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Walkowiak JJ, Litzen I, Michalska-Walkowiak J, Förster B, Stouten J, Bernaerts KV, Demco DE, Pich A. Microgels with controlled network topologies by photocrosslinking-assisted continuous precipitation polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 675:614-619. [PMID: 38991275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we present a new synthesis methodology based on photo-crosslinking-assisted continuous precipitation polymerization which allows controlling the distribution of crosslinks in microgels. In our approach we substituted conventional crosslinking agent by a comonomer carrying photo-crosslinkable 4-oxocyclopent-2-en-1-yl group. Microgel size, morphology, distribution of crosslinks and packing density of the polymer chains are studied as a function of retention time (Rt) in the flow reactor. Dynamic and static light scattering (DLS and SLS) as well as small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) proved an excellent level of control over the distribution of crosslinks in microgels during the polymerization process. These results were confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), indicating a difference in microgel stiffness and arrangement of the polymer network as resulting from increased Rt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek J Walkowiak
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Inga Litzen
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Joanna Michalska-Walkowiak
- CNRS, UMR 8232 - IPCM - Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire - Polymer Chemistry Team, Sorbonne Université, 4 Pl. Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Beate Förster
- Ernst Ruska Centre (ER-C 1) Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jules Stouten
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Katrien V Bernaerts
- Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Dan E Demco
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany; DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group, Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands.
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2
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Qi J, Zhao H, Wang W, Gao S, Huang J, Yan Y. Solid-Phase Molecular Self-Assembly Enabled Glue-Free Antifatigue Laminate Programmable Materials. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2301114. [PMID: 38189584 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Repeated programmability has emerged as a desired property in smart device engineering, but the programmability will fatigue upon repeated applications due to the unmatched mechanical property between the layer materials and the polymeric glue that is required to integrate the two individual oriented layers. It is reported here that glue-free antifatigue programmable laminate materials can be made with films resulted from solid-phase molecular self-assembly (SPMSA). The SPMSA films are created by squeezing the precipitates of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes and DTAB with a noodle machine, where the hydrophobic DTAB molecules self-assembled into wormlike micelles and oriented along the squeezing direction. The surface molecules in this film are endowed with sufficient mobility in the presence of hydration water, so that two such films are able to be pressed into a laminate material owing to the hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions between the molecules on the two adjacent surfaces. As the water evaporated gradually, the left laminate materials are glue-free with the same composition. When many of such films are integrated with specific designs, complicated shape programming is able to be achieved, and the programmability is reversible without fatigue. The current strategy is envisioned as a potent intriguing pathway leading to advanced programable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwan Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Pekingd University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Pekingd University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenkai Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Pekingd University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shuitao Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Pekingd University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Pekingd University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yun Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Pekingd University, Beijing, 100871, China
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3
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Hwang I, Mun S, Youn JH, Kim HJ, Park SK, Choi M, Kang TJ, Pei Q, Yun S. Height-renderable morphable tactile display enabled by programmable modulation of local stiffness in photothermally active polymer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2554. [PMID: 38519461 PMCID: PMC10959967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Reconfigurable tactile displays are being used to provide refreshable Braille information; however, the delivered information is currently limited to an alternative of Braille because of difficulties in controlling the deformation height. Herein, we present a photothermally activated polymer-bilayer-based morphable tactile display that can programmably generate tangible three-dimensional topologies with varying textures on a thin film surface. The morphable tactile display was composed of a heterogeneous polymer structure that integrated a stiffness-tunable polymer into a light-absorbing elastomer, near-infra-red light-emitting diode (NIR-LED) array, and small pneumatic chamber. Topological expression was enabled by producing localized out-of-plane deformation that was reversible, height-adjustable, and latchable in response to light-triggered stiffness modulation at each target area under switching of stationary pneumatic pressure. Notably, the tactile display could express a spatial softness map of the latched topology upon re-exposing the target areas to modulated light from the NIR-LED array. We expect the developed tactile display to open a pathway for generating high-dimensional tactile information on electronic devices and enable realistic interaction in augmented and virtual environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inwook Hwang
- Tangible Interface Creative Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seongcheol Mun
- Tangible Interface Creative Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Youn
- Tangible Interface Creative Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyeong Jun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seung Koo Park
- Human Enhancement & Assistive Technology Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Meejeong Choi
- Tangible Interface Creative Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tae June Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sungryul Yun
- Tangible Interface Creative Research Section, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea.
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4
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Nguyen VH, Oh S, Mahato M, Tabassian R, Yoo H, Lee SG, Garai M, Kim KJ, Oh IK. Functionally antagonistic polyelectrolyte for electro-ionic soft actuator. Nat Commun 2024; 15:435. [PMID: 38200009 PMCID: PMC10781978 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Electro-active ionic soft actuators have been intensively investigated as an artificial muscle for soft robotics due to their large bending deformations at low voltages, small electric power consumption, superior energy density, high safety and biomimetic self-sensing actuation. However, their slow responses, poor durability and low bandwidth, mainly resulting from improper distribution of ionic conducting phase in polyelectrolyte membranes, hinder practical applications to real fields. We report a procedure to synthesize efficient polyelectrolyte membranes that have continuous conducting network suitable for electro-ionic artificial muscles. This functionally antagonistic solvent procedure makes amphiphilic Nafion molecules to assemble into micelles with ionic surfaces enclosing non-conducting cores. Especially, the ionic surfaces of these micelles combine together during casting process and form a continuous ionic conducting phase needed for high ionic conductivity, which boosts the performance of electro-ionic soft actuators by 10-time faster response and 36-time higher bending displacement. Furthermore, the developed muscle shows exceptional durability over 40 days under continuous actuation and broad bandwidth below 10 Hz, and is successfully applied to demonstrate an inchworm-mimetic soft robot and a kinetic tensegrity system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Hiep Nguyen
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Saewoong Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Manmatha Mahato
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Rassoul Tabassian
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Aarhus University, Katrinebjergvej 89 G-F, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Lee
- Transmission Electron Microscopy Laboratory, KAIST Analysis Center for Research Advancement, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumi Garai
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Jin Kim
- Active Materials and Smart Living Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Huang Z. Chemical Patterning on Nanocarbons: Functionality Typewriting. Molecules 2023; 28:8104. [PMID: 38138593 PMCID: PMC10745949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarbon materials have become extraordinarily compelling for their significant potential in the cutting-edge science and technology. These materials exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties due to their distinctive low-dimensional structures and tailored surface characteristics. An attractive direction at the forefront of this field involves the spatially resolved chemical functionalization of a diverse range of nanocarbons, encompassing carbon nanotubes, graphene, and a myriad of derivative structures. In tandem with the technological leaps in lithography, these endeavors have fostered the creation of a novel class of nanocarbon materials with finely tunable physical and chemical attributes, and programmable multi-functionalities, paving the way for new applications in fields such as nanoelectronics, sensing, photonics, and quantum technologies. Our review examines the swift and dynamic advancements in nanocarbon chemical patterning. Key breakthroughs and future opportunities are highlighted. This review not only provides an in-depth understanding of this fast-paced field but also helps to catalyze the rational design of advanced next-generation nanocarbon-based materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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6
