1
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Zhang MQ, Li JR, Yang L, Peng ZG, Wu S, Zhang JP. ATG10S promotes IFNL1 expression and autophagic degradation of multiple viral proteins mediated by IFNL1. Autophagy 2024:1-17. [PMID: 38842055 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2024.2361580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ATG10S is a newly discovered subtype of the autophagy protein ATG10. It promotes complete macroautophagy/autophagy, degrades multiple viral proteins, and increases the expression of type III interferons. Here, we aimed to investigate the mechanism of ATG10S cooperation with IFNL1 to degrade viral proteins from different viruses. Using western blot, immunoprecipitation (IP), tandem sensor RFP-GFP-LC3B and in situ proximity ligation assays, we showed that exogenous recombinant ATG10S protein (rHsATG10S) could enter into cells through clathrin, and ATG10S combined with ATG7 with IFNL1 assistance to facilitate ATG12-ATG5 conjugation, thereby contributing to the autophagosome formation in multiple cell lines containing different virions or viral proteins. The results of DNA IP and luciferase assays also showed that ATG10S was able to directly bind to a core motif (CAAGGG) within a binding site of transcription factor ZNF460 on the IFNL1 promoter, by which IFNL1 transcription was activated. These results clarified that ATG10S promoted autophagosome formation with the assistance of IFNL1 to ensure autophagy flux and autophagic degradation of multiple viral proteins and that ATG10S could also act as a novel transcription factor to promote IFNL1 gene expression. Importantly, this study further explored the antiviral mechanism of ATG10S interaction with type III interferon and provided a theoretical basis for the development of ATG10S into a new broad-spectrum antiviral protein drug.Abbreviation: ATG: autophagy related; ATG10S: the shorter isoform of autophagy-related 10; CC50: half cytotoxicity concentration; CCV: clathrin-coated transport vesicle; CLTC: clathrin heavy chain; CM: core motif; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CPZ: chlorpromazine; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBV: hepatitis B virus; HsCoV-OC43: Human coronavirus OC43; IFN: interferon; PLA: proximity ligation assay; rHsATG10S: recombinant human ATG10S protein; RLU: relative light unit; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; ZNF: zinc finger protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zong-Gen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Pu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, the National Health Commission (NHC), Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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2
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MacFawn I, Farris J, Pifer P, Margaryan NV, Akhter H, Wang L, Dziadowicz S, Denvir J, Hu G, Frisch SM. Grainyhead-like-2, an epithelial master programmer, promotes interferon induction and suppresses breast cancer recurrence. Mol Immunol 2024; 170:156-169. [PMID: 38692097 PMCID: PMC11106721 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Type-I and -III interferons play a central role in immune rejection of pathogens and tumors, thus promoting immunogenicity and suppressing tumor recurrence. Double strand RNA is an important ligand that stimulates tumor immunity via interferon responses. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to pluripotent epithelial cells activates the interferon response during development, raising the question of whether epithelial vs. mesenchymal gene signatures in cancer potentially regulate the interferon pathway as well. Here, using genomics and signaling approaches, we show that Grainyhead-like-2 (GRHL2), a master programmer of epithelial cell identity, promotes type-I and -III interferon responses to double-strand RNA. GRHL2 enhanced the activation of IRF3 and relA/NF-kB and the expression of IRF1; a functional GRHL2 binding site in the IFNL1 promoter was also identified. Moreover, time to recurrence in breast cancer correlated positively with GRHL2 protein expression, indicating that GRHL2 is a tumor recurrence suppressor, consistent with its enhancement of interferon responses. These observations demonstrate that epithelial cell identity supports interferon responses in the context of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian MacFawn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 5051 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5115 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Joshua Farris
- Wake Forest University, Department of Radiation Oncology, 1 Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Phillip Pifer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, WVU Cancer Institute, 1 Medical Drive, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Naira V Margaryan
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Halima Akhter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Sebastian Dziadowicz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - James Denvir
- Byrd Biotechnology Center, Marshall University, One John Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - Steven M Frisch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, 64 Medical Center Drive, Box 9142, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506.
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Bondeelle L, Salmona M, Houdouin V, Diaz E, Dutrieux J, Mercier-Delarue S, Constant S, Huang S, Bergeron A, LeGoff J. Inefficient antiviral response in reconstituted small-airway epithelium from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients following human parainfluenza virus type 3 infection. Virol J 2024; 21:78. [PMID: 38566231 PMCID: PMC10988791 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02353-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects over 250 million individuals globally and stands as the third leading cause of mortality. Respiratory viral infections serve as the primary drivers of acute exacerbations, hastening the decline in lung function and worsening the prognosis. Notably, Human Parainfluenza Virus type 3 (HPIV-3) is responsible for COPD exacerbations with a frequency comparable to that of Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza viruses. However, the impact of HPIV-3 on respiratory epithelium within the context of COPD remains uncharacterized.In this study, we employed in vitro reconstitution of lower airway epithelia from lung tissues sourced from healthy donors (n = 4) and COPD patients (n = 5), maintained under air-liquid interface conditions. Through a next-generation sequencing-based transcriptome analysis, we compared the cellular response to HPIV-3 infection.Prior to infection, COPD respiratory epithelia exhibited a pro-inflammatory profile, notably enriched in canonical pathways linked to antiviral response, B cell signaling, IL-17 signaling, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in contrast to non-COPD epithelia. Intriguingly, post HPIV-3 infection, only non-COPD epithelia exhibited significant enrichment in interferon signaling, pattern recognition receptors of viruses and bacteria, and other pathways involved in antiviral responses. This deficiency could potentially hinder immune cell recruitment essential for controlling viral infections, thus fostering prolonged viral presence and persistent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bondeelle
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maud Salmona
- Virology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Véronique Houdouin
- Service de Pneumologie, APHP, Hôpital Robert-Debré, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Elise Diaz
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U976, INSIGHT Team, Paris, F-75010, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, F-75014, France
| | - Séverine Mercier-Delarue
- Virology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris, F-75010, France
| | | | - Song Huang
- Epithelix Sarl, Geneva, 1228, Switzerland
| | - Anne Bergeron
- Pneumology Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme LeGoff
- Virology Department, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux, Paris, F-75010, France.
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm U976, INSIGHT Team, Paris, F-75010, France.
