1
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Müller MM, Said RS, Jelezko F, Calarco T, Montangero S. One decade of quantum optimal control in the chopped random basis. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:076001. [PMID: 35605567 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac723c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chopped random basis (CRAB) ansatz for quantum optimal control has been proven to be a versatile tool to enable quantum technology applications such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Its capability to encompass experimental constraints-while maintaining an access to the usually trap-free control landscape-and to switch from open-loop to closed-loop optimization (including with remote access-or RedCRAB) is contributing to the development of quantum technology on many different physical platforms. In this review article we present the development, the theoretical basis and the toolbox for this optimization algorithm, as well as an overview of the broad range of different theoretical and experimental applications that exploit this powerful technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Müller
- Peter Grünberg Institute-Quantum Control (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Germany
| | - Ressa S Said
- Institute for Quantum Optics & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Germany
| | - Tommaso Calarco
- Peter Grünberg Institute-Quantum Control (PGI-8), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, D-50937 Germany
| | - Simone Montangero
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia 'G. Galilei', Università degli Studi di Padova & INFN, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Italy
- Padua Quantum Technology Center, Università degli Studi di Padova, I-35131 Italy
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2
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Deist E, Gerber JA, Lu YH, Zeiher J, Stamper-Kurn DM. Superresolution Microscopy of Optical Fields Using Tweezer-Trapped Single Atoms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:083201. [PMID: 35275676 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.083201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We realize a scanning probe microscope using single trapped ^{87}Rb atoms to measure optical fields with subwavelength spatial resolution. Our microscope operates by detecting fluorescence from a single atom driven by near-resonant light and determining the ac Stark shift of an atomic transition from other local optical fields via the change in the fluorescence rate. We benchmark the microscope by measuring two standing-wave Gaussian modes of a Fabry-Pérot resonator with optical wavelengths of 1560 and 781 nm. We attain a spatial resolution of 300 nm, which is superresolving compared to the limit set by the 780 nm wavelength of the detected light. Sensitivity to short length scale features is enhanced by adapting the sensor to characterize an optical field via the force it exerts on the atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Deist
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Justin A Gerber
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yue-Hui Lu
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Johannes Zeiher
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Dan M Stamper-Kurn
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Challenge Institute for Quantum Computation, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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3
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Hümmer D, Romero-Isart O, Rauschenbeutel A, Schneeweiss P. Probing Surface-Bound Atoms with Quantum Nanophotonics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:163601. [PMID: 33961459 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.163601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantum control of atoms at ultrashort distances from surfaces would open a new paradigm in quantum optics and offer a novel tool for the investigation of near-surface physics. Here, we investigate the motional states of atoms that are bound weakly to the surface of a hot optical nanofiber. We theoretically demonstrate that with optimized mechanical properties of the nanofiber these states are quantized despite phonon-induced decoherence. We further show that it is possible to influence their properties with additional nanofiber-guided light fields and suggest heterodyne fluorescence spectroscopy to probe the spectrum of the quantized atomic motion. Extending the optical control of atoms to smaller atom-surface separations could create opportunities for quantum communication and instigate the convergence of surface physics, quantum optics, and the physics of cold atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hümmer
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oriol Romero-Isart
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arno Rauschenbeutel
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Schneeweiss
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
- Atominstitut, TU Wien, 1020 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Li C, Chai X, Wei B, Yang J, Daruwalla A, Ayazi F, Raman C. Cascaded collimator for atomic beams traveling in planar silicon devices. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1831. [PMID: 31015477 PMCID: PMC6478944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro- and increasingly, nano-fabrication have enabled the miniaturization of atomic devices, from vapor cells to atom chips for Bose-Einstein condensation. Here we present microfabricated planar devices for thermal atomic beams. Etched microchannels were used to create highly collimated, continuous rubidium atom beams traveling parallel to a silicon wafer surface. Precise, lithographic definition of the guiding channels allowed for shaping and tailoring the velocity distributions in ways not possible using conventional machining. Multiple miniature beams with individually prescribed geometries were created, including collimated, focusing and diverging outputs. A "cascaded" collimator was realized with 40 times greater purity than conventional collimators. These localized, miniature atom beam sources can be a valuable resource for a number of quantum technologies, including atom interferometers, clocks, Rydberg atoms, and hybrid atom-nanophotonic systems, as well as enabling controlled studies of atom-surface interactions at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xiao Chai
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Bochao Wei
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jeremy Yang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Anosh Daruwalla
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Farrokh Ayazi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - C Raman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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5
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Saint R, Evans W, Zhou Y, Barrett T, Fromhold TM, Saleh E, Maskery I, Tuck C, Wildman R, Oručević F, Krüger P. 3D-printed components for quantum devices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8368. [PMID: 29849028 PMCID: PMC5976634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the preparation, control and measurement of atomic gases have led to new insights into the quantum world and unprecedented metrological sensitivities, e.g. in measuring gravitational forces and magnetic fields. The full potential of applying such capabilities to areas as diverse as biomedical imaging, non-invasive underground mapping, and GPS-free navigation can only be realised with the scalable production of efficient, robust and portable devices. We introduce additive manufacturing as a production technique of quantum device components with unrivalled design freedom and rapid prototyping. This provides a step change in efficiency, compactness and facilitates systems integration. As a demonstrator we present an ultrahigh vacuum compatible ultracold atom source dissipating less than ten milliwatts of electrical power during field generation to produce large samples of cold rubidium gases. This disruptive technology opens the door to drastically improved integrated structures, which will further reduce size and assembly complexity in scalable series manufacture of bespoke portable quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saint
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - W Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Y Zhou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - T Barrett
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - T M Fromhold
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - E Saleh
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - I Maskery
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - C Tuck
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - R Wildman
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - F Oručević
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - P Krüger
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom.
