1
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Garzón-Ramírez AJ, Franco I. Stark control of electrons across the molecule-semiconductor interface. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:044704. [PMID: 37486053 DOI: 10.1063/5.0154862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling matter at the level of electrons using ultrafast laser sources represents an important challenge for science and technology. Recently, we introduced a general laser control scheme (the Stark control of electrons at interfaces or SCELI) based on the Stark effect that uses the subcycle structure of light to manipulate electron dynamics at semiconductor interfaces [A. Garzón-Ramírez and I. Franco, Phys. Rev. B 98, 121305 (2018)]. Here, we demonstrate that SCELI is also of general applicability in molecule-semiconductor interfaces. We do so by following the quantum dynamics induced by non-resonant few-cycle laser pulses of intermediate intensity (non-perturbative but non-ionizing) across model molecule-semiconductor interfaces of varying level alignments. We show that SCELI induces interfacial charge transfer regardless of the energy level alignment of the interface and even in situations where charge exchange is forbidden via resonant photoexcitation. We further show that the SCELI rate of charge transfer is faster than those offered by resonant photoexcitation routes as it is controlled by the subcycle structure of light. The results underscore the general applicability of SCELI to manipulate electron dynamics at interfaces on ultrafast timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Franco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
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2
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Pagnotto D, Muravitskaya A, Benoit DM, Bouillard JSG, Adawi AM. Stark Effect Control
of the Scattering Properties
of Plasmonic Nanogaps Containing an Organic Semiconductor. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2022; 1:500-506. [PMCID: PMC9903362 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.2c00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of actively tunable plasmonic nanostructures enables real-time reconfigurable and on-demand enhancement of optical signals. This is an essential requirement for a wide range of applications such as sensing and nanophotonic devices, for which electrically driven tunability is required. By modifying the transition energies of a material via the application of an electric field, the Stark effect offers a reliable and practical approach to achieve such tunability. In this work, we report on the use of the Stark effect to control the scattering response of a plasmonic nanogap formed between a silver nanoparticle and an extended silver film separated by a thin layer of the organic semiconductor PQT-12. The plasmonic response of such nanoscattering sources follows the quadratic Stark shift. In addition, our approach allows one to experimentally determine the polarizability of the semiconductor material embedded in the nanogap region, offering a new approach to probe the excitonic properties of extremely thin semiconducting materials such as 2D materials under applied external electric field with nanoscale resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatello Pagnotto
- Department
of Physics and Mathematics, University of
Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Alina Muravitskaya
- Department
of Physics and Mathematics, University of
Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Benoit
- Department
of Physics and Mathematics, University of
Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Sebastien G. Bouillard
- Department
of Physics and Mathematics, University of
Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, United Kingdom
- G.
W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials, University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Ali M. Adawi
- Department
of Physics and Mathematics, University of
Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, United Kingdom
- G.
W. Gray Centre for Advanced Materials, University
of Hull, Cottingham Road, HullHU6 7RX, United Kingdom
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3
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Schedlbauer J, Scherf U, Vogelsang J, Lupton JM. Dynamic Quenching of Triplet Excitons in Single Conjugated-Polymer Chains. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5192-5198. [PMID: 32506907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By measuring the fluorescence photon statistics of single chains of a conjugated polymer, we determine the lifetime of the metastable dark state, the triplet exciton. The single molecule emits single photons one at a time, giving rise to photon antibunching. These photons appear bunched in time over longer time scales because of excursions to the triplet dark state. Remarkably, this triplet intermittency in the fluorescence is spontaneously suppressed over time scales of seconds, implying that either triplet formation is inhibited or that triplets are selectively quenched without the singlet fluorescence being affected. Such discrete switching in the strength of photon bunching is only seen in highly ordered and rigid chains of a ladder-type conjugated polymer. It does not occur in single dye molecules. We propose that trapped photogenerated charges on the chain selectively quench triplets but not singlets, presumably because the effective diffusion length of triplets is longer along the highly rigid ladder-type backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Schedlbauer
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry Group, Chemistry Department and Wuppertal Center for Smart Materials & Systems CM@S, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss-Strasse 20, 42097 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Iimori T, Awasthi K, Chiou CS, Diau EWG, Ohta N. Fluorescence enhancement induced by quadratic electric-field effects on singlet exciton dynamics in poly(3-hexylthiophene) dispersed in poly(methyl methacrylate). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:5695-5704. [PMID: 30801107 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07801g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of the exciton generated by photoexcitation of a regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polymer dispersed in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix was examined using electro-photoluminescence (E-PL) spectroscopy, where electric field effects on the photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured. The quadratic electric-field effect was investigated using the modulation technique, with field-induced changes in the PL intensity monitored at the second harmonic of the modulation frequency of the applied electric field. Absorption and PL spectra indicated the formation of both ordered crystalline aggregates and amorphous regions of P3HT polymer chains. Although previous studies of electric field effects on π-conjugated polymers have generally shown that the PL intensity is decreased by electric fields, we report that the PL intensity of P3HT and PL lifetime increased with the quadratic electric-field effect. The magnitude of the change in PL intensity was quantitatively explained in terms of the field-induced decrease in the nonradiative decay rate constants of the exciton. We proposed that a delayed PL, originating from charge carrier recombination, was enhanced in the presence of electric fields. The rate constant of the downhill relaxation process of the exciton, which originated from the relaxation in distributed energy levels due to an inherent energetic disorder in P3HT aggregates, was implied to decrease in the presence of electric fields. The radiative decay rate constant and PL quantum yield of P3HT dissolved in solution, which were evaluated from the molar extinction coefficient and the PL lifetime, were compared with those of P3HT dispersed in a PMMA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Iimori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Muroran Institute of Technology, Mizumoto-cho, Muroran 050-8585, Japan
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5
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Sharma DK, Hirata S, Biju V, Vacha M. Stark Effect and Environment-Induced Modulation of Emission in Single Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ACS NANO 2019; 13:624-632. [PMID: 30616355 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for next-generation solar cells. In nanostructured form also, these materials are excellent candidates for optoelectronic applications such as lasers and light-emitting diodes for displays and lighting. While great progress has been achieved so far in optimizing the intrinsic photophysical properties of perovskite nanocrystals (NCs), in working optoelectronic devices, external factors, such as the effects of conducting environment and the applied electric field on exciton generation and photon emission, have been largely unexplored. Here, we use NCs of the all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 dispersed polyvinyl carbazole, a hole-conductor, and in poly(methyl methacrylate), an insulator, to examine the effects of applied electric field and conductivity of the matrix on the perovskite photophysics at the single-particle level. We found that the conducting environment causes a significant decrease of photoluminescence (PL) brightness of individual NCs due the appearance of intermediate-intensity emitting states with significantly shortened lifetime. Applied electric field has a similar effect and, in addition, causes a nonlinear spectral shift of the PL maxima, a combination of linear and quadratic Stark effects caused by environment-induced polarity and field-related polarizability. The environment and electric-field effects are explained by ionization of the NCs through hole transfer and emission of the resulting negatively charged excitons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendar Kumar Sharma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44 , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
| | - Shuzo Hirata
- Department of Engineering Science and Engineering , The University of Electro Communications , 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu , Tokyo 182-8585 , Japan
| | - Vasudevanpillai Biju
- Research Institute for Electronic Science , Hokkaido University , N20W10, Kita Ward , Sapporo 001-0020 , Japan
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Tokyo Institute of Technology , Ookayama 2-12-1-S8-44 , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 , Japan
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6
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Xu L, Kumar A, Wong BM. Linear polarizabilities and second hyperpolarizabilities of streptocyanines: Results from broken‐Symmetry DFT and new CCSD(T) benchmarks. J Comput Chem 2018; 39:2350-2359. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Xu
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Department of Physics & Astronomy University of California‐Riverside Riverside California 92521
| | - Anshuman Kumar
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Department of Physics & Astronomy University of California‐Riverside Riverside California 92521
| | - Bryan M. Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Materials Science & Engineering Program and Department of Physics & Astronomy University of California‐Riverside Riverside California 92521
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7
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Abstract
The breaking of molecular symmetry through photoexcitation is a ubiquitous but rather elusive process, which, for example, controls the microscopic efficiency of light harvesting in molecular aggregates. A molecular excitation within a π-conjugated segment will self-localize due to strong coupling to molecular vibrations, locally changing bond alternation in a process which is fundamentally nondeterministic. Probing such symmetry breaking usually relies on polarization-resolved fluorescence, which is most powerful on the level of single molecules. Here, we explore symmetry breaking by designing a large, asymmetric acceptor-donor-acceptor (A1-D-A2) complex 10 nm in length, where excitation energy can flow from the donor, a π-conjugated oligomer, to either one of the two boron-dipyrromethene (bodipy) dye acceptors of different color. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) reveals a nondeterministic switching between the energy-transfer pathways from the oligomer to the two acceptor groups on the submillisecond timescale. We conclude that excitation energy transfer, and light harvesting in general, are fundamentally nondeterministic processes, which can be strongly perturbed by external stimuli. A simple demonstration of the relation between exciton localization within the extended π-system and energy transfer to the endcap is given by considering the selectivity of endcap emission through the polarization of the excitation light in triads with bent oligomer backbones. Bending leads to increased localization so that the molecule acquires bichromophoric characteristics in terms of its fluorescence photon statistics.