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Kucinic A, Huang CM, Wang J, Su HJ, Castro CE. DNA origami tubes with reconfigurable cross-sections. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:562-572. [PMID: 36520453 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05416g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Structural DNA nanotechnology has enabled the design and construction of complex nanoscale structures with precise geometry and programmable dynamic and mechanical properties. Recent efforts have led to major advances in the capacity to actuate shape changes of DNA origami devices and incorporate DNA origami into larger assemblies, which open the prospect of using DNA to design shape-morphing assemblies as components of micro-scale reconfigurable or sensing materials. Indeed, a few studies have constructed higher order assemblies with reconfigurable devices; however, these demonstrations have utilized structures with relatively simple motion, primarily hinges that open and close. To advance the shape changing capabilities of DNA origami assemblies, we developed a multi-component DNA origami 6-bar mechanism that can be reconfigured into various shapes and can be incorporated into larger assemblies while maintaining capabilities for a variety of shape transformations. We demonstrate the folding of the 6-bar mechanism into four different shapes and demonstrate multiple transitions between these shapes. We also studied the shape preferences of the 6-bar mechanism in competitive folding reactions to gain insight into the relative free energies of the shapes. Furthermore, we polymerized the 6-bar mechanism into tubes with various cross-sections, defined by the shape of the individual mechanism, and we demonstrate the ability to change the shape of the tube cross-section. This expansion of current single-device reconfiguration to higher order scales provides a foundation for nano to micron scale DNA nanotechnology applications such as biosensing or materials with tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjelica Kucinic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chao-Min Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Hai-Jun Su
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Carlos E Castro
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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7
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Kim IH, Choi S, Lee J, Jung J, Yeo J, Kim JT, Ryu S, Ahn SK, Kang J, Poulin P, Kim SO. Human-muscle-inspired single fibre actuator with reversible percolation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 17:1198-1205. [PMID: 36302962 PMCID: PMC9646516 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are indispensable components for next-generation robotics capable of mimicking sophisticated movements of living systems. However, an optimal combination of actuation parameters, including strain, stress, energy density and high mechanical strength, is required for their practical applications. Here we report mammalian-skeletal-muscle-inspired single fibres and bundles with large and strong contractive actuation. The use of exfoliated graphene fillers within a uniaxial liquid crystalline matrix enables photothermal actuation with large work capacity and rapid response. Moreover, the reversible percolation of graphene fillers induced by the thermodynamic conformational transition of mesoscale structures can be in situ monitored by electrical switching. Such a dynamic percolation behaviour effectively strengthens the mechanical properties of the actuator fibres, particularly in the contracted actuation state, enabling mammalian-muscle-like reliable reversible actuation. Taking advantage of a mechanically compliant fibre structure, smart actuators are readily integrated into strong bundles as well as high-power soft robotics with light-driven remote control.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Subi Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Yeo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Ahn
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Philippe Poulin
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, Pessac, France
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Materials Creation, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Oscillating light engine realized by photothermal solvent evaporation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5621. [PMID: 36153322 PMCID: PMC9509359 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33374-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous mechanical work output can be generated by using combustion engines and electric motors, as well as actuators, through on/off control via external stimuli. Solar energy has been used to generate electricity and heat in human daily life; however, the direct conversion of solar energy to continuous mechanical work has not been realized. In this work, a solar engine is developed using an oscillating actuator, which is realized through an alternating volume decrease of each side of a polypropylene/carbon black polymer film induced by photothermal-derived solvent evaporation. The anisotropic solvent evaporation and fast gradient diffusion in the polymer film sustains oscillating bending actuation under the illumination of divergent light. This light-driven oscillator shows excellent oscillation performance, excellent loading capability, and high energy conversion efficiency, and it can never stop with solvent supply. The oscillator can cyclically lift up a load and output work, exhibiting a maximum specific work of 30.9 × 10−5 J g−1 and a maximum specific power of 15.4 × 10−5 W g−1 under infrared light. This work can inspire the development of autonomous devices and provide a design strategy for solar engines. Developing an oscillating actuator that can directly convert solar energy into mechanical energy is highly desirable. Here, authors report a solvent-assisted light-driven oscillator by porous film that achieves excellent oscillating actuation performance and can even oscillate by carrying a load under light irradiation.
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9
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Rani D, Vijaya Kumara A, Srinivasan S. Electrochemical Soft Actuator: Deciphering the Difference in the Characteristics of Polaronic and Bipolaronic Forms of Polyaniline. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:9575-9586. [PMID: 35881445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) has been projected as an efficient electrochemical actuator due to its ease of synthesis, lightweight, biocompatibility, low cost, and possible low operating potential and high stress generation. However, challenges such as low inherent ionic and electronic conductivity of the polymer lead to small accumulation of ions and high ionic diffusion path length inside the polymer remain. In the present study, a highly conjugated, planar, conducting polaronic form of PANI with a nanofiber morphology is synthesized using in situ electrochemical polymerization on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) electrode. The polymerization is carried out in the Schaefer mode at the air-water interface under controlled surface pressure in a Langmuir trough. Electrochemical, UV-visible, XPS, and Raman spectroscopic studies confirm the formation of the planar polaronic PANI form. Polymerization without surface pressure leads to the bipolaronic form of PANI. The two forms are subsequently used to understand their contributions toward electrochemical actuation in a bilayer configuration. The conducting polaronic PANI/EGO (exfoliated graphene oxide) exhibits a remarkably larger total angular displacement of 220° in aqueous 1 M NaClO4 during a potential scan in the range ±0.9 V than the bipolaronic counterpart which exhibits a total angular displacement of 125°. Current imaging in the scanning electrochemical microscopy mode confirms a high volumetric expansion in the case of the polaronic form as compared to its bipolaronic counterpart. Raman spectroscopy reveals the oxidation to the emeraldine form in the polaronic PANI and to the pernigraniline form in the bipolaronic form during actuation. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study evidences the existence of a small charge transfer resistance with high bulk capacitance for the polaronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Rani
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - A Vijaya Kumara
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sampath Srinivasan
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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10
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Lv Z, Hao W, Xiao F, Chen P, Liu Z, Wang Y. Soft pneumatic actuator from particle reinforced silicone rubber: Simulation and experiments. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui Province Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Wentao Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Feiyun Xiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui Province Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Pin Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Zhengshi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
- Intelligent Interconnected Systems Laboratory of Anhui Province Hefei University of Technology Hefei China
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11
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12
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Li S, Zhou W, Hu Y, Huang C, Gao Q, Chen Y. Preparation of graphene-starch composite film and its application in sensor materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 207:365-373. [PMID: 35278507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a composite film was prepared by combining reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and starch nanocrystals (SNC). The results show that SNC can be well dispersed on graphene after mixed with the graphene oxide solutions. SNC had a greater impact on the morphology and microstructure of the composite film. Moreover, the introduction of SNC and the efficient reduction process of graphene oxide (GO) render these composite films good mechanical properties as well as high electrical conductivity. The tensile strength of the composite film was improved after being combined with graphene. However, as the addition rate of SNC increased, the strain-to-failure of the composite film decreased. Therefore, 10% reduced graphene-starch nanocrystals (10%RGO-SNC) was used as multifunctional sensor materials. And it had strong responses to different external stimuli, such as, temperature, humidity, bending/stretching, and solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Li
- Food Science School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China; Carbohydrate Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Food Science School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China; GDPU-HKU Zhongshan Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Food Science School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China; GDPU-HKU Zhongshan Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Food Science School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China; GDPU-HKU Zhongshan Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China
| | - Qunyu Gao
- Carbohydrate Laboratory, School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510640, China.