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4
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Xu X, Qiao D, Brasier AR. Cooperative interaction of interferon regulatory factor -1 and bromodomain-containing protein 4 on RNA polymerase activation for intrinsic innate immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1366235. [PMID: 38601157 PMCID: PMC11004252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1366235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human orthopneumovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), is the causative agent of severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and exacerbations of chronic lung diseases. In immune competent hosts, RSV productively infects highly differentiated epithelial cells, where it elicits robust anti-viral, cytokine and remodeling programs. By contrast, basal cells are relatively resistant to RSV infection, in part, because of constitutive expression of an intrinsic innate immune response (IIR) consisting of a subgroup of interferon (IFN) responsive genes. The mechanisms controlling the intrinsic IIR are not known. Methods Here, we use human small airway epithelial cell hSAECs as a multipotent airway stem cell model to examine regulatory control of an intrinsic IIR pathway. Results We find hSAECs express patterns of intrinsic IIRs, highly conserved with pluri- and multi-potent stem cells. We demonstrate a core intrinsic IIR network consisting of Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Antigen 2 (Bst2), Interferon Induced Transmembrane Protein 1 (IFITM1) and Toll-like receptor (TLR3) expression are directly under IRF1 control. Moreover, expression of this intrinsic core is rate-limited by ambient IRF1• phospho-Ser 2 CTD RNA Polymerase II (pSer2 Pol II) complexes binding to their proximal promoters. In response to RSV infection, the abundance of IRF1 and pSer2 Pol II binding is dramatically increased, with IRF1 complexing to the BRD4 chromatin remodeling complex (CRC). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation in IRF1 KD cells, we find that the binding of BRD4 is IRF1 independent. Using a small molecule inhibitor of the BRD4 acetyl lysine binding bromodomain (BRD4i), we further find that BRD4 bromodomain interactions are required for stable BRD4 promoter binding to the intrinsic IIR core promoters, as well as for RSV-inducible pSer2 Pol II recruitment. Surprisingly, BRD4i does not disrupt IRF1-BRD4 interactions, but disrupts both RSV-induced BRD4 and IRF1 interactions with pSer2 Pol II. Conclusions We conclude that the IRF1 functions in two modes- in absence of infection, ambient IRF1 mediates constitutive expression of the intrinsic IIR, whereas in response to RSV infection, the BRD4 CRC independently activates pSer2 Pol II to mediates robust expression of the intrinsic IIR. These data provide insight into molecular control of anti-viral defenses of airway basal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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5
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Salerno-Goncalves R, Chen H, Bafford AC, Izquierdo M, Hormazábal JC, Lagos R, Tettelin H, D'Mello A, Booth JS, Fasano A, Levine MM, Sztein MB. Early host immune responses in a human organoid-derived gallbladder monolayer to Salmonella Typhi strains from patients with acute and chronic infections: a comparative analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334762. [PMID: 38533492 PMCID: PMC10963533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), a human-restricted pathogen, invades the host through the gut to cause typhoid fever. Recent calculations of the typhoid fever burden estimated that more than 10 million new typhoid fever cases occur in low and middle-income countries, resulting in 65,400-187,700 deaths yearly. Interestingly, if not antibiotic-treated, upon the resolution of acute disease, 1%-5% of patients become asymptomatic chronic carriers. Chronically infected hosts are not only critical reservoirs of infection that transmit the disease to naive individuals but are also predisposed to developing gallbladder carcinoma. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms involved in the early interactions between gallbladder epithelial cells and S. Typhi remain largely unknown. Based on our previous studies showing that closely related S. Typhi strains elicit distinct innate immune responses, we hypothesized that host molecular pathways activated by S. Typhi strains derived from acutely and chronically infected patients would differ. To test this hypothesis, we used a novel human organoid-derived polarized gallbladder monolayer model, and S. Typhi strains derived from acutely and chronically infected patients. We found that S. Typhi strains derived from acutely and chronically infected patients differentially regulate host mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and S6 transcription factors. These variations might be attributed to differential cytokine signaling, predominantly via TNF-α and IL-6 production and appear to be influenced by the duration the isolate was subjected to selective pressures in the gallbladder. These findings represent a significant leap in understanding the complexities behind chronic S. Typhi infections in the gallbladder and may uncover potential intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosângela Salerno-Goncalves
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Andrea C Bafford
- Division of General and Oncologic Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mariana Izquierdo
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Hormazábal
- Seccion Bacteriologia, Subdepartamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosanna Lagos
- Seccion Bacteriologia, Subdepartamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Departamento de Laboratorio Biomédico, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile (ISP), Santiago, Chile
| | - Hervé Tettelin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Adonis D'Mello
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Genome Sciences (IGS), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jayaum S Booth
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marcelo B Sztein
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
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6
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Perevalova AM, Gulyaeva LF, Pustylnyak VO. Roles of Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 in Tumor Progression and Regression: Two Sides of a Coin. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2153. [PMID: 38396830 PMCID: PMC10889282 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
IRF1 is a transcription factor well known for its role in IFN signaling. Although IRF1 was initially identified for its involvement in inflammatory processes, there is now evidence that it provides a function in carcinogenesis as well. IRF1 has been shown to affect several important antitumor mechanisms, such as induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, remodeling of tumor immune microenvironment, suppression of telomerase activity, suppression of angiogenesis and others. Nevertheless, the opposite effects of IRF1 on tumor growth have also been demonstrated. In particular, the "immune checkpoint" molecule PD-L1, which is responsible for tumor immune evasion, has IRF1 as a major transcriptional regulator. These and several other properties of IRF1, including its proposed association with response and resistance to immunotherapy and several chemotherapeutic drugs, make it a promising object for further research. Numerous mechanisms of IRF1 regulation in cancer have been identified, including genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms, although their significance for tumor progression remains to be explored. This review will focus on the established tumor-suppressive and tumor-promoting functions of IRF1, as well as the molecular mechanisms of IRF1 regulation identified in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina M. Perevalova
- Zelman Institute for the Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.M.P.)
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Lyudmila F. Gulyaeva
- Zelman Institute for the Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.M.P.)
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
| | - Vladimir O. Pustylnyak
- Zelman Institute for the Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Street, 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.M.P.)
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Timakova Street, 2/12, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia
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7
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Qiao D, Xu X, Zhang Y, Yang J, Brasier AR. RSV replication modifies the XBP1s binding complex on the IRF1 upstream enhancer to potentiate the mucosal anti-viral response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1197356. [PMID: 37564646 PMCID: PMC10411192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1197356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The unfolded protein response (UPR) has emerged as an important signaling pathway mediating anti-viral defenses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection. Earlier we found that RSV replication predominantly activates the evolutionarily conserved Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1α (IRE1α)-X-Box Binding Protein 1 spliced (XBP1s) arm of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) producing inflammation, metabolic adaptation and cellular plasticity, yet the mechanisms how the UPR potentiates inflammation are not well understood. Methods To understand this process better, we examined the genomic response integrating RNA-seq and Cleavage Under Targets and Release Using Nuclease (CUT&RUN) analyses. These data were integrated with an RNA-seq analysis conducted on RSV-infected small airway cells ± an IRE1α RNAse inhibitor. Results We identified RSV induced expression changes in ~3.2K genes; of these, 279 required IRE1α and were enriched in IL-10/cytokine signaling pathways. From this data set, we identify those genes directly under XBP1s control by CUT&RUN. Although XBP1s binds to ~4.2 K high-confidence genomic binding sites, surprisingly only a small subset of IL10/cytokine signaling genes are directly bound. We further apply CUT&RUN to find that RSV infection enhances XBP1s loading on 786 genomic sites enriched in AP1/Fra-1, RELA and SP1 binding sites. These control a subset of cytokine regulatory factor genes including IFN response factor 1 (IRF1), CSF2, NFKB1A and DUSP10. Focusing on the downstream role of IRF1, selective knockdown (KD) and overexpression experiments demonstrate IRF1 induction controls type I and -III interferon (IFN) and IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, demonstrating that ISG are indirectly regulated by XBP1 through IRF1 transactivation. Examining the mechanism of IRF1 activation, we observe that XBP1s directly binds a 5' enhancer sequence whose XBP1s loading is increased by RSV. The functional requirement for the enhancer is demonstrated by targeting a dCas9-KRAB silencer, reducing IRF1 activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that XBP1 is required, but not sufficient, for RSV-induced recruitment of activated phospho-Ser2 Pol II to the enhancer. Discussion We conclude that XBP1s is a direct activator of a core subset of IFN and cytokine regulatory genes in response to RSV. Of these IRF1 is upstream of the type III IFN and ISG response. We find that RSV modulates the XBP1s binding complex on the IRF1 5' enhancer whose activation is required for IRF1 expression. These findings provide novel insight into how the IRE1α-XBP1s pathway potentiates airway mucosal anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yueqing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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8
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Gu Y, Zhang Z, Camps MG, Ossendorp F, Wijdeven RH, ten Dijke P. Genome-wide CRISPR screens define determinants of epithelial-mesenchymal transition mediated immune evasion by pancreatic cancer cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9915. [PMID: 37450593 PMCID: PMC10348683 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The genetic circuits that allow cancer cells to evade immune killing via epithelial mesenchymal plasticity remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that mesenchymal-like (Mes) KPC3 pancreatic cancer cells were more resistant to cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing than the parental epithelial-like (Epi) cells and used parallel genome-wide CRISPR screens to assess the molecular underpinnings of this difference. Core CTL-evasion genes (such as IFN-γ pathway components) were clearly evident in both types. Moreover, we identified and validated multiple Mes-specific regulators of cytotoxicity, such as Egfr and Mfge8. Both genes were significantly higher expressed in Mes cancer cells, and their depletion sensitized Mes cancer cells to CTL-mediated killing. Notably, Mes cancer cells secreted more Mfge8 to inhibit proliferation of CD8+ T cells and production of IFN-γ and TNFα. Clinically, increased Egfr and Mfge8 expression was correlated with a worse prognosis. Thus, Mes cancer cells use Egfr-mediated intrinsic and Mfge8-mediated extrinsic mechanisms to facilitate immune escape from CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhuo Gu
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Marcel G. M. Camps
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ferry Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ruud H. Wijdeven
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter ten Dijke
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands
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9
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Brasier AR. Orchestrating epigenetic readers: Progress in understanding the functions of bromodomain-containing protein 4 complexes. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:340-342. [PMID: 37128276 PMCID: PMC10148072 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Allan R. Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 4646 Health Sciences Boulevard, Madison, WI, USA
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10
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Talukdar SN, McGregor B, Osan JK, Hur J, Mehedi M. RSV infection does not induce EMT. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532506. [PMID: 36993657 PMCID: PMC10055011 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection does not cause severe disease in most of us despite suffering from multiple RSV infections in our lives. However, infants, young children, older adults, and immunocompromised patients are unfortunately vulnerable to RSV-associated severe diseases. A recent study suggested that RSV infection causes cell expansion, resulting in bronchial wall thickening in vitro. Whether the virus-induced changes in the lung airway resemble epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is still unknown. Here, we report that RSV does not induce EMT in three different in vitro lung models: the epithelial A549 cell line, primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells, and pseudostratified airway epithelium. We found that RSV increases the cell surface area and perimeter in the infected airway epithelium, which is distinct from the effects of a potent EMT inducer, TGF-β1-driven cell elongation-indicative of cell motility. A genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed that both RSV and TGF-β1 have distinct modulation patterns of the transcriptome, which suggests that RSV-induced changes are distinct from EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattya N. Talukdar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Brett McGregor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jaspreet K. Osan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Junguk Hur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Masfique Mehedi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
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11
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Harnessing epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity to boost cancer immunotherapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:318-340. [PMID: 36823234 PMCID: PMC10066239 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-00980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is a powerful option for cancer treatment. Despite demonstrable progress, most patients fail to respond or achieve durable responses due to primary or acquired ICB resistance. Recently, tumor epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) was identified as a critical determinant in regulating immune escape and immunotherapy resistance in cancer. In this review, we summarize the emerging role of tumor EMP in ICB resistance and the tumor-intrinsic or extrinsic mechanisms by which tumors exploit EMP to achieve immunosuppression and immune escape. We discuss strategies to modulate tumor EMP to alleviate immune resistance and to enhance the efficiency of ICB therapy. Our discussion provides new prospects to enhance the ICB response for therapeutic gain in cancer patients.
