665 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumor vaccines have been showing a relatively weak response rate in cancer patients, while deficiencies in delivery efficiency to dendritic cells (DCs), as well as DC-intrinsic immunosuppressive signals, contribute to a great extent. In this work, we report an implantable blood clot loaded with liposomes-protamine-hyaluronic acid nanoparticles (LPH NPs) containing vaccine (LPH-vaccine) and LPH NPs containing siRNA (LPH-siRNA) for synergistic DC recruitment and activation. The subcutaneously implanted blood clot scaffold can recruit abundant immune cells, particularly DCs, to form a DC-rich environment in vivo. Within the scaffold, LPH-vaccine effectively delivers antigens and adjuvants to the recruited DCs and induces the maturation of DCs. More importantly, LPH-siRNA that targets programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3) can reduce immunosuppressive signals in mature DCs and prevent the DCs from expressing a regulatory program in the scaffold. The activated DCs correlate with an improved magnitude and efficacy of T cell priming, resulting in the production of tumor antigen-specific T cells in multiple mouse models. Our strategy can also be used for patient-tailored therapy by change of tumor neoantigens, suggesting a promising strategy for cancer therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Qin Fan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics & Information Displays (KLOEID), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM) and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing210023, China
| | - Qianyu Yang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Huaxing Dai
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu215123, China
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24
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Zeng F, Zheng J, Shen L, Herrera-Balandrano DD, Huang W, Sui Z. Physiological mechanisms of TLR4 in glucolipid metabolism regulation: Potential use in metabolic syndrome prevention. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 33:38-46. [PMID: 36428186 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Over-nourishment or an unbalanced diet has been linked to an increase in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. An imbalance in glucolipid metabolism is a major cause of metabolic syndrome, which has consequences for human health. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the innate immune pattern recognition receptor family, is involved in inflammation-related disorders, autoimmune diseases, and tumors. Recent research has shown that TLR4 plays a key role in glucolipid metabolism, which is linked to insulin resistance, intestinal flora, and the development of chronic inflammation. TLR4 activation regulates glucolipid metabolism and contributes to the dynamic relationship between innate immunity and nutrition-related disorders. Further, TLR4 regulates glucolipid metabolism by controlling glycolysis and pyruvate oxidative decarboxylation, interfering with insulin signaling, regulating adipogenic gene expression levels, influencing preadipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, and altering the intestinal microbiota and permeability. TLR4 functions may provide new therapeutic applications for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this review is to enrich mechanistic research of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and other nutrition-related disorders by summarizing the role of TLR4 in the regulation of glucolipid metabolism as well as its physiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zeng
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China; Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Jiawei Zheng
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food & Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Li Shen
- Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, PR China
| | | | - Wuyang Huang
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, PR China; School of Food & Bioengineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China.
| | - Zhongquan Sui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
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25
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Schmidtchen A, Mirza H, van der Plas MJA, Nadeem A, Puthia M. Editorial: Methods and applications in inflammation pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1108263. [PMID: 36578538 PMCID: PMC9792174 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1108263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Haris Mirza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Aftab Nadeem
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Manoj Puthia
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden,*Correspondence: Manoj Puthia,
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26
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Janku F, Han SW, Doi T, Amatu A, Ajani JA, Kuboki Y, Cortez A, Cellitti SE, Mahling PC, Subramanian K, Schoenfeld HA, Choi SM, Iaconis LA, Lee LH, Pelletier MR, Dranoff G, Askoxylakis V, Siena S. Preclinical Characterization and Phase I Study of an Anti-HER2-TLR7 Immune-Stimulator Antibody Conjugate in Patients with HER2+ Malignancies. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:1441-1461. [PMID: 36129967 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune-stimulator antibody conjugates (ISAC) combining tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies with immunostimulatory agents allow targeted delivery of immune activators into tumors. NJH395 is a novel, first-in-class ISAC comprising a Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist conjugated to an anti-HER2 antibody via a noncleavable linker payload. Preclinical characterization showed ISAC-mediated activation of myeloid cells in the presence of antigen-expressing cancer cells, with antigen targeting and TLR7 agonism contributing to antitumor activity. Safety, efficacy, immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics were investigated in a phase I, multicenter, open-label study in patients with HER2+ non-breast advanced malignancies (NCT03696771). Data from 18 patients enrolled in single ascending dose escalation demonstrated delivery of the TLR7-agonist payload in HER2+ tumor cells and induction of type I IFN responses, which correlated with immune modulation in the tumor microenvironment. Cytokine release syndrome was a common, but manageable, drug-related adverse event. Antidrug antibodies and neuroinflammation at high doses represented significant clinical challenges. Data provide proof-of-mechanism and critical insights for novel immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Janku
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (Phase I Clinical Trials Program), The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital and Seoul National University Cancer Research Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Alessio Amatu
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Alex Cortez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, California