| | - Yun Chen
- Food Science School, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China; GDPU-HKU Zhongshan Biomedical Innovation Platform, Zhongshan, Guangdong Province 528458, China.
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13
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Lui BF, Bardeen CJ. Using Small Molecule Absorbers to Create a Photothermal Wax Motor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105356. [PMID: 34854535 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic phase change materials are used in actuators like wax motors. The solid→liquid phase transition that drives expansion is commonly induced by resistive heating that requires an electrical connection. The use of light to generate a phase change provides a non-contact way to power wax motors. Here, it is demonstrated that small molecules can act as absorbers to enable a photoinduced solid→liquid melting transition in eicosane, a low molecular weight phase change material. Three different small molecule absorbers are utilized: (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO), azobenzene (AZOB), and guaiazulene (GAZ). The GAZ/eicosane mixture is characterized in detail because its absorption extends out to 750 nm, opening up the possibility of using near-infrared diodes as the photon source. The GAZ/eicosane composite is incorporated into a commercial wax motor assembly and 532 nm laser light is used to lift up to 400 g. The temporal response, work and force output, and efficiency are measured, and no loss of lifting capability or degradation is observed after ten cycles of irradiation. The incorporation of small aromatic molecules with low-energy absorption features into phase change materials can provide a general way to make light powered wax motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon F Lui
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher J Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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14
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Watanabe S, Kojio K, Kunitake M. Near-infrared Two-wavelength-selective Response of Thermosensitive Gels Modified with Rare-earth Ions. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Kenji Kojio
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Kunitake
- Institute of Industrial Nanomaterials, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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15
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Herath M, Epaarachchi J, Islam M, Fang L, Leng J. Light activated shape memory polymers and composites: A review. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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A Review on Liquid Crystal Polymers in Free-Standing Reversible Shape Memory Materials. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051241. [PMID: 32164147 PMCID: PMC7179413 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal polymers have attracted massive attention as stimuli-responsive shape memory materials due to their unique reversible large-scale and high-speed actuations. These materials can be utilized to fabricate artificial muscles, sensors, and actuators driven by thermal order–disorder phase transition or trans–cis photoisomerization. This review collects most commonly used liquid crystal monomers and techniques to macroscopically order and align liquid crystal materials (monodomain), highlighting the unique materials on the thermal and photo responsive reversible shape memory effects. Challenges and potential future applications are also discussed.
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17
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Goto K, Asada M, Nakamura T, Tani F. Switching Photomechanical Response by a Structural Phase Transition in a Naphthalene Diimide Derivative. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Goto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE)Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Mizue Asada
- Institute for Molecular Science Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
| | | | - Fumito Tani
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering (IMCE)Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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18
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Krupa I, Sobolčiak P, Mrlik M. Smart Non-Woven Fiber Mats with Light-Induced Sensing Capability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 10:E77. [PMID: 31906164 PMCID: PMC7022566 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article is focused on the facile procedure for 2D graphene oxide (GO) fabrication, utilizing reversible de-activation polymerization approach and therefore enhanced compatibility with surrounding polymer matrix. Such tunable improvement led to a controllable sensing response after irradiation with light. The neat GO as well as surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) grafted particles were investigated by atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. To confirm the successful surface reduction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy was utilized. The composites in form of non-woven fiber mats containing ungrafted GO and controllably grafted GO with compact layer of polymer dispersed in poly(vinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene) were prepared by electrospinning technique and characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical performance was characterized using dynamic mechanical analysis. Thermal conductivity was employed to confirm that the conducting filler was well-dispersed in the polymer matrix. The presented controllable coating with polymer layer and its impact on the overall performance, especially photo-actuation and subsequent contraction of the material aiming on the sensing applications, was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Krupa
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Patrik Sobolčiak
- Center for Advanced Materials, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Miroslav Mrlik
- Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic
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19
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Wang J, Xiao Y, Cecen V, Shao C, Zhao Y, Qu L. Tunable-Deformed Graphene Layers for Actuation. Front Chem 2019; 7:725. [PMID: 31781535 PMCID: PMC6857681 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefiting from unique planar structure, high flexibility, splendid thermal, and electric properties; graphene as a crucial component has been widely applied into smart materials and multi-stimulus responsive actuators. Moreover, graphene with easy processing and modification features can be decorated with various functional groups through covalent or non-covalent bonds, which is promising in the conversion of environmental energy from single and/or multi-stimuli, to mechanical energy. In this review, we present the actuating behaviors of graphene, regulated by chemical bonds or intermolecular forces under multi-stimuli and summarize the recent advances on account of the unique nanostructures in various actuation circumstances such as thermal, humidity, electrochemical, electro-/photo-thermal, and other stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yukun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Volkan Cecen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Changxiang Shao
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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20
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Qian X, Zhao Y, Alsaid Y, Wang X, Hua M, Galy T, Gopalakrishna H, Yang Y, Cui J, Liu N, Marszewski M, Pilon L, Jiang H, He X. Artificial phototropism for omnidirectional tracking and harvesting of light. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:1048-1055. [PMID: 31686005 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0562-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Many living organisms track light sources and halt their movement when alignment is achieved. This phenomenon, known as phototropism, occurs, for example, when plants self-orient to face the sun throughout the day. Although many artificial smart materials exhibit non-directional, nastic behaviour in response to an external stimulus, no synthetic material can intrinsically detect and accurately track the direction of the stimulus, that is, exhibit tropistic behaviour. Here we report an artificial phototropic system based on nanostructured stimuli-responsive polymers that can aim and align to the incident light direction in the three-dimensions over a broad temperature range. Such adaptive reconfiguration is realized through a built-in feedback loop rooted in the photothermal and mechanical properties of the material. This system is termed a sunflower-like biomimetic omnidirectional tracker (SunBOT). We show that an array of SunBOTs can, in principle, be used in solar vapour generation devices, as it achieves up to a 400% solar energy-harvesting enhancement over non-tropistic materials at oblique illumination angles. The principle behind our SunBOTs is universal and can be extended to many responsive materials and a broad range of stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Qian
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yusen Zhao
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yousif Alsaid
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mutian Hua
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tiphaine Galy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hamsini Gopalakrishna
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yunyun Yang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jinsong Cui
