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Johnson C, Kretsge LN, Yen WW, Sriram B, O'Connor A, Liu RS, Jimenez JC, Phadke RA, Wingfield KK, Yeung C, Jinadasa TJ, Nguyen TPH, Cho ES, Fuchs E, Spevack ED, Velasco BE, Hausmann FS, Fournier LA, Brack A, Melzer S, Cruz-Martín A. Highly unstable heterogeneous representations in VIP interneurons of the anterior cingulate cortex. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2602-2618. [PMID: 35246635 PMCID: PMC11128891 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01485-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is its functional heterogeneity. Functional and imaging studies revealed its importance in the encoding of anxiety-related and social stimuli, but it is unknown how microcircuits within the ACC encode these distinct stimuli. One type of inhibitory interneuron, which is positive for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), is known to modulate the activity of pyramidal cells in local microcircuits, but it is unknown whether VIP cells in the ACC (VIPACC) are engaged by particular contexts or stimuli. Additionally, recent studies demonstrated that neuronal representations in other cortical areas can change over time at the level of the individual neuron. However, it is not known whether stimulus representations in the ACC remain stable over time. Using in vivo Ca2+ imaging and miniscopes in freely behaving mice to monitor neuronal activity with cellular resolution, we identified individual VIPACC that preferentially activated to distinct stimuli across diverse tasks. Importantly, although the population-level activity of the VIPACC remained stable across trials, the stimulus-selectivity of individual interneurons changed rapidly. These findings demonstrate marked functional heterogeneity and instability within interneuron populations in the ACC. This work contributes to our understanding of how the cortex encodes information across diverse contexts and provides insight into the complexity of neural processes involved in anxiety and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Johnson
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa N Kretsge
- The Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William W Yen
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexandra O'Connor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ruichen Sky Liu
- MS in Statistical Practice Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica C Jimenez
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rhushikesh A Phadke
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly K Wingfield
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charlotte Yeung
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tushare J Jinadasa
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thanh P H Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eun Seon Cho
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erelle Fuchs
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eli D Spevack
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Berta Escude Velasco
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frances S Hausmann
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke A Fournier
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison Brack
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarah Melzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alberto Cruz-Martín
- Neurobiology Section in the Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Neurophotonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Center for Network Systems Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Bunce JG, Zikopoulos B, Feinberg M, Barbas H. Parallel prefrontal pathways reach distinct excitatory and inhibitory systems in memory-related rhinal cortices. J Comp Neurol 2014; 521:4260-83. [PMID: 23839697 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To investigate how prefrontal cortices impinge on medial temporal cortices we labeled pathways from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and posterior orbitofrontal cortex (pOFC) in rhesus monkeys to compare their relationship with excitatory and inhibitory systems in rhinal cortices. The ACC pathway terminated mostly in areas 28 and 35 with a high proportion of large terminals, whereas the pOFC pathway terminated mostly through small terminals in area 36 and sparsely in areas 28 and 35. Both pathways terminated in all layers. Simultaneous labeling of pathways and distinct neurochemical classes of inhibitory neurons, followed by analyses of appositions of presynaptic and postsynaptic fluorescent signal, or synapses, showed overall predominant association with spines of putative excitatory neurons, but also significant interactions with presumed inhibitory neurons labeled for calretinin, calbindin, or parvalbumin. In the upper layers of areas 28 and 35 the ACC pathway was associated with dendrites of neurons labeled with calretinin, which are thought to disinhibit neighboring excitatory neurons, suggesting facilitated hippocampal access. In contrast, in area 36 pOFC axons were associated with dendrites of calbindin neurons, which are poised to reduce noise and enhance signal. In the deep layers, both pathways innervated mostly dendrites of parvalbumin neurons, which strongly inhibit neighboring excitatory neurons, suggesting gating of hippocampal output to other cortices. These findings suggest that the ACC, associated with attention and context, and the pOFC, associated with emotional valuation, have distinct contributions to memory in rhinal cortices, in processes that are disrupted in psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie G Bunce
- Neural Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215
