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Zhao Z, Chen Y, Zou X, Lin L, Zhou X, Cheng X, Yang G, Xu Q, Gong L, Li L, Ni T. Pan-cancer transcriptome analysis reveals widespread regulation through alternative tandem transcription initiation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl5606. [PMID: 38985880 PMCID: PMC11235174 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl5606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal transcription initiation from alternative first exon has been reported to promote tumorigenesis. However, the prevalence and impact of gene expression regulation mediated by alternative tandem transcription initiation were mostly unknown in cancer. Here, we developed a robust computational method to analyze alternative tandem transcription start site (TSS) usage from standard RNA sequencing data. Applying this method to pan-cancer RNA sequencing datasets, we observed widespread dysregulation of tandem TSS usage in tumors, many of which were independent of changes in overall expression level or alternative first exon usage. We showed that the dynamics of tandem TSS usage was associated with epigenomic modulation. We found that significant 5' untranslated region shortening of gene TIMM13 contributed to increased protein production, and up-regulation of TIMM13 by CRISPR-mediated transcriptional activation promoted proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. Our findings suggest that dysregulated tandem TSS usage represents an addtional layer of cancer-associated transcriptome alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xudong Zou
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Limin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaomeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guangrui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiushi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lihai Gong
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ting Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, Center for Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
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2
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Dang TTV, Maufrais C, Colin J, Moyrand F, Mouyna I, Coppée JY, Onyishi CU, Lipecka J, Guerrera IC, May RC, Janbon G. Alternative TSS use is widespread in Cryptococcus fungi in response to environmental cues and regulated genome-wide by the transcription factor Tur1. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002724. [PMID: 39052688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative transcription start site (TSS) usage regulation has been identified as a major means of gene expression regulation in metazoans. However, in fungi, its impact remains elusive as its study has thus far been restricted to model yeasts. Here, we first re-analyzed TSS-seq data to define genuine TSS clusters in 2 species of pathogenic Cryptococcus. We identified 2 types of TSS clusters associated with specific DNA sequence motifs. Our analysis also revealed that alternative TSS usage regulation in response to environmental cues is widespread in Cryptococcus, altering gene expression and protein targeting. Importantly, we performed a forward genetic screen to identify a unique transcription factor (TF) named Tur1, which regulates alternative TSS (altTSS) usage genome-wide when cells switch from exponential phase to stationary phase. ChiP-Seq and DamID-Seq analyses suggest that at some loci, the role of Tur1 might be direct. Tur1 has been previously shown to be essential for virulence in C. neoformans. We demonstrated here that a tur1Δ mutant strain is more sensitive to superoxide stress and phagocytosed more efficiently by macrophages than the wild-type (WT) strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuong Vi Dang
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Maufrais
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, HUB Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jessie Colin
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Paris, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Moyrand
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Mouyna
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Coppée
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Chinaemerem U Onyishi
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Lipecka
- Université Paris Cité, SFR Necker INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, Proteomics Platform, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Université Paris Cité, SFR Necker INSERM US24/CNRS UAR3633, Proteomics Platform, Paris, France
| | - Robin C May
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection and School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Guilhem Janbon
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Pasteur, Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Paris, France
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3
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Cochran K, Yin M, Mantripragada A, Schreiber J, Marinov GK, Kundaje A. Dissecting the cis-regulatory syntax of transcription initiation with deep learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.28.596138. [PMID: 38853896 PMCID: PMC11160661 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.28.596138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Despite extensive characterization of mammalian Pol II transcription, the DNA sequence determinants of transcription initiation at a third of human promoters and most enhancers remain poorly understood. Hence, we trained and interpreted a neural network called ProCapNet that accurately models base-resolution initiation profiles from PRO-cap experiments using local DNA sequence. ProCapNet learns sequence motifs with distinct effects on initiation rates and TSS positioning and uncovers context-specific cryptic initiator elements intertwined within other TF motifs. ProCapNet annotates predictive motifs in nearly all actively transcribed regulatory elements across multiple cell-lines, revealing a shared cis-regulatory logic across promoters and enhancers mediated by a highly epistatic sequence syntax of cooperative and competitive motif interactions. ProCapNet models of RAMPAGE profiles measuring steady-state RNA abundance at TSSs distill initiation signals on par with models trained directly on PRO-cap profiles. ProCapNet learns a largely cell-type-agnostic cis-regulatory code of initiation complementing sequence drivers of cell-type-specific chromatin state critical for accurate prediction of cell-type-specific transcription initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cochran
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Schreiber
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Anshul Kundaje
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Prazsák I, Tombácz D, Fülöp Á, Torma G, Gulyás G, Dörmő Á, Kakuk B, McKenzie Spires L, Toth Z, Boldogkői Z. KSHV 3.0: a state-of-the-art annotation of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus transcriptome using cross-platform sequencing. mSystems 2024; 9:e0100723. [PMID: 38206015 PMCID: PMC10878076 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01007-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a large, oncogenic DNA virus belonging to the gammaherpesvirus subfamily. KSHV has been extensively studied with various high-throughput RNA-sequencing approaches to map the transcription start and end sites, the splice junctions, and the translation initiation sites. Despite these efforts, the comprehensive annotation of the viral transcriptome remains incomplete. In the present study, we generated a long-read sequencing data set of the lytic and latent KSHV transcriptome using native RNA and direct cDNA-sequencing methods. This was supplemented with Cap Analysis of Gene Expression sequencing based on a short-read platform. We also utilized data sets from previous publications for our analysis. As a result of this combined approach, we have identified a number of novel viral transcripts and RNA isoforms and have either corroborated or improved the annotation of previously identified viral RNA molecules, thereby notably enhancing our comprehension of the transcriptomic architecture of the KSHV genome. We also evaluated the coding capability of transcripts previously thought to be non-coding by integrating our data on the viral transcripts with translatomic information from other publications.IMPORTANCEDeciphering the viral transcriptome of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus is of great importance because we can gain insight into the molecular mechanism of viral replication and pathogenesis, which can help develop potential targets for antiviral interventions. Specifically, the identification of substantial transcriptional overlaps by this work suggests the existence of a genome-wide interference between transcriptional machineries. This finding indicates the presence of a novel regulatory layer, potentially controlling the expression of viral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Prazsák
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fülöp
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Torma
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gulyás
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Dörmő
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lauren McKenzie Spires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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5
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Zhu P, Schon M, Questa J, Nodine M, Dean C. Causal role of a promoter polymorphism in natural variation of the Arabidopsis floral repressor gene FLC. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4381-4391.e3. [PMID: 37729909 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Noncoding polymorphism frequently associates with phenotypic variation, but causation and mechanism are rarely established. Noncoding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) characterize the major haplotypes of the Arabidopsis thaliana floral repressor gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). This noncoding polymorphism generates a range of FLC expression levels, determining the requirement for and the response to winter cold. The major adaptive determinant of these FLC haplotypes was shown to be the autumnal levels of FLC expression. Here, we investigate how noncoding SNPs influence FLC transcriptional output. We identify an upstream transcription start site (uTSS) cluster at FLC, whose usage is increased by an A variant at the promoter SNP-230. This variant is present in relatively few Arabidopsis accessions, with the majority containing G at this site. We demonstrate a causal role for the A variant at -230 in reduced FLC transcriptional output. The G variant upregulates FLC expression redundantly with the major transcriptional activator FRIGIDA (FRI). We demonstrate an additive interaction of SNP-230 with an intronic SNP+259, which also differentially influences uTSS usage. Combinatorial interactions between noncoding SNPs and transcriptional activators thus generate quantitative variation in FLC transcription that has facilitated the adaptation of Arabidopsis accessions to distinct climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Zhu
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael Schon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Julia Questa
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Michael Nodine
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 PB, the Netherlands; Gregor Mendel Institute, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Caroline Dean
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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6
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Prazsák I, Tombácz D, Fülöp Á, Torma G, Gulyás G, Dörmő Á, Kakuk B, Spires LM, Toth Z, Boldogkői Z. KSHV 3.0: A State-of-the-Art Annotation of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Transcriptome Using Cross-Platform Sequencing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.21.558842. [PMID: 37790386 PMCID: PMC10542539 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a large, oncogenic DNA virus belonging to the gammaherpesvirus subfamily. KSHV has been extensively studied with various high-throughput RNA-sequencing approaches to map the transcription start and end sites, the splice junctions, and the translation initiation sites. Despite these efforts, the comprehensive annotation of the viral transcriptome remains incomplete. In the present study, we generated a long-read sequencing dataset of the lytic and latent KSHV transcriptome using native RNA and direct cDNA sequencing methods. This was supplemented with CAGE sequencing based on a short-read platform. We also utilized datasets from previous publications for our analysis. As a result of this combined approach, we have identified a number of novel viral transcripts and RNA isoforms and have either corroborated or improved the annotation of previously identified viral RNA molecules, thereby notably enhancing our comprehension of the transcriptomic architecture of the KSHV genome. We also evaluated the coding capability of transcripts previously thought to be non-coding, by integrating our data on the viral transcripts with translatomic information from other publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Prazsák
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fülöp
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Torma
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Gulyás
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Dörmő