| | - Susan E Cellitti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | - Sarah M Choi
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lori A Iaconis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, San Diego, California
| | - Lang Ho Lee
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Marc R Pelletier
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Salvatore Siena
- Niguarda Cancer Center, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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27
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López‐Cuevas P, Xu C, Severn CE, Oates TCL, Cross SJ, Toye AM, Mann S, Martin P. Macrophage Reprogramming with Anti-miR223-Loaded Artificial Protocells Enhances In Vivo Cancer Therapeutic Potential. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202717. [PMID: 36314048 PMCID: PMC9762313 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several immune cell-expressed miRNAs (miRs) are associated with altered prognostic outcome in cancer patients, suggesting that they may be potential targets for development of cancer therapies. Here, translucent zebrafish (Danio rerio) is utilized to demonstrate that genetic knockout or knockdown of one such miR, microRNA-223 (miR223), globally or specifically in leukocytes, does indeed lead to reduced cancer progression. As a first step toward potential translation to a clinical therapy, a novel strategy is described for reprogramming neutrophils and macrophages utilizing miniature artificial protocells (PCs) to deliver anti-miRs against the anti-inflammatory miR223. Using genetic and live imaging approaches, it is shown that phagocytic uptake of anti-miR223-loaded PCs by leukocytes in zebrafish (and by human macrophages in vitro) effectively prolongs their pro-inflammatory state by blocking the suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which, in turn, drives altered immune cell-cancer cell interactions and ultimately leads to a reduced cancer burden by driving reduced proliferation and increased cell death of tumor cells. This PC cargo delivery strategy for reprogramming leukocytes toward beneficial phenotypes has implications also for treating other systemic or local immune-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco López‐Cuevas
- School of BiochemistryBiomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Can Xu
- Centre for Protolife ResearchSchool of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Charlotte E. Severn
- School of BiochemistryBiomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Red Blood Cell ProductsUniversity of BristolBristolBS34 7QHUK
| | - Tiah C. L. Oates
- School of BiochemistryBiomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Red Blood Cell ProductsUniversity of BristolBristolBS34 7QHUK
| | - Stephen J. Cross
- Wolfson Bioimaging FacilityBiomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
| | - Ashley M. Toye
- School of BiochemistryBiomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit (NIHR BTRU) in Red Blood Cell ProductsUniversity of BristolBristolBS34 7QHUK
| | - Stephen Mann
- Centre for Protolife ResearchSchool of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TSUK
- Max Planck Bristol Centre for Minimal BiologySchool of ChemistryUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TSUK
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240P. R. China
| | - Paul Martin
- School of BiochemistryBiomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity WalkUniversity of BristolBristolBS8 1TDUK
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28
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Yang Y, Li H, Fotopoulou C, Cunnea P, Zhao X. Toll-like receptor-targeted anti-tumor therapies: Advances and challenges. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1049340. [PMID: 36479129 PMCID: PMC9721395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1049340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors, originally discovered to stimulate innate immune reactions against microbial infection. TLRs also play essential roles in bridging the innate and adaptive immune system, playing multiple roles in inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Thanks to the immune stimulatory potential of TLRs, TLR-targeted strategies in cancer treatment have proved to be able to regulate the tumor microenvironment towards tumoricidal phenotypes. Quantities of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials using TLR-targeted strategies in treating cancer have been initiated, with some drugs already becoming part of standard care. Here we review the structure, ligand, signaling pathways, and expression of TLRs; we then provide an overview of the pre-clinical studies and an updated clinical trial watch targeting each TLR in cancer treatment; and finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of TLR-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongyi Li
- Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Christina Fotopoulou
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Cunnea
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xia Zhao
- Development and Related Disease of Women and Children Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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29
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PA-MSHA induces inflamed tumor microenvironment and sensitizes tumor to anti-PD-1 therapy. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:931. [PMID: 36344505 PMCID: PMC9640707 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A low response rate to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy has impeded its clinical use. As reported previously, an inflamed tumor microenvironment (TME) was directly correlated with patients' response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Thus, restoring the cytotoxic effect of immune cells in the TME is a promising way to improve the efficacy of ICB and overcome primary resistance to immunotherapy. The effect of Pseudomonas aeruginosa mannose-sensitive-hemagglutinin (PA-MSHA) in facilitating T cell activation was determined in vitro and in vivo. Subsets of immune cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. Proteomics was carried out to comprehensively analyze the discriminated cellular kinases and transcription factors. The combinational efficacy of PA-MSHA and αPD-1 therapy was studied in vivo. In this study we demonstrated that PA-MSHA, which is a clinically used immune adjuvant, effectively induced the anti-tumor immune response and suppressed the growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. PA-MSHA showed great potential to sensitize refractory "cold" tumors to immunotherapy. It effectively enhanced macrophage M1 polarization and induced T cell activation. In vivo, in combination with αPD-1, PA-MSHA suppressed tumor growth and prolonged the survival time of allograft model mice. These results indicate that PA-MSHA is a potent agent to stimulate immune cells infiltration into the TME and consequently induces inflammation in tumors. The combination of PA-MSHA with αPD-1 is a potential strategy to enhance the clinical response rate to ICI therapy.