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12
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The role and application of transcriptional repressors in cancer treatment. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:1-17. [PMID: 36645575 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is modulated through the integration of many regulatory elements and their associated transcription factors (TFs). TFs bind to specific DNA sequences and either activate or repress transcriptional activity. Through decades of research, it has been established that aberrant expression or functional abnormalities of TFs can lead to uncontrolled cell division and the development of cancer. Initial studies on transcriptional regulation in cancer have focused on TFs as transcriptional activators. However, recent studies have demonstrated several different mechanisms of transcriptional repression in cancer, which could be potential therapeutic targets for the development of specific anti-cancer agents. In the first section of this review, "Emerging roles of transcriptional repressors in cancer development," we summarize the current understanding of transcriptional repressors and their involvement in the molecular processes of cancer progression. In the subsequent section, "Therapeutic applications," we provide an updated overview of the available therapeutic targets for drug discovery and discuss the new frontier of such applications.
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13
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Burger GA, Nesenberend DN, Lems CM, Hille SC, Beltman JB. Bidirectional crosstalk between epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and IFN γ-induced PD-L1 expression promotes tumour progression. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220186. [PMID: 36397970 PMCID: PMC9626257 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immunoevasion through upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are important drivers of cancer progression. While EMT has been proposed to facilitate PD-L1-mediated immunosuppression, molecular mechanisms of their interaction remain obscure. Here, we provide insight into these mechanisms by proposing a mathematical model that describes the crosstalk between EMT and interferon gamma (IFNγ)-induced PD-L1 expression. Our model shows that via interaction with microRNA-200 (miR-200), the multi-stability of the EMT regulatory circuit is mirrored in PD-L1 levels, which are further amplified by IFNγ stimulation. This IFNγ-mediated effect is most prominent for cells in a fully mesenchymal state and less strong for those in an epithelial or partially mesenchymal state. In addition, bidirectional crosstalk between miR-200 and PD-L1 implies that IFNγ stimulation allows cells to undergo EMT for lower amounts of inducing signal, and the presence of IFNγ accelerates EMT and decelerates mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET). Overall, our model agrees with published findings and provides insight into possible mechanisms behind EMT-mediated immune evasion, and primary, adaptive, or acquired resistance to immunotherapy. Our model can be used as a starting point to explore additional crosstalk mechanisms, as an improved understanding of these mechanisms is indispensable for developing better diagnostic and therapeutic options for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard A. Burger
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne N. Nesenberend
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn M. Lems
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander C. Hille
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B. Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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14
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Liu Q, Zhang M, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Ma J, Yan Y, Sun J, Cheng Y. Functional characterization of bat IRF1 in IFN induction. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104500. [PMID: 35933044 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bats are natural hosts for various zoonotic viral diseases. However, they rarely show signs of disease infection with such viruses. During viral infection, members of the IRFs family induce the production of IFNβ and exert antiviral effects. However, the functions of bat interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) remain unclear. In this study, the Tadarida brasiliensis IRF1 (TbIRF1) gene was first cloned and a series of bioinformatics studies were conducted. Results showed that bat IRF1 protein sequence showed a low similarity with IRF1s from other species. RNA virus such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV-GFP), avian influenza virus (AIV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-GFP) infection of Tadarida brasiliensis 1 lung (TB 1 Lu) cells significantly promotes the expressions of IFNβ, PKR, and OAS1, and up-regulates the expression of TbIRF1. Overexpression of TbIRF1 markedly activates IFNβ promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner. Next, we constructed the TbIRF1 functional domain deletion plasmids and found that the DNA binding domain (DBD) is necessary for TbIRF1 to induce IFNβ expresison. In conclusion, the first bat IRF1 gene was cloned, and its functions in IFN induction were preliminarily identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuju Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Menglu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjiao Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxian Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhe Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuqiang Cheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Read JF, Serralha M, Mok D, Holt B, Cruickshank M, Karpievitch YV, Broadhurst DI, Sly PD, Strickland DH, Reinke SN, Holt PG, Bosco A. Lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon response networks at birth are predictive of severe viral lower respiratory infections in the first year of life. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876654. [PMID: 35990635 PMCID: PMC9389556 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate innate immune function is essential to limit pathogenesis and severity of severe lower respiratory infections (sLRI) during infancy, a leading cause of hospitalization and risk factor for subsequent asthma in this age group. Employing a systems biology approach to analysis of multi-omic profiles generated from a high-risk cohort (n=50), we found that the intensity of activation of an LPS-induced interferon gene network at birth was predictive of sLRI risk in infancy (AUC=0.724). Connectivity patterns within this network were stronger among susceptible individuals, and a systems biology approach identified IRF1 as a putative master regulator of this response. These findings were specific to the LPS-induced interferon response and were not observed following activation of viral nucleic acid sensing pathways. Comparison of responses at birth versus age 5 demonstrated that LPS-induced interferon responses but not responses triggered by viral nucleic acid sensing pathways may be subject to strong developmental regulation. These data suggest that the risk of sLRI in early life is in part already determined at birth, and additionally that the developmental status of LPS-induced interferon responses may be a key determinant of susceptibility. Our findings provide a rationale for the identification of at-risk infants for early intervention aimed at sLRI prevention and identifies targets which may be relevant for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F. Read
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: James F. Read, ; Anthony Bosco,
| | - Michael Serralha
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Danny Mok
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Barbara J. Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark Cruickshank
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Yuliya V. Karpievitch
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - David I. Broadhurst
- Centre for Integrative Metabolomics & Computational Biology, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D. Sly
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Deborah H. Strickland
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The University of Western Australia Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Stacey N. Reinke
- Centre for Integrative Metabolomics & Computational Biology, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Patrick G. Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The University of Western Australia Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Bosco
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- The University of Western Australia Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: James F. Read, ; Anthony Bosco,
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16
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Chen Y, Li X, Li Y, Wu Y, Huang G, Wang X, Guo S. Downregulation of microRNA‑423‑5p suppresses TGF‑β1‑induced EMT by targeting FOXP4 in airway fibrosis. Mol Med Rep 2022; 26:242. [PMID: 35642665 PMCID: PMC9185700 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway fibrosis (AF) is a common disease that can severely affect patient prognosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) participates in the pathophysiological development of AF and several studies have demonstrated that some microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to the development of EMT. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of miR-423-5p in the EMT process and its possible underlying mechanism in BEAS-2B cells. The present study utilized the BEAS-2B cell line to model EMT in AF. Online tools, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and an RNA pull-down assay were used to identify potential target genes of miR-423-5p. In addition, immunohistochemistry, wound healing assays, Transwell migration assays, flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were used to determine the function of miR-423-5p and its target gene in the EMT process in AF. The results indicated that the miR-423-5p expression in AF tissues and BEAS-2B cells stimulated with 10 ng/ml TGF-β1 for 24 h was significantly increased compared with that in the control group. Overexpression of miR-423-5p facilitated TGF-β1-induced EMT in BEAS-2B cells; by contrast, downregulation of miR-423-5p suppressed TGF-β1-induced EMT in BEAS-2B cells. Furthermore, forkhead box p4 (FOXP4) was identified as a potential target gene of miR-423-5p and changes in the miR-423-5p and FOXP4 expression were shown to significantly affect the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway members. In summary, overexpression of miR-423-5P promoted the EMT process in AF by downregulating FOXP4 expression and the underlying mechanism may partly involve activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yishi Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Yongchang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guichuan Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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17