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kakuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lauren McKenzie Spires
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Toth
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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7
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Gvozdenov Z. Genome-Wide Mapping of 5' Isoforms with 5'-Seq. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e750. [PMID: 37084173 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome is far more complex than previously assumed. Transcripts from the same gene can differ in terms of transcription start site, transcription end site, or pattern of splicing, and growing evidence supports the functional importance of these distinct transcript isoforms. Easily identifying these isoforms experimentally via library construction and high-throughput sequencing is crucial. Current library construction methods for identifying transcription start sites (5' transcript isoforms) involve large number of steps and (expensive) reagents, utilization of cDNA intermediates for adapter ligation, and are less suitable for studying low-abundance isoforms. Here, I describe a quick protocol for the generation of sequencing libraries to define capped 5' isoforms (5'-Seq) of various abundances in yeast and suggest a 5' isoform data analysis pipeline. The protocol relies on the utilization of a dephosphorylation-decapping method (oligo-capping) to generate a sequencing library from mRNA fragments and is a simplification of previously published 5' isoform protocols in terms of the handling steps, time, and cost. This method is exemplified using Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA, but it can be applied to various cellular conditions to study the effects of 5' transcript isoforms on transcriptional and/or translational regulation. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Construction of a DNA sequencing library from capped 5' isoforms Support Protocol: Sequencing data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlata Gvozdenov
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Boston, Massachusetts
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8
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Dang TTV, Colin J, Janbon G. Alternative Transcription Start Site Usage and Functional Implications in Pathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1044. [PMID: 36294609 PMCID: PMC9604717 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi require delicate gene regulation mechanisms to adapt to diverse living environments and escape host immune systems. Recent advances in sequencing technology have exposed the complexity of the fungal genome, thus allowing the gradual disentanglement of multiple layers of gene expression control. Alternative transcription start site (aTSS) usage, previously reported to be prominent in mammals and to play important roles in physiopathology, is also present in fungi to fine-tune gene expression. Depending on the alteration in their sequences, RNA isoforms arising from aTSSs acquire different characteristics that significantly alter their stability and translational capacity as well as the properties and biologic functions of the resulting proteins. Disrupted control of aTSS usage has been reported to severely impair growth, virulence, and the infectious capacity of pathogenic fungi. Here, we discuss principle concepts, mechanisms, and the functional implication of aTSS usage in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tuong Vi Dang
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Jessie Colin
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Guilhem Janbon
- Unité Biologie des ARN des Pathogènes Fongiques, Département de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
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9
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Tombácz D, Kakuk B, Torma G, Csabai Z, Gulyás G, Tamás V, Zádori Z, Jefferson VA, Meyer F, Boldogkői Z. In-Depth Temporal Transcriptome Profiling of an Alphaherpesvirus Using Nanopore Sequencing. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061289. [PMID: 35746760 PMCID: PMC9229804 DOI: 10.3390/v14061289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a long-read sequencing (LRS) technique based on the Oxford Nanopore Technology MinION platform was used for quantifying and kinetic characterization of the poly(A) fraction of bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) lytic transcriptome across a 12-h infection period. Amplification-based LRS techniques frequently generate artefactual transcription reads and are biased towards the production of shorter amplicons. To avoid these undesired effects, we applied direct cDNA sequencing, an amplification-free technique. Here, we show that a single promoter can produce multiple transcription start sites whose distribution patterns differ among the viral genes but are similar in the same gene at different timepoints. Our investigations revealed that the circ gene is expressed with immediate–early (IE) kinetics by utilizing a special mechanism based on the use of the promoter of another IE gene (bicp4) for the transcriptional control. Furthermore, we detected an overlap between the initiation of DNA replication and the transcription from the bicp22 gene, which suggests an interaction between the two molecular machineries. This study developed a generally applicable LRS-based method for the time-course characterization of transcriptomes of any organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Tombácz
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (B.K.); (G.T.); (Z.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Balázs Kakuk
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (B.K.); (G.T.); (Z.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gábor Torma
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (B.K.); (G.T.); (Z.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Zsolt Csabai
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (B.K.); (G.T.); (Z.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gábor Gulyás
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (B.K.); (G.T.); (Z.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Vivien Tamás
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (V.T.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (V.T.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Victoria A. Jefferson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 408 Dorman P.O. Box 9655, 32 Creelman St., Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (V.A.J.); (F.M.)
| | - Florencia Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 408 Dorman P.O. Box 9655, 32 Creelman St., Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (V.A.J.); (F.M.)
| | - Zsolt Boldogkői
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Somogyi u. 4, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (D.T.); (B.K.); (G.T.); (Z.C.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Qi Z, Jung C, Bandilla P, Ludwig C, Heron M, Sophie Kiesel A, Museridze M, Philippou‐Massier J, Nikolov M, Renna Max Schnepf A, Unnerstall U, Ceolin S, Mühlig B, Gompel N, Soeding J, Gaul U. Large-scale analysis of Drosophila core promoter function using synthetic promoters. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e9816. [PMID: 35156763 PMCID: PMC8842121 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20209816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The core promoter plays a central role in setting metazoan gene expression levels, but how exactly it "computes" expression remains poorly understood. To dissect its function, we carried out a comprehensive structure-function analysis in Drosophila. First, we performed a genome-wide bioinformatic analysis, providing an improved picture of the sequence motifs architecture. We then measured synthetic promoters' activities of ~3,000 mutational variants with and without an external stimulus (hormonal activation), at large scale and with high accuracy using robotics and a dual luciferase reporter assay. We observed a strong impact on activity of the different types of mutations, including knockout of individual sequence motifs and motif combinations, variations of motif strength, nucleosome positioning, and flanking sequences. A linear combination of the individual motif features largely accounts for the combinatorial effects on core promoter activity. These findings shed new light on the quantitative assessment of gene expression in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Qi
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Christophe Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Peter Bandilla
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Claudia Ludwig
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Mark Heron
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Anja Sophie Kiesel
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Mariam Museridze
- Department of Biology II, Evolutionary BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Julia Philippou‐Massier
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Miroslav Nikolov
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Alessio Renna Max Schnepf
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Ulrich Unnerstall
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
| | - Stefano Ceolin
- Department of Biology II, Evolutionary BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Bettina Mühlig
- Department of Biology II, Evolutionary BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Nicolas Gompel
- Department of Biology II, Evolutionary BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
| | - Johannes Soeding
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical ChemistryGöttingenGermany
| | - Ulrike Gaul
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene CenterLudwig‐Maximillians‐Universität MünchenFeodor‐Lynen‐str 25MunichGermany
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11
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Chekunova AI, Sorokina SY, Sivoplyas EA, Bakhtoyarov GN, Proshakov PA, Fokin AV, Melnikov AI, Kulikov AM. Episodes of Rapid Recovery of the Functional Activity of the ras85D Gene in the Evolutionary History of Phylogenetically Distant Drosophila Species. Front Genet 2022; 12:807234. [PMID: 35096018 PMCID: PMC8790561 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.807234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As assemblies of genomes of new species with varying degrees of relationship appear, it becomes obvious that structural rearrangements of the genome, such as inversions, translocations, and transposon movements, are an essential and often the main source of evolutionary variation. In this regard, the following questions arise. How conserved are the regulatory regions of genes? Do they have a common evolutionary origin? And how and at what rate is the functional activity of genes restored during structural changes in the promoter region? In this article, we analyze the evolutionary history of the formation of the regulatory region of the ras85D gene in different lineages of the genus Drosophila, as well as the participation of mobile elements in structural rearrangements and in the replacement of specific areas of the promoter region with those of independent evolutionary origin. In the process, we substantiate hypotheses about the selection of promoter elements from a number of frequently repeated motifs with different degrees of degeneracy in the ancestral sequence, as well as about the restoration of the minimum required set of regulatory sequences using a conversion mechanism or similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Chekunova
- Evolutionary Genetics of Development, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - S Yu Sorokina
- Evolutionary Genetics of Development, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Sivoplyas
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Institute of Biology and Chemistry of Moscow Pedagogical State University (MPGU), Moscow, Russia
| | - G N Bakhtoyarov
- Laboratory of Genetics of DNA Containing Viruses, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution «I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera», Moscow, Russia
| | - P A Proshakov
- Evolutionary Genetics of Development, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Fokin
- Evolutionary Genetics of Development, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A I Melnikov
- Evolutionary Genetics of Development, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - A M Kulikov
- Evolutionary Genetics of Development, N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Abstract
Transcription start site (TSS) usage is a critical factor in the regulation of gene expression. A number of methods for global TSS mapping have been developed, but barriers of expense, technical difficulty, time, and/or cost have limited their broader adoption. To address these issues, we developed Survey of TRanscription Initiation at Promoter Elements with high-throughput sequencing (STRIPE-seq). Requiring only three enzymatic steps with intervening bead cleanups, a STRIPE-seq library can be prepared from as little as 50 ng total RNA in ~5 h at a cost of ~$12 (US). In addition to profiling TSS usage, STRIPE-seq provides information on transcript levels that can be used for differential expression analysis. Thanks to its simplicity and low cost, we envision that STRIPE-seq could be employed by any molecular biology laboratory interested in profiling transcription initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel E Zentner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA.
