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Wang B, Suen CW, Ma H, Wang Y, Kong L, Qin D, Lee YWW, Li G. The Roles of H19 in Regulating Inflammation and Aging. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579687. [PMID: 33193379 PMCID: PMC7653221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that long non-coding RNA H19 correlates with several aging processes. However, the role of H19 in aging remains unclear. Many studies have elucidated a close connection between H19 and inflammatory genes. Chronic systemic inflammation is an established factor associated with various diseases during aging. Thus, H19 might participate in the development of age-related diseases by interplay with inflammation and therefore provide a protective function against age-related diseases. We investigated the inflammatory gene network of H19 to understand its regulatory mechanisms. H19 usually controls gene expression by acting as a microRNA sponge, or through mir-675, or by leading various protein complexes to genes at the chromosome level. The regulatory gene network has been intensively studied, whereas the biogenesis of H19 remains largely unknown. This literature review found that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and an imprinting gene network (IGN) might link H19 with inflammation. Evidence indicates that EMT and IGN are also tightly controlled by environmental stress. We propose that H19 is a stress-induced long non-coding RNA. Because environmental stress is a recognized age-related factor, inflammation and H19 might serve as a therapeutic axis to fight against age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)-Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GDL), Advanced Institute for Regenerative MedicineBioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Wai Suen
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Haibin Ma
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)-Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GDL), Advanced Institute for Regenerative MedicineBioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Kong
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)-Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GDL), Advanced Institute for Regenerative MedicineBioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)-Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GDL), Advanced Institute for Regenerative MedicineBioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuk Wai Wayne Lee
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Li
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK)-Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory (GDL), Advanced Institute for Regenerative MedicineBioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Sartoretto S, Gemini-Piperni S, da Silva RA, Calasans MD, Rucci N, Pires Dos Santos TM, Lima IBC, Rossi AM, Alves G, Granjeiro JM, Teti A, Zambuzzi WF. Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-1 recruitment domain (ASC) contributes to osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:4140-4153. [PMID: 30171612 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The role of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-1 recruitment domain (ASC) in bone healing remains to be understood. To address this issue, we investigated the requirement of inflammasome-related genes in response to bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7)-induced osteoblast differentiation in vitro. To validate the importance of ASC on osteogenesis, we subjected wild-type (WT) and ASC knockout C57BL/6 mice (ASC KO) to tibia defect to evaluate the bone healing process (up to 28 days). Our in vitro data showed that there is an involvement of ASC during BMP7-induced osteoblast differentiation, concomitant to osteogenic biomarker expression. Indeed, primary osteogenic cells from ASC KO presented a lower osteogenic profile than those obtained from WT mice. To validate this hypothesis, we evaluated the bone healing process of tibia defects on both WT and ASC KO mice genotypes and the ASC KO mice were not able to fully heal tibia defects up to 28 days, whereas WT tibia defects presented a higher bone de novo volume at this stage, evidencing ASC as an important molecule during osteogenic phenotype. In addition, we have shown a higher involvement of runt-related transcription factor 2 in WT sections during bone repair, as well as circulating bone alkaline phosphatase isoform when both were compared with ASC KO mice behavior. Altogether, our results showed for the first time the involvement of inflammasome during osteoblast differentiation and osteogenesis, which opens new avenues to understand the pathways involved in bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Sartoretto
- Oral Surgery Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Sara Gemini-Piperni
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO), Division of Life Sciences Applied Metrology (Dimav), Xerém, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, campus Botucatu, Rubião Junior, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica D Calasans
- Oral Surgery Department, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Nadia Rucci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Thais M Pires Dos Santos
- Nuclear Instrumentation Department, Nuclear Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Inayá B C Lima
- Nuclear Instrumentation Department, Nuclear Engineering Program, COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre M Rossi
- Department of Applied Physics, Brazilian Center for Physics Research, Rua Dr. Xavier Sigaud, Urca, Rio de Janiero, Brazil
| | - Gutemberg Alves
- Antônio Pedro Hospital, Division of Clinical Research, Fluminense Federal University, Av. Marquês do Paranã, 303- Centro, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - José M Granjeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial (INMETRO), Division of Life Sciences Applied Metrology (Dimav), Xerém, RJ, Brazil.,Antônio Pedro Hospital, Division of Clinical Research, Fluminense Federal University, Av. Marquês do Paranã, 303- Centro, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Teti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio-Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Willian F Zambuzzi
- Laboratório de Bioensaios e Dinâmica Celular, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bioscience Institute, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, campus Botucatu, Rubião Junior, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Foldager CB, Bendtsen M, Berg LC, Brinchmann JE, Brittberg M, Bunger C, Canseco J, Chen L, Christensen BB, Colombier P, Deleuran BW, Edwards J, Elmengaard B, Farr J, Gatenholm B, Gomoll AH, Hui JH, Jakobsen RB, Joergensen NL, Kassem M, Koch T, Kold S, Krogsgaard MR, Lauridsen H, Le D, Le Visage C, Lind M, Nygaard JV, Olesen ML, Pedersen M, Rathcke M, Richardson JB, Roberts S, Rölfing JHD, Sakai D, Toh WS, Urban J, Spector M. Aarhus Regenerative Orthopaedics Symposium (AROS). Acta Orthop 2016; 87:1-5. [PMID: 28271925 PMCID: PMC5389427 DOI: 10.1080/17453674.2017.1297918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of modern interventional and preventive medicine has led to an epidemic of ageing. While this phenomenon is a positive consequence of an improved lifestyle and achievements in a society, the longer life expectancy is often accompanied by decline in quality of life due to musculoskeletal pain and disability. The Aarhus Regenerative Orthopaedics Symposium (AROS) 2015 was motivated by the need to address regenerative challenges in an ageing population by engaging clinicians, basic scientists, and engineers. In this position paper, we review our contemporary understanding of societal, patient-related, and basic science-related challenges in order to provide a reasoned roadmap for the future to deal with this compelling and urgent healthcare problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper B Foldager