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Zhang L, Wang L, Hu X, Hou M, Xiao Y, Xiang J, Xie J, Chen Z, Yang T, Nie Q, Fu J, Wang Y, Zheng S, Liu Y, Gan Y, Gao Q, Bai Y, Wang J, Qi R, Zou M, Ke Q, Zhu X, Gong L, Liu Y, Li DW. MYPT1/PP1-Mediated EZH2 Dephosphorylation at S21 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Fibrosis through Control of Multiple Families of Genes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105539. [PMID: 35293697 PMCID: PMC9108659 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The methyltransferase EZH2 plays an important role in regulating chromatin conformation and gene transcription. Phosphorylation of EZH2 at S21 by AKT kinase suppresses its function. However, protein phosphatases responsible for the dephosphorylation of EZH2-S21 remain elusive. Here, it is demonstrated that EZH2 is highly expressed in the ocular lens, and AKT-EZH2 axis is important in TGFβ-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). More importantly, it is identified that MYPT1/PP1 dephosphorylates EZH2-S21 and thus modulates its functions. MYPT1 knockout accelerates EMT, but expression of the EZH2-S21A mutant suppresses EMT through control of multiple families of genes. Furthermore, the phosphorylation status and gene expression modulation of EZH2 are implicated in control of anterior subcapsular cataracts (ASC) in human and mouse eyes. Together, the results identify the specific phosphatase for EZH2-S21 and reveal EZH2 dephosphorylation control of several families of genes implicated in lens EMT and ASC pathogenesis. These results provide important novel information in EZH2 function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Ling Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Xue‐Bin Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Min Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jia‐Wen Xiang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jie Xie
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Zhi‐Gang Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Tian‐Heng Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Qian Nie
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jia‐Ling Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Shu‐Yu Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yun‐Fei Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yu‐Wen Gan
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Qian Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yue‐Yue Bai
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Jing‐Miao Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Rui‐Li Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Ming Zou
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Qin Ke
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Xing‐Fei Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Lili Gong
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
| | - David Wan‐Cheng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic CenterSun Yat‐sen University#54 Xianlie South RoadGuangzhouGuangdong510060China
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18
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Liu Z, Li Y, Chen H, Lai HT, Wang P, Wu SY, Wold EA, Leonard PG, Joseph S, Hu H, Chiang CM, Brasier AR, Tian B, Zhou J. Discovery, X-ray Crystallography, and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Bromodomain-containing Protein 4 (BRD4) BD1 Inhibitors Targeting a Distinct New Binding Site. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2388-2408. [PMID: 34982556 PMCID: PMC8989062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is an emerging epigenetic drug target for intractable inflammatory disorders. The lack of highly selective inhibitors among BRD4 family members has stalled the collective understanding of this critical system and the progress toward clinical development of effective therapeutics. Here we report the discovery of a potent BRD4 bromodomain 1 (BD1)-selective inhibitor ZL0590 (52) targeting a unique, previously unreported binding site, while exhibiting significant anti-inflammatory activities in vitro and in vivo. The X-ray crystal structural analysis of ZL0590 in complex with human BRD4 BD1 and the associated mutagenesis study illustrate a first-in-class nonacetylated lysine (KAc) binding site located at the helix αB and αC interface that contains important BRD4 residues (e.g., Glu151) not commonly shared among other family members and is spatially distinct from the classic KAc recognition pocket. This new finding facilitates further elucidation of the complex biology underpinning bromodomain specificity among BRD4 and its protein-protein interaction partners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul G Leonard
- Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | - Sarah Joseph
- Core for Biomolecular Structure and Function, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1881 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, United States
| | | | | | - Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 4248 Health Sciences Learning Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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19
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Dowling JW, Forero A. Beyond Good and Evil: Molecular Mechanisms of Type I and III IFN Functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:247-256. [PMID: 35017214 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IFNs are comprised of three families of cytokines that confer protection against pathogen infection and uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The broad role IFNs play in innate and adaptive immune regulation has placed them under heavy scrutiny to position them as "friend" or "foe" across pathologies. Genetic lesions in genes involving IFN synthesis and signaling underscore the disparate outcomes of aberrant IFN signaling. Abrogation of the response leads to susceptibility to microbial infections whereas unabated IFN induction underlies a variety of inflammatory diseases and tumor immune evasion. Type I and III IFNs have overlapping roles in antiviral protection, yet the mechanisms by which they are induced and promote the expression of IFN-stimulated genes and inflammation can distinguish their biological functions. In this review, we examine the molecular factors that shape the shared and distinct roles of type I and III IFNs in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Dowling
- Biochemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210; and.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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20
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Zhou H, Tang YD, Zheng C. Revisiting IRF1-mediated antiviral innate immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 64:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Brasier AR, Qiao D, Zhao Y. The Hexosamine Biosynthetic Pathway Links Innate Inflammation With Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity in Airway Remodeling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:808735. [PMID: 35002741 PMCID: PMC8727908 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.808735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the lower airway epithelial barrier plays a major role in the initiation and progression of chronic lung disease. Here, repetitive environmental insults produced by viral and allergens triggers metabolic adaptations, epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) and airway remodeling. Epithelial plasticity disrupts epithelial barrier function, stimulates release of fibroblastic growth factors, and remodels the extracellular matrix (ECM). This review will focus on recent work demonstrating how the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) links innate inflammation to airway remodeling. The HBP is a core metabolic pathway of the unfolded protein response (UPR) responsible for protein N-glycosylation, relief of proteotoxic stress and secretion of ECM modifiers. We will overview findings that the IκB kinase (IKK)-NFκB pathway directly activates expression of the SNAI-ZEB1 mesenchymal transcription factor module through regulation of the Bromodomain Containing Protein 4 (BRD4) chromatin modifier. BRD4 mediates transcriptional elongation of SNAI1-ZEB as well as enhancing chromatin accessibility and transcription of fibroblast growth factors, ECM and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, recent exciting findings that IKK cross-talks with the UPR by controlling phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the autoregulatory XBP1s transcription factor are presented. HBP is required for N glycosylation and secretion of ECM components that play an important signaling role in airway remodeling. This interplay between innate inflammation, metabolic reprogramming and lower airway plasticity expands a population of subepithelial myofibroblasts by secreting fibroblastic growth factors, producing changes in ECM tensile strength, and fibroblast stimulation by MMP binding. Through these actions on myofibroblasts, EMP in lower airway cells produces expansion of the lamina reticularis and promotes airway remodeling. In this manner, metabolic reprogramming by the HBP mediates environmental insult-induced inflammation with remodeling in chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Galveston, TX, United States
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22
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Rodriguez-Hernandez CJ, Sokoloski KJ, Stocke KS, Dukka H, Jin S, Metzler MA, Zaitsev K, Shpak B, Shen D, Miller DP, Artyomov MN, Lamont RJ, Bagaitkar J. Microbiome-mediated incapacitation of interferon lambda production in the oral mucosa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105170118. [PMID: 34921113 PMCID: PMC8713781 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105170118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show that Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), an endogenous oral pathogen, dampens all aspects of interferon (IFN) signaling in a manner that is strikingly similar to IFN suppression employed by multiple viral pathogens. Pg suppressed IFN production by down-regulating several IFN regulatory factors (IRFs 1, 3, 7, and 9), proteolytically degrading STAT1 and suppressing the nuclear translocation of the ISGF3 complex, resulting in profound and systemic repression of multiple interferon-stimulated genes. Pg-induced IFN paralysis was not limited to murine models but was also observed in the oral tissues of human periodontal disease patients, where overabundance of Pg correlated with suppressed IFN generation. Mechanistically, multiple virulence factors and secreted proteases produced by Pg transcriptionally suppressed IFN promoters and also cleaved IFN receptors, making cells refractory to exogenous IFN and inducing a state of broad IFN paralysis. Thus, our data show a bacterial pathogen with equivalence to viruses in the down-regulation of host IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Kevin J Sokoloski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Kendall S Stocke
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Himabindu Dukka
- Department of Diagnosis and Oral Health, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Shunying Jin
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Melissa A Metzler
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Konstantin Zaitsev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Boris Shpak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Daonan Shen
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202;
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202;
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23