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- eGenesis, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
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13
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Dynamic regulation of N 6,2'-O-dimethyladenosine (m 6Am) in obesity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7185. [PMID: 34893620 PMCID: PMC8664860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalent m6Am mRNA cap modification was recently identified as a valid target for removal by the human obesity gene FTO along with the previously established m6A mRNA modification. However, the deposition and dynamics of m6Am in regulating obesity are unknown. Here, we investigate the liver m6A/m methylomes in mice fed on a high fat Western-diet and in ob/ob mice. We find that FTO levels are elevated in fat mice, and that genes which lost m6Am marking under obesity are overly downregulated, including the two fatty-acid-binding proteins FABP2, and FABP5. Furthermore, the cellular perturbation of FTO correspondingly affect protein levels of its targets. Notably, generally m6Am- but not m6A-methylated genes, are found to be highly enriched in metabolic processes. Finally, we deplete all m6A background via Mettl3 knockout, and unequivocally uncover the association of m6Am methylation with increased mRNA stability, translation efficiency, and higher protein expression. Together, these results strongly implicate a dynamic role for m6Am in obesity-related translation regulation.
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14
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Abstract
Transcription start site (TSS) selection influences transcript stability and translation as well as protein sequence. Alternative TSS usage is pervasive in organismal development, is a major contributor to transcript isoform diversity in humans, and is frequently observed in human diseases including cancer. In this review, we discuss the breadth of techniques that have been used to globally profile TSSs and the resulting insights into gene regulation, as well as future prospects in this area of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel E. Zentner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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15
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Biswas A, Narlikar L. A universal framework for detecting cis-regulatory diversity in DNA regulatory regions. Genome Res 2021; 31:1646-1662. [PMID: 34285090 PMCID: PMC8415372 DOI: 10.1101/gr.274563.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing-based assays measure different biochemical activities pertaining to gene regulation, genome-wide. These activities include transcription factor (TF)–DNA binding, enhancer activity, open chromatin, and more. A major goal is to understand underlying sequence components, or motifs, that can explain the measured activity. It is usually not one motif but a combination of motifs bound by cooperatively acting proteins that confers activity to such regions. Furthermore, regions can be diverse, governed by different combinations of TFs/motifs. Current approaches do not take into account this issue of combinatorial diversity. We present a new statistical framework, cisDIVERSITY, which models regions as diverse modules characterized by combinations of motifs while simultaneously learning the motifs themselves. Because cisDIVERSITY does not rely on knowledge of motifs, modules, cell type, or organism, it is general enough to be applied to regions reported by most high-throughput assays. For example, in enhancer predictions resulting from different assays—GRO-cap, STARR-seq, and those measuring chromatin structure—cisDIVERSITY discovers distinct modules and combinations of TF binding sites, some specific to the assay. From protein–DNA binding data, cisDIVERSITY identifies potential cofactors of the profiled TF, whereas from ATAC-seq data, it identifies tissue-specific regulatory modules. Finally, analysis of single-cell ATAC-seq data suggests that regions open in one cell-state encode information about future states, with certain modules staying open and others closing down in the next time point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushua Biswas
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
| | - Leelavati Narlikar
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
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16
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Fan K, Moore JE, Zhang XO, Weng Z. Genetic and epigenetic features of promoters with ubiquitous chromatin accessibility support ubiquitous transcription of cell-essential genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:5705-5725. [PMID: 33978759 PMCID: PMC8191798 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene expression is controlled by regulatory elements within accessible chromatin. Although most regulatory elements are cell type-specific, a subset is accessible in nearly all the 517 human and 94 mouse cell and tissue types assayed by the ENCODE consortium. We systematically analyzed 9000 human and 8000 mouse ubiquitously-accessible candidate cis-regulatory elements (cCREs) with promoter-like signatures (PLSs) from ENCODE, which we denote ubi-PLSs. These are more CpG-rich than non-ubi-PLSs and correspond to genes with ubiquitously high transcription, including a majority of cell-essential genes. ubi-PLSs are enriched with motifs of ubiquitously-expressed transcription factors and preferentially bound by transcriptional cofactors regulating ubiquitously-expressed genes. They are highly conserved between human and mouse at the synteny level but exhibit frequent turnover of motif sites; accordingly, ubi-PLSs show increased variation at their centers compared with flanking regions among the ∼186 thousand human genomes sequenced by the TOPMed project. Finally, ubi-PLSs are enriched in genes implicated in Mendelian diseases, especially diseases broadly impacting most cell types, such as deficiencies in mitochondrial functions. Thus, a set of roughly 9000 mammalian promoters are actively maintained in an accessible state across cell types by a distinct set of transcription factors and cofactors to ensure the transcriptional programs of cell-essential genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Fan
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jill E Moore
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Xiao-ou Zhang
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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17
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Le NT, Harukawa Y, Miura S, Boer D, Kawabe A, Saze H. Epigenetic regulation of spurious transcription initiation in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3224. [PMID: 32591528 PMCID: PMC7319988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16951-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In plants, epigenetic regulation is critical for silencing transposons and maintaining proper gene expression. However, its impact on the genome-wide transcription initiation landscape remains elusive. By conducting a genome-wide analysis of transcription start sites (TSSs) using cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) sequencing, we show that thousands of TSSs are exclusively activated in various epigenetic mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana and referred to as cryptic TSSs. Many have not been identified in previous studies, of which up to 65% are contributed by transposons. They possess similar genetic features to regular TSSs and their activation is strongly associated with the ectopic recruitment of RNAPII machinery. The activation of cryptic TSSs significantly alters transcription of nearby TSSs, including those of genes important for development and stress responses. Our study, therefore, sheds light on the role of epigenetic regulation in maintaining proper gene functions in plants by suppressing transcription from cryptic TSSs. Epigenetic regulation can silence transposons and maintain gene expression. Here the authors survey Arabidopsis mutants defective in epigenetic regulation and show ectopic activation of thousands of cryptic TSSs and altered expression of nearby genes demonstrating the importance of suppressing spurious transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tu Le
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Harukawa
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Saori Miura
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | - Damian Boer
- Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Akira Kawabe
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Saze
- Plant Epigenetics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST), 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.