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30
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Xiao Q, Chen J, Zeng S, Cai H, Zhu G. An updated systematic review of the association between the TLR4 polymorphism rs4986790 and cancers risk. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31247. [PMID: 36281200 PMCID: PMC9592503 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a lipopolysaccharide receptor that may influence tumor progression through inflammatory response and immune response. This complex process mainly occurs within cells. The correlation between TLR4 and neoplasms has been of great interest, but discrepancies remain. METHODS We analyze the literature retrieved from five databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, CNKI, and Wan Fang) to assess the intensity of association using odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were utilized to find sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias is estimated using contour-enhanced funnel plots, Begg's test, and Egger's test, and we implemented sensitivity analysis to clarify the reliability of the outcomes. We also conducted an evaluation of the sample size using trial sequential analysis (TSA) method. RESULTS We found a significant association between rs4986790 and tumors (dominant model: OR [95% CI] = 1.25 [1.11-1.42]; heterozygous model OR [95% CI] = 1.25 [1.11-1.41]; and additive model: OR [95% CI] = 1.25 [1.10-1.41]. Specifically, the rs4986790 minor allele G may increase the risk of gastric cancer (dominant model: OR [95% CI] = 1.62 [1.3-2.03]; heterozygous model: OR [95% CI] = 1.57 [1.24-1.97]; additive model: OR [95% CI] = 1.64 [1.31-2.05] and other tumors (dominant model: OR [95% CI] = 1.36 [1.17-1.57]; heterozygous model: OR [95% CI] = 1.43 [1.25-1.63]; additive model: OR [95% CI] = 1.35 [1.18-1.55]. Further subgroup analysis showed that this association are both present in Caucasian and Asian. CONCLUSION The outcomes of our systemic review proved that the TLR4 polymorphism rs4986790 is associated with cancer, especially with gastric cancer, and this strong correlation are evident in Caucasians and Asian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xiao
- General Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jian Chen
- General Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - ShuKun Zeng
- General Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hu Cai
- General Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - GuoMin Zhu
- General Surgery Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Guomin Zhu, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China (e-mail: )
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31
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Mun SJ, Cho E, Kim JS, Yang CS. Pathogen-derived peptides in drug targeting and its therapeutic approach. J Control Release 2022; 350:716-733. [PMID: 36030988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptides, short stretches of amino acids or small proteins that occupy a strategic position between proteins and amino acids, are readily accessible by chemical and biological methods. With ideal properties for forming high-affinity and specific interactions with host target proteins, they have established an important niche in the drug development spectrum complementing small molecule and biological therapeutics. Among the most successful biomedicines in use today, peptide-based drugs show great promise. This, coupled with recent advances in synthetic and nanochemical biology, has led to the creation of tailor-made peptide therapeutics for improved biocompatibility. This review presents an overview of the latest research on pathogen-derived, host-cell-interacting peptides. It also highlights strategies for using peptide-based therapeutics that address cellular transport challenges through the introduction of nanoparticles that serve as platforms to facilitate the delivery of peptide biologics and therapeutics for treating various inflammatory diseases. Finally, this paper describes future perspectives, specific pathogen-based peptides that can enhance specificity, efficiency, and capacity in functional peptide-based therapeutics, which are in the spotlight as new treatment alternatives for various diseases, and also presents verified sequences and targets that can increase chemical and pharmacological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Mun
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Republic of Korea; Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Euni Cho
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Republic of Korea; Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04673, Republic of Korea; Institute of Natural Science & Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Su Yang
- Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea; Department of Molecular and Life Science, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Hong K, Zhang Y, Yao L, Zhang J, Sheng X, Song L, Guo Y, Guo Y. Pan-cancer analysis of the angiotensin II receptor-associated protein as a prognostic and immunological gene predicting immunotherapy responses in pan-cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:913684. [PMID: 36060798 PMCID: PMC9437438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.913684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding interior molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and cancer progression contributes to antitumor treatments. The angiotensin II receptor-associated protein (AGTRAP) has been confirmed to be related with metabolic products in metabolic diseases and can drive the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and colon carcinoma. However, functions of AGTRAP in other kinds of cancers are unclear, and a pan-cancer analysis of AGTRAP has not been carried out. Methods and materials: We downloaded data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression dataset and The Human Protein Atlas databases and then used R software (version 4.1.1) and several bioinformatic tools to conduct the analysis. Results: In our study, we evaluated the expression of AGTRAP in cancers, such as high expression in breast cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, and glioma and low expression in kidney chromophobe. Furthermore, our study revealed that high expression of AGTRAP is significantly related with poor prognosis in glioma, liver cancer, kidney chromophobe, and so on. We also explored the putative functional mechanisms of AGTRAP across pan-cancer, such as endoplasmic reticulum pathway, endocytosis pathway, and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. In addition, the connection between AGTRAP and tumor microenvironment, tumor mutation burden, and immune-related genes was proven. Conclusion: Our study provided comprehensive evidence of the roles of AGTRAP in different kinds of cancers and supported the relationship of AGTRAP and tumorous immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Hong
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Medicine School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingjue Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lingli Yao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Medicine School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiabo Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianneng Sheng
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihua Song
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Medicine School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Guo, ; Yangyang Guo,
| | - Yangyang Guo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Guo, ; Yangyang Guo,
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Qiu H, Zhang L, He X, Wei Y, Wang M, Ma B, Hu D, Shi Z. Promotion of angiogenesis in vitro by Astragalus polysaccharide via activation of TLR4 signaling pathway. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14329. [PMID: 35867029 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During the implantation of functional tissue-engineered constructs for treating bone defects, a functional vascular network is critical for the survival of the construct. One strategy to achieve rapid angiogenesis for this application is the co-culture of outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs) and primary human osteoblasts (POBs) within a scaffold prior to implantation. In the present study, we aim to investigate whether Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) promotes angiogenesis or vascularization via the TLR4 signaling pathway in a co-culture of OECs and POBs. The co-cultures were treated with various concentrations of APS for 24 h and, subsequently, another 7 days, followed by CD31 staining and analysis of micro-vessel-formation areas using software. Additionally, APS (0.4 mg/ml for 24 h) was added to monocultures of OECs or POBs for evaluating proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, osteogenesis, TLR4 signaling pathway, and inflammatory cytokine release. We found that APS promoted angiogenesis in the co-culture at the optimal concentration of 0.4 mg/ml. TLR4 activation by APS up-regulated the expression level of TLR4/MyD88 and enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis in monocultures of OECs and