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Qiao D, Skibba M, Xu X, Garofalo RP, Zhao Y, Brasier AR. Paramyxovirus replication induces the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway and mesenchymal transition via the IRE1α-XBP1s arm of the unfolded protein response. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L576-L594. [PMID: 34318710 PMCID: PMC8461800 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00127.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paramyxoviridae, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and murine respirovirus are enveloped, negative-sense RNA viruses that are the etiological agents of vertebrate lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). We observed that RSV infection in human small airway epithelial cells induced accumulation of glycosylated proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), increased glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminases (GFPT1/2) and accumulation of uridine diphosphate (UDP)-N-acetylglucosamine, indicating activation of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP). RSV infection induces rapid formation of spliced X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) and processing of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6). Using pathway selective inhibitors and shRNA silencing, we find that the inositol-requiring enzyme (IRE1α)-XBP1 arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is required not only for activation of the HBP, but also for expression of mesenchymal transition (EMT) through the Snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1), extracellular matrix (ECM)-remodeling proteins fibronectin (FN1), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Probing RSV-induced open chromatin domains by ChIP, we find XBP1 binds and recruits RNA polymerase II to the IL6, SNAI1, and MMP9 promoters and the intragenic superenhancer of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate transaminase 2 (GFPT2). The UPR is sustained through RSV by an autoregulatory loop where XBP1 enhances Pol II binding to its own promoter. Similarly, we investigated the effects of murine respirovirus infection on its natural host (mouse). Murine respirovirus induces mucosal growth factor response, EMT, and the indicators of ECM remodeling in an IRE1α-dependent manner, which persists after viral clearance. These data suggest that IRE1α-XBP1s arm of the UPR pathway is responsible for paramyxovirus-induced metabolic adaptation and mucosal remodeling via EMT and ECM secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Melissa Skibba
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Roberto P Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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24
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Zhao Y, Zhang J, Sun H, Brasier AR. Crosstalk of the IκB Kinase with Spliced X-Box Binding Protein 1 Couples Inflammation with Glucose Metabolic Reprogramming in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:3475-3488. [PMID: 34124911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a critical role in airway injury, repair, and structural remodeling. IκB kinase (IKK)-NFκB signaling regulates late EMT-associated gene expression. However, IKK-mediated mesenchymal transition occurs earlier than NFκB/RelA subunit-dependent EMT gene expression, leading us to investigate the hypothesis that IKK plays an independent mechanism in transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced EMT. Time-resolved dissection of early proteome and phosphoproteome changes in response to TGFβ and a specific IKK inhibitor, BMS-345541, revealed that IKK regulates cascades of 23 signaling pathways essential in EMT, including TGFβ signaling, p38 mitogen associate protein kinase (MAPK), Toll receptor signaling, and integrin pathways. We identified early IKK-dependent phosphorylation of core regulatory proteins in essential EMT signaling cassettes, including ATF2, JUN, NFKB1/p105, and others. Interestingly, we found that IKKβ directly complexes with and phosphorylates the spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s). XBP1s is an arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that activates the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP), a pathway that mediates protein N-glycosylation and survival from ER stress-induced apoptosis in EMT. We found that inhibition of IKK activity abolishes the phosphorylation of XBP1-T48, blocks XBP1s nuclear translocation, and inhibits the activation of HBP. Our study elucidates a previously unrecognized IKKβ-XBP1s-HBP crosstalk pathway that couples inflammation and glucose metabolic reprogramming in ETM. Because XBP1-HBP controls N-glycosylation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in EMT, this novel IKKβ-XBP1-HBP pathway may contain therapeutic targets whose inhibition could prevent ECM remodeling in lung fibrosis or other airway remodeling diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555-1060, United States.,Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, Texas 77555-0342, United States.,Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, Texas 77555-0129, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555-1060, United States
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, Texas 77555-1060, United States
| | - Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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25
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Yang X, Miao S, Mao X, Xiu C, Sun J, Pei R, Jia S. LncRNA LINC-PINT Inhibits Malignant Behaviors of Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells via Inhibiting ZEB1. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:584466. [PMID: 34257531 PMCID: PMC8262191 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.584466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) belongs to head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with dismal prognosis. Here, this study aims to disclose the role of LINC-PINT in cancer development, which may contribute to improving the clinical outcomes of LSCC treatment. Methods: LINC-PINT expression in LSCC tissues and in TU-177 and Hep-2 cells was quantified, and subsequently, the association between LINC-PINT and LSCC malignancies was analyzed. pcDNA3.1-LINC-PINT or pcDNA3.1-EZH2 was introduced into Hep-2 and TU-177 cells. qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses examined the levels of proteins related to the AKT/mTOR pathway and their phosphorylated proteins in Hep-2 and TU-177 cells. The viability as well as migration and invasion abilities of Hep-2 and TU-177 cells were determined. Also, the distribution of LINC-PINT in Hep-2 cells was investigated as well as the interplay between LINC-PINT and EZH2. The downstream genes that might interact with EZH2 were screened. Results: LINC-PINT expression was inhibited in LSCC tissues and in Hep-2 and TU-177 cells, whose downregulation was associated with unsatisfactory prognosis. LINC-PINT overexpression suppressed the proliferative, migratory and invasive capacities of Hep-2 and TU-177 cells. LINC-PINT, mainly expressing in nuclei, could enrich EZH2 to silence ZEB1. In Hep-2 and TU-177 cells, the inhibition of LINC-PINT or overexpression of ZEB1 could enhance cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The phosphorylated levels of proteins related to the AKT/mTOR pathway were declined in cells with LINC-PINT overexpression, and the levels of these phosphorylated proteins were increased in cells with LINC-PINT inhibition. Conclusion: LINC-PINT enriches EZH2 to silence ZEB1 and thus inhibits the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capacities of Hep-2 and TU-177 cells. In addition, LINC-PINT might exert its biological function through the AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianguang Yang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Susheng Miao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xionghui Mao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Cheng Xiu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Rong Pei
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Shenshan Jia
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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26
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Xu X, Qiao D, Dong C, Mann M, Garofalo RP, Keles S, Brasier AR. The SWI/SNF-Related, Matrix Associated, Actin-Dependent Regulator of Chromatin A4 Core Complex Represses Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Induced Syncytia Formation and Subepithelial Myofibroblast Transition. Front Immunol 2021; 12:633654. [PMID: 33732255 PMCID: PMC7957062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.633654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics plays an important role in the priming the dynamic response of airway epithelial cells to infectious and environmental stressors. Here, we examine the epigenetic role of the SWI/SNF Related, Matrix Associated, Actin Dependent Regulator of Chromatin A4 (SMARCA4) in the epithelial response to RSV infection. Depletion of SMARCA4 destabilized the abundance of the SMARCE1/ARID1A SWI/SNF subunits, disrupting the innate response and triggering a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) state. Assaying SMARCA4 complex-regulated open chromatin domains by transposase cleavage -next generation sequencing (ATAC-Seq), we observed that the majority of cleavage sites in uninfected cells have reduced chromatin accessibility. Paradoxically, SMARCA4 complex-depleted cells showed enhanced RSV-inducible chromatin opening and gene expression in the EMT pathway genes, MMP9, SNAI1/2, VIM, and CDH2. Focusing on the key MMP9, we observed that SMARCA4 complex depletion reduced basal BRD4 and RNA Polymerase II binding, but enhanced BRD4/Pol II binding in response to RSV infection. In addition, we observed that MMP9 secretion in SMARCA4 complex deficient cells contributes to mesenchymal transition, cellular fusion (syncytia) and subepithelial myofibroblast transition. We conclude the SMARCA4 complex is a transcriptional repressor of epithelial plasticity, whose depletion triggers a hybrid E/M state that affects the dynamic response of the small airway epithelial cell in mucosal remodeling via paracrine MMP9 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dianhua Qiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Chenyang Dong
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Morgan Mann
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (SMPH), Madison, WI, United States
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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27
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Polak ME, Singh H. Tolerogenic and immunogenic states of Langerhans cells are orchestrated by epidermal signals acting on a core maturation gene module. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2000182. [PMID: 33645739 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs), residing in the epidermis, are able to induce potent immunogenic responses and also to mediate immune tolerance. We propose that tolerogenic and immunogenic responses of LCs are directed by signaling from the epidermis and involve counter-acting gene circuits that are coupled to a core maturation gene module. We base our analysis on recent genetic and genomic findings facilitating the understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling these divergent immune functions. Comparing gene regulatory network (GRN) analyses of various types of dendritic cells (DCs) including LCs we integrate signaling-dependent (TGFβ, EpCAM, β-Catenin) and transcription factor (IRF4, IRF1, NFκB) regulated gene circuits that appear to orchestrate the distinctive LC functional states. Our model proposes, that while epidermal signaling in the steady-state promotes LC tolerogenic function, the disruption of cell-cell contacts coupled with inflammatory signaling induces LC immunogenic programing. The conceptual framework emphasizes the sensing of discrete epidermal and inflammatory cues by resident LCs in dictating their genomic programing and cell state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harinder Singh
- Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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28
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Feng H, Zhang YB, Gui JF, Lemon SM, Yamane D. Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) and anti-pathogen innate immune responses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009220. [PMID: 33476326 PMCID: PMC7819612 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The eponymous member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family, IRF1, was originally identified as a nuclear factor that binds and activates the promoters of type I interferon genes. However, subsequent studies using genetic knockouts or RNAi-mediated depletion of IRF1 provide a much broader view, linking IRF1 to a wide range of functions in protection against invading pathogens. Conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, IRF1 has been shown in recent years to mediate constitutive as well as inducible host defenses against a variety of viruses. Fine-tuning of these ancient IRF1-mediated host defenses, and countering strategies by pathogens to disarm IRF1, play crucial roles in pathogenesis and determining the outcome of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Feng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yi-Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Stanley M. Lemon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SML); (DY)