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18
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Policastro RA, Raborn RT, Brendel VP, Zentner GE. Simple and efficient profiling of transcription initiation and transcript levels with STRIPE-seq. Genome Res 2020; 30:910-923. [PMID: 32660958 PMCID: PMC7370879 DOI: 10.1101/gr.261545.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accurate mapping of transcription start sites (TSSs) is key for understanding transcriptional regulation. However, current protocols for genome-wide TSS profiling are laborious and/or expensive. We present Survey of TRanscription Initiation at Promoter Elements with high-throughput sequencing (STRIPE-seq), a simple, rapid, and cost-effective protocol for sequencing capped RNA 5' ends from as little as 50 ng total RNA. Including depletion of uncapped RNA and reaction cleanups, a STRIPE-seq library can be constructed in about 5 h. We show application of STRIPE-seq to TSS profiling in yeast and human cells and show that it can also be effectively used for quantification of transcript levels and analysis of differential gene expression. In conjunction with our ready-to-use computational workflows, STRIPE-seq is a straightforward, efficient means by which to probe the landscape of transcriptional initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Volker P Brendel
- Department of Biology
- Department of Computer Science, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Gabriel E Zentner
- Department of Biology
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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19
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Xiao E, Zafar T, Latif K, Riaz M, Lu Y. Geochemical and Petrographic Analyses of the Cambrian Oncoids of the North China Platform: Implications for Their Paleogeography and Paleoenvironment. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-019-04146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Bicoid-Dependent Activation of the Target Gene hunchback Requires a Two-Motif Sequence Code in a Specific Basal Promoter. Mol Cell 2019; 75:1178-1187.e4. [PMID: 31402096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In complex genetic loci, individual enhancers interact most often with specific basal promoters. Here we investigate the activation of the Bicoid target gene hunchback (hb), which contains two basal promoters (P1 and P2). Early in embryogenesis, P1 is silent, while P2 is strongly activated. In vivo deletion of P2 does not cause activation of P1, suggesting that P2 contains intrinsic sequence motifs required for activation. We show that a two-motif code (a Zelda binding site plus TATA) is required and sufficient for P2 activation. Zelda sites are present in the promoters of many embryonically expressed genes, but the combination of Zelda plus TATA does not seem to be a general code for early activation or Bicoid-specific activation per se. Because Zelda sites are also found in Bicoid-dependent enhancers, we propose that simultaneous binding to both enhancers and promoters independently synchronizes chromatin accessibility and facilitates correct enhancer-promoter interactions.
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21
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The RNA Polymerase II Core Promoter in Drosophila. Genetics 2019; 212:13-24. [PMID: 31053615 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription by RNA polymerase II initiates at the core promoter, which is sometimes referred to as the "gateway to transcription." Here, we describe the properties of the RNA polymerase II core promoter in Drosophila The core promoter is at a strategic position in the expression of genes, as it is the site of convergence of the signals that lead to transcriptional activation. Importantly, core promoters are diverse in terms of their structure and function. They are composed of various combinations of sequence motifs such as the TATA box, initiator (Inr), and downstream core promoter element (DPE). Different types of core promoters are transcribed via distinct mechanisms. Moreover, some transcriptional enhancers exhibit specificity for particular types of core promoters. These findings indicate that the core promoter is a central component of the transcriptional apparatus that regulates gene expression.
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22
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Abstract
Application of Transcription Start Site (TSS) profiling technologies, coupled with large-scale next-generation sequencing (NGS) has yielded valuable insights into the location, structure, and activity of promoters across diverse metazoan model systems. In insects, TSS profiling has been used to characterize the promoter architecture of Drosophila melanogaster (Hoskins et al., Genome Res 21(2):182-192, 2011) and subsequently was employed to reveal widespread transposon-driven alternative promoter usage in the fruit fly (Batut et al., Genome Res 23:169-180, 2012).In this chapter we discuss the computational analysis of the experimental data derived from one of TSS profiling methods, RAMPAGE (RNA Annotation and Mapping of Promoters for Analysis of Gene Expression) that can be used for the precise, quantitative identification of promoters in insect genomes. We demonstrate this using the software tools GoRAMPAGE (Brendel and Raborn, GoRAMPAGE-A workflow for promoter detection by 5'-read mapping. https://github.com/BrendelGroup/GoRAMPAGE , 2016) and TSRchitect (Raborn and Brendel, TSRchitect: promoter identification from large-scale TSS profiling data. R Bioconductor package version 1.8.0 [Online]. Available: http://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/TSRchitect.html , 2017), providing detailed instructions with the aim of taking the user from raw reads to processed results.
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23
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The landscape of transcription initiation across latent and lytic KSHV genomes. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007852. [PMID: 31188901 PMCID: PMC6590836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise promoter annotation is required for understanding the mechanistic basis of transcription initiation. In the context of complex genomes, such as herpesviruses where there is extensive genic overlap, identification of transcription start sites (TSSs) is particularly problematic and cannot be comprehensively accessed by standard RNA sequencing approaches. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus and the etiological agent of Kaposi's sarcoma and the B cell lymphoma primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). Here, we leverage RNA annotation and mapping of promoters for analysis of gene expression (RAMPAGE) and define KSHV TSSs transcriptome-wide and at nucleotide resolution in two widely used models of KSHV infection, namely iSLK.219 cells and the PEL cell line TREx-BCBL1-RTA. By mapping TSSs over a 96 h time course of reactivation we confirm 48 of 50 previously identified TSSs. Moreover, we identify over 100 novel transcription start site clusters (TSCs) in each cell line. Our analyses identified cell-type specific differences in TSC positions as well as promoter strength, and defined motifs within viral core promoters. Collectively, by defining TSSs at high resolution we have greatly expanded the transcriptional landscape of the KSHV genome and identified transcriptional control mechanisms at play during KSHV lytic reactivation.
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24
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Lu Y, Li Q, Zheng K, Fu C, Jiang C, Zhou D, Xia C, Ma S. Development of a high efficient promoter finding method based on transient transfection. Gene 2019; 2:100008. [PMID: 32550544 PMCID: PMC7286058 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In metazoan genome, the mechanism of gene expression regulation between transcriptional regulatory elements and their target gene is spatiotemporal. Active promoters possess many specific chromosomal features, such as hypersensitive to DNaseI and enrichment of specific histone modifications. In this article, we proposed a novel method which possesses a high efficiency to find promoters in vitro. A promoter-trap library was constructed with totally 706 random mouse genomic DNA fragment clones, and 260 promoter-active fragments of the library were screened by transient transfection into 4T1 cells. To demonstrate the accuracy of this promoter finding method, 13 fragments with promoter activities were randomly selected for published DNase-seq and ChIP-seq data analysis, downstream transcripts prediction and expression confirmation. qRT-PCR results showed that six predicted transcription units were successfully amplified in different mouse tissues/cells or in reconstituted mouse mammary tumors. Our results indicate that this promoter finding method can successfully detect the promoter-active fragments and their downstream transcripts.