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michal Marszewski
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laurent Pilon
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ximin He
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- California Nanosystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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21
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Statistical Modeling of Photo-Bending Actuation of Hybrid Silicones Mixed with Azobenzene Powder. ACTUATORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/act8040068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically responsive materials are promising as next-generation actuators for soft robotics, but have scarce reports on the statistical modeling of the actuation behavior. This research reports on the development and modeling of the photomechanical bending behavior of hybrid silicones mixed with azobenzene powder. The photo-responsive hybrid silicone bends away from the light source upon light irradiation when a thin paper is attached on the hybrid silicone. The time courses of bending behaviors were fitted well with exponential models with a time variable, affording fitting constants at each experimental condition. These fitted parameters were further modeled using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Cubic models were proposed for both the photo-bending and unbending processes, which were parameterized by the powder ratio and the light intensity. This modeling process allows such photo-responsive materials to be controlled as actuators, and will possibly be effective for engineering mechanically responsive materials.
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22
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Ponnamma D, Parangusan H, Deshmukh K, Kar P, Muzaffar A, Pasha SKK, Ahamed MB, Al-Maadeed MAA. Green synthesized materials for sensor, actuator, energy storage and energy generation: a review. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1614327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kalim Deshmukh
- New Technologies - Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic
| | - Pradip Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, India
| | - Aqib Muzaffar
- Department of Physics, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
| | | | - M. Basheer Ahamed
- Department of Physics, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
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23
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Lin H, Zhang S, Xiao Y, Zhang C, Zhu J, Dunlop JWC, Yuan J. Organic Molecule-Driven Polymeric Actuators. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1800896. [PMID: 30811751 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the motions of plant tissues in response to external stimuli, significant attention has been devoted to the development of actuating polymeric materials. In particular, polymeric actuators driven by organic molecules have been designed due to their combined superiorities of tunable functional monomers, designable chemical structures, and variable structural anisotropy. Here, the recent progress is summarized in terms of material synthesis, structure design, polymer-solvent interaction, and actuating performance. In addition, various possibilities for practical applications, including the ability to sense chemical vapors and solvent isomers, and future directions to satisfy the requirement of sensing and smart systems are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Suyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Morphophysics Group, Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden
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24
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Li L, Huang Z, Wang Y, Brown KA. Design of Elastomer-CNT Film Photoactuators for Nanolithography. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E314. [PMID: 30960297 PMCID: PMC6419169 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer pen lithography (PPL) is an approach to multiplexing scanning probe lithography, in which an array of probes on a compliant film-coated rigid substrate are used to write patterns on a surface. Recently, it was shown that these nominally passive pen arrays can be rendered photo-active by making them out of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)⁻carbon nanotube (CNT) composite. While such photoactuated pens in principle represent a rapid, maskless, and versatile nanomanufacturing strategy, a key challenge that remains is learning how to effectively control the writing of each pen, individually. In this research, we studied the design of PDMS⁻CNT thin-film photoactuators and experimentally explored the role of illumination radius, film thickness, and CNT concentration. Additionally, we have proposed a model that predicts actuation efficiency, actuation time, and the crosstalk between pens. Based upon these results, we have generated a map of working efficiency to elucidate the ideal choice for specific actuation requirements. This work lays the foundation for studying further photoactuatable composite films as actuators in applications beyond lithography including soft robotics and adaptive optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Materials Science & Engineering and Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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25
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Okano M, Watanabe S. Internal Status of Visibly Opaque Black Rubbers Investigated by Terahertz Polarization Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 11:E9. [PMID: 30959993 PMCID: PMC6401994 DOI: 10.3390/polym11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss the internal status of rubber composites consisting of an insulating rubber matrix and conductive carbon black (CB) fillers ("black rubber") using polarization-sensitive terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The black rubber composites under stretched conditions exhibit a large optical anisotropy or birefringence in the terahertz regime. From systematic studies, it is revealed that the large birefringence of black rubbers is due to the orientation distribution of anisotropically shaped CB aggregates in the rubber matrix and the orientation distribution is strongly linked to the mechanical deformation of the black rubber. A model simulation based on this relation between deformation and reorientation allows conversion of the birefringence (optical) information into strain (mechanical) information. In addition, the spectroscopic information obtained using the THz-TDS technique is useful to evaluate the changes in the internal conductive filler network caused by the mechanical deformation. Our findings demonstrate that the terahertz polarization spectroscopy is a promising nondestructive inspection method for contactless investigation of the internal condition of black rubber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Okano
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Watanabe
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
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26
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Multiresponsive polymeric microstructures with encoded predetermined and self-regulated deformability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:12950-12955. [PMID: 30514819 PMCID: PMC6304948 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811823115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The range of allowed deformation modes currently described for the actuation of microstructures is limited. In this work we introduce magnetic-field–guided encoding of highly controlled molecular anisotropy into 3D liquid-crystalline elastomer microstructures capable of displaying unique multiresponsive, shape-changing behaviors. The richness of the predetermined and self-regulated deformations and region-specific motions in these microstructural arrays gives rise to physicochemical insights, as well as potential applications in controlled adhesion, information encryption, soft robotics, and self-regulated light–material interactions. Dynamic functions of biological organisms often rely on arrays of actively deformable microstructures undergoing a nearly unlimited repertoire of predetermined and self-regulated reconfigurations and motions, most of which are difficult or not yet possible to achieve in synthetic systems. Here, we introduce stimuli-responsive microstructures based on liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) that display a broad range of hierarchical, even mechanically unfavored deformation behaviors. By polymerizing molded prepolymer in patterned magnetic fields, we encode any desired uniform mesogen orientation into the resulting LCE microstructures, which is then read out upon heating above the nematic–isotropic transition temperature (TN–I) as a specific prescribed deformation, such as twisting, in- and out-of-plane tilting, stretching, or contraction. By further introducing light-responsive moieties, we demonstrate unique multifunctionality of the LCEs capable of three actuation modes: self-regulated bending toward the light source at T < TN–I, magnetic-field–encoded predetermined deformation at T > TN–I, and direction-dependent self-regulated motion toward the light at T > TN–I. We develop approaches to create patterned arrays of microstructures with encoded multiple area-specific deformation modes and show their functions in responsive release of cargo, image concealment, and light-controlled reflectivity. We foresee that this platform can be widely applied in switchable adhesion, information encryption, autonomous antennae, energy harvesting, soft robotics, and smart buildings.