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Speechley WJ, Woodward TS, Ngan ET. Failure of conflict to modulate central executive network activity associated with delusions in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:113. [PMID: 24069005 PMCID: PMC3779866 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-stream modulation failure (DSMF) proposes that dysfunctional regulation of logical and intuitive decision-making processes by conflict and emotional salience may be the underlying cognitive mechanism for the formation and maintenance of delusions in schizophrenia. The present study utilizes a combination of emotionally salient and neutral stimuli in conflict and non-conflict conditions in a sentence verification task to test specific hypotheses predicted by the model. Twenty-one patients with schizophrenia and 21 controls completed a sentence verification task with fMRI acquisition. The results are consistent with the predictions based on the conflict modulation component of the model, but do not support the emotional modulation component of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Speechley
- Department of Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Cognition Imaging Laboratory, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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Grundy JG, Benarroch MFF, Woodward TS, Metzak PD, Whitman JC, Shedden JM. The bivalency effect in task switching: event-related potentials. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 34:999-1012. [PMID: 22162123 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During task switching, if we occasionally encounter stimuli that cue more than one task (i.e., bivalent stimuli), response slowing is observed on all univalent trials within that block, even when no features overlap with the bivalent stimuli. This observation is known as the bivalency effect. Previous fMRI work (Woodward et al., 2008) clearly suggests a role for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) in the bivalency effect, but the time course remains uncertain. Here, we present the first high-temporal resolution account for the bivalency effect using stimulus-locked event-related potentials. Participants alternated among three simple tasks in six experimental blocks, with bivalent stimuli appearing occasionally in bivalent blocks (blocks 2, 4, and 6). The increased reaction times for univalent stimuli in bivalent blocks demonstrate that these stimuli are being processed differently from univalent stimuli in purely univalent blocks. Frontal electrode sites captured significant amplitude differences associated with the bivalency effect within time windows 100-120 ms, 375-450 ms, and 500-550 ms, which may reflect additional extraction of visual features present in bivalent stimuli (100-120 ms) and suppression of processing carried over from irrelevant cues (375-450 ms and 500-550 ms). Our results support the fMRI findings and provide additional evidence for involvement of the dACC. Furthermore, the bivalency effect dissipated with extended practice both behaviorally and electrophysiologically. These findings are discussed in relation to the differential processing involved in a controlled response style.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Grundy
- Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
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Nestor PG, Kubicki M, Niznikiewicz M, Gurrera RJ, McCarley RW, Shenton ME. Neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Neuropsychology 2008; 22:246-54. [PMID: 18331167 DOI: 10.1037/0894-4105.22.2.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with schizophrenia and healthy control subjects underwent both neuropsychological evaluation and magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, during which the cingulum bundle (CB) and the uncinate fasciculus (UF) were defined with fiber tractography and their integrity was quantified. On the basis of prior findings, it was hypothesized that neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia may be characterized, in part, by 2 dissociable functional neuroanatomical relationships: (a) executive functioning-CB integrity and (b) episodic memory-UF integrity. In support of the hypothesis, hierarchical regression results indicated that reduced white matter of the CB and the UF differentially and specifically predicted deficits in executive functioning and memory, respectively. Neuropsychological correlates of the CB also extended to lower generalized intelligence, as well as to reduced visual memory that may be related to failures of contextual monitoring of to-be-remembered scenes. Reduced white matter of the CB and the UF may each make distinct contributions to neuropsychological disturbance in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Nestor
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125-3393, USA.
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Woodward TS, Metzak PD, Meier B, Holroyd CB. Anterior cingulate cortex signals the requirement to break inertia when switching tasks: a study of the bivalency effect. Neuroimage 2008; 40:1311-8. [PMID: 18291678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
When switching tasks, if stimuli are presented that cue two of the tasks in the task set (i.e., bivalent stimuli), performance slowing is observed on all tasks, including those not cued by the bivalent stimulus. This slowing has been coined the bivalency effect, and may reflect adaptive tuning of the response style under conditions that appear to require adjustments in control over the course of action. Recent work on the function of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) cortex has suggested that this neural region may be recruited under such conditions. In the current task switching study, we used tightly matched experimental and control conditions to isolate the bivalency effect. As predicted, dACC activation was associated with the bivalency effect, supporting an account stating that the role of the dACC is to signal a break in task inertia in order to adaptively tune the response style due to conditions that may require adjustments in control over the course of action. This result may extend the conflict monitoring account of dACC activation to situations where conflict occurred on past trials (i.e., conflict is not elicited by the current stimulus), and/or may support a more generalized account of dACC function involving monitoring internal states for conditions that may require adjustments in control over the course of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd S Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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