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Key Words
- ATAC-seq, Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing
- Bioinformatics
- CAGE, cap analysis of gene expression
- CMV, Cytomegalovirus
- Cancer-specific promoter
- ChIP-seq, Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel DNA sequencing
- Ct, threshold
- DHS, DNaseI hypersensitive sites
- DNase-seq, DNase I hypersensitive sites sequencing
- EF1a1, eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GRO-seq, global run-on sequencing
- Gene expression regulation
- Gene finding
- H3K4me3, histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation
- Itpr2, inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate receptor 2
- LSINCT5, long stress-induced non-coding transcript 5
- MCS, multiple cloning site
- MPRA, Massively parallel reporter assays
- Mouse breast cancer
- PBS, phosphate buffered solution
- Promoter trap
- RNA-seq, RNA sequencing
- SD, standard deviation
- STARR-seq, Self-transcribing active regulatory region sequencing
- TFs, transcription factors
- TSS, transcription start sites
- dNTPs, deoxy-ribonucleoside triphosphate
- eRNAs, enhancer RNAs
- mSEAP, mouse synthetic secreted embryonic alkaline phosphatase
- pNPP, p-nitropheny-phosate
- qRT-PCR, quantitative RT-PCR
- tpk1, thiamine pyrophosphokinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Qilong Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Kexin Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chenghao Fu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chunying Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Dayu Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Chao Xia
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Shiliang Ma
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
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25
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Shao W, Alcantara SGM, Zeitlinger J. Reporter-ChIP-nexus reveals strong contribution of the Drosophila initiator sequence to RNA polymerase pausing. eLife 2019; 8:41461. [PMID: 31021316 PMCID: PMC6483594 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) pausing is a general regulatory step in transcription, yet the stability of paused Pol II varies widely between genes. Although paused Pol II stability correlates with core promoter elements, the contribution of individual sequences remains unclear, in part because no rapid assay is available for measuring the changes in Pol II pausing as a result of altered promoter sequences. Here, we overcome this hurdle by showing that ChIP-nexus captures the endogenous Pol II pausing on transfected plasmids. Using this reporter-ChIP-nexus assay in Drosophila cells, we show that the pausing stability is influenced by downstream promoter sequences, but that the strongest contribution to Pol II pausing comes from the initiator sequence, in which a single nucleotide, a G at the +2 position, is critical for stable Pol II pausing. These results establish reporter-ChIP-nexus as a valuable tool to analyze Pol II pausing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Shao
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | - Julia Zeitlinger
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States
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26
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Zhao L, Zhang H, Kohnen MV, Prasad KVSK, Gu L, Reddy ASN. Analysis of Transcriptome and Epitranscriptome in Plants Using PacBio Iso-Seq and Nanopore-Based Direct RNA Sequencing. Front Genet 2019; 10:253. [PMID: 30949200 PMCID: PMC6438080 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) and Pacific BioSciences (PacBio) single-molecule real-time (SMRT) long-read isoform sequencing (Iso-Seq) are revolutionizing the way transcriptomes are analyzed. These methods offer many advantages over most widely used high-throughput short-read RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) approaches and allow a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomes in identifying full-length splice isoforms and several other post-transcriptional events. In addition, direct RNA-Seq provides valuable information about RNA modifications, which are lost during the PCR amplification step in other methods. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of important applications of these technologies in plants, including identification of complex alternative splicing (AS), full-length splice variants, fusion transcripts, and alternative polyadenylation (APA) events. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of the newly developed nanopore direct RNA-Seq in advancing epitranscriptome research in plants. Additionally, we summarize computational tools for identifying and quantifying full-length isoforms and other co/post-transcriptional events and discussed some of the limitations with these methods. Sequencing of transcriptomes using these new single-molecule long-read methods will unravel many aspects of transcriptome complexity in unprecedented ways as compared to previous short-read sequencing approaches. Analysis of plant transcriptomes with these new powerful methods that require minimum sample processing is likely to become the norm and is expected to uncover novel co/post-transcriptional gene regulatory mechanisms that control biological outcomes during plant development and in response to various stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhen Zhao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hangxiao Zhang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Markus V. Kohnen
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kasavajhala V. S. K. Prasad
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, College of Forestry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Anireddy S. N. Reddy
- Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Lam KC, Chung HR, Semplicio G, Iyer SS, Gaub A, Bhardwaj V, Holz H, Georgiev P, Akhtar A. The NSL complex-mediated nucleosome landscape is required to maintain transcription fidelity and suppression of transcription noise. Genes Dev 2019; 33:452-465. [PMID: 30819819 PMCID: PMC6446542 DOI: 10.1101/gad.321489.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosomal organization at gene promoters is critical for transcription, with a nucleosome-depleted region (NDR) at transcription start sites (TSSs) being required for transcription initiation. How NDRs and the precise positioning of the +1 nucleosomes are maintained on active genes remains unclear. Here, we report that the Drosophila nonspecific lethal (NSL) complex is necessary to maintain this stereotypical nucleosomal organization at promoters. Upon NSL1 depletion, nucleosomes invade the NDRs at TSSs of NSL-bound genes. NSL complex member NSL3 binds to TATA-less promoters in a sequence-dependent manner. The NSL complex interacts with the NURF chromatin remodeling complex and is necessary and sufficient to recruit NURF to target promoters. Not only is the NSL complex essential for transcription, but it is required for accurate TSS selection for genes with multiple TSSs. Furthermore, loss of the NSL complex leads to an increase in transcriptional noise. Thus, the NSL complex establishes a canonical nucleosomal organization that enables transcription and determines TSS fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Chung Lam
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ho-Ryun Chung
- Otto-Warburg-Laboratory, Epigenomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Institute for Medical Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Semplicio
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shantanu S Iyer
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aline Gaub
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vivek Bhardwaj
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Herbert Holz
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Plamen Georgiev
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Majerciak V, Yang W, Zheng J, Zhu J, Zheng ZM. A Genome-Wide Epstein-Barr Virus Polyadenylation Map and Its Antisense RNA to EBNA. J Virol 2019; 93:e01593-18. [PMID: 30355690 PMCID: PMC6321932 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01593-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human pathogen associated with Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Although the EBV genome harbors more than a hundred genes, a full transcription map with EBV polyadenylation profiles remains unknown. To elucidate the 3' ends of all EBV transcripts genome-wide, we performed the first comprehensive analysis of viral polyadenylation sites (pA sites) using our previously reported polyadenylation sequencing (PA-seq) technology. We identified that EBV utilizes a total of 62 pA sites in JSC-1, 60 in Raji, and 53 in Akata cells for the expression of EBV genes from both plus and minus DNA strands; 42 of these pA sites are commonly used in all three cell lines. The majority of identified pA sites were mapped to the intergenic regions downstream of previously annotated EBV open reading frames (ORFs) and viral promoters. pA sites lacking an association with any known EBV genes were also identified, mostly for the minus DNA strand within the EBNA locus, a major locus responsible for maintenance of viral latency and cell transformation. The expression of these novel antisense transcripts to EBNA were verified by 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and Northern blot analyses in several EBV-positive (EBV+) cell lines. In contrast to EBNA RNA expressed during latency, expression of EBNA-antisense transcripts, which is restricted in latent cells, can be significantly induced by viral lytic infection, suggesting potential regulation of viral gene expression by EBNA-antisense transcription during lytic EBV infection. Our data provide the first evidence that EBV has an unrecognized mechanism that regulates EBV reactivation from latency.IMPORTANCE Epstein-Barr virus represents an important human pathogen with an etiological role in the development of several cancers. By elucidation of a genome-wide polyadenylation landscape of EBV in JSC-1, Raji, and Akata cells, we have redefined the EBV transcriptome and mapped individual polymerase II (Pol II) transcripts of viral genes to each one of the mapped pA sites at single-nucleotide resolution as well as the depth of expression. By unveiling a new class of viral lytic RNA transcripts antisense to latent EBNAs, we provide a novel mechanism of how EBV might control the expression of viral latent genes and lytic infection. Thus, this report takes another step closer to understanding EBV gene structure and expression and paves a new path for antiviral approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Majerciak
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jing Zheng
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, RNA Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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29
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Wang HLV, Chekanova JA. An Overview of Methodologies in Studying lncRNAs in the High-Throughput Era: When Acronyms ATTACK! Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1933:1-30. [PMID: 30945176 PMCID: PMC6684206 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9045-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of pervasive transcription in eukaryotic genomes provided one of many surprising (and perhaps most surprising) findings of the genomic era and led to the uncovering of a large number of previously unstudied transcriptional events. This pervasive transcription leads to the production of large numbers of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and thus opened the window to study these diverse, abundant transcripts of unclear relevance and unknown function. Since that discovery, recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have identified a large collection of ncRNAs, from microRNAs to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Subsequent discoveries have shown that many lncRNAs play important roles in various eukaryotic processes; these discoveries have profoundly altered our understanding of the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression. Although the identification of ncRNAs has become a standard experimental approach, the functional characterization of these diverse ncRNAs remains a major challenge. In this chapter, we highlight recent progress in the methods to identify lncRNAs and the techniques to study the molecular function of these lncRNAs and the application of these techniques to the study of plant lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Lin V Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Present address: Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julia A Chekanova
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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Transcript Profiling Analysis Through Paired-End Ditag (PET) Approach Coupled with Deep Sequencing Reveals Transcriptome Complexity in Yeast. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2049:105-112. [PMID: 31602607 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9736-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identification of structural and functional elements encoded in a genome is a challenging task. Although the transcriptome of budding yeast has been extensively analyzed, the boundaries and untranslated regions of yeast genes remain elusive. To address this least-explored field of yeast genomics, we performed a transcript profiling analysis through paired-end ditag (PET) approach coupled with deep sequencing. With 562,133 PET sequences we accurately defined the boundaries and untranslated regions of 3,409 ORFs, suggesting many yeast genes have multiple transcription start sites (TSSs). We also identified 85 previously uncharacterized transcripts either in intergenic regions or from the opposite strand of reported genomic features. Furthermore, our data revealed the extensive 3' end heterogeneity of yeast genes and identified a novel putative motif for polyadenylation. This study would serve as an invaluable resource for elucidating the regulation and evolution of yeast genes. Here we present a detailed protocol with minor modifications, which could be broadly applied to investigate transcripts from budding yeast to mammalian organisms.