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27
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Aono M, Harata T, Kitazawa N, Abe H, Ishii S, Sato Y, Terauchi M. Non-uniform Excitation States in Photoinduced Deformation of Amorphous Carbon Nitride Films. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15066. [PMID: 30305691 PMCID: PMC6179997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous carbon nitride (a-CNx) films prepared via reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering deform under on–off visible light illumination. We investigate the relationship between photoinduced deformation and surface electrical states via scanning electron microscopy with Ar+ laser irradiation (SEM-L). Two samples with different levels of photoinduced deformation are prepared. For the film with small photoinduced deformation, uniform secondary electron emission is observed on the film surface, regardless of whether the laser is on or off. On the a-CNx film, which has fifty times larger photoinduced deformation than the previous film, light and dark patches, similar to a speckle pattern, appear on the film surface in SEM-L images. This anomalous phenomenon indicates non-uniformity of the electrical states excited by laser light irradiation. A size of the patches is well correlated with an inhomogeneous distribution of sp3C and sp2C, Isp3C/Isp2C, obtained using soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (SXES). Simultaneously, temporal decrease in the sp3C component under illumination is obtained via SXES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Aono
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8686, Japan.
| | - Tomo Harata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8686, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Kitazawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8686, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Abe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Defense Academy, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, 239-8686, Japan
| | - Shingo Ishii
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yohei Sato
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masami Terauchi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8577, Japan
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28
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Singh JP. Photomechanical and Chemomechanical Actuation Behavior of Graphene-Poly(dimethylsiloxane)/Gold Bilayer Tube for Multimode Soft Grippers and Volatile Organic Compounds Detection Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33956-33965. [PMID: 30252432 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene polymers-based soft actuators driven by infrared (IR) light have attracted wide attention recently. However, the scientific fraternity is striving hard in unraveling the area of actuators that could be triggered by IR light along with chemicals. The fabricating methodology of multiresponsive soft actuators based on graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)-poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) nanocomposite/gold bilayers, ensuring large, fast, and reversible response, has been illustrated. The actuators display a novel dual-mode operation as photomechanical and chemomechanical actuation. The actuators are realized by depositing a thin film (100 nm) of gold on GNP-PDMS nanocomposite films resulting tubular structure on account of thermal residual stress. The actuation response of this structure upon its exposure to IR light and chemicals was measured in terms of percentage opening and degree of unscroll, respectively. The three-dimensional tubular structure is transformed into a two-dimensional sheet within 8 s under IR light irradiation. The same structures were also tested in various organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and aldehydes, but the actuation has been observed only in acetone and aldehydes. This tubular actuator unscrolls completely and then scrolls in opposite direction along with tube axis shift through 90° during its exposure to acetone (liquid/vapors) and aldehydes. Few applications of these actuators, such as multimode soft grippers for on-demand capture/release of objects (with weight 1.2 times the actuator's own weight) and volatile organic compounds detection module, have been demonstrated. The combination of surface micromachining techniques of microelectromechanical systems process with this smart material may find applications in drug-delivery systems with precise control, soft robotics, and noninvasive diagnosis of diabetes and breast/lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Singh
- Department of Physics , Indian Institute of Technology Delhi , Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016 , India
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Two-wavelength infrared responsive hydrogel actuators containing rare-earth photothermal conversion particles. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13528. [PMID: 30202082 PMCID: PMC6131526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-wavelength infrared responsive soft actuators composed of rare-earth-oxide particles composited in a thermoresponsive hydrogel have been constructed. Because Nd2O3 and Yb2O3 particles possess independent narrow infrared adsorption at 808 and 980 nm, respectively, the vicinity of the particles in the gel can be individually heated by irradiation at each adsorption wavelength, inducing a local volume phase transition. The wavelength-selective volume phase transition can be controlled based on the combination of the particles incorporated in the gels and the wavelength of the irradiation laser at the optimized water temperature. Only the alternatively correct combinations successfully induced selective local clouding at the irradiation spots in the gel sheets. The original transparency of the gel was immediately recovered by turning off the light. Furthermore, rod-shaped block gels with Nd2O3 and Yb2O3 particles separately arranged on the left and right sides at the bottom of the rods were prepared to demonstrate wavelength-selective bending motion. The correct light combination caused reversible bending motion of only the side of the rod gel with the corresponding adsorbed particles.