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark,Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark,Correspondence:
| | | | - Lise C Berg
- Department of Large Animal Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan E Brinchmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Mats Brittberg
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cody Bunger
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark,Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Jose Canseco
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Pennsylvania, PN, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Molecular Endocrinology and Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | | | | | - Bent W Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University and Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - James Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jack Farr
- Cartilage Restoration Center of Indiana, OrthoIndy, IN, USA
| | - Birgitta Gatenholm
- Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas H Gomoll
- Cartilage Repair Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James H Hui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rune B Jakobsen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Akershus University Hospital and Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Moustapha Kassem
- Molecular Endocrinology and Stem Cell Research Unit (KMEB), University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Thomas Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Søren Kold
- Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Dang Le
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Lind
- Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Morten L Olesen
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Rathcke
- Department of Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg, Denmark
| | - James B Richardson
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Keele University, Oswestry, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Keele University, Oswestry, UK
| | - Jan H D Rölfing
- Department of Orthopaedics, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tokai University Hospital, Japan
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jill Urban
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Myron Spector
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Tissue Engineering Labs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Kim YH, Tabata Y. Enhancement of wound closure by modifying dual release patterns of stromal-derived cell factor-1 and a macrophage recruitment agent from gelatin hydrogels. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016; 11:2999-3013. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering; Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences; Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering; Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences; Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
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5
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Shanmugalingam U, Jadavji NM, Smith PD. Role of granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor in regeneration of the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:902-3. [PMID: 27482209 PMCID: PMC4962578 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.184479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nafisa M Jadavji
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrice D Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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6
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Kim YH, Tabata Y. Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages by dual release of stromal cell-derived factor-1 and a macrophage recruitment agent enhances wound closure. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:942-56. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Hee Kim
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering; Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University; 53 Kawara-Cho Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering; Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University; 53 Kawara-Cho Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku Kyoto 606-8507 Japan
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7
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Yi S, Zhang H, Gong L, Wu J, Zha G, Zhou S, Gu X, Yu B. Deep Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis of Lesioned Sciatic Nerves after Crush Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143491. [PMID: 26629691 PMCID: PMC4668002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nerve system has an intrinsic regenerative capacity in response to traumatic injury. To better understand the molecular events occurring after peripheral nerve injury, in the current study, a rat model of sciatic nerve crush injury was used. Injured nerves harvested at 0, 1, 4, 7, and 14 days post injury were subjected to deep RNA sequencing for examining global gene expression changes. According to the temporally differential expression patterns of a huge number of genes, 3 distinct phases were defined within the post-injury period of 14 days: the acute, sub-acute, and post-acute stages. Each stage showed its own characteristics of gene expression, which were associated with different categories of diseases and biological functions and canonical pathways. Ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that genes involved in inflammation and immune response were significantly up-regulated in the acute phase, and genes involved in cellular movement, development, and morphology were up-regulated in the sub-acute stage, while the up-regulated genes in the post-acute phase were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, cytoskeleton reorganization, and nerve regeneration. All the data obtained in the current study may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve regeneration from the perspective of gene regulation, and to identify potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leilei Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiancheng Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangbin Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Three theories of regeneration dominate neuroscience today, all purporting to explain why the adult central nervous system (CNS) cannot regenerate. One theory proposes that Nogo, a molecule expressed by myelin, prevents axonal growth. The second theory emphasizes the role of glial scars. The third theory proposes that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) prevent axon growth. Blockade of Nogo, CSPG, and their receptors indeed can stop axon growth in vitro and improve functional recovery in animal spinal cord injury (SCI) models. These therapies also increase sprouting of surviving axons and plasticity. However, many investigators have reported regenerating spinal tracts without eliminating Nogo, glial scar, or CSPG. For example, many motor and sensory axons grow spontaneously in contused spinal cords, crossing gliotic tissue and white matter surrounding the injury site. Sensory axons grow long distances in injured dorsal columns after peripheral nerve lesions. Cell transplants and treatments that increase cAMP and neurotrophins stimulate motor and sensory axons to cross glial scars and to grow long distances in white matter. Genetic studies deleting all members of the Nogo family and even the Nogo receptor do not always improve regeneration in mice. A recent study reported that suppressing the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene promotes prolific corticospinal tract regeneration. These findings cannot be explained by the current theories proposing that Nogo and glial scars prevent regeneration. Spinal axons clearly can and will grow through glial scars and Nogo-expressing tissue under some circumstances. The observation that deleting PTEN allows corticospinal tract regeneration indicates that the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway regulates axonal growth. Finally, many other factors stimulate spinal axonal growth, including conditioning lesions, cAMP, glycogen synthetase kinase inhibition, and neurotrophins. To explain these disparate regenerative phenomena, I propose that the spinal cord has evolved regenerative mechanisms that are normally suppressed by multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors but can be activated by injury, mediated by the PTEN/AKT/mTOR, cAMP, and GSK3b pathways, to stimulate neural growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Thanos S, Böhm MR, Meyer zu Hörste M, Prokosch-Willing V, Hennig M, Bauer D, Heiligenhaus A. Role of crystallins in ocular neuroprotection and axonal regeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 42:145-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Soares L, Parisi M, Bonini NM. Axon injury and regeneration in the adult Drosophila. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6199. [PMID: 25160612 PMCID: PMC4145289 DOI: 10.1038/srep06199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural regeneration is a fascinating process with profound impact on human health, such that defining biological and genetic pathways is of interest. Here we describe an in vivo preparation for neuronal regeneration in the adult Drosophila. The nerve along the anterior margin of the wing is comprised of ~225 neurons that send projections into the central neuropil (thorax). Precise ablation can be induced with a pulsed laser to sever the entire axonal tract. The animal can be recovered, and response to injury assessed over time. Upon ablation, there is local loss of axons near the injury site, scar formation, a rapid impact on the cytoskeleton, and stimulation of hemocytes. By 7d, ~50% of animals show nerve regrowth, with axons from the nerve cells extending down towards the injury or re-routing. Inhibition of JNK signaling promotes regrowth through the injury site, enabling regeneration of the axonal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Soares
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael Parisi
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nancy M Bonini
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Arranz-Valsero I, Soriano-Romaní L, García-Posadas L, López-García A, Diebold Y. IL-6 as a corneal wound healing mediator in an in vitro scratch assay. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:183-92. [PMID: 24971496 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corneal healing process under inflammatory conditions is not fully understood. We aimed at determining the effect of an inflammatory (presence of IL-6) or anti-inflammatory (presence of IL-10) environment and a mixture of both in the expression of IL-6 signaling pathway mediators, and on corneal wound healing in an in vitro scratch assay. For that purpose, human corneal epithelial cells were cultured until confluence. The effect of IL-6 (10 ng/ml), IL-10 (20 ng/ml) or IL-6 + IL-10 exposure on the expression of IL-6R, gp130, and STAT3 was determined by Western blotting and quantitative PCR, at different time points. The monolayer was mechanically wounded using a sterile 10 μl pipette tip. Wound healing rate in the presence or absence of these cytokines was measured immediately after cytokine exposure and after 4, 8, and 24 h. The effect of mitomycin C on wound healing rate, in control and IL-6-stimulated cells, was also evaluated. Detection of proliferative cells was performed with an EdU imaging kit. For the visualization of migrating cells, cold methanol-fixed cells were incubated with an α-actinin antibody. For the statistical analysis a two-factor design of experiment method was applied. Levene test was used to contrast equality of variances. If variances were equal, ANOVA was performed to test the equality of means. If variances were not equal, a Mood's median test was performed. We observed that IL-6 and IL-10 stimulation, and their combination, increased gp130 production at different time points. STAT3 production was increased in IL-6-stimulated cells, at 72 h. An increase in pSTAT3 production was found in IL-6- and IL-10-stimulated cells, that was sustained in time in IL-6 + IL-10 co-stimulated cultures. Scraped areas had an initial width of 570.57 ± 75.82 μm. In IL-6-exposed cells wound healing closure was faster than in control cells or IL-10-exposed cells. After 8 h, wound width in IL-10-exposed cells, was also significantly smaller than that of control cells. Cells exposed to IL-6 + IL-10 had the slowest wound healing rate, similar to control cells. Wounds were closed after 24 h regardless the experimental condition. Mitomycin C exposure increased the wound closure rate in every experimental condition. No significant differences in the percentage of proliferative cells at the edge of the scratch and in distant areas of the monolayer were found. At the edge of the scratch, some actin filaments of non-proliferative cells were directed through the cell-free area, independently of the stimulating condition. In conclusion, the presence of IL-10 and, most importantly, of IL-6, increased the wound healing rate in an in vitro corneal wound healing model. The combination of both cytokines did not have a synergistic action in wound healing. In our model, wound closure was the result of the combination of cell proliferation and cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Arranz-Valsero
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Laura Soriano-Romaní
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Laura García-Posadas
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Antonio López-García
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Yolanda Diebold