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31
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Trotman JB, Schoenberg *DR. A recap of RNA recapping. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2019; 10:e1504. [PMID: 30252202 PMCID: PMC6294674 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The N7-methylguanosine cap is a hallmark of the 5' end of eukaryotic mRNAs and is required for gene expression. Loss of the cap was believed to lead irreversibly to decay. However, nearly a decade ago, it was discovered that mammalian cells contain enzymes in the cytoplasm that are capable of restoring caps onto uncapped RNAs. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of cytoplasmic RNA recapping and discuss the biochemistry of this process and its impact on regulating and diversifying the transcriptome. Although most studies focus on mammalian RNA recapping, we also highlight new observations for recapping in disparate eukaryotic organisms, with the trypanosome recapping system appearing to be a fascinating example of convergent evolution. We conclude with emerging insights into the biological significance of RNA recapping and prospects for the future of this evolving area of study. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > RNA Editing and Modification Translation > Translation Regulation RNA Processing > Capping and 5' End Modifications RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackson B. Trotman
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210,
| | - *Daniel R. Schoenberg
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, schoenberg,
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32
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Ibrahim MM, Karabacak A, Glahs A, Kolundzic E, Hirsekorn A, Carda A, Tursun B, Zinzen RP, Lacadie SA, Ohler U. Determinants of promoter and enhancer transcription directionality in metazoans. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4472. [PMID: 30367057 PMCID: PMC6203779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06962-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent transcription from promoters and enhancers is pervasive in many species, but it remains unclear if it is a general feature of all eukaryotic cis regulatory elements. To address this, here we define cis regulatory elements in C. elegans, D. melanogaster and H. sapiens and investigate the determinants of their transcription directionality. In all three species, we find that divergent transcription is initiated from two separate core promoter sequences and promoter regions display competition between histone modifications on the + 1 and −1 nucleosomes. In contrast, promoter directionality, sequence composition surrounding promoters, and positional enrichment of chromatin states, are different across species. Integrative models of H3K4me3 levels and core promoter sequence are highly predictive of promoter and enhancer directionality and support two directional classes, skewed and balanced. The relative importance of features to these models are clearly distinct for promoters and enhancers. Differences in regulatory architecture within and between metazoans are therefore abundant, arguing against a unified eukaryotic model. Divergent transcription from promoters and enhancers occurs in many species, but it is unclear if it is a general feature of all eukaryotic cis regulatory elements. Here the authors define cis regulatory elements in worms, flies, and human; and identify several differences in regulatory architecture among metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Ibrahim
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Nephrology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelstraat 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aslihan Karabacak
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Glahs
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ena Kolundzic
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biology, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Hirsekorn
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexa Carda
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA
| | - Baris Tursun
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert P Zinzen
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott A Lacadie
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, 10178, Germany.
| | - Uwe Ohler
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Biology, Humboldt Universitaet zu Berlin, 10115, Berlin, Germany. .,Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, 27710, NC, USA. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, 10178, Germany.
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33
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Haberle V, Stark A. Eukaryotic core promoters and the functional basis of transcription initiation. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:621-637. [PMID: 29946135 PMCID: PMC6205604 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA polymerase II (Pol II) core promoters are specialized DNA sequences at transcription start sites of protein-coding and non-coding genes that support the assembly of the transcription machinery and transcription initiation. They enable the highly regulated transcription of genes by selectively integrating regulatory cues from distal enhancers and their associated regulatory proteins. In this Review, we discuss the defining properties of gene core promoters, including their sequence features, chromatin architecture and transcription initiation patterns. We provide an overview of molecular mechanisms underlying the function and regulation of core promoters and their emerging functional diversity, which defines distinct transcription programmes. On the basis of the established properties of gene core promoters, we discuss transcription start sites within enhancers and integrate recent results obtained from dedicated functional assays to propose a functional model of transcription initiation. This model can explain the nature and function of transcription initiation at gene starts and at enhancers and can explain the different roles of core promoters, of Pol II and its associated factors and of the activating cues provided by enhancers and the transcription factors and cofactors they recruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanja Haberle
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Stark
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.
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34
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Misra HS, Maurya GK, Kota S, Charaka VK. Maintenance of multipartite genome system and its functional significance in bacteria. J Genet 2018; 97:1013-1038. [PMID: 30262715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are unicellular organisms that do not show compartmentalization of the genetic material and other cellular organelles as seen in higher organisms. Earlier, bacterial genomes were defined as single circular chromosome and extrachromosomal plasmids. Recently, many bacteria were found harbouringmultipartite genome system and the numbers of copies of genome elements including chromosomes vary from one to several per cell. Interestingly, it is noticed that majority of multipartite genome-harbouring bacteria are either stress tolerant or pathogens. Further, it is observed that the secondary genomes in these bacteria encode proteins that are involved in bacterial genome maintenance and also contribute to higher stress tolerance, and pathogenicity in pathogenic bacteria. Surprisingly, in some bacteria the genes encoding the proteins of classical homologous recombination pathways are present only on the secondary chromosomes, and some do not have either of the classical homologous recombination pathways. This review highlights the presence of ploidy and multipartite genomes in bacterial system, the underlying mechanisms of genome maintenance and the possibilities of these features contributing to higher abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Sharan Misra
- Molecular Biology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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35
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Misra HS, Maurya GK, Kota S, Charaka VK. Maintenance of multipartite genome system and its functional significance in bacteria. J Genet 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-0969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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36
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Genome-Wide TSS Identification in Maize. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30043374 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8657-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression is a fundamental biological process that relies on transcription factors (TF) recognizing specific cis motifs in the regulatory regions of the genes that they control. In most eukaryotic organisms, cis-regulatory elements are significantly enriched around the transcription start site (TSS). However, different from other genic features, TSSs need to be experimentally determined, becoming then important components of genome annotations. One of the methods for experimentally determining TSSs at the genome-wide level is CAGE (cap analysis of gene expression). This chapter describes how to prepare a CAGE library for sequencing, starting with RNA extraction, library construction, and quality controls before proceed to sequencing in the Illumina platform. We then describe how to use a computational pipeline to determine, from the alignment of CAGE tags, the genome-wide location of TSSs, followed with statistical approaches required to cluster TSSs that operate as transcriptional units, and to determine core promoter properties such as shape. The analyses described here focus on maize, since its large and yet deficiently annotated genome creates some unique challenges, but with some modifications can be easily adopted for other organisms as well.
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37
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Misra HS, Maurya GK, Chaudhary R, Misra CS. Interdependence of bacterial cell division and genome segregation and its potential in drug development. Microbiol Res 2018; 208:12-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Meers MP, Adelman K, Duronio RJ, Strahl BD, McKay DJ, Matera AG. Transcription start site profiling uncovers divergent transcription and enhancer-associated RNAs in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:157. [PMID: 29466941 PMCID: PMC5822475 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-resolution transcription start site (TSS) mapping in D. melanogaster embryos and cell lines has revealed a rich and detailed landscape of both cis- and trans-regulatory elements and factors. However, TSS profiling has not been investigated in an orthogonal in vivo setting. Here, we present a comprehensive dataset that links TSS dynamics with nucleosome occupancy and gene expression in the wandering third instar larva, a developmental stage characterized by large-scale shifts in transcriptional programs in preparation for metamorphosis. Results The data recapitulate major regulatory classes of TSSs, based on peak width, promoter-proximal polymerase pausing, and cis-regulatory element density. We confirm the paucity of divergent transcription units in D. melanogaster, but also identify notable exceptions. Furthermore, we identify thousands of novel initiation events occurring at unannotated TSSs that can be classified into functional categories by their local density of histone modifications. Interestingly, a sub-class of these unannotated TSSs overlaps with functionally validated enhancer elements, consistent with a regulatory role for “enhancer RNAs” (eRNAs) in defining developmental transcription programs. Conclusions High-depth TSS mapping is a powerful strategy for identifying and characterizing low-abundance and/or low-stability RNAs. Global analysis of transcription initiation patterns in a developing organism reveals a vast number of novel initiation events that identify potential eRNAs as well as other non-coding transcripts critical for animal development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4510-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Meers
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.,Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Karen Adelman
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Duronio
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.,Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Brian D Strahl
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Daniel J McKay