| | - Daisuke Yamane
- Department of Diseases and Infection, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (SML); (DY)
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29
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Xu Q, Tang Y, Huang G. Innate immune responses in RNA viral infection. Front Med 2020; 15:333-346. [PMID: 33263837 PMCID: PMC7862985 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0776-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RNA viruses cause a multitude of human diseases, including several pandemic events in the past century. Upon viral invasion, the innate immune system responds rapidly and plays a key role in activating the adaptive immune system. In the innate immune system, the interactions between pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host pattern recognition receptors activate multiple signaling pathways in immune cells and induce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons to elicit antiviral responses. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells are the principal innate immune components that exert antiviral activities. In this review, the current understanding of innate immunity contributing to the restriction of RNA viral infections was briefly summarized. Besides the main role of immune cells in combating viral infection, the intercellular transfer of pathogen and host-derived materials and their epigenetic and metabolic interactions associated with innate immunity was discussed. This knowledge provides an enhanced understanding of the innate immune response to RNA viral infections in general and aids in the preparation for the existing and next emerging viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuting Tang
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Divisions of Pathology and Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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30
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Zhang S, Liao W, Wu Q, Huang X, Pan Z, Chen W, Gu S, Huang Z, Wang Y, Tang X, Liang S, Zhang X, Chen Y, Chen S, Chen W, Jiang Y, Chen C, Qiu G. LINC00152 upregulates ZEB1 expression and enhances epithelial-mesenchymal transition and oxaliplatin resistance in esophageal cancer by interacting with EZH2. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:569. [PMID: 33292221 PMCID: PMC7690072 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the long non-coding mRNA LINC00152 has been reported to correlate with cancer cell resistance to oxaliplatin (L-OHP). However, little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of LINC00152 in esophageal cancer (EC). Hence, we intended to characterize the role of LINC00152 in EC, with a special focus on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and L-OHP resistance. METHODS We collected EC tissues and identified EC cell lines with higher L-OHP resistance, and then characterized expression patterns of LINC00152, Zeste Homologue 2 (EZH2), Zinc finger e-box binding homeobox (ZEB1) and EMT-related genes using RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, their functional significance was identified by gain and loss-of-function experiments. The relationship among LINC00152, EZH2 and ZEB1 was examined using RIP, RNA pull-down and ChIP assays. Additionally, resistance of EC cells to L-OHP was reflected by CCK-8 assay to detect cell viability. Animal experiments were also conducted to detect the effects of the LINC00152/EZH2/ZEB1 on EMT and L-OHP resistance. RESULTS LINC00152, EZH2 and ZEB1 were highly expressed in EC tissues and Kyse-150/TE-1 cells. As revealed by assays in vitro and in vivo, LINC00152 positively regulated ZEB1 expression through interaction with EZH2 to enhance EMT and L-OHP resistance in EC cells. In contrast, silencing of LINC00152 contributed to attenuated EMT and drug resistance of EC cells to L-OHP. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that LINC00152/EZH2/ZEB1 axis can regulate EMT and resistance of EC cells to L-OHP, thus presenting a potential therapeutic target for EC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Zhang
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liao
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Qinshui Wu
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoshan Huang
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Pan
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Wang Chen
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Shuyi Gu
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Zuojun Huang
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xu Tang
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital Affiliated of Ji-Nan University, Guangzhou, 510220, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P.R. China
| | - Wanying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P.R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Digestive Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P.R. China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P.R. China.
| | - Guodong Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P.R. China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515000, P.R. China.
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31
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The TLR3/IRF1/Type III IFN Axis Facilitates Antiviral Responses against Enterovirus Infections in the Intestine. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02540-20. [PMID: 33203755 PMCID: PMC7683398 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02540-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses infect gastrointestinal epithelium cells, cause multiple human diseases, and present public health risks worldwide. However, the mechanisms underlying host immune responses in intestinal mucosa against the early enterovirus infections remain elusive. Here, we showed that human enteroviruses including enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and poliovirus 1 (PV1) predominantly induce type III interferons (IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2/3), rather than type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), in cultured human normal and cancerous intestine epithelial cells (IECs), mouse intestine tissues, and human clinical intestine specimens. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that IFN-λ production is induced upon enterovirus infection through the Toll-like receptor 3/interferon regulatory factor 1 (TLR3/IRF1) signaling pathway in IECs. In turn, the supplementation of IFN-λ subsequently induces intrinsically antiviral responses against enterovirus replication. Notably, intraperitoneal injection in neonatal C57BL/6J mice with mouse recombinant IFN-λ2 protein represses EV71 replication and protects mice from viral lethal effects. Altogether, these results revealed a distinct mechanism by which the host elicited immune responses against enterovirus infections in intestine through activating the TLR3/IRF1/type III IFN axis. The new findings would provide an antiviral strategy for the prevention and treatment of enterovirus infections and associated diseases.IMPORTANCE Enterovirus infections are significant sources of human diseases and public health risks worldwide, but little is known about the mechanism of innate immune response in host intestine epithelial surface during the viral replication. We reported the epithelial immune response in cultured human normal and cancerous cells (IECs), mouse tissues, and human clinical intestine specimens following infection with enterovirus 71. The results mechanistically revealed type III interferons (IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ2/3), rather than type I interferons (IFN-α and IFN-β), as the dominant production through TLR3/IRF1 signaling upon multiple human enterovirus infection, including enterovirus 71 (EV71), coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), and poliovirus 1 (PV1). IFN-λ subsequently induced antiviral activity against enterovirus replication in vitro and in vivo. These studies uncovered the role of the novel process of type III IFN production involved in the TLR3/IRF1 pathway in host intestine upon enterovirus infection, which highlighted a regulatory manner of antiviral defense in intestine during enterovirus infection.
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Frisch SM, MacFawn IP. Type I interferons and related pathways in cell senescence. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13234. [PMID: 32918364 PMCID: PMC7576263 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article addresses the largely unanticipated convergence of two landmark discoveries. The first is the discovery of interferons, critical signaling molecules for all aspects of both innate and adaptive immunity, discovered originally by Isaacs and Lindenmann at the National Institute for Medical Research, London, in 1957 (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 1957, 147, 258). The second, formerly unrelated discovery, by Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead (Wistar Institute, Philadelphia) is that cultured cells undergo an irreversible but viable growth arrest, termed senescence, after a finite and predictable number of cell divisions (Experimental Cell Research, 1961, 25, 585). This phenomenon was suspected to relate to organismal aging, which was confirmed subsequently (Nature, 2011, 479, 232). Cell senescence has broad‐ranging implications for normal homeostasis, including immunity, and for diverse disease states, including cancer progression and response to therapy (Nature Medicine, 2015, 21, 1424; Cell, 2019, 179, 813; Cell, 2017, 169, 1000; Trends in Cell Biology, 2018, 28, 436; Journal of Cell Biology, 2018, 217, 65). Here, we critically address the bidirectional interplay between interferons (focusing on type I) and cell senescence, with important implications for health and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Frisch
- Department of Biochemistry and WVU Cancer Institute West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
| | - Ian P. MacFawn
- Department of Biochemistry and WVU Cancer Institute West Virginia University Morgantown West Virginia USA
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LncRNAs in the Type I Interferon Antiviral Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176447. [PMID: 32899429 PMCID: PMC7503479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of the immune system requires a robust control over a delicate equilibrium between an ineffective response and immune overactivation. Poor responses to viral insults may lead to chronic or overwhelming infection, whereas unrestrained activation can cause autoimmune diseases and cancer. Control over the magnitude and duration of the antiviral immune response is exerted by a finely tuned positive or negative regulation at the DNA, RNA, and protein level of members of the type I interferon (IFN) signaling pathways and on the expression and activity of antiviral and proinflammatory factors. As summarized in this review, committed research during the last decade has shown that several of these processes are exquisitely regulated by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), transcripts with poor coding capacity, but highly versatile functions. After infection, viruses, and the antiviral response they trigger, deregulate the expression of a subset of specific lncRNAs that function to promote or repress viral replication by inactivating or potentiating the antiviral response, respectively. These IFN-related lncRNAs are also highly tissue- and cell-type-specific, rendering them as promising biomarkers or therapeutic candidates to modulate specific stages of the antiviral immune response with fewer adverse effects.