POBs. The levels of E-selectin adhesion molecules, three cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), and VEGF and PDGF-BB, which can induce angiogenesis, increased significantly (p < .05) following APS treatment. Therefore, APS appears to promote angiogenesis and ossification in the co-culture system via the TLR4 signaling pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study demonstrates that APS may promote angiogenesis and osteocyte proliferation in OEC and POB co-culture systems through the MyD88-dependent TLR4 signaling pathway. APS might represent a potential therapeutic strategy in tissue-engineered bone implantation for the treatment of large bone defects; additionally, it has the advantage of safety, as it exhibits low or no side effects. In the future, it is expected to be used in vitro for the construction of tissue-engineered bone and in vivo after implantation in patients with bone defects for promoting rapid vascularization and ossification of tissue-engineered bone and early fusion with the recipient's bone. In addition, as a food additive, Astragalus membranaceus can be used as a tonic material in patients recovering from a fracture for promoting blood-vessel formation at the fracture site and fracture recovery. Combining traditional Chinese medicine with tissue engineering can provide further strategies for promoting the development of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Qiu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinqi He
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yusen Wei
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaoran Wang
- Graduate School of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Ma
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Dailun Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongli Shi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Psychiatric-Psychologic Disease, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China.,Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, College of Chinese Integrative Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, People's Republic of China
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Bartolucci D, Pession A, Hrelia P, Tonelli R. Precision Anti-Cancer Medicines by Oligonucleotide Therapeutics in Clinical Research Targeting Undruggable Proteins and Non-Coding RNAs. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071453. [PMID: 35890348 PMCID: PMC9315662 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer incidence and mortality continue to increase, while the conventional chemotherapeutic drugs confer limited efficacy and relevant toxic side effects. Novel strategies are urgently needed for more effective and safe therapeutics in oncology. However, a large number of proteins are considered undruggable by conventional drugs, such as the small molecules. Moreover, the mRNA itself retains oncological functions, and its targeting offers the double advantage of blocking the tumorigenic activities of the mRNA and the translation into protein. Finally, a large family of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) has recently emerged that are also dysregulated in cancer, but they could not be targeted by drugs directed against the proteins. In this context, this review describes how the oligonucleotide therapeutics targeting RNA or DNA sequences, are emerging as a new class of drugs, able to tackle the limitations described above. Numerous clinical trials are evaluating oligonucleotides for tumor treatment, and in the next few years some of them are expected to reach the market. We describe the oligonucleotide therapeutics targeting undruggable proteins (focusing on the most relevant, such as those originating from the MYC and RAS gene families), and for ncRNAs, in particular on those that are under clinical trial evaluation in oncology. We highlight the challenges and solutions for the clinical success of oligonucleotide therapeutics, with particular emphasis on the peculiar challenges that render it arduous to treat tumors, such as heterogeneity and the high mutation rate. In the review are presented these and other advantages offered by the oligonucleotide as an emerging class of biotherapeutics for a new era of precision anti-cancer medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Roberto Tonelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Yang MH, Russell JL, Mifune Y, Wang Y, Shi H, Moresco EMY, Siegwart DJ, Beutler B, Boger DL. Next-Generation Diprovocims with Potent Human and Murine TLR1/TLR2 Agonist Activity That Activate the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9230-9252. [PMID: 35767437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diprovocims, a new class of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, bear no similarity to prior TLR agonists, act through a well-defined mechanism (TLR1/TLR2 agonist), exhibit exquisite structure-activity relationships, and display in vivo adjuvant activity. They possess potent and efficacious agonist activity toward human TLR1/TLR2 but modest agonism toward the murine receptor. A manner by which diprovocims can be functionalized without impacting hTLR1/TLR2 activity is detailed, permitting future linkage to antigenic, targeting, or delivery moieties. Improvements in both potency and its low efficacy in the murine system were also achieved, permitting more effective use in animal models while maintaining the hTLR1/TLR2 activity. The prototypical member diprovocim-X exhibits the excellent potency/efficacy of diprovocim-1 in human cells, displays substantially improved potency/efficacy in mouse macrophages, and serves as an adjuvant in mice when coadministered with a nonimmunogenic antigen, indicating stimulation of the adaptive as well as innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jamie L Russell
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Yuto Mifune
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Hexin Shi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Eva Marie Y Moresco
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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An injectable co-assembled hydrogel blocks reactive oxygen species and inflammation cycle resisting myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Acta Biomater 2022; 149:82-95. [PMID: 35777549 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and burst of inflammation following cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) are the leading causes of cardiomyocyte injury. Monotherapeutic strategies designed to enhance anti-inflammatory or anti-ROS activity explicitly for treating I/R injury have demonstrated limited success because of the complex mechanisms of ROS production and induction of inflammation. Intense oxidative stress leads to sustained injury, necrosis, and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes. The damaged and necrotic cells can release danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that can cause the aggregation of immune cells by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). These immune cells also promote ROS production by expressing NADPH oxidase. Finally, ROS production and inflammation form a vicious cycle, and ROS and TLR4 are critical nodes of this cycle. In the present study, we designed and prepared an injectable hydrogel system of EGCG@Rh-gel by co-assembling epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and the rhein-peptide hydrogel (Rh-gel). The co-assembled hydrogel efficiently blocked the ROS-inflammation cycle by ROS scavenging and TLR4 inhibition. Benefited by the abundant noncovalent interactions of π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding between EGCG and Rh-gel, the co-assembled hydrogel had good mechanical strength and injectable property. Following the injection EGCG@Rh-gel into the damaged region of the mice's heart after I/R, the hydrogel enabled to achieve long-term sustained release and treatment, improve cardiac function, and significantly reduce the formation of scarring. Further studies demonstrated that these beneficial outcomes arise from the reduction of ROS production, inhibition of inflammation, and induction of anti-apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Therefore, EGCG@Rh-gel is a promising drug delivery system to block the ROS-inflammation cycle for resisting myocardial I/R injury. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. Monotherapeutic strategies designed to enhance anti-inflammatory or anti-ROS effects for treating I/R injury have demonstrated limited success because of the complex mechanisms of ROS and inflammation. 2. ROS production and inflammation form a vicious cycle, and ROS and TLR4 are critical nodes of this cycle. 3. Here, we designed an injectable hydrogel system of EGCG@Rh-gel by co-assembling epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and a rhein-peptide hydrogel (Rh-gel). EGCG@Rh-gel efficiently blocked the ROS-inflammation cycle by ROS scavenging and TLR4 inhibition. 4. EGCG@Rh-gel achieved long-term sustained release and treatment, improved cardiac function, and significantly reduced the formation of scarring after I/R. 5. The beneficial outcomes arise from reducing ROS production, inhibiting inflammation, and inducing anti-apoptosis in cardiomyocytes.