- Ocular Surface Group-IOBA, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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Makarenkova HP, Shestopalov VI. The role of pannexin hemichannels in inflammation and regeneration. Front Physiol 2014; 5:63. [PMID: 24616702 PMCID: PMC3933922 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue injury involves coordinated systemic responses including inflammatory response, targeted cell migration, cell-cell communication, stem cell activation and proliferation, and tissue inflammation and regeneration. The inflammatory response is an important prerequisite for regeneration. Multiple studies suggest that extensive cell-cell communication during tissue regeneration is coordinated by purinergic signaling via extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Most recent data indicates that ATP release for such communication is mediated by hemichannels formed by connexins and pannexins. The Pannexin family consists of three vertebrate proteins (Panx 1, 2, and 3) that have low sequence homology with other gap junction proteins and were shown to form predominantly non-junctional plasma membrane hemichannels. Pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels function as an integral component of the P2X/P2Y purinergic signaling pathway and is arguably the major contributor to pathophysiological ATP release. Panx1 is expressed in many tissues, with highest levels detected in developing brain, retina and skeletal muscles. Panx1 channel expression and activity is reported to increase significantly following injury/inflammation and during regeneration and differentiation. Recent studies also report that pharmacological blockade of the Panx1 channel or genetic ablation of the Panx1 gene cause significant disruption of progenitor cell migration, proliferation, and tissue regeneration. These findings suggest that pannexins play important roles in activation of both post-injury inflammatory response and the subsequent process of tissue regeneration. Due to wide expression in multiple tissues and involvement in diverse signaling pathways, pannexins and connexins are currently being considered as therapeutic targets for traumatic brain or spinal cord injuries, ischemic stroke and cancer. The precise role of pannexins and connexins in the balance between tissue inflammation and regeneration needs to be further understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen P Makarenkova
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Valery I Shestopalov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Vavilov Institute for General Genetics Moscow, Russia
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13
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Contribution of macrophages to enhanced regenerative capacity of dorsal root ganglia sensory neurons by conditioning injury. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15095-108. [PMID: 24048840 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0278-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the central branches of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons do not spontaneously regenerate, a conditioning peripheral injury can promote their regeneration. A potential role of macrophages in axonal regeneration was proposed, but it has not been critically addressed whether macrophages play an essential role in the conditioning injury model. After sciatic nerve injury (SNI) in rats, the number of macrophages in DRGs gradually increased by day 7. The increase persisted up to 28 d and was accompanied by upregulation of inflammatory mediators, including oncomodulin. A macrophage deactivator, minocycline, reduced the macrophage number and expressions of the inflammatory mediators. Molecular signatures of conditioning effects were abrogated by minocycline, and enhanced regenerative capacity was substantially attenuated both in vitro and in vivo. Delayed minocycline infusion abrogated the SNI-induced long-lasting heightened neurite outgrowth potential, indicating a role for macrophages in the maintenance of regenerative capacity. Intraganglionic cAMP injection also resulted in an increase in macrophages, and minocycline abolished the cAMP effect on neurite outgrowth. However, conditioned media (CM) from macrophages treated with cAMP did not exhibit neurite growth-promoting activity. In contrast, CM from neuron-macrophage cocultures treated with cAMP promoted neurite outgrowth greatly, highlighting a requirement for neuron-macrophage interactions for the induction of a proregenerative macrophage phenotype. The growth-promoting activity in the CM was profoundly attenuated by an oncomodulin neutralizing antibody. These results suggest that the neuron-macrophage interactions involved in eliciting a proregenerative phenotype in macrophages may be a novel target to induce long-lasting regenerative processes after axonal injuries in the CNS.
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Gamma knife irradiation of injured sciatic nerve induces histological and behavioral improvement in the rat neuropathic pain model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61010. [PMID: 23593377 PMCID: PMC3625209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effects of gamma knife (GK) irradiation on injured nerves using a rat partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL) model. GK irradiation was performed at one week after ligation and nerve preparations were made three weeks after ligation. GK irradiation is known to induce immune responses such as glial cell activation in the central nervous system. Thus, we determined the effects of GK irradiation on macrophages using immunoblot and histochemical analyses. Expression of Iba-1 protein, a macrophage marker, was further increased in GK-treated injured nerves as compared with non-irradiated injured nerves. Immunohistochemical study of Iba-1 in GK-irradiated injured sciatic nerves demonstrated Iba-1 positive macrophage accumulation to be enhanced in areas distal to the ligation point. In the same area, myelin debris was also more efficiently removed by GK-irradiation. Myelin debris clearance by macrophages is thought to contribute to a permissive environment for axon growth. In the immunoblot study, GK irradiation significantly increased expressions of βIII-tubulin protein and myelin protein zero, which are markers of axon regeneration and re-myelination, respectively. Toluidine blue staining revealed the re-myelinated fiber diameter to be larger at proximal sites and that the re-myelinated fiber number was increased at distal sites in GK-irradiated injured nerves as compared with non-irradiated injured nerves. These results suggest that GK irradiation of injured nerves facilitates regeneration and re-myelination. In a behavior study, early alleviation of allodynia was observed with GK irradiation in PSL rats. When GK-induced alleviation of allodynia was initially detected, the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a potent analgesic factor, was significantly increased by GK irradiation. These results suggested that GK irradiation alleviates allodynia via increased GDNF. This study provides novel evidence that GK irradiation of injured peripheral nerves may have beneficial effects.