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30
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Palza H, Zapata P, Sagredo C. Shape memory composites based on a thermoplastic elastomer polyethylene with carbon nanostructures stimulated by heat and solar radiation having piezoresistive behavior. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Palza
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Paula Zapata
- Grupo Polímeros, Facultad de Química y Biología; Universidad de Santiago de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Christian Sagredo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas; Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
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31
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Tian H, Wang Z, Chen Y, Shao J, Gao T, Cai S. Polydopamine-Coated Main-Chain Liquid Crystal Elastomer as Optically Driven Artificial Muscle. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:8307-8316. [PMID: 29446620 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optically driven active materials have received much attention because their deformation and motion can be controlled remotely, instantly, and precisely in a contactless way. In this study, we investigated an optically actuated elastomer with rapid response: polydopamine (PDA)-coated liquid crystal elastomer (LCE). Because of the photothermal effect of PDA coating and thermal responsiveness of LCE, the elastomer film contracted significantly with near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. With a fixed strain, light-induced actuating stress in the film could be as large as 1.5 MPa, significantly higher than the maximum stress generated by most mammalian skeletal muscle (0.35 MPa). The PDA-coated LCE films could also bend or roll up by surface scanning of an NIR laser. The response time of the film to light exposure could be as short as 1/10 of a second, comparable to or even faster than that of mammalian skeletal muscle. Using the PDA-coated LCE film, we designed and fabricated a prototype of robotic swimmer that was able to swim near the water-air interface by performing "swimming strokes" through reversible bending and unbending motions induced and controlled by an NIR laser. The results presented in this study clearly demonstrated that PDA-coated LCE is a promising optically driven artificial muscle, which may have great potential for applications of soft robotics and optomechanical coupling devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmiao Tian
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , 28 Xianning Road , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
| | | | | | - Jinyou Shao
- Micro- and Nano-technology Research Center, State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering , Xi'an Jiaotong University , 28 Xianning Road , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
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32
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Leeladhar, Raturi P, Singh JP. Sunlight-driven eco-friendly smart curtain based on infrared responsive graphene oxide-polymer photoactuators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3687. [PMID: 29487309 PMCID: PMC5829250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Photomechanical actuation is the conversion of light energy into mechanical energy through some smart materials. Infrared-responsive smart materials have become an emerging field of research due to easy availability and eco-friendly nature of their stimulus in the form of sunlight, which contains about 50% of near-infrared(nIR) making these materials useful at macro-scale photoactuator applications. Here, we demonstrate fabrication of highly versatile nIR triggered photoactuators based on graphene oxide/polycarbonate bilayers that offers fast, low-cost fabrication, large deflection, reversible actuation and wavelength-selective response. The photoactuators are realized by vacuum filtration of graphene oxide/water dispersion through polycarbonate membrane resulting graphene oxide/polymer bilayer structure. The photoactuation response was measured in the form of deflection from equilibrium position as a result of infrared-irradiation. The deflection is caused by the generated thermal stress at the interface of bilayers due to mismatch of thermal expansion coefficient as a results of nIR absorption by graphene oxide and subsequent temperature rise. A maximum deflection of 12 mm (circular-shaped structure with diameter 28 mm) with corresponding bending curvature of 0.33 cm-1 was shown by this photoactuator for illumination intensity of 106 mW/cm2. Few applications of these photoactuators such as sunlight-driven smart curtain, infrared actuated curtain and self-folding box are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeladhar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, Lucknow Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Parul Raturi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - J P Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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33
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Huang Z, Li L, Zhang XA, Alsharif N, Wu X, Peng Z, Cheng X, Wang P, Brown KA, Wang Y. Photoactuated Pens for Molecular Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:1705303. [PMID: 29271507 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201705303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The photoactuation of pen arrays made of polydimethylsiloxane carbon nanotube composites is explored, and the first demonstration of photoactuated pens for molecular printing is reported. Photoactuation of these composites is characterized using atomic force microscopy and found to produce microscale motion in response to modest illumination, with an actuation efficiency as high as 200 nm mW-1 on the sub-1 s time scale. Arrays of composite pens are synthesized and it is found that local illumination is capable of moving selected pens by more than 3 µm out of the plane, bringing them into contact to perform controllable and high quality printing while completely shutting off the nonilluminated counterparts. In light of the scalability limitations of nanolithography, this work presents an important step and paves the way for arbitrary control of individual pens in massive arrays. As an example of a scalable soft actuator, this approach can also aid progress in other fields such as soft robotics and microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Le Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xu A Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Nourin Alsharif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhiwei Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiyuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Keith A Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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34
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Rahneshin V, Ziolkowska DA, McClelland A, Cromwell J, Jasinski JB, Panchapakesan B. The Coupled Straintronic-Photothermic Effect. Sci Rep 2018; 8:64. [PMID: 29311609 PMCID: PMC5758642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the coupled straintronic-photothermic effect where coupling between bandgap of the 2D layered semiconductor under localized strains, optical absorption and the photo-thermal effect results in a large chromatic mechanical response in TMD-nanocomposites. Under the irradiation of visible light (405 nm to 808 nm), such locally strained atomic thin films based on 2H-MoS2 embedded in an elastomer such as poly (dimethyl) siloxane matrix exhibited a large amplitude of photo-thermal actuation compared to their unstrained counterparts. Moreover, the locally strain engineered nanocomposites showed tunable mechanical response giving rise to higher mechanical stress at lower photon energies. Scanning photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed a change in bandgap of 30 meV between regions encompassing highly strained compared to the unstrained few layers. For 1.6% change in the bandgap, the macroscopic photo-thermal response increased by a factor of two. Millimeter scale bending actuators based on the locally strained 2H-MoS2 resulted in significantly enhanced photo-thermal actuation displacements compared to their unstrained counterparts at lower photon energies and operated up to 30 Hz. Almost 1 mN photo-activated force was obtained at 50 mW and provided long-term stability. This study demonstrates a new mechanism in TMD-nanocomposites that would be useful for developing broad range of transducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Rahneshin
- Small Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Dominika A Ziolkowska
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw Pasteura 5, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arthur McClelland
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jaya Cromwell
- Small Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - Jacek B Jasinski
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Balaji Panchapakesan
- Small Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA.