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8
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Single-molecule studies beyond optical imaging: Multi-parameter single-molecule spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Renuka KD, Lekshmi CL, Joseph K, Mahesh S. Sustainable Bioresource-Derived Components for Molecular Keypad Lock and IMPLICATION Logic Gate Construction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kizhisseri Devi Renuka
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience and Technology; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Valiyamala; Thiruvananthapuram 69554, Kerala India
| | - C. Lalitha Lekshmi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience and Technology; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Valiyamala; Thiruvananthapuram 69554, Kerala India
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience and Technology; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Valiyamala; Thiruvananthapuram 69554, Kerala India
| | - Sankarapillai Mahesh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Excellence in Nanoscience and Technology; Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Valiyamala; Thiruvananthapuram 69554, Kerala India
- Polymers and Speciality Chemicals Division; Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC); Thiruvananthapuram 695022, Kerala India
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10
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Oviedo MB, Ilawe NV, Wong BM. Polarizabilities of π-Conjugated Chains Revisited: Improved Results from Broken-Symmetry Range-Separated DFT and New CCSD(T) Benchmarks. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:3593-602. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Belén Oviedo
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521,United States
| | - Niranjan V. Ilawe
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521,United States
| | - Bryan M. Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering and Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521,United States
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11
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Qiu C, Grey JK. Modulating charge recombination and structural dynamics in isolated organometal halide perovskite crystals by external electric fields. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4560-4565. [PMID: 26523607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) of isolated methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) perovskite crystalline platelets is studied under applied electric fields to understand the influence of ion conformational and translational dynamics on charge recombination dynamics. MAPbBr3 PL decays and intensity transients over ∼100 ps to 10 s time scales show large modulation upon application of electric fields up to ∼ ±10(7) V/m that we attribute primarily to reorientation of the methylammonium cation (MA(+)) dipole moments. On longer time scales, a large fraction of electric field-dependent PL intensity transients exhibit oscillatory behavior and undergo spontaneous switching on time scales comparable to ion drift (∼1-10 s). PL modulation behavior decreases significantly with aging, suggesting diminished reorientational susceptibility (conformational flexibility) of MA(+) groups to applied electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - John K Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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12
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Faez S, Verhart NR, Markoulides M, Buda F, Gourdon A, Orrit M. Design and synthesis of aromatic molecules for probing electric fields at the nanoscale. Faraday Discuss 2015; 184:251-62. [PMID: 26416615 DOI: 10.1039/c5fd00065c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We propose using halogenated organic dyes as nanoprobes for electric fields and show their greatly enhanced Stark coefficients using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We analyse halogenated variants of three molecules that have been of interest for cryogenic single molecule spectroscopy: perylene, terrylene, and dibenzoterrylene, with the zero-phonon optical transitions at blue, red, and near-infrared. Out of all the combinations of halides and binding sites that are calculated, we have found that fluorination of the optimum binding site induces a dipole difference between the ground and excited states larger than 0.5 D for all three molecules with the highest value of 0.69 D for fluoroperylene. We also report on the synthesis of 3-fluoroterrylene and the bulk spectroscopy of this compound in liquid and solid organic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanli Faez
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, PO Box 9504, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Wu R, Chen R, Qin C, Gao Y, Qiao Z, Zhang G, Xiao L, Jia S. An electric field induced reversible single-molecule fluorescence switch. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7368-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00850f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Based on the intramolecular electron transfer within a single molecule, we have achieved fluorescence switch induced by the electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Ruiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Chengbing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Zhixing Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices