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Polyakov VR, Alexandrov V, Maderna A, Bajjuri K, Li X, Zhou S. Indexing Ultrafast Shape-Based Descriptors in MongoDB to Identify TLR4 Pathway Agonists. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:2446-2455. [PMID: 35522137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for an ultrafast shape-based search workflow for the screening of large compound collections, i.e., those of vendors. The three-dimensional shape of a molecule dictates its biological activity by enabling the molecule to fit into binding pockets of proteins. Quite often, distinctly different chemical compounds that have similar shapes can bind in a similar way. OpenEye pioneered an algorithm for comparing shapes of molecules by overlaying them in a computer and measuring differences between a query molecule and a target molecule. Overlaying shapes is a computationally intensive process and represents a bottleneck in searching for similar molecules. More recent publications describe alternative methods of overlaying molecules, which are accomplished by comparing shape-based descriptors. These methods were implemented in the Open Drug Discovery Toolkit (ODDT) package. We utilized a combination of open-source software packages like ODDT and RDkit to implement a workflow for ultrafast conformer generation and matching that does not require storing precomputed conformers on the file system or in memory. Moreover, the generated descriptors could be optionally stored in MongoDB for performing searches in the future. To speed up the search, we created a set of indexes from the transformed shape-based descriptors. We are in the process of calculating descriptors for multiple vendors, including Enamine's "REAL" collection of 1.2 billion compounds. Currently, the shape similarity search on more than 70 million compounds takes less than 8 s! We exemplified our methodology with the screen of compounds that can act as putative TLR4 agonists. The search was based on a literature-known small-molecule TLR4 agonist series. In due course, we identified compounds with novel structural motifs that were active in mouse and human TLR4 reporter cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery R Polyakov
- Sutro Biopharma, 111 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vadim Alexandrov
- Liquid Algo LLC, 85 Thistle Ln, Hopewell Junction, New York 12533, United States
| | - Andreas Maderna
- Sutro Biopharma, 111 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Krishna Bajjuri
- Sutro Biopharma, 111 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Sutro Biopharma, 111 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sihong Zhou
- Sutro Biopharma, 111 Oyster Point Blvd, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Recent Advancements in Antifibrotic Therapies for Regression of Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091500. [PMID: 35563807 PMCID: PMC9104939 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a severe form of liver fibrosis that results in the irreversible replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue in the liver. Environmental toxicity, infections, metabolic causes, or other genetic factors including autoimmune hepatitis can lead to chronic liver injury and can result in inflammation and fibrosis. This activates myofibroblasts to secrete ECM proteins, resulting in the formation of fibrous scars on the liver. Fibrosis regression is possible through the removal of pathophysiological causes as well as the elimination of activated myofibroblasts, resulting in the reabsorption of the scar tissue. To date, a wide range of antifibrotic therapies has been tried and tested, with varying degrees of success. These therapies include the use of growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, monoclonal antibodies, stem-cell-based approaches, and other approaches that target the ECM. The positive results of preclinical and clinical studies raise the prospect of a viable alternative to liver transplantation in the near future. The present review provides a synopsis of recent antifibrotic treatment modalities for the treatment of liver cirrhosis, as well as a brief summary of clinical trials that have been conducted to date.
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Phytochemicals targeting Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) in inflammatory bowel disease. Chin Med 2022; 17:53. [PMID: 35484567 PMCID: PMC9047385 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-022-00611-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a collective term for inflammatory diseases including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Inhibition of TLR4 has been recognized as an effective target for the treatment of IBD. Many phytochemicals have been shown to have potential as new drugs for the treatment of IBD. This review surveyed the available literature and reports which focused on the in vivo effects of phytochemicals targeting TLR4 in different models of IBD, and clarified the significance of TLR4 as a current therapeutic target for IBD. Based on our review, we have concluded that phytochemicals targeting TLR4 are potentially effective candidates for developing new therapeutic drugs against IBD.