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35
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Yang Y, Yang Y, Chen S, Lu Q, Song L, Wei Y, Wang X. Atomic-level molybdenum oxide nanorings with full-spectrum absorption and photoresponsive properties. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1559. [PMID: 29146895 PMCID: PMC5691127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00850-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Superthin nanostructures, particularly with atomic-level thicknesses, typically display unique optical properties because of their exceptional light-matter interactions. Here, we report a facile strategy for the synthesis of sulfur-doped molybdenum oxide nanorings with an atomic-level size (thickness of 0.5 nm) and a tunable ring-in-ring architecture. These atomic-level nanorings displayed strong photo-absorption in both the visible and infrared-light ranges and acted as a photothermal agent. Under irradiation with an 808 nm laser with an intensity of 1 W/cm2, a composite of the nanorings embedded in polydimethylsiloxane showed an ultrafast photothermal effect, delivering a local temperature of up to 400 °C within 20 s, which to the best of our knowledge is the highest temperature by light irradiation reported to date. Meanwhile, the resulting nanorings were also employed as a photoinitiator to remotely induce a visible-light shape memory response, self-healing, reshaping performance and reversible actuation of dynamic three-dimensional structures. This study demonstrates an advancement towards controlling atomic-level-sized nanostructures and achieving greatly enhanced optical performances for optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yang Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuangming Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Hefei Science Center CAS, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, Hefei, 230029, China
| | - Qichen Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | | | | | - Xun Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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36
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Influence of external loads on structure and photoactuation in densely crosslinked azo-incorporated liquid crystalline polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Liu L, Liu MH, Deng LL, Lin BP, Yang H. Near-Infrared Chromophore Functionalized Soft Actuator with Ultrafast Photoresponsive Speed and Superior Mechanical Property. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11333-11336. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical
Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular
Ferroelectrics, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Mei-Hua Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical
Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular
Ferroelectrics, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lin-Lin Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical
Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular
Ferroelectrics, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Bao-Ping Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical
Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular
Ferroelectrics, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical
Research, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Molecular
Ferroelectrics, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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38
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Wang H, Chen P, Wu Z, Zhao J, Sun J, Lu R. Bending, Curling, Rolling, and Salient Behavior of Molecular Crystals Driven by [2+2] Cycloaddition of a Styrylbenzoxazole Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE); School of Chemistry and Materials Science; Heilongjiang University; Harbin China
| | - Zhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun China
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39
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Wang H, Chen P, Wu Z, Zhao J, Sun J, Lu R. Bending, Curling, Rolling, and Salient Behavior of Molecular Crystals Driven by [2+2] Cycloaddition of a Styrylbenzoxazole Derivative. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [PMID: 28626943 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report interesting photomechanical behaviors of the dynamic molecular crystals of (E)-2-(2,4-dichlorostyryl)benzo[d]oxazole (BOACl24). The photosalient effect of the rod-like crystal based on a metal-free olefin driven by photodimerization is observed. Moreover, the needle-like crystals of BOACl24 exhibit a reversible bending away from a UV light source. The nanofibers curl easily under UV irradiation in an organogel, in which the photo-induced rolling of a small slice occurs. This suggests that the rapid release of the accumulated strain during photodimerization may lead to a photosalient effect, and the bending or curling happens when the strain is released slowly. Notably, [2+2] cycloaddition takes place between two different conformational isomers of BOACl24 on account of the rotation of the benzoxazole ring around the C-C bond in an excited state before photodimerization. Such topo-photochemical reaction has not been reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (MOE), School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jingbo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ran Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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40
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Gooneie A, Sapkota J, Shirole A, Holzer C. Length controlled kinetics of self-assembly of bidisperse nanotubes/nanorods in polymers. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Rezvantalab H, Ghazi N, Ambrusch MJ, Infante J, Shojaei-Zadeh S. An Aqueous-Based Approach for Fabrication of PVDF/MWCNT Porous Composites. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1716. [PMID: 28496130 PMCID: PMC5431977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate the fabrication of conductive porous polymers based on foaming of an aqueous dispersion of polymeric particles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT). By tuning the surface energy of the constituents, we direct their preferential adsorption at the air-liquid (bubble) interface or within the liquid film between the bubbles. Sintering this bi-constituent foam yields solid closed-cell porous structure which can be electrically conductive if CNT are able to form a conductive path. We measure transport (electrical and thermal), mechanical, and morphological properties of such porous structures as a function of CNT loading and the method used for their surface functionalization. For a fixed polymer volume fraction, we demonstrate the limit in which increasing CNT results in decreasing the mechanical strength of the sample due to lack of adequate polymer-CNT bond. Such lightweight conductive porous composites are considered in applications including EMI shielding, electrostatic discharge protection, and electrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rezvantalab
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The state University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8058, United States
| | - Nastaran Ghazi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The state University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8058, United States
| | - Matthew J Ambrusch
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The state University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8058, United States
| | - Jeffrey Infante
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The state University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8058, United States
| | - Shahab Shojaei-Zadeh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers, The state University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854-8058, United States.
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42
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Liu Y, Xu Z, Gao W, Cheng Z, Gao C. Graphene and Other 2D Colloids: Liquid Crystals and Macroscopic Fibers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606794. [PMID: 28233348 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional colloidal nanomaterials are running into renaissance after the enlightening researches of graphene. Macroscopic one-dimensional fiber is an optimal ordered structural form to express the in-plane merits of 2D nanomaterials, and the formation of liquid crystals (LCs) allows the creation of continuous fibers. In the correlated system from LCs to fibers, understanding their macroscopic organizing behavior and transforming them into new solid fibers is greatly significant for applications. Herein, we retrospect the history of 2D colloids and discuss about the concept of 2D nanomaterial fibers in the context of LCs, elaborating the motivation, principle and possible strategies of fabrication. Then we highlight the creation, development and typical applications of graphene fibers. Additionally, the latest advances of other 2D nanomaterial fibers are also summarized. Finally, conclusions, challenges and perspectives are provided to show great expectations of better and more fibrous materials of 2D nanomaterials. This review gives a comprehensive retrospect of the past century-long effort about the whole development of 2D colloids, and plots a clear roadmap - "lamellar solid - LCs - macroscopic fibers - flexible devices", which will certainly open a new era of structural-multifunctional application for the conventional 2D colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhengdong Cheng
- Arti McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials & Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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43
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Babaei M, Clement JA, Dayal K, Shankar MR. Steering with light: indexable photomotility in liquid crystalline polymers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Harnessing light to achieve manipulation and motility in meso and mm-scale systems offers the ability to remotely trigger actuation without requiring on-board power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnoush Babaei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- USA
| | - J. Arul Clement
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- USA
| | - Kaushik Dayal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- USA
- Center for Nonlinear Analysis
- Carnegie Mellon University
| | - M. Ravi Shankar
- Department of Industrial Engineering
- University of Pittsburgh
- USA
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44
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Anisotropic optical response of optically opaque elastomers with conductive fillers as revealed by terahertz polarization spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39079. [PMID: 28008942 PMCID: PMC5180234 DOI: 10.1038/srep39079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastomers are one of the most important materials in modern society because of the inherent viscoelastic properties due to their cross-linked polymer chains. Their vibration-absorbing and adhesive properties are especially useful and thus utilized in various applications, for example, tires in automobiles and bicycles, seismic dampers in buildings, and seals in a space shuttle. Thus, the nondestructive inspection of their internal states such as the internal deformation is essential in safety. Generally, industrial elastomers include various kinds of additives, such as carbon blacks for reinforcing them. The additives make most of them opaque in a wide spectral range from visible to mid-infrared, resulting in that the nondestructive inspection of the internal deformation is quite difficult. Here, we demonstrate transmission terahertz polarization spectroscopy as a powerful technique for investigating the internal optical anisotropy in optically opaque elastomers with conductive additives, which are transparent only in the terahertz frequency region. The internal deformation can be probed through the polarization changes inside the material due to the anisotropic dielectric response of the conductive additives. Our study about the polarization-dependent terahertz response of elastomers with conductive additives provides novel knowledge for in situ, nondestructive evaluation of their internal deformation.