- Institute of Laser Spectroscopy
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
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14
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Shi T, Li H, Tretiak S, Chernyak VY. How Geometric Distortions Scatter Electronic Excitations in Conjugated Macromolecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3946-3952. [PMID: 26276475 DOI: 10.1021/jz501912d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Effects of disorder and exciton-phonon interactions are the major factors controlling photoinduced dynamics and energy-transfer processes in conjugated organic semiconductors, thus defining their electronic functionality. All-atom quantum-chemical simulations are potentially capable of describing such phenomena in complex "soft" organic structures, yet they are frequently computationally restrictive. Here we efficiently characterize how electronic excitations in branched conjugated molecules interact with molecular distortions using the exciton scattering (ES) approach as a fundamental principle combined with effective tight-binding models. Molecule geometry deformations are incorporated to the ES view of electronic excitations by identifying the dependence of the Frenkel-type exciton Hamiltonian parameters on the characteristic geometry parameters. We illustrate our methodology using two examples of intermolecular distortions, bond length alternation and single bond rotation, which constitute vibrational degrees of freedom strongly coupled to the electronic system in a variety of conjugated systems. The effect on excited-state electronic structures has been attributed to localized variation of exciton on-site energies and couplings. As a result, modifications of the entire electronic spectra due to geometric distortions can be efficiently and accurately accounted for with negligible numerical cost. The presented approach can be potentially extended to model electronic structures and photoinduced processes in bulk amorphous polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Shi
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Hao Li
- ‡Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- ‡Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- §Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Vladimir Y Chernyak
- †Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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15
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Li H, Nieman R, Aquino AJA, Lischka H, Tretiak S. Comparison of LC-TDDFT and ADC(2) Methods in Computations of Bright and Charge Transfer States in Stacked Oligothiophenes. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:3280-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Theoretical Division,
Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Reed Nieman
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Adélia J. A. Aquino
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
- Institute
for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse
17, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division,
Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Center for Integrated
Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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16
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Electron transfer-based single molecule fluorescence as a probe for nano-environment dynamics. SENSORS 2014; 14:2449-67. [PMID: 24496314 PMCID: PMC3958234 DOI: 10.3390/s140202449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer (ET) is one of the most important elementary processes that takes place in fundamental aspects of biology, chemistry, and physics. In this review, we discuss recent research on single molecule probes based on ET. We review some applications, including the dynamics of glass-forming systems, surface binding events, interfacial ET on semiconductors, and the external field-induced dynamics of polymers. All these examples show that the ET-induced changes of fluorescence trajectory and lifetime of single molecules can be used to sensitively probe the surrounding nano-environments.
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17
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Abstract
The spectral breadth of conjugated polymers gives these materials a clear advantage over other molecular compounds for organic photovoltaic applications and is a key factor in recent efficiencies topping 10%. However, why do excitonic transitions, which are inherently narrow, lead to absorption over such a broad range of wavelengths in the first place? Using single-molecule spectroscopy, we address this fundamental question in a model material, poly(3-hexylthiophene). Narrow zero-phonon lines from single chromophores are found to scatter over 200 nm, an unprecedented inhomogeneous broadening that maps the ensemble. The giant red shift between solution and bulk films arises from energy transfer to the lowest-energy chromophores in collapsed polymer chains that adopt a highly ordered morphology. We propose that the extreme energetic disorder of chromophores is structural in origin. This structural disorder on the single-chromophore level may actually enable the high degree of polymer chain ordering found in bulk films: both structural order and disorder are crucial to materials physics in devices.