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Ganjian H, Rajput C, Elzoheiry M, Sajjan U. Rhinovirus and Innate Immune Function of Airway Epithelium. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:277. [PMID: 32637363 PMCID: PMC7316886 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells, which lines the respiratory mucosa is in direct contact with the environment. Airway epithelial cells are the primary target for rhinovirus and other inhaled pathogens. In response to rhinovirus infection, airway epithelial cells mount both pro-inflammatory responses and antiviral innate immune responses to clear the virus efficiently. Some of the antiviral responses include the expression of IFNs, endoplasmic reticulum stress induced unfolded protein response and autophagy. Airway epithelial cells also recruits other innate immune cells to establish antiviral state and resolve the inflammation in the lungs. In patients with chronic lung disease, these responses may be either defective or induced in excess leading to deficient clearing of virus and sustained inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying antiviral innate immunity and the dysregulation of some of these mechanisms in patients with chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Ganjian
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Charu Rajput
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Manal Elzoheiry
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Umadevi Sajjan
- Department of Thoracic Medicine and Surgery, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physiology, Lewis Katz Medical School, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Gowripalan A, Abbott CR, McKenzie C, Chan WS, Karupiah G, Levy L, Newsome TP. Cell-to-cell spread of vaccinia virus is promoted by TGF-β-independent Smad4 signalling. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13206. [PMID: 32237038 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The induction of Smad signalling by the extracellular ligand TGF-β promotes tissue plasticity and cell migration in developmental and pathological contexts. Here, we show that vaccinia virus (VACV) stimulates the activity of Smad transcription factors and expression of TGF-β/Smad-responsive genes at the transcript and protein levels. Accordingly, infected cells share characteristics to those undergoing TGF-β/Smad-mediated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Depletion of the Smad4 protein, a common mediator of TGF-β signalling, results in an attenuation of viral cell-to-cell spread and reduced motility of infected cells. VACV induction of TGF-β/Smad-responsive gene expression does not require the TGF-β ligand or type I and type II TGF-β receptors, suggesting a novel, non-canonical Smad signalling pathway. Additionally, the spread of ectromelia virus, a related orthopoxvirus that does not activate a TGF-β/Smad response, is enhanced by the addition of exogenous TGF-β. Together, our results indicate that VACV orchestrates a TGF-β-like response via a unique activation mechanism to enhance cell migration and promote virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Gowripalan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caitlin R Abbott
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher McKenzie
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Weng S Chan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gunasegaran Karupiah
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, The University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Laurence Levy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Timothy P Newsome
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Brasier AR, Boldogh I. Targeting inducible epigenetic reprogramming pathways in chronic airway remodeling. Drugs Context 2019; 8:dic-2019-8-3. [PMID: 31692901 PMCID: PMC6821469 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2019-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease whose clinical course is punctuated by acute exacerbations from aeroallergen exposure or respiratory virus infections. Aeroallergens and respiratory viruses stimulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, producing oxidative injury and inflammation. Repetitive exacerbations produce complex mucosal adaptations, cell-state changes, and structural remodeling. These structural changes produce substantial morbidity, decrease lung capacity, and impair quality of life. We will review recent systems-level studies that provide fundamental new insights into how repetitive activation of innate signaling pathways produce epigenetic ‘training’ to induce adaptive epithelial responses. Oxidative stress produced downstream of TLR signaling induces transient oxidation of guanine bases in the regulatory regions of inflammatory genes. The epigenetic mark 8-oxoG is bound by a pleiotropic DNA repair enzyme, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), which induces conformational changes in adjacent DNA to recruit the NFκB·bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) complex. The NFκB·BRD4 complex not only plays a central role in inflammation, but also triggers mesenchymal transition and extracellular matrix remodeling. Small molecule inhibitors of OGG1-8-oxoG binding and BRD4–acetylated histone interaction have been developed. We present studies demonstrating efficacy of these in reducing airway inflammation in preclinical models. Targeting inducible epigenetic reprogramming pathway shows promise for therapeutics in reversing airway remodeling in a variety of chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 4246 Health Sciences Learning Center, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Zhang J, Jamaluddin M, Zhang Y, Widen SG, Sun H, Brasier AR, Zhao Y. Type II Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Upregulates Protein N-Glycosylation To Maintain Proteostasis and Extracellular Matrix Production. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3447-3460. [PMID: 31424945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Type II epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a vital role in airway injury, repair, and remodeling. Triggered by growth factors, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), EMT induced a biological process that converts epithelial cells into secretory mesenchymal cells with a substantially increased production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Epithelial cells are not professional secretory cells and produce few ECM proteins under normal conditions. The molecular mechanism underlying the transformation of the protein factory and secretory machinery during EMT is significant because ECM secretion is central to the pathogenesis of airway remodeling. Here we report that type II EMT upregulates the protein N-glycosylation of ECMs. The mechanism study reveals that the substantial increase in synthesis of ECM proteins in EMT activates the inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1α)-X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) axis of the unfolded protein response (UPR) coupled to the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP). These two pathways coordinately up-regulate the protein N-glycosylation of ECM proteins and increase ER folding capacity and ER-associated degradation (ERAD), which improve ER protein homeostasis and protect transitioned cells from proteotoxicity. Inhibition of the alternative splicing of XBP1 or protein N-glycosylation blocks ECM protein secretion, indicating the XBP1-HBP plays a prominent role in regulating the secretion of ECM proteins in the mesenchymal transition. Our data suggest that the activation of XBP1-HBP pathways and elevation of protein N-glycosylation is an adaptive response to maintain protein quality control and facilitate the secretion of ECM proteins during the mesenchymal transition. The components of the XBP1-HBP pathways may be therapeutic targets to prevent airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Allan R Brasier
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research , University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , Wisconsin 53705 , United States
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Sequential conditioning-stimulation reveals distinct gene- and stimulus-specific effects of Type I and II IFN on human macrophage functions. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5288. [PMID: 30918279 PMCID: PMC6437173 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages orchestrate immune responses by sensing and responding to pathogen-associated molecules. These responses are modulated by prior conditioning with cytokines such as interferons (IFNs). Type I and II IFN have opposing functions in many biological scenarios, yet macrophages directly stimulated with Type I or II IFN activate highly overlapping gene expression programs. We hypothesized that a sequential conditioning-stimulation approach would reveal with greater specificity the differential effects of Type I and II IFN on human macrophages. By first conditioning with IFN then stimulating with toll-like receptor ligands and cytokines, followed by genome-wide RNA-seq analysis, we identified 713 genes whose expression was unaffected by IFN alone but showed potentiated or diminished responses to a stimulus after conditioning. For example, responses to the cytokine TNF were restricted by Type II IFN conditioning but potentiated by Type I IFN conditioning. We observed that the effects of IFN were not uniformly pro- or anti-inflammatory, but highly gene-specific and stimulus-specific. By assessing expression levels of key signal transducers and characterizing chromatin accessibility by ATAC-seq, we identify the likely molecular mechanisms underlying Type I and Type II-specific effects, distinguishing between modulation of cytoplasmic signaling networks and the nuclear epigenome that synergistically regulate macrophage immune responses.