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45
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Wang M, Lin BP, Yang H. A plant tendril mimic soft actuator with phototunable bending and chiral twisting motion modes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13981. [PMID: 28004810 PMCID: PMC5192217 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, plant tendrils can produce two fundamental motion modes, bending and chiral twisting (helical curling) distortions, under the stimuli of sunlight, humidity, wetting or other atmospheric conditions. To date, many artificial plant-like mechanical machines have been developed. Although some previously reported materials could realize bending or chiral twisting through tailoring the samples into various ribbons along different orientations, each single ribbon could execute only one deformation mode. The challenging task is how to endow one individual plant tendril mimic material with two different, fully tunable and reversible motion modes (bending and chiral twisting). Here we show a dual-layer, dual-composition polysiloxane-based liquid crystal soft actuator strategy to synthesize a plant tendril mimic material capable of performing two different three-dimensional reversible transformations (bending versus chiral twisting) through modulation of the wavelength band of light stimuli (ultraviolet versus near-infrared). This material has broad application prospects in biomimetic control devices. Plant tendrils are able to undergo both bending and chiral twisting motions but unfortunately synthetic mimics are unable to do this. Here the authors show a dual-layer polysiloxane-based liquid crystal soft actuator capable of two different 3D reversible transformations via light stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, China
| | - Bao-Ping Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211189, China
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Bisoyi HK, Li Q. Light-Driven Liquid Crystalline Materials: From Photo-Induced Phase Transitions and Property Modulations to Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15089-15166. [PMID: 27936632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven phenomena both in living systems and nonliving materials have enabled truly fascinating and incredible dynamic architectures with terrific forms and functions. Recently, liquid crystalline materials endowed with photoresponsive capability have emerged as enticing systems. In this Review, we focus on the developments of light-driven liquid crystalline materials containing photochromic components over the past decade. Design and synthesis of photochromic liquid crystals (LCs), photoinduced phase transitions in LC, and photoalignment and photoorientation of LCs have been covered. Photomodulation of pitch, polarization, lattice constant and handedness inversion of chiral LCs is discussed. Light-driven phenomena and properties of liquid crystalline polymers, elastomers, and networks have also been analyzed. The applications of photoinduced phase transitions, photoalignment, photomodulation of chiral LCs, and photomobile polymers have been highlighted wherever appropriate. The combination of photochromism, liquid crystallinity, and fabrication techniques has enabled some fascinating functional materials which can be driven by ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light irradiation. Nanoscale particles have been incorporated to widen and diversify the scope of the light-driven liquid crystalline materials. The developed materials possess huge potential for applications in optics, photonics, adaptive materials, nanotechnology, etc. The challenges and opportunities in this area are discussed at the end of the Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
| | - Quan Li
- Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University , Kent, Ohio 44242, United States
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Hu Y, Li Z, Lan T, Chen W. Photoactuators for Direct Optical-to-Mechanical Energy Conversion: From Nanocomponent Assembly to Macroscopic Deformation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10548-10556. [PMID: 27604650 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoactuators with integrated optical-to-mechanical energy conversion capacity have attracted growing research interest in the last few decades due to their unique features of remote control and their wide applications ranging from bionic robots, biomedical devices, and switches to motors. For the photoactuator design, the energy conversion route and structure assembly are two important parts, which directly affect the performance of the photoactuators. In particular, the architectural designs at the molecular, nano-, micro-, and macro- level, are found to play a significant role in accumulating molecular-scale strain/stress to macroscale strain/stress. Here, recent progress on photoactuators based on photochemical and photothermal effects is summarized, followed by a discussion of the important assembly strategies for the amplification of the photoresponsive components at nanoscale to macroscopic scale motions. The application advancement of current photoactuators is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Li
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Tian Lan
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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48
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Chromatic Mechanical Response in 2-D Layered Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMDs) based Nanocomposites. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34831. [PMID: 27713550 PMCID: PMC5054383 DOI: 10.1038/srep34831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to convert photons of different wavelengths directly into mechanical motion is of significant interest in many energy conversion and reconfigurable technologies. Here, using few layer 2H-MoS2 nanosheets, layer by layer process of nanocomposite fabrication, and strain engineering, we demonstrate a reversible and chromatic mechanical response in MoS2-nanocomposites between 405 nm to 808 nm with large stress release. The chromatic mechanical response originates from the d orbitals and is related to the strength of the direct exciton resonance A and B of the few layer 2H-MoS2 affecting optical absorption and subsequent mechanical response of the nanocomposite. Applying uniaxial tensile strains to the semiconducting few-layer 2H-MoS2 crystals in the nanocomposite resulted in spatially varying energy levels inside the nanocomposite that enhanced the broadband optical absorption up to 2.3 eV and subsequent mechanical response. The unique photomechanical response in 2H-MoS2 based nanocomposites is a result of the rich d electron physics not available to nanocomposites based on sp bonded graphene and carbon nanotubes, as well as nanocomposite based on metallic nanoparticles. The reversible strain dependent optical absorption suggest applications in broad range of energy conversion technologies that is not achievable using conventional thin film semiconductors.
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Sessini V, Raquez JM, Lo Re G, Mincheva R, Kenny JM, Dubois P, Peponi L. Multiresponsive Shape Memory Blends and Nanocomposites Based on Starch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19197-19201. [PMID: 27434018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Smart multiresponsive bionanocomposites with both humidity- and thermally activated shape-memory effects, based on blends of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) and thermoplastic starch (TPS) are designed. Thermo- and humidity-mechanical cyclic experiments are performed in order to demonstrate the humidity- as well as thermally activated shape memory properties of the starch-based materials. In particular, the induced-crystallization is used in order to thermally activate the EVA shape memory response. The shape memory results of both blends and their nanocomposites reflect the excellent ability to both humidity- and thermally activated recover of the initial shape with values higher than 80 and 90%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Sessini
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, University of Perugia , Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC , calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons (UMONS) , Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Giada Lo Re
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons (UMONS) , Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons (UMONS) , Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - José Maria Kenny
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale, University of Perugia , Strada di Pentima 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC , calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University of Mons (UMONS) , Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Laura Peponi
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC , calle Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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50
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Spatially Nonuniform Heating and the Nonlinear Transient Response of Elastomeric Photomechanical Actuators. ACTUATORS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/act5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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