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.,Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - A Gregory Matera
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA. .,Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Departments of Biology and Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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39
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Zhou S, Sternglanz R, Neiman AM. Developmentally regulated internal transcription initiation during meiosis in budding yeast. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188001. [PMID: 29136644 PMCID: PMC5685637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporulation of budding yeast is a developmental process in which cells undergo meiosis to generate stress-resistant progeny. The dynamic nature of the budding yeast meiotic transcriptome has been well established by a number of genome-wide studies. Here we develop an analysis pipeline to systematically identify novel transcription start sites that reside internal to a gene. Application of this pipeline to data from a synchronized meiotic time course reveals over 40 genes that display specific internal initiations in mid-sporulation. Consistent with the time of induction, motif analysis on upstream sequences of these internal transcription start sites reveals a significant enrichment for the binding site of Ndt80, the transcriptional activator of middle sporulation genes. Further examination of one gene, MRK1, demonstrates the Ndt80 binding site is necessary for internal initiation and results in the expression of an N-terminally truncated protein isoform. When the MRK1 paralog RIM11 is downregulated, the MRK1 internal transcript promotes efficient sporulation, indicating functional significance of the internal initiation. Our findings suggest internal transcriptional initiation to be a dynamic, regulated process with potential functional impacts on development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Rolf Sternglanz
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Aaron M. Neiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Afik S, Bartok O, Artyomov MN, Shishkin AA, Kadri S, Hanan M, Zhu X, Garber M, Kadener S. Defining the 5΄ and 3΄ landscape of the Drosophila transcriptome with Exo-seq and RNaseH-seq. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e95. [PMID: 28335028 PMCID: PMC5499799 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells regulate biological responses in part through changes in transcription start sites (TSS) or cleavage and polyadenylation sites (PAS). To fully understand gene regulatory networks, it is therefore critical to accurately annotate cell type-specific TSS and PAS. Here we present a simple and straightforward approach for genome-wide annotation of 5΄- and 3΄-RNA ends. Our approach reliably discerns bona fide PAS from false PAS that arise due to internal poly(A) tracts, a common problem with current PAS annotation methods. We applied our methodology to study the impact of temperature on the Drosophila melanogaster head transcriptome. We found hundreds of previously unidentified TSS and PAS which revealed two interesting phenomena: first, genes with multiple PASs tend to harbor a motif near the most proximal PAS, which likely represents a new cleavage and polyadenylation signal. Second, motif analysis of promoters of genes affected by temperature suggested that boundary element association factor of 32 kDa (BEAF-32) and DREF mediates a transcriptional program at warm temperatures, a result we validated in a fly line where beaf-32 is downregulated. These results demonstrate the utility of a high-throughput platform for complete experimental and computational analysis of mRNA-ends to improve gene annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaked Afik
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Osnat Bartok
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alexander A Shishkin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sabah Kadri
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mor Hanan
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Xiaopeng Zhu
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Manuel Garber
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Sebastian Kadener
- Biological Chemistry Department, Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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41
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Wedel C, Förstner KU, Derr R, Siegel TN. GT-rich promoters can drive RNA pol II transcription and deposition of H2A.Z in African trypanosomes. EMBO J 2017; 36:2581-2594. [PMID: 28701485 PMCID: PMC5579346 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome‐wide transcription studies are revealing an increasing number of “dispersed promoters” that, unlike “focused promoters”, lack well‐conserved sequence motifs and tight regulation. Dispersed promoters are nevertheless marked by well‐defined chromatin structures, suggesting that specific sequence elements must exist in these unregulated promoters. Here, we have analyzed regions of transcription initiation in the eukaryotic parasite Trypanosoma brucei, in which RNA polymerase II transcription initiation occurs over broad regions without distinct promoter motifs and lacks regulation. Using a combination of site‐specific and genome‐wide assays, we identified GT‐rich promoters that can drive transcription and promote the targeted deposition of the histone variant H2A.Z in a genomic context‐dependent manner. In addition, upon mapping nucleosome occupancy at high resolution, we find nucleosome positioning to correlate with RNA pol II enrichment and gene expression, pointing to a role in RNA maturation. Nucleosome positioning may thus represent a previously unrecognized layer of gene regulation in trypanosomes. Our findings show that even highly dispersed, unregulated promoters contain specific DNA elements that are able to induce transcription and changes in chromatin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Wedel
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Ramona Derr
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Nicolai Siegel
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany .,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Experimental Parasitology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany.,Biomedical Center Munich, Physiological Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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42
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Tokizawa M, Kusunoki K, Koyama H, Kurotani A, Sakurai T, Suzuki Y, Sakamoto T, Kurata T, Yamamoto YY. Identification of Arabidopsis genic and non-genic promoters by paired-end sequencing of TSS tags. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:587-605. [PMID: 28214361 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Information about transcription start sites (TSSs) provides baseline data for the analysis of promoter architecture. In this paper we used paired- and single-end deep sequencing to analyze Arabidopsis TSS tags from several libraries prepared from roots, shoots, flowers and etiolated seedlings. The clustering of approximately 33 million mapped TSS tags led to the identification of 324 461 promoters that covered 79.7% (21 672/27 206) of protein-coding genes in the Arabidopsis genome. In addition we identified intragenic, antisense and orphan promoters that were not associated with any gene models. Of these, intragenic promoters exhibited unique characteristics regarding dinucleotide sequences at TSSs and core promoter element composition, suggesting that these promoters use different mechanisms of transcriptional initiation. An analysis of base composition with regard to promoter position revealed a low GC content throughout the promoter region and several local strand biases that were evident for TATA-type promoters, but not for Coreless-type promoters. Most observed strand biases coincided with strand biases of single nucleotide polymorphism rate. Our analysis also revealed that transcription of a gene is supported by an average of 2.7 genic promoters, among which one specific promoter, designated as a top promoter, substantially determines the expression level of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kusunoki
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kurotani
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shiroganedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Plant Global Education Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayam-cho 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Plant Global Education Project, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayam-cho 8916-5, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Y Yamamoto
- United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehiro-cho 1-7-22, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- JST ALCA, Tokyo, Japan
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43
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Schor IE, Degner JF, Harnett D, Cannavò E, Casale FP, Shim H, Garfield DA, Birney E, Stephens M, Stegle O, Furlong EEM. Promoter shape varies across populations and affects promoter evolution and expression noise. Nat Genet 2017; 49:550-558. [PMID: 28191888 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal promoters initiate transcription either at precise positions (narrow promoters) or dispersed regions (broad promoters), a distinction referred to as promoter shape. Although highly conserved, the functional properties of promoters with different shapes and the genetic basis of their evolution remain unclear. Here we used natural genetic variation across a panel of 81 Drosophila lines to measure changes in transcriptional start site (TSS) usage, identifying thousands of genetic variants affecting transcript levels (strength) or the distribution of TSSs within a promoter (shape). Our results identify promoter shape as a molecular trait that can evolve independently of promoter strength. Broad promoters typically harbor shape-associated variants, with signatures of adaptive selection. Single-cell measurements demonstrate that variants modulating promoter shape often increase expression noise, whereas heteroallelic interactions with other promoter variants alleviate these effects. These results uncover new functional properties of natural promoters and suggest the minimization of expression noise as an important factor in promoter evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio E Schor
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob F Degner
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dermot Harnett
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Enrico Cannavò
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesco P Casale
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Heejung Shim
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - David A Garfield
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ewan Birney
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Matthew Stephens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Oliver Stegle
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Eileen E M Furlong
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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44
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Genome-wide assessment of sequence-intrinsic enhancer responsiveness at single-base-pair resolution. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 35:136-144. [PMID: 28024147 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is controlled by enhancers that activate transcription from the core promoters of their target genes. Although a key function of core promoters is to convert enhancer activities into gene transcription, whether and how strongly they activate transcription in response to enhancers has not been systematically assessed on a genome-wide level. Here we describe self-transcribing active core promoter sequencing (STAP-seq), a method to determine the responsiveness of genomic sequences to enhancers, and apply it to the Drosophila melanogaster genome. We cloned candidate fragments at the position of the core promoter (also called minimal promoter) in reporter plasmids with or without a strong enhancer, transfected the resulting library into cells, and quantified the transcripts that initiated from each candidate for each setup by deep sequencing. In the presence of a single strong enhancer, the enhancer responsiveness of different sequences differs by several orders of magnitude, and different levels of responsiveness are associated with genes of different functions. We also identify sequence features that predict enhancer responsiveness and discuss how different core promoters are employed for the regulation of gene expression.