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Hellström M, Pollett MA, Harvey AR. Post-injury delivery of rAAV2-CNTF combined with short-term pharmacotherapy is neuroprotective and promotes extensive axonal regeneration after optic nerve trauma. J Neurotrauma 2012; 28:2475-83. [PMID: 21861632 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing neurotrophic genes reduce neuronal death and promote axonal regeneration in central nervous system (CNS) injury models. Currently, however, use of rAAV to treat clinical neurotrauma is problematic because there is a delay in the onset of transgene expression. Using the adult rat retina and optic nerve (ON), we have tested whether rAAV gene therapy administered at the time of injury combined with short-term pharmacotherapy has synergistic effects that enhance neuronal survival and regeneration. The ON was transected and a 1.5 cm segment of autologous peripheral nerve (PN) was grafted onto the cut end. At this time, bicistronic rAAV2 encoding ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and green fluorescent protein (rAAV2-CNTF-GFP) was injected into the injured eye. To provide interim support for axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) during vector integration and therapeutic transgene expression, rCNTF protein and a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogue (CPT-cAMP) were injected intravitreally 3 and 10 days postoperatively. For comparison, another rAAV2-CNTF-GFP group received two intravitreal saline injections 3 and 10 days after the PN-ON surgery. A further PN graft group received only postoperative intravitreal injections of rCNTF plus CPT-cAMP. After 4 weeks, regenerating RGCs were retrogradely labelled by applying fluorogold to the distal end of each PN graft. Compared to saline-injected animals, both RGC survival and axonal regrowth were significantly higher in the rCNTF and CPT-cAMP injected rAAV2-CNTF-GFP group; approximately one third of the RGC population survived axotomy, and 27% of these regrew an axon. These values were also higher than those obtained in rats that received only rCNTF plus CPT-cAMP injections. Therefore, we show for the first time that rAAV-mediated gene delivery at the time of, or just after, neurotrauma is most successful when combined with temporary post-injury trophic support, and is potentially a viable treatment strategy for patients after acute CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Hellström
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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16
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Thanos S, Böhm MRR, Schallenberg M, Oellers P. Traumatology of the optic nerve and contribution of crystallins to axonal regeneration. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:49-69. [PMID: 22638995 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within a few decades, the repair of long neuronal pathways such as spinal cord tracts, the optic nerve or intracerebral tracts has gone from being strongly contested to being recognized as a potential clinical challenge. Cut axonal stumps within the optic nerve were originally thought to retract and become irreversibly necrotic within the injury zone. Optic nerve astrocytes were assumed to form a gliotic scar and remodelling of the extracellular matrix to result in a forbidden environment for re-growth of axons. Retrograde signals to the ganglion cell bodies were considered to prevent anabolism, thus also initiating apoptotic death and gliotic repair within the retina. However, increasing evidence suggests the reversibility of these regressive processes, as shown by the analysis of molecular events at the site of injury and within ganglion cells. We review optic nerve repair from the perspective of the proximal axon stump being a major player in determining the successful formation of a growth cone. The axonal stump and consequently the prospective growth cone, communicates with astrocytes, microglial cells and the extracellular matrix via a panoply of molecular tools. We initially highlight these aspects on the basis of recent data from numerous laboratories. Then, we examine the mechanisms by which an injury-induced growth cone can sense its surroundings within the area distal to the injury. Based on requirements for successful axonal elongation within the optic nerve, we explore the models employed to instigate successful growth cone formation by ganglion cell stimulation and optic nerve remodelling, which in turn accelerate growth. Ultimately, with regard to the proteomics of regenerating retinal tissue, we discuss the discovery of isoforms of crystallins, with crystallin beta-b2 (crybb2) being clearly upregulated in the regenerating retina. Crystallins are produced and used to promote the elongation of growth cones. In vivo and in vitro, crystallins beta and gamma additionally promote the growth of axons by enhancing the production of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), indicating that they also act on astrocytes to promote axonal regrowth synergistically. These are the first data showing that axonal regeneration is related to crybb2 movement within neurons and to additional stimulation of CNTF. We demonstrate that neuronal crystallins constitute a novel class of neurite-promoting factors that probably operate through an autocrine and paracrine mechanism and that they can be used in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the post-injury fate of neurons cannot be seen merely as inevitable but, instead, must be regarded as a challenge to shape conditions for initiating growth cone formation to repair the damaged optic nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solon Thanos
- Institute of Experimental Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, D15, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
The failure of the optic nerve to regenerate after injury or in neurodegenerative disease remains a major clinical and scientific problem. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons course through the optic nerve and carry all the visual information to the brain, but after injury, they fail to regrow through the optic nerve and RGC cell bodies typically die, leading to permanent loss of vision. There are at least 4 hurdles to overcome in preserving RGCs and regenerating their axons: 1) increase RGC survival, 2) overcome the inhibitory environment of the optic nerve, 3) enhance RGC intrinsic axon growth potential, and 4) optimize the mapping of RGC connections back into their targets in the brain.