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18
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Li H, Malinin SV, Tretiak S, Chernyak VY. Effective tight-binding models for excitons in branched conjugated molecules. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:064109. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4818156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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19
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Stangl T, Bange S, Schmitz D, Würsch D, Höger S, Vogelsang J, Lupton JM. Temporal Switching of Homo-FRET Pathways in Single-Chromophore Dimer Models of π-Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 135:78-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3108643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stangl
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Schmitz
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Würsch
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John M. Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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20
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Hill CM, Pan S. Efficient Analysis of Single Molecule Spectroscopic Data via MATLAB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2012.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTA MATLAB program is developed to help analyze single molecule spectroscopic data obtained with a standard inverted optical microscope. The described software has provisions to mitigate the effects of high background signals present in such data sets and greatly streamlines their analysis. Efficient single molecule image analysis and statistical blinking analysis are enabled with these programs to support single molecule imaging in an inverted configuration.
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21
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Electric field induced fluorescence modulation of single molecules in PMMA based on electron transfer. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11130-11140. [PMID: 23109842 PMCID: PMC3472734 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method to modulate the fluorescence of non-polar single squaraine-derived rotaxanes molecules embedded in a polar poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix under an external electric field. The electron transfer between single molecules and the electron acceptors in a PMMA matrix contributes to the diverse responses of fluorescence intensities to the electric field. The observed instantaneous and non-instantaneous electric field dependence of single-molecule fluorescence reflects the redistribution of electron acceptors in PMMA induced by electronic polarization and orientation polarization of polar polymer chains in an electric field.
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22
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Camposeo A, Del Carro P, Persano L, Pisignano D. Electrically tunable organic distributed feedback lasers embedding nonlinear optical molecules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:OP221-OP225. [PMID: 22807224 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Camposeo
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory of Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, Università del Salento, Via Arnesano, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.
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23
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Liu S, Schmitz D, Jester SS, Borys NJ, Höger S, Lupton JM. Coherent and Incoherent Interactions between Cofacial Π-Conjugated Oligomer Dimers in Macrocycle Templates. J Phys Chem B 2012; 117:4197-203. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301903u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Liu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Daniela Schmitz
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan-S. Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicholas J. Borys
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - John M. Lupton
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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24
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Pham LQ, Sohn JH, Kim CW, Park JH, Kang HS, Lee BC, Kang YS. Copper nanoparticles incorporated with conducting polymer: Effects of copper concentration and surfactants on the stability and conductivity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 365:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Lupton JM. Chromophores in Conjugated Polymers-All Straight? Chemphyschem 2011; 13:901-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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26
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Hu Z, Gesquiere AJ. Charge Trapping and Storage by Composite P3HT/PC60BM Nanoparticles Investigated by Fluorescence-Voltage/Single Particle Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20850-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207244z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Hu
- NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
| | - Andre J. Gesquiere
- NanoScience Technology Center, Department of Chemistry and CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway Suite 400, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States
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27
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Correlation between polymer architecture, mesoscale structure and photovoltaic performance in side-chain-modified poly(p-arylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(p-arylene-vinylene): PCBM bulk-heterojunction solar cells. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Cho S, Han G, Kim K, Sung MM. High‐Performance Two‐Dimensional Polydiacetylene with a Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2742-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133‐791 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 2‐2220‐2555
| | - Gibok Han
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133‐791 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 2‐2220‐2555
| | - Kwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151‐742 (Korea)
| | - Myung M. Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133‐791 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 2‐2220‐2555
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29
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O'Riordan A, Iacopino D, Lovera P, Floyd L, Reynolds K, Redmond G. Dielectrophoretic self-assembly of polarized light emitting poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) nanofibre arrays. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:105602. [PMID: 21289411 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/10/105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer based 1D nanostructures are attractive building blocks for future opto-electronic nanoscale devices and systems. However, a critical challenge remains the lack of manipulation methods that enable controlled and reliable positioning and orientation of organic nanostructures in a fast, reliable and scalable manner. To address this challenge, we explore dielectrophoretic assembly of discrete poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) nanofibres and demonstrate site selective assembly and orientation of these fibres. Nanofibre arrays were assembled preferentially at receptor electrode edges, being aligned parallel to the applied electric field with a high order parameter fit (∼ 0.9) and exhibiting an emission dichroic ratio of ∼ 4.0. As such, the dielectrophoretic method represents a fast, reliable and scalable self-assembly approach for manipulation of 1D organic nanostructures. The ability to fabricate nanofibre arrays in this manner could be potentially important for exploration and development of future nanoscale opto-electronic devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A O'Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute-University College Cork, Lee Maltings, Cork, Ireland.