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Yang R, Yu S, Xu T, Zhang J, Wu S. Emerging role of RNA sensors in tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:43. [PMID: 35413927 PMCID: PMC9006576 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA sensors detect foreign and endogenous RNAs to protect the host by initiating innate and adaptive immune response. In tumor microenvironment (TME), activation of RNA sensors induces tumor-inhibitory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and inhibits the activity of immunosuppressive cells though stimulating type I IFN signaling pathway. These characteristics allow RNA sensors to be prospective targets in tumor immunotherapy. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the roles of RNA sensors in TME could provide new insight into the antitumor immunotherapy. Moreover, RNA sensors could be prominent triggering targets to synergize with immunotherapies. In this review, we highlight the diverse mechanisms of RNA sensors in cancer immunity and their emerging contributions in cancer immunotherapy, including monotherapy with RNA sensor agonists, as well as combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immune checkpoint blockade or cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihui Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sufang Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Groeger S, Zhou Y, Ruf S, Meyle J. Pathogenic Mechanisms of Fusobacterium nucleatum on Oral Epithelial Cells. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:831607. [PMID: 35478496 PMCID: PMC9037381 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.831607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an oral chronic inflammatory disease and may cause tooth loss in adults. Oral epithelial cells provide a barrier for bacteria and participate in the immune response. Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is one of the common inhabitants of the oral cavity and has been identified as a potential etiologic bacterial agent of oral diseases, such as periodontitis and oral carcinomas. F. nucleatum has been shown to be of importance in the development of diverse human cancers. In the dental biofilm, it exhibits a structural role as a bridging organism, connecting primary colonizers to the largely anaerobic secondary colonizers. It expresses adhesins and is able to induce host cell responses, including the upregulation of defensins and the release of chemokines and interleukins. Like other microorganisms, its detection is achieved through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). By identification of the pathogenic mechanisms of F. nucleatum it will be possible to develop effective methods for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases in which a F. nucleatum infection is involved. This review summarizes the recent progress in research targeting F. nucleatum and its impact on oral epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Groeger
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Sabine Groeger
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joerg Meyle
- Department of Periodontology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Fasoulakis Z, Koutras A, Ntounis T, Pergialiotis V, Chionis A, Katrachouras A, Palios VC, Symeonidis P, Valsamaki A, Syllaios A, Diakosavvas M, Angelou K, Samara AA, Pagkalos A, Theodora M, Schizas D, Kontomanolis EN. The Prognostic Role and Significance of Dll4 and Toll-like Receptors in Cancer Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071649. [PMID: 35406423 PMCID: PMC8996945 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this review is to summarize the latest details considering the role of Dll4 in cancer, since recent data report that Dll4 has a major key role in tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, the authors try to seek any correlation between Dll4 and cancer stem cells in tumor development. Considering that cancer stem cells have proven to be implicated in the progression of many cancer types, any impact from Dll4 could lead to the alteration of cancer development. Additionally, the authors make a report on current advantages on immunotherapy and tumor-draining lymph nodes in cancer. Finally, this study analyzes toll like receptors, pattern recognition receptors that are capable of recognizing different molecules and activating different genes. These immunogenetic molecules have remarkable roles including angiogenesis promotion, while their activation can lead to either cancer progression or inhibition, representing a very promising therapeutic alliance for cancer treatment. Abstract The Notch signaling pathway regulates the development of embryonic and tissue homeostasis of various types of cells. It also controls cell proliferation, variation, fate and cell death because it emits short-range messages to nearby cells. The pathway plays an important role in the pathophysiology of various malignancies, controlling cancer creation. It also limits cancer development by adjusting preserved angiogenesis and cellular programs. One of the Notch signaling ligands (in mammals) is Delta-like ligand 4 (Dll4), which plays a significant role in the overall malignancies’ advancement. Particularly, sequencing Notch gene mutations, including those of Dll4, have been detected in many types of cancers portraying information on the growth of particular gynecological types of tumors. The current research article examines the background theory that implies the ability of Dll4 in the development of endometrial and other cancer types, and the probable therapeutic results of Dll4 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Fasoulakis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Athens ‘ALEXANDRA’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Lourou and Vasilissis Sofias Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece; (Z.F.); (A.K.); (T.N.); (V.P.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Antonios Koutras
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Athens ‘ALEXANDRA’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Lourou and Vasilissis Sofias Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece; (Z.F.); (A.K.); (T.N.); (V.P.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Thomas Ntounis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Athens ‘ALEXANDRA’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Lourou and Vasilissis Sofias Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece; (Z.F.); (A.K.); (T.N.); (V.P.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Vasilios Pergialiotis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Athens ‘ALEXANDRA’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Lourou and Vasilissis Sofias Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece; (Z.F.); (A.K.); (T.N.); (V.P.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Athanasios Chionis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, Agiou Thoma 17, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexandros Katrachouras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ioannina, University General Hospital of Ioannina, Stavros Niarchos Str., 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Vasileios-Chrysovalantis Palios
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Larisa, University General Hospital of Larisa, Mezourlo, 41110 Larisa, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Symeonidis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Vasilissis Sofias Str. 12, 67100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (P.S.); (E.N.K.)
| | - Asimina Valsamaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Larisa, Tsakal of 1, 41221 Larisa, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Syllaios
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agiou Thoma Str. 17, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-6972374280
| | - Michail Diakosavvas
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Athens ‘ALEXANDRA’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Lourou and Vasilissis Sofias Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece; (Z.F.); (A.K.); (T.N.); (V.P.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Kyveli Angelou
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Athens ‘ALEXANDRA’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Lourou and Vasilissis Sofias Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece; (Z.F.); (A.K.); (T.N.); (V.P.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Athina A. Samara
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa, Mezourlo, 41110 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Pagkalos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Xanthi, Neapoli, 67100 Xanthi, Greece;
| | - Marianna Theodora
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Hospital of Athens ‘ALEXANDRA’, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Lourou and Vasilissis Sofias Ave, 11528 Athens, Greece; (Z.F.); (A.K.); (T.N.); (V.P.); (M.D.); (K.A.); (M.T.)
| | - Dimitrios Schizas
- 1st Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Emmanuel N. Kontomanolis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, Vasilissis Sofias Str. 12, 67100 Alexandroupolis, Greece; (P.S.); (E.N.K.)