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Schmidt-Bleek K, Schell H, Schulz N, Hoff P, Perka C, Buttgereit F, Volk HD, Lienau J, Duda GN. Inflammatory phase of bone healing initiates the regenerative healing cascade. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:567-73. [PMID: 21789579 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bone healing commences with an inflammatory reaction which initiates the regenerative healing process leading in the end to reconstitution of bone. An unbalanced immune reaction during this early bone healing phase is hypothesized to disturb the healing cascade in a way that delays bone healing and jeopardizes the successful healing outcome. The immune cell composition and expression pattern of angiogenic factors were investigated in a sheep bone osteotomy model and compared to a mechanically-induced impaired/delayed bone healing group. In the impaired/delayed healing group, significantly higher T cell percentages were present in the bone hematoma and the bone marrow adjacent to the osteotomy gap when compared to the normal healing group. This was mirrored in the higher cytotoxic T cell percentage detected under delayed bone healing conditions indicating longer pro-inflammatory processes. The highly activated periosteum adjourning the osteotomy gap showed lower expression of hematopoietic stem cell markers and angiogenic factors such as heme oxygenase and vascular endothelial growth factor. This indicates a deferred revascularization of the injured area due to ongoing pro-inflammatory processes in the delayed healing group. Results from this study suggest that there are unfavorable immune cells and factors participating in the initial healing phase. In conclusion, identifying beneficial aspects may lead to promising therapeutical approaches that might benefit further by eliminating the unfavorable factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institut and Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Lens regeneration among vertebrates is basically restricted to some amphibians. The most notable cases are the ones that occur in premetamorphic frogs and in adult newts. Frogs and newts regenerate their lens in very different ways. In frogs the lens is regenerated by transdifferentiation of the cornea and is limited only to a time before metamorphosis. On the other hand, regeneration in newts is mediated by transdifferentiation of the pigment epithelial cells of the dorsal iris and is possible in adult animals as well. Thus, the study of both systems could provide important information about the process. Molecular tools have been developed in frogs and recently also in newts. Thus, the process has been studied at the molecular and cellular levels. A synthesis describing both systems was long due. In this review we describe the process in both Xenopus and the newt. The known molecular mechanisms are described and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Henry
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Salegio EAA, Pollard AN, Smith M, Zhou XF. Sciatic nerve conditioning lesion increases macrophage response but it does not promote the regeneration of injured optic nerves. Brain Res 2010; 1361:12-22. [PMID: 20863815 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Injured optic nerves in the matured central nervous system (CNS), alike injured neurons in other CNS regions, fail to regenerate. Interestingly, activation of inflammatory cells (macrophages) following optic lens injury or implantation of peripheral nerve fragments into the vitreous body, have been previously reported to stimulate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) to regenerate axons across the injury site and into the distal optic nerve. In addition, the beneficial role of macrophage cells has also been demonstrated in the regeneration of lesioned spinal neurons following sciatic nerve injury. However, it is not known whether these locally activated macrophage cells also contribute to the regeneration of remotely injured neurons within the CNS. Adult Sprague Dawley rats received a conditioning sciatic nerve injury followed by an optic nerve crush (ONC). Retrograde and anterograde tracing results revealed that injured optic axons did not regenerate after peripheral dorsal root ganglion (DRG) lesion, as the beneficial effects of this injury extended only locally. However, a greater inflammatory infiltration/activation was found in injury-combined animals compared to controls, although this was not sufficient to trigger a systemic regenerative response. Proximity of cell body response to injury, accompanied by a timely macrophage activation are critical factors for regeneration of injured CNS neurons to occur. Immune cell surveillance into the CNS compartment was enhanced following peripheral nerve injury. SCOPE nervous system development, regeneration and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto A Aguilar Salegio
- Department of Human Physiology and Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia
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21
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Mccurley AT, Callard GV. Time course Analysis of Gene expression patterns in ZebrafIsh Eye during Optic Nerve Regeneration. J Exp Neurosci 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/jen.s5006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that neurons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) are terminally differentiated and, if injured, will be unable to regenerate their connections. In contrast to mammals, zebrafish and other teleosts display a robust neuroregenerative response. Following optic nerve crush (ONX), retinal ganglion cells (RGC) regrow their axons to synapse with topographically correct targets in the optic tectum, such that vision is restored in ~21 days. What accounts for these differences between teleostean and mammalian responses to neural injury is not fully understood. A time course analysis of global gene expression patterns in the zebrafish eye after ONX can help to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms that contribute to a successful neuroregeneration. To define different phases of regeneration after ONX, alpha tubulin 1 ( tuba1) and growth-associated protein 43 ( gap43), markers previously shown to correspond to morphophological events, were measured by real time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Microarray analysis was then performed at defined intervals (6 hours, 1, 4, 12, and 21 days) post-ONX and compared to SHAM. Results show that optic nerve damage induces multiple, phase-related transcriptional programs, with the maximum number of genes changed and highest fold-change occurring at 4 days. Several functional groups affected by optic nerve regeneration, including cell adhesion, apoptosis, cell cycle, energy metabolism, ion channel activity, and calcium signaling, were identified. Utilizing the whole eye allowed us to identify signaling contributions from the vitreous, immune and glial cells as well as the neural cells of the retina. Comparisons between our dataset and transcriptional profiles from other models of regeneration in zebrafish retina, heart and fin revealed a subset of commonly regulated transcripts, indicating shared mechanisms in different regenerating tissues. Knowledge of gene expression patterns in all components of the eye in a model of successful regeneration provides an entry point for functional analyses, and will help in devising hypotheses for testing normal and toxic regulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Mccurley