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30
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Cho S, Han G, Kim K, Sung MM. High‐Performance Two‐Dimensional Polydiacetylene with a Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Structure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangho Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133‐791 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 2‐2220‐2555
| | - Gibok Han
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133‐791 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 2‐2220‐2555
| | - Kwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151‐742 (Korea)
| | - Myung M. Sung
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul 133‐791 (Korea), Fax: (+82) 2‐2220‐2555
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31
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Moscatelli A, Livingston K, So WY, Lee SJ, Scherf U, Wildeman J, Peteanu LA. Electric-field-induced fluorescence quenching in polyfluorene, ladder-type polymers, and MEH-PPV: evidence for field effects on internal conversion rates in the low concentration limit. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:14430-9. [PMID: 20707332 DOI: 10.1021/jp101307p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electric field-induced fluorescence quenching has been measured for a series of conjugated polymers with applications in organic light-emitting diodes. Electrofluorescence measurements on isolated chains in a glassy matrix at 77 K show that the quenching efficiency for poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) is an order of magnitude larger than that for either a ladder-type polymer (MeLPPP) or polyfluorene (PFH). This effect is explained in terms of the relatively high probability of field-enhanced internal conversion deactivation in MEH-PPV relative to either MeLPPP or PFH. These data, obtained under dilute sample conditions such that chain-chain interactions are minimal, are contrasted with the much higher quenching efficiencies observed in the corresponding polymer films, and several explanations for the differences are considered. In addition, the values of the change in dipole moment and change in polarizability on excitation (|Δμ| and tr(Δα), respectively) are reported, and trends in these values as a function of molecular structure and chain length are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Moscatelli
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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32
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Schindler F, Lupton JM. Electrothermal manipulation of individual chromophores in single conjugated polymer chains: controlling intrachain FRET, blinking, and spectral diffusion. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:2683-2689. [PMID: 20536210 DOI: 10.1021/nl101526p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single molecule spectroscopy of individual chains of a conjugated polymer opens up deep insight into electronic localization phenomena, which govern the underlying optical properties of these complex and disordered materials. We explore the nature of a single chromophore arising in a delocalized pi-electron system by applying periodic electrothermal perturbations at low temperatures. Brief heating of the chromophore leads to a dramatic increase in the transition line width and is generally accompanied by a random jump of the emission energy. This observation demonstrates that chromophores on a polymer chain are not only defined by structural disorder but also by the subtleties of the local dielectric environment. The effect of thermal perturbation becomes more complex when long polymer chains are considered, which can potentially support the formation of multiple chromophores. Here, a momentary increase in temperature can promote intrachain energy transfer to quenching sites, leading to a strong modulation of emission intensity with temperature. Unexpectedly, such energy transfer can serve to either raise or lower the transition line width and quantum yield of the ensemble with increasing temperature, depending on the specific energetics of the chromophores in the system, which in turn vary with time. The controlled perturbation of both the emission spectrum and the intensity by brief heating of the polymer chain offers insight into possible microscopic origins of fluorescence blinking and spectral diffusion, which ultimately impact on the efficiency and spectral purity of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schindler
- Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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33
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Lupton JM. Single-molecule spectroscopy for plastic electronics: materials analysis from the bottom-up. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:1689-721. [PMID: 20496402 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
pi-conjugated polymers find a range of applications in electronic devices. These materials are generally highly disordered in terms of chain length and chain conformation, besides being influenced by a variety of chemical and physical defects. Although this characteristic can be of benefit in certain device applications, disorder severely complicates materials analysis. Accurate analytical techniques are, however, crucial to optimising synthetic procedures and assessing overall material purity. Fortunately, single-molecule spectroscopic techniques have emerged as an unlikely but uniquely powerful approach to unraveling intrinsic material properties from the bottom up. Building on the success of such techniques in the life sciences, single-molecule spectroscopy is finding increasing applicability in materials science, effectively enabling the dissection of the bulk down to the level of the individual molecular constituent. This article reviews recent progress in single molecule spectroscopy of conjugated polymers as used in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lupton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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34