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Brasier AR. Mechanisms how mucosal innate immunity affects progression of allergic airway disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2019; 13:349-356. [PMID: 30712413 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2019.1578211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of antigen-independent inflammation (a.k.a. the 'innate' immune response (IIR)) plays a complex role in allergic asthma (AA). Although activation of the pulmonary IIR by aerosolized bacterial lipopolysaccharide early in life may be protective of AA, respiratory viral infections promote AA. The mechanisms how the mucosal IIR promotes allergic sensitization, remodeling, and altered epithelial signaling are not understood. Areas covered: This manuscript overviews: 1. Mechanistic studies identifying how allergens and viral patterns activate the mucosal IIR; 2. Research that reveals a major role played by specialized epithelial cells in the bronchiolar-alveolar junction in triggering inflammation and remodeling; 3. Reports linking the mucosal IIR with epithelial cell-state change and barrier disruption; and, 4. Observations relating mesenchymal transition with the expansion of the myofibroblast population. Expert commentary: Luminal allergens and viruses activate TLR signaling in key sentinel cells producing epithelial cell state transition, disrupting epithelial barrier function, and expanding the pulmonary myofibroblast population. These signals are transduced through a common NFκB/RelA -bromodomain containing four (BRD4) pathway, an epigenetic remodeling complex reprogramming the genome. Through this pathway, the mucosal IIR is a major modifier of adaptive immunity, AA and acute exacerbation-induced remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan R Brasier
- a Institute for Clinical and Translational Research , University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison , WI , USA
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Loss of the candidate tumor suppressor ZEB1 (TCF8, ZFHX1A) in Sézary syndrome. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1178. [PMID: 30518749 PMCID: PMC6281581 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a group of incurable extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas that develop from the skin-homing CD4+ T cell. Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome are the most common histological subtypes. Although next-generation sequencing data provided significant advances in the comprehension of the genetic basis of this lymphoma, there is not uniform consensus on the identity and prevalence of putative driver genes for this heterogeneous group of tumors. Additional studies may increase the knowledge about the complex genetic etiology characterizing this lymphoma. We used SNP6 arrays and GISTIC algorithm to prioritize a list of focal somatic copy-number alterations in a dataset of multiple sequential samples from 21 Sézary syndrome patients. Our results confirmed a prevalence of significant focal deletions over amplifications: single well-known tumor suppressors, such as TP53, PTEN, and RB1, are targeted by these aberrations. In our cohort, ZEB1 (TCF8, ZFHX1A) spans a deletion having the highest level of significance. In a larger group of 43 patients, we found that ZEB1 is affected by deletions and somatic inactivating mutations in 46.5% of cases; also, we found potentially relevant ZEB1 germline variants. The survival analysis shows a worse clinical course for patients with ZEB1 biallelic inactivation. Multiple abnormal expression signatures were found associated with ZEB1 depletion in Sézary patients we verified that ZEB1 exerts a role in oxidative response of Sézary cells. Our data confirm the importance of deletions in the pathogenesis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The characterization of ZEB1 abnormalities in Sézary syndrome fulfils the criteria of a canonical tumor suppressor gene. Although additional confirmations are needed, our findings suggest, for the first time, that ZEB1 germline variants might contribute to the risk of developing this disease. Also, we provide evidence that ZEB1 activity in Sézary cells, influencing the reactive oxygen species production, affects cell viability and apoptosis.
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Rout-Pitt N, Farrow N, Parsons D, Donnelley M. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT): a universal process in lung diseases with implications for cystic fibrosis pathophysiology. Respir Res 2018; 19:136. [PMID: 30021582 PMCID: PMC6052671 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-018-0834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that arises due to mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator gene, which encodes for a protein responsible for ion transport out of epithelial cells. This leads to a disruption in transepithelial Cl-, Na + and HCO3− ion transport and the subsequent dehydration of the airway epithelium, resulting in infection, inflammation and development of fibrotic tissue. Unlike in CF, fibrosis in other lung diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been well characterised. One of the driving forces behind fibrosis is Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), a process where epithelial cells lose epithelial proteins including E-Cadherin, which is responsible for tight junctions. The cell moves to a more mesenchymal phenotype as it gains mesenchymal markers such as N-Cadherin (providing the cells with migration potential), Vimentin and Fibronectin (proteins excreted to help form the extracellular matrix), and the fibroblast proliferation transcription factors Snail, Slug and Twist. This review paper explores the EMT process in a range of lung diseases, details the common links that these have to cystic fibrosis, and explores how understanding EMT in cystic fibrosis may open up novel methods of treating patients with cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Rout-Pitt
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.
| | - Nigel Farrow
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.,Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium (AusRec), Perth, Western Australia, 6105, Australia
| | - David Parsons
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia.,Australian Respiratory Epithelium Consortium (AusRec), Perth, Western Australia, 6105, Australia
| | - Martin Donnelley
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia, 5006, Australia
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Kuriakose T, Zheng M, Neale G, Kanneganti TD. IRF1 Is a Transcriptional Regulator of ZBP1 Promoting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Cell Death during Influenza Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:1489-1495. [PMID: 29321274 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune sensing of influenza A virus (IAV) induces activation of various immune effector mechanisms, including the nucleotide and oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat-containing protein family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and programmed cell death pathways. Although type I IFNs are identified as key mediators of inflammatory and cell death responses during IAV infection, the involvement of various IFN-regulated effectors in facilitating these responses are less studied. In this study, we demonstrate the role of IFN regulatory factor (IRF)1 in promoting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell death during IAV infection. Both inflammasome-dependent responses and induction of apoptosis and necroptosis are reduced in cells lacking IRF1 infected with IAV. The observed reduction in inflammasome activation and cell death in IRF1-deficient cells during IAV infection correlates with reduced levels of Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1), a key molecule mediating IAV-induced inflammatory and cell death responses. We further demonstrate IRF1 as a transcriptional regulator of ZBP1. Overall, our study identified IRF1 as an upstream regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome and cell death during IAV infection and further highlights the complex and multilayered regulation of key molecules controlling inflammatory response and cell fate decisions during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneema Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
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Skrypek N, Goossens S, De Smedt E, Vandamme N, Berx G. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition: Epigenetic Reprogramming Driving Cellular Plasticity. Trends Genet 2017; 33:943-959. [PMID: 28919019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process in which epithelial cells lose their junctions and polarity to gain a motile mesenchymal phenotype. EMT is essential during embryogenesis and adult physiological processes like wound healing, but is aberrantly activated in pathological conditions like fibrosis and cancer. A series of transcription factors (EMT-inducing transcription factor; EMT-TF) regulate the induction of EMT by repressing the transcription of epithelial genes while activating mesenchymal genes through mechanisms still debated. The nuclear interaction of EMT-TFs with larger protein complexes involved in epigenetic genome modulation has attracted recent attention to explain functions of EMT-TFs during reprogramming and cellular differentiation. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the interplay between epigenetic regulators and EMT transcription factors and how these findings could be used to establish new therapeutic approaches to tackle EMT-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Skrypek
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; These authors contributed equally
| | - Steven Goossens
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; These authors contributed equally
| | - Eva De Smedt
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Niels Vandamme
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Inflammation Research Center (IRC), VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Berx
- Molecular and Cellular Oncology Laboratory, Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
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Targeting Chromatin Remodeling in Inflammation and Fibrosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 107:1-36. [PMID: 28215221 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces of the human body are lined by a contiguous epithelial cell surface that forms a barrier to aerosolized pathogens. Specialized pattern recognition receptors detect the presence of viral pathogens and initiate protective host responses by triggering activation of the nuclear factor κB (NFκB)/RelA transcription factor and formation of a complex with the positive transcription elongation factor (P-TEFb)/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)9 and Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) epigenetic reader. The RelA·BRD4·P-TEFb complex produces acute inflammation by regulating transcriptional elongation, which produces a rapid genomic response by inactive genes maintained in an open chromatin configuration engaged with hypophosphorylated RNA polymerase II. We describe recent studies that have linked prolonged activation of the RelA-BRD4 pathway with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by inducing a core of EMT corepressors, stimulating secretion of growth factors promoting airway fibrosis. The mesenchymal state produces rewiring of the kinome and reprogramming of innate responses toward inflammation. In addition, the core regulator Zinc finger E-box homeodomain 1 (ZEB1) silences the expression of the interferon response factor 1 (IRF1), required for type III IFN expression. This epigenetic silencing is mediated by the Enhancer of Zeste 2 (EZH2) histone methyltransferase. Because of their potential applications in cancer and inflammation, small-molecule inhibitors of NFκB/RelA, CDK9, BRD4, and EZH2 have been the targets of medicinal chemistry efforts. We suggest that disruption of the RelA·BRD4·P-TEFb pathway and EZH2 methyltransferase has important implications for reversing fibrosis and restoring normal mucosal immunity in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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