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 cummington street, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Gloria V. Callard
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 cummington street, Boston, MA 02215 USA
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22
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Li F, Li L, Song XY, Zhong JH, Luo XG, Xian CJ, Zhou XF. Preconditioning selective ventral root injury promotes plasticity of ascending sensory neurons in the injured spinal cord of adult rats - possible roles of brain-derived
neurotrophic factor, TrkB and p75 neurotrophin receptor. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 30:1280-96. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Malloch EL, Perry KJ, Fukui L, Johnson VR, Wever J, Beck CW, King MW, Henry JJ. Gene expression profiles of lens regeneration and development in Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2340-56. [PMID: 19681139 PMCID: PMC2773617 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven hundred and thirty-four unique genes were recovered from a cDNA library enriched for genes up-regulated during the process of lens regeneration in the frog Xenopus laevis. The sequences represent transcription factors, proteins involved in RNA synthesis/processing, components of prominent cell signaling pathways, genes involved in protein processing, transport, and degradation (e.g., the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), as well as many other proteins. The findings implicate specific signal transduction pathways in the process of lens regeneration, including the FGF, TGF-beta, MAPK, Retinoic acid, Wnt, and hedgehog signaling pathways, which are known to play important roles in eye/lens development and regeneration in various systems. In situ hybridization revealed that the majority of genes recovered are expressed during embryogenesis, including in eye tissues. Several novel genes specifically expressed in lenses were identified. The suite of genes was compared to those up-regulated in other regenerating tissues/organisms, and a small degree of overlap was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Malloch
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Kimberly J. Perry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Lisa Fukui
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Verity R. Johnson
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jason Wever
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Caroline W. Beck
- University of Otago, Department of Zoology, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael W. King
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Terre Haute, IN 47809
| | - Jonathan J. Henry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
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24
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Mountziaris PM, Mikos AG. Modulation of the inflammatory response for enhanced bone tissue regeneration. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2009; 14:179-86. [PMID: 18544015 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2008.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines are infamous for their catabolic effects on tissues and joints in both inflammatory diseases and following the implantation of biomedical devices. However, recent studies indicate that many of these same molecules are critical for triggering tissue regeneration following injury. This review will discuss the role of inflammatory signals in regulating bone regeneration and the impact of both immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory pharmacologic agents on fracture healing, to demonstrate the importance of incorporating rational control of inflammation into the design of tissue engineering strategies.
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25
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Ying X, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wu N, Wang Y, Yew DT. Alpha-crystallin protected axons from optic nerve degeneration after crushing in rats. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 35:253-8. [PMID: 18551258 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-007-9010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In mature mammals, optic nerve injury results in apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells. The literature confirms that lens injury enhances retinal ganglion cells survival, but the mechanism is not very clear. Using silver staining method and computer image analysis techniques, the effect of alpha-crystallin, a major component of the lens in the survival of retinal ganglion cell axons, was investigated in vivo after intravitreal injections. The results showed that enhanced survival of axotomized axons was observed beyond the crush site after a single intravitreal administration of alpha-crystallin at the time of axotomy. Axonal density of the retinal ganglion cell was significantly greater than in the untreated controls until 2 weeks after injection. This effect declined by 4 weeks after injection but survival of axons remained greater than controls. These findings indicate that alpha-crystallin plays a key role in protecting axons after optic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ying
- Department of Ophthalmology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Hanisch UK, Johnson TV, Kipnis J. Toll-like receptors: roles in neuroprotection? Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:176-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Müller A, Hauk TG, Fischer D. Astrocyte-derived CNTF switches mature RGCs to a regenerative state following inflammatory stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 130:3308-20. [PMID: 17971355 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awm257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) normally fail to regenerate injured axons and undergo apoptosis soon after injury. We have recently shown that lens injury (LI) or intravitreally applied zymosan allow RGCs to survive axotomy and regenerate axons in the injured optic nerve. Activated macrophages and oncomodulin have been suggested to be the principal mediators of this phenomenon. However, several lines of evidence show that macrophage-derived factors alone cannot account for all the beneficial effects of intraocular inflammation. We show here that LI or zymosan induce upregulation of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in retinal astrocytes and release CNTF independent of macrophages and activate the transcription factor signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) in RGCs. Levels of CNTF expressed in retinal glia and STAT3 activation in RGC were correlated with the time course of RGCs switching to an active regenerative state. Intravitreal injections of antibodies against CNTF or a Janus-kinase inhibitor compromised the beneficial effects of LI, whereas an antiserum against oncomodulin was ineffective. Like the action of CNTF, the effects of LI were potentiated by drugs that increase intracellular cAMP levels, resulting in strong axon regeneration in vivo. These data indicate that astrocyte-derived CNTF is a major contributor to the neuroprotective and axon-growth-promoting effects of LI and zymosan. These findings could lead to the development of a therapeutic principle for promoting axon regeneration in the CNS as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Müller