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Hu Z, Zhang T, Jiang S, Yin H. Protocol for evaluation and validation of TLR8 antagonists in HEK-Blue cells via secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase assay. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101061. [PMID: 35005643 PMCID: PMC8715332 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) is a pattern recognition receptor that senses RNA degradation products and initiates immune responses. TLR8 overactivation is associated with autoimmune diseases. Herein, we describe the evaluation and validation of TLR8 antagonists in HEK-Blue cells via secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) assay, WST assay, ITC and immunoblotting. These assays can facilitate the development of TLR8 antagonists; this protocol can also be adapted to analyze agonists and antagonists for other TLRs. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Hu et al. (2018). A protocol for secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase assay for TLR8 inhibition Validation of TLR8 antagonist specificity Validation of TLR8 antagonist induced downstream signaling inhibition
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyi Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Tuan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Shuangshuang Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Hang Yin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Corresponding author
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44
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Ghosh CC, Heatherton KR, Connell KPO, Alexander IS, Greer DA, LaPorte J, Guha P, Cox BF, Katz SC. Regional infusion of a class C TLR9 agonist enhances liver tumor microenvironment reprogramming and MDSC reduction to improve responsiveness to systemic checkpoint inhibition. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:1854-1865. [PMID: 35697801 PMCID: PMC9750861 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand in response to malignancy and suppress responsiveness to immunotherapy, including checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs). Within the liver, MDSCs have unique immunosuppressive features. While TLR9 agonists have shown promising activities in enhancing CPI responsiveness in superficial tumors amenable to direct needle injection, clinical success for liver tumors with TLR9 agonists has been limited by delivery challenges. Here, we report that regional intravascular infusion of ODN2395 into mice with liver metastasis (LM) partially eliminated liver MDSCs and reprogrammed residual MDSC. TLR9 agonist regional infusion also induced an increase in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio. Enhanced TLR9 signaling was demonstrated by an increased activation of in NFκB (pP65) and production of IL6 compared with systemic infusion. Further, PBMC-derived human MDSCs express TLR9, and treatment with class C TLR9 agonists (ODN2395 and SD101) reduced the expansion of MDSC population. TLR9 stimulation induced MDSC apoptosis and increased the M1/M2 macrophage ratio. Regional TLR9 agonist infusion along with systemic anti-PD-1 therapy improved control of LM. With effective delivery, TLR9 agonists have the potential to favorably reprogram the liver TME through reduction of MDSCs and favorable macrophage polarization, which may improve responsiveness to systemic CPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra C. Ghosh
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA
| | - Kara R. Heatherton
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA
| | - Kyle P. O’ Connell
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA
| | - Ian S. Alexander
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Northwestern University, Evanston, IL USA
| | - Deborah A. Greer
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA
| | - Jason LaPorte
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA
| | - Prajna Guha
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA ,grid.239424.a0000 0001 2183 6745Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA USA
| | - Bryan F. Cox
- TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA
| | - Steven C. Katz
- grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Roger Williams Medical Center, Immuno-oncology Institute, Providence, RI USA ,TriSalus™ Life Sciences, Inc., Westminster, CO USA ,grid.239424.a0000 0001 2183 6745Department of Surgery, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA USA ,grid.240606.60000 0004 0430 1740Department of Medicine, Roger Williams Medical Center, Providence, RI USA
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45
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Chen Y, Shi S. Advances and prospects of dynamic DNA nanostructures in biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30310-30320. [PMID: 36337940 PMCID: PMC9590593 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05006d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of DNA nanotechnology, the emergence of stimulus-responsive dynamic DNA nanostructures (DDNs) has broken many limitations of static DNA nanostructures, making precise, remote, and reversible control possible. DDNs are intelligent nanostructures with certain dynamic behaviors that are capable of responding to specific stimuli. The responsible stimuli of DDNs include exogenous metal ions, light, pH, etc., as well as endogenous small molecules such as GSH, ATP, etc. Due to the excellent stimulus responsiveness and other superior physiological characteristics of DDNs, they are now widely used in biomedical fields. For example, they can be applied in the fields of biosensing and bioimaging, which are able to detect biomarkers with greater spatial and temporal precision to help disease diagnosis and live cell physiological function studies. Moreover, they are excellent intelligent carriers for drug delivery in treating cancer and other diseases, achieving controlled release of drugs. And they can promote tissue regeneration and regulate cellular behaviors. Although some challenges need further study, such as the practical value in clinical applications, DDNs have shown great potential applications in the biomedical field. With the rapid development of DNA nanotechnology, the emergence of stimulus-responsive dynamic DNA nanostructures (DDNs) has great potential applications in the biomedical field.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041P. R. China
| | - Sirong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041P. R. China
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Abstract
Melanoma is a relentless type of skin cancer which involves myriad signaling pathways which regulate many cellular processes. This makes melanoma difficult to treat, especially when identified late. At present, therapeutics include chemotherapy, surgical resection, biochemotherapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic and targeted approaches. These interventions are usually administered as either a single-drug or in combination, based on tumor location, stage, and patients' overall health condition. However, treatment efficacy generally decreases as patients develop treatment resistance. Genetic profiling of melanocytes and the discovery of novel molecular factors involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma have helped to identify new therapeutic targets. In this literature review, we examine several newly approved therapies, and briefly describe several therapies being assessed for melanoma. The goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent developments and to consider future directions in the field of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju
- Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
- Pavan Kumar Dhanyamraju, Department of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA17033, USA. Tel: +1-6096474712, E-mail:
| | - Trupti N. Patel