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45
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Wragg J, Müller F. Transcriptional Regulation During Zygotic Genome Activation in Zebrafish and Other Anamniote Embryos. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2016; 95:161-94. [PMID: 27503357 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Embryo development commences with the fusion of two terminally differentiated haploid gametes into the totipotent fertilized egg, which through a series of major cellular and molecular transitions generate a pluripotent cell mass. The activation of the zygotic genome occurs during the so-called maternal to zygotic transition and prepares the embryo for zygotic takeover from maternal factors, in the control of the development of cellular lineages during differentiation. Recent advances in next generation sequencing technologies have allowed the dissection of the genomic and epigenomic processes mediating this transition. These processes include reorganization of the chromatin structure to a transcriptionally permissive state, changes in composition and function of structural and regulatory DNA-binding proteins, and changeover of the transcriptome as it is overhauled from that deposited by the mother in the oocyte to a zygotically transcribed complement. Zygotic genome activation in zebrafish occurs 10 cell cycles after fertilization and provides an ideal experimental platform for elucidating the temporal sequence and dynamics of establishment of a transcriptionally active chromatin state and helps in identifying the determinants of transcription activation at polymerase II transcribed gene promoters. The relatively large number of pluripotent cells generated by the fast cell divisions before zygotic transcription provides sufficient biomass for next generation sequencing technology approaches to establish the temporal dynamics of events and suggest causative relationship between them. However, genomic and genetic technologies need to be improved further to capture the earliest events in development, where cell number is a limiting factor. These technologies need to be complemented with precise, inducible genetic interference studies using the latest genome editing tools to reveal the function of candidate determinants and to confirm the predictions made by classic embryological tools and genome-wide assays. In this review we summarize recent advances in the characterization of epigenetic regulation, transcription control, and gene promoter function during zygotic genome activation and how they fit with old models for the mechanisms of the maternal to zygotic transition. This review will focus on the zebrafish embryo but draw comparisons with other vertebrate model systems and refer to invertebrate models where informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wragg
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - F Müller
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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46
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Sloutskin A, Danino YM, Orenstein Y, Zehavi Y, Doniger T, Shamir R, Juven-Gershon T. ElemeNT: a computational tool for detecting core promoter elements. Transcription 2016. [PMID: 26226151 PMCID: PMC4581360 DOI: 10.1080/21541264.2015.1067286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Core promoter elements play a pivotal role in the transcriptional output, yet they are often detected manually within sequences of interest. Here, we present 2 contributions to the detection and curation of core promoter elements within given sequences. First, the Elements Navigation Tool (ElemeNT) is a user-friendly web-based, interactive tool for prediction and display of putative core promoter elements and their biologically-relevant combinations. Second, the CORE database summarizes ElemeNT-predicted core promoter elements near CAGE and RNA-seq-defined Drosophila melanogaster transcription start sites (TSSs). ElemeNT's predictions are based on biologically-functional core promoter elements, and can be used to infer core promoter compositions. ElemeNT does not assume prior knowledge of the actual TSS position, and can therefore assist in annotation of any given sequence. These resources, freely accessible at http://lifefaculty.biu.ac.il/gershon-tamar/index.php/resources, facilitate the identification of core promoter elements as active contributors to gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sloutskin
- a The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences ; Bar-Ilan University ; Ramat Gan , Israel
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47
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St Laurent G, Vyatkin Y, Antonets D, Ri M, Qi Y, Saik O, Shtokalo D, de Hoon MJL, Kawaji H, Itoh M, Lassmann T, Arner E, Forrest ARR, Nicolas E, McCaffrey TA, Carninci P, Hayashizaki Y, Wahlestedt C, Kapranov P. Functional annotation of the vlinc class of non-coding RNAs using systems biology approach. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3233-52. [PMID: 27001520 PMCID: PMC4838384 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Functionality of the non-coding transcripts encoded by the human genome is the coveted goal of the modern genomics research. While commonly relied on the classical methods of forward genetics, integration of different genomics datasets in a global Systems Biology fashion presents a more productive avenue of achieving this very complex aim. Here we report application of a Systems Biology-based approach to dissect functionality of a newly identified vast class of very long intergenic non-coding (vlinc) RNAs. Using highly quantitative FANTOM5 CAGE dataset, we show that these RNAs could be grouped into 1542 novel human genes based on analysis of insulators that we show here indeed function as genomic barrier elements. We show that vlinc RNAs genes likely function in cisto activate nearby genes. This effect while most pronounced in closely spaced vlinc RNA-gene pairs can be detected over relatively large genomic distances. Furthermore, we identified 101 vlinc RNA genes likely involved in early embryogenesis based on patterns of their expression and regulation. We also found another 109 such genes potentially involved in cellular functions also happening at early stages of development such as proliferation, migration and apoptosis. Overall, we show that Systems Biology-based methods have great promise for functional annotation of non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges St Laurent
- St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Suite 201, Woburn, MA 01801, USA Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yuri Vyatkin
- St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Suite 201, Woburn, MA 01801, USA AcademGene Ltd., 6, Acad. Lavrentjev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Denis Antonets
- AcademGene Ltd., 6, Acad. Lavrentjev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology 'Vector', Novosibirsk, Russia A. P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, 6, Acad. Lavrentjev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Maxim Ri
- St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Suite 201, Woburn, MA 01801, USA AcademGene Ltd., 6, Acad. Lavrentjev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yao Qi
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Olga Saik
- St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Suite 201, Woburn, MA 01801, USA AcademGene Ltd., 6, Acad. Lavrentjev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 10, Acad. Lavrentjev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Dmitry Shtokalo
- St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Suite 201, Woburn, MA 01801, USA AcademGene Ltd., 6, Acad. Lavrentjev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia A. P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems SB RAS, 6, Acad. Lavrentjev ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Michiel J L de Hoon
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Itoh
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Timo Lassmann
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Subiaco, 6008, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Erik Arner
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alistair R R Forrest
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | | | - Estelle Nicolas
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Timothy A McCaffrey
- The George Washington University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, 2300 I St. NW, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Piero Carninci
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Hayashizaki
- RIKEN Omics Science Center (OSC), 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan RIKEN Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program (PMI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave., Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Philipp Kapranov
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China St. Laurent Institute, 317 New Boston St., Suite 201, Woburn, MA 01801, USA
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48
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Wang X, Zheng ZM. Construction of a Transcription Map for Papillomaviruses using RACE, RNase Protection, and Primer Extension Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 40:14B.6.1-14B.6.29. [PMID: 26855281 DOI: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc14b06s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped DNA tumor viruses. Knowing a complete transcription map of each papillomavirus genome can provide guidance for various papillomavirus studies. This unit provides detailed protocols to construct a transcription map of human papillomavirus type 18. The same approach can be easily adapted to other transcription map studies of any other papillomavirus genotype due to the high degree of conservation in genome structure, organization, and gene expression among papillomaviruses. The focused methods are 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), which are techniques commonly used in molecular biology to obtain full-length RNA transcript or to map a transcription start site (TSS) or an RNA polyadenylation (pA) cleavage site. Primer walking RT-PCR is a method for studying the splicing junction of RACE products. In addition, RNase protection assay and primer extension are also introduced as alternative methods in the mapping analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
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49
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Murakawa Y, Yoshihara M, Kawaji H, Nishikawa M, Zayed H, Suzuki H, FANTOM Consortium, Hayashizaki Y. Enhanced Identification of Transcriptional Enhancers Provides Mechanistic Insights into Diseases. Trends Genet 2016; 32:76-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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50
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Megraw M, Cumbie JS, Ivanchenko MG, Filichkin SA. Small Genetic Circuits and MicroRNAs: Big Players in Polymerase II Transcriptional Control in Plants. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:286-303. [PMID: 26869700 PMCID: PMC4790873 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) regulatory cascades involving transcription factors (TFs) and their targets orchestrate the genetic circuitry of every eukaryotic organism. In order to understand how these cascades function, they can be dissected into small genetic networks, each containing just a few Pol II transcribed genes, that generate specific signal-processing outcomes. Small RNA regulatory circuits involve direct regulation of a small RNA by a TF and/or direct regulation of a TF by a small RNA and have been shown to play unique roles in many organisms. Here, we will focus on small RNA regulatory circuits containing Pol II transcribed microRNAs (miRNAs). While the role of miRNA-containing regulatory circuits as modular building blocks for the function of complex networks has long been on the forefront of studies in the animal kingdom, plant studies are poised to take a lead role in this area because of their advantages in probing transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of Pol II genes. The relative simplicity of tissue- and cell-type organization, miRNA targeting, and genomic structure make the Arabidopsis thaliana plant model uniquely amenable for small RNA regulatory circuit studies in a multicellular organism. In this Review, we cover analysis, tools, and validation methods for probing the component interactions in miRNA-containing regulatory circuits. We then review the important roles that plant miRNAs are playing in these circuits and summarize methods for the identification of small genetic circuits that strongly influence plant function. We conclude by noting areas of opportunity where new plant studies are imminently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Megraw
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Jason S Cumbie
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Maria G Ivanchenko
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Sergei A Filichkin
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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