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Hildner R, Winterling L, Lemmer U, Scherf U, Köhler J. Single-molecule spectroscopy on a ladder-type conjugated polymer: electron-phonon coupling and spectral diffusion. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:2524-34. [PMID: 19708051 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We employ low-temperature single-molecule spectroscopy combined with pattern recognition techniques for data analysis on a methyl-substituted ladder-type poly(para-phenylene) (MeLPPP) to investigate the electron-phonon coupling to low-energy vibrational modes as well as the origin of the strong spectral diffusion processes observed for this conjugated polymer. The results indicate weak electron-phonon coupling to low-frequency vibrations of the surrounding matrix of the chromophores, and that low-energy intrachain vibrations of the conjugated backbone do not couple to the electronic transitions of MeLPPP at low temperatures. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the main line-broadening mechanism of the zero-phonon lines of MeLPPP is fast, unresolved spectral diffusion, which arises from conformational fluctuations of the side groups attached to the MeLPPP backbone as well as of the surrounding host material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hildner
- Experimentalphysik IV and Bayreuther Institut für Makromolekülforschung (BIMF), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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35
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Nagai A, Murakami T, Nagata Y, Kokado K, Chujo Y. Synthesis and Photostability of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene-borane)s. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901001b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nagai
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Takuya Murakami
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuuya Nagata
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kenta Kokado
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Chujo
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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36
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Sugimoto T, Habuchi S, Ogino K, Vacha M. Conformation-Related Exciton Localization and Charge-Pair Formation in Polythiophenes: Ensemble and Single-Molecule Study. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:12220-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9060945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Sugimoto
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Satoshi Habuchi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Kenji Ogino
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan, Graduate School of Bio-Applications and System Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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37
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Khalil GE, Adawi AM, Fox AM, Iraqi A, Lidzey DG. Single molecule spectroscopy of red- and green-emitting fluorene-based copolymers. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:044903. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3054142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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38
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Baek S, Park JB, Lee W, Han SH, Lee J, Lee SH. A facile method to prepare regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanorod arrays using anodic aluminium oxide templates and capillary force. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b821288k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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dos Reis Bombardi A, Laureto E, Duarte JL, da Silva MAT, Dias IFL, Patrício PSO, Silva GG, Cury LA. Self‐organized MEH‐PPV domains in a TPU matrix and the consequences to the luminescence spectra. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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40
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Fouad M, Jabasini M, Kaji N, Terasaka K, Tokeshi M, Mizukami H, Baba Y. Microchip analysis of plant glucosinolates. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2280-7. [PMID: 18446802 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new and selective analytical method for the separation and quantitation of plant glucosinolates. The new method, which utilizes microchip CE (micro-CE) with fluorescence detection, circumvents the multistep procedures characteristic of conventional methods. Glucosinolates form charge transfer complexes with the xanthene dyes phloxine-B and eosin-B. The glucosinolates-phloxine-B complex cannot be excited at 470 nm. Thus, the decrease in peak intensity of phloxine-B after complex formation is used to quantitatively measure total glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. For qualitative analysis, complex formation with eosin-B is used. The sensitivity of eosin-B detection at excitation/emission 470 nm/540 nm was low. However, sensitivity increased following complex formation with sinigrin (> or =3 microg/mL). A batch-learning, self-organizing map was applied to visualize and organize analytical data into 2-D matrix with similar and related data clustered together or near each other. This organized matrix was used to optimize electrophoretic conditions for the analysis. This study suggests potential applications of micro-CE in plant metabolomics analyses without use of labeling fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Fouad
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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41
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Ye JF, Chen H, Note R, Mizuseki H, Kawazoe Y. Excess polarizabilities upon the first dipole-allowed excitation of some conjugated oligomers. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Becker K, Da Como E, Feldmann J, Scheliga F, Thorn Csányi E, Tretiak S, Lupton JM. How Chromophore Shape Determines the Spectroscopy of Phenylene−Vinylenes: Origin of Spectral Broadening in the Absence of Aggregation. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:4859-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp800870p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Becker
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 München, Germany, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - E. Da Como
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 München, Germany, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - J. Feldmann
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 München, Germany, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - F. Scheliga
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 München, Germany, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - E. Thorn Csányi
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 München, Germany, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - S. Tretiak
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 München, Germany, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - J. M. Lupton