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore Campus, Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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He Y, Sun MM, Zhang GG, Yang J, Chen KS, Xu WW, Li B. Targeting PI3K/Akt signal transduction for cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:425. [PMID: 34916492 PMCID: PMC8677728 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00828-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays a crucial role in various cellular processes and is aberrantly activated in cancers, contributing to the occurrence and progression of tumors. Examining the upstream and downstream nodes of this pathway could allow full elucidation of its function. Based on accumulating evidence, strategies targeting major components of the pathway might provide new insights for cancer drug discovery. Researchers have explored the use of some inhibitors targeting this pathway to block survival pathways. However, because oncogenic PI3K pathway activation occurs through various mechanisms, the clinical efficacies of these inhibitors are limited. Moreover, pathway activation is accompanied by the development of therapeutic resistance. Therefore, strategies involving pathway inhibitors and other cancer treatments in combination might solve the therapeutic dilemma. In this review, we discuss the roles of the PI3K/Akt pathway in various cancer phenotypes, review the current statuses of different PI3K/Akt inhibitors, and introduce combination therapies consisting of signaling inhibitors and conventional cancer therapies. The information presented herein suggests that cascading inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, either alone or in combination with other therapies, are the most effective treatment strategy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Miao Sun
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo Geng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Sheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathology, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Wen Wen Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Bin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Peripheral Artery Disease and Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:4954070. [PMID: 34899949 PMCID: PMC8660193 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4954070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a serious public health issue, characterized by circulation disorder of the lower extreme that reduces the physical activity of the lower extremity muscle. The artery narrowed by atherosclerotic lesions initiates limb ischemia. In the progression of treatment, reperfusion injury is still inevitable. Ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by PAD is responsible for hypoxia and nutrient deficiency. PAD triggers hindlimb ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) cycles through various mechanisms, mainly including mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation. Alternatively, mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role. The I/R injury may cause cells' injury and even death. However, the mechanism of I/R injury and the way of cell damage or death are still unclear. We review the pathophysiology of I/R injury, which is majorly about mitochondrial dysfunction. Then, we focus on the cell damage and death during I/R injury. Further comprehension of the progress of I/R will help identify biomarkers for diagnosis and therapeutic targets to PAD. In addition, traditional Chinese medicine has played an important role in the treatment of I/R injury, and we will make a brief introduction.
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Kornuta CA, Cheuquepán F, Bidart JE, Soria I, Gammella M, Quattrocchi V, Hecker YP, Moore DP, Romera SA, Marin MS, Zamorano PI, Langellotti CA. TLR activation, immune response and viral protection elicited in cattle by a commercial vaccine against Bovine Herpesvirus-1. Virology 2021; 566:98-105. [PMID: 34896902 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The innate and acquired immune response induced by a commercial inactivated vaccine against Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) and protection conferred against the virus were analyzed in cattle. Vaccination induced high levels of BoHV-1 antibodies at 30, 60, and 90 days post-vaccination (dpv). IgG1 and IgG2 isotypes were detected at 90 dpv, as well as virus-neutralizing antibodies. An increase of anti-BoHV-1 IgG1 in nasal swabs was detected 6 days post-challenge in vaccinated animals. After viral challenge, lower virus excretion and lower clinical score were observed in vaccinated as compared to unvaccinated animals, as well as BoHV-1-specific proliferation of lymphocytes and production of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-4. Downregulation of the expression of endosome Toll-like receptors 8-9 was detected after booster vaccination. This is the first thorough study of the immunity generated by a commercial vaccine against BoHV-1 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Alejandra Kornuta
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Felipe Cheuquepán
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Esteban Bidart
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ivana Soria
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela Gammella
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Valeria Quattrocchi
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yanina Paola Hecker
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dadin Prando Moore
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia Alejandra Romera
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Solange Marin
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Innovación para La Producción Agropecuaria y El Desarrollo Sostenible (IPADS Balcarce), INTA-CONICET, Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricia Inés Zamorano
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Del Salvador, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Ana Langellotti
- Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas (IVIT, INTA-CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Gao Y, Nepal N, Jin SZ. Toll-like receptors and hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2021; 20:521-529. [PMID: 34419367 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide issue. However, the current treatment for hepatitis C has many shortcomings. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors involved in HCV infection, and an increasing number of studies are focusing on the role of TLRs in the progression of hepatitis C. DATA SOURCES We performed a PubMed search up to January 2021 with the following keywords: hepatitis C, toll-like receptors, interferons, inflammation, and immune evasion. We also used terms such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), susceptibility, fibrosis, cirrhosis, direct-acting antiviral agents, agonists, and antagonists to supplement the query results. We reviewed relevant publications analyzing the correlation between hepatitis C and TLRs and the role of TLRs in HCV infection. RESULTS TLRs 1-4 and 6-9 are involved in the process of HCV infection. When the host is exposed to the HCV, TLRs, as important participants in HCV immune evasion, trigger innate immunity to remove the virus and also promote inflammation and liver fibrosis. TLR gene SNPs affect hepatitis C susceptibility, treatment, and prognosis. The contribution of each TLR to HCV is different. Drugs targeting various TLRs are developed and validated, and TLRs can synergize with classic hepatitis C drugs, including interferon and direct-acting antiviral agents, constituting a new direction for the treatment of hepatitis C. CONCLUSIONS TLRs are important receptors in HCV infection. Different TLRs induce different mechanisms of virus clearance and inflammatory response. Although TLR-related antiviral therapy strategies exist, more studies are needed to explore the clinical application of TLR-related drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Narayan Nepal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Shi-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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