- Department of Experimental Neurology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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28
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Keilhoff G, Langnaese K, Wolf G, Fansa H. Inhibiting effect of minocycline on the regeneration of peripheral nerves. Dev Neurobiol 2007; 67:1382-95. [PMID: 17638380 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of minocycline on nerve regeneration was studied in a rat model of acute sciatic nerve injury, in which the injury was caused by resection and reimplantation of the right sciatic nerve. Immunohistochemical and molecular biological methods, as well as morphometric and electron microscopic techniques, were used. Compared with uninjured and PBS-treated injured nerves, the minocycline-treated injured nerve showed: (i) a decrease in macrophage recruitment and activation, probably resulting from inhibition of blood-brain-barrier break-down via reduced MMP2 and MMP9 induction, inhibition of revascularization via additional reduction of VEGF induction, and inhibition of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) induction; (ii) reduced activation of phagocytic Schwann cells, probably by inhibition of iNOS, MMP2 and MMP9 expression; (iii) a slowed Wallerian degeneration; and subsequently, (iv) a diminished nerve regeneration. Macrophages, especially their function in the removal of cellular debris and formation of a microenvironment beneficial for nerve regeneration, are strongly implicated in constructive events after nerve injuries. Therefore, we suggest that additional research into optimizing minocycline intervention for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases is needed before further clinical trials are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Medical Neurobiology, University of Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to restore homeostasis of diseased tissues and organs. With time, engineered replacement tissue constructs will play an increasingly important role in achieving this goal. Equally important, however, will be the ability to resolve disease-associated inflammation and to optimize tissue regenerative capacity by specifically patterning the host tissue microenvironment. The tools of bioengineering are uniquely suited to meet these challenges. Here, the candidate molecular and cellular targets for manipulating the host's inflammatory environment and tissue regenerative capacity are briefly discussed within the context of current and emerging bioengineering strategies. The objective is to draw the attention of basic scientists and engineers to the importance of regulating inflammation in achieving the goals of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya L Lumelsky
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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30
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Turrin NP, Rivest S. Molecular and cellular immune mediators of neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol 2007; 34:221-42. [PMID: 17308354 DOI: 10.1385/mn:34:3:221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our view of the immune privileged status of the brain has dramatically changed during the past two decades. Even though systemic immune stimuli have the ability to activate different populations of neurons, cells of monocytic lineage also have access to the neuronal tissue and populate it as microglia. Although such a phenomenon is limited in intact brains, it is greatly increased during neurodegenerative processes associated with innate immunity and the release of pro-inflammatory molecules by either resident microglia or those derived from the bone marrow stem cells. The role of these events is currently a matter of great debate and controversy, especially as it relates to brain protection, repair, or further injury. In recent years, accumulating data have supported the notion that when immune molecules are timely released by microglia, they limit neuronal injury in the presence of pathogens and toxic agents, help clear debris from degenerated cells, and restore the cerebral environment for repair. It has been shown that alteration of the natural innate immune response by microglia has direct consequences in exacerbating the damages following acute injury to neurons. This article presents and discusses these data, supporting a powerful neuroprotective role for microglia and their innate immune reactions in response to pathogens and central nervous system insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas P Turrin
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, CHUL Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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31
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Sheehan JJ, Zhou C, Gravanis I, Rogove AD, Wu YP, Bogenhagen DF, Tsirka SE. Proteolytic activation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by plasmin underlies excitotoxic neurodegeneration in mice. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1738-45. [PMID: 17301181 PMCID: PMC6673734 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4987-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of neurons to high concentrations of excitatory neurotransmitters causes them to undergo excitotoxic death via multiple synergistic injury mechanisms. One of these mechanisms involves actions undertaken locally by microglia, the CNS-resident macrophages. Mice deficient in the serine protease plasmin exhibit decreased microglial migration to the site of excitatory neurotransmitter release and are resistant to excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Microglial chemotaxis can be signaled by the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 (CC chemokine ligand 2). We show here that mice genetically deficient for MCP-1 phenocopy plasminogen deficiency by displaying decreased microglial recruitment and resisting excitotoxic neurodegeneration. Connecting these pathways, we demonstrate that MCP-1 undergoes a proteolytic processing step mediated by plasmin. The processing, which consists of removal of the C terminus of MCP-1, enhances the potency of MCP-1 in in vitro migration assays. Finally, we show that infusion of the cleaved form of MCP-1 into the CNS restores microglial recruitment and excitotoxicity in plasminogen-deficient mice. These findings identify MCP-1 as a key downstream effector in the excitotoxic pathway triggered by plasmin and identify plasmin as an extracellular chemokine activator. Finally, our results provide a mechanism that explains the resistance of plasminogen-deficient mice to excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Sheehan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Chun Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Iordanis Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Andrew D. Rogove
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Daniel F. Bogenhagen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
| | - Stella E. Tsirka
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Program in Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8651
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