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Physics Department and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Amalienstr. 54, 80799 München, Germany, Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, and Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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43
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Patrício PSO, Cury LA, Silva GG, Neves BRA. Electric force microscopy investigation of a MEH-PPV conjugated polymer blend: Robustness or frailty? Ultramicroscopy 2008; 108:302-8. [PMID: 17544214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Electric force microscopy (EFM) was employed in the electrical characterization of a blend of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and poly(2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) conjugated polymer. Although qualitative EFM interpretation is straightforward, its quantitative analysis always relies on approximated models. The extraction of physically reasonable parameters is normally assumed as a proof of validity of the theoretical model employed. In order to gather information about electric properties of this blend and to test the EFM technique itself, two distinct and discordant models were developed in this work to fit experimental EFM data. Even though MEH-PPV is regarded as a conductor in one model and as a dielectric in the other, both models yielded coherent and reasonable electrical properties for this blend. Such unexpected results are used to discuss the robustness or frailty of EFM in the analysis of complex materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S O Patrício
- Dept. de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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44
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Gadermaier C, Grasse F, Perissinotto S, Graf M, Galbrecht F, Scherf U, List EJW, Lanzani G. Stark spectroscopy of excited-state transitions in a conjugated polymer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 100:057401. [PMID: 18352425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.057401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stark spectroscopy, which is well established for probing transitions between the ground and excited states of many material classes, is extended to transitions between transient excited states. To this end, it is combined with femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy on a conjugated polymer with appropriately introduced traps which harvest excitation energy and build up a sufficient excited state population. The results indicate a significant difference in the effective dipole moments between two short lived excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gadermaier
- National Laboratory of Ultrafast Science, Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, P.zza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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Jung C, Kirstein J, Platschek B, Bein T, Budde M, Frank I, Müllen K, Michaelis J, Bräuchle C. Diffusion of Oriented Single Molecules with Switchable Mobility in Networks of Long Unidimensional Nanochannels. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1638-48. [DOI: 10.1021/ja075927e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Jung
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Kirstein
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Platschek
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Budde
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Irmgard Frank
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jens Michaelis
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Bräuchle
- Department of Chemistry und Biochemistry and Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstrasse 11, D-81377 München, Germany, and Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Mainz, Germany
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Fron E, Schweitzer G, Osswald P, Würthner F, Marsal P, Beljonne D, Müllen K, De Schryver FC, Van der Auweraer M. Photophysical study of bay substituted perylenediimides. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b813737d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Liang CF, White JD, Huang YF, Fann W. Solvent mediated enhanced mobility of PPV films cast under the presence of a static electric field. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Igumenshchev KI, Tretiak S, Chernyak VY. Excitonic effects in a time-dependent density functional theory. J Chem Phys 2007; 127:114902. [PMID: 17887875 DOI: 10.1063/1.2773727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Excited state properties of one-dimensional molecular materials are dominated by many-body interactions resulting in strongly bound confined excitons. These effects cannot be neglected or treated as a small perturbation and should be appropriately accounted for by electronic structure methodologies. We use adiabatic time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the electronic structure of one-dimensional organic semiconductors, conjugated polymers. Various commonly used functionals are applied to calculate the lowest singlet and triplet state energies and oscillator strengths of the poly(phenylenevinylene) and ladder-type (poly)(para-phenylene) oligomers. Local density approximations and gradient-corrected functionals cannot describe bound excitonic states due to lack of an effective attractive Coulomb interaction between photoexcited electrons and holes. In contrast, hybrid density functionals, which include long-range nonlocal and nonadiabatic corrections in a form of a fraction of Hartree-Fock exchange, are able to reproduce the excitonic effects. The resulting finite exciton sizes are strongly dependent on the amount of the orbital exchange included in the functional.
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Lang E, Hildner R, Engelke H, Osswald P, Würthner F, Köhler J. Comparison of the Photophysical Parameters for Three Perylene Bisimide Derivatives by Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:1487-96. [PMID: 17526040 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200700186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the photophysical parameters for three perylene bisimide derivatives is presented. We exploited time-resolved and steady-state spectroscopy on both ensembles and single molecules under ambient as well as cryogenic (1.4 K) conditions. The finding is that these chromophores show extraordinary high fluorescence-emission rates, low intersystem crossing yields to the triplet state, and relatively short triplet lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Lang
- Experimental Physics IV and BIMF, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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