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6
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A minimalistic and optimized conveyor belt for neutral atoms. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13660. [PMID: 29057965 PMCID: PMC5651865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report of a design and the performance of an optimized micro-fabricated conveyor belt for precise and adiabatic transportation of cold atoms. A theoretical model is presented to determine optimal currents in conductors used for the transportation. We experimentally demonstrate a fast adiabatic transportation of Rubidium (87Rb) cold atoms with minimal loss and heating with as few as three conveyor belt conductors. This novel design of a multilayered conveyor belt structure is fabricated in aluminium nitride (AlN) because of its outstanding thermal and electrical properties. This demonstration would pave a way for a compact and portable quantum device required for quantum information processing and sensors, where precise positioning of cold atoms is desirable.
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7
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Müller MM, Gherardini S, Caruso F. Stochastic quantum Zeno-based detection of noise correlations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38650. [PMID: 27941889 PMCID: PMC5150251 DOI: 10.1038/srep38650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A system under constant observation is practically freezed to the measurement subspace. If the system driving is a random classical field, the survival probability of the system in the subspace becomes a random variable described by the Stochastic Quantum Zeno Dynamics (SQZD) formalism. Here, we study the time and ensemble average of this random survival probability and demonstrate how time correlations in the noisy environment determine whether the two averages do coincide or not. These environment time correlations can potentially generate non-Markovian dynamics of the quantum system depending on the structure and energy scale of the system Hamiltonian. We thus propose a way to detect time correlations of the environment by coupling a quantum probe system to it and observing the survival probability of the quantum probe in a measurement subspace. This will further contribute to the development of new schemes for quantum sensing technologies, where nanodevices may be exploited to image external structures or biological molecules via the surface field they generate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Müller
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LENS, QSTAR, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Stefano Gherardini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LENS, QSTAR, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence, via S. Marta 3, I-50139 Florence, Italy.,CSDC, University of Florence, and INFN, via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Filippo Caruso
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, LENS, QSTAR, University of Florence, via G. Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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8
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Menold T, Federsel P, Rogulj C, Hölscher H, Fortágh J, Günther A. Dynamic of cold-atom tips in anharmonic potentials. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:1543-1555. [PMID: 28144505 PMCID: PMC5238642 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Understanding the dynamics of ultracold quantum gases in an anharmonic potential is essential for applications in the new field of cold-atom scanning probe microscopy. Therein, cold atomic ensembles are used as sensitive probe tips to investigate nanostructured surfaces and surface-near potentials, which typically cause anharmonic tip motion. Results: Besides a theoretical description of this anharmonic tip motion, we introduce a novel method for detecting the cold-atom tip dynamics in situ and real time. In agreement with theory, the first measurements show that particle interactions and anharmonic motion have a significant impact on the tip dynamics. Conclusion: Our findings will be crucial for the realization of high-sensitivity force spectroscopy with cold-atom tips and could possibly allow for the development of advanced spectroscopic techniques such as Q-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Menold
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Federsel
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carola Rogulj
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hölscher
- Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - József Fortágh
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- Physikalisches Institut, Eberhardt-Karls-Universität Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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9
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Keil M, Amit O, Zhou S, Groswasser D, Japha Y, Folman R. Fifteen years of cold matter on the atom chip: promise, realizations, and prospects. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2016; 63:1840-1885. [PMID: 27499585 PMCID: PMC4960518 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1178820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the field of atom chips in the context of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) as well as cold matter in general. Twenty years after the first realization of the BEC and 15 years after the realization of the atom chip, the latter has been found to enable extraordinary feats: from producing BECs at a rate of several per second, through the realization of matter-wave interferometry, and all the way to novel probing of surfaces and new forces. In addition, technological applications are also being intensively pursued. This review will describe these developments and more, including new ideas which have not yet been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Keil
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Omer Amit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Shuyu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - David Groswasser
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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10
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Wünnemann P, Noyong M, Kreuels K, Brüx R, Gordiichuk P, van Rijn P, Plamper FA, Simon U, Böker A. Microstructured Hydrogel Templates for the Formation of Conductive Gold Nanowire Arrays. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1446-52. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wünnemann
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Michael Noyong
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; JARA-FIT, Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Klaus Kreuels
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Roland Brüx
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen; RWTH Aachen University; Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Pavlo Gordiichuk
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; A. Deusinglaan 1 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Rijn
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials; University of Groningen; A. Deusinglaan 1 9747AG Groningen The Netherlands
- University Medical Center Groningen Department of Biomedical Engineering-FB40; University of Groningen; A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
- W. J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41; University of Groningen; A. Deusinglaan 1 9713AW Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Felix A. Plamper
- Institute of Physical Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Simon
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; JARA-FIT, Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) & Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologien; University of Potsdam; Geiselbergstraße 69 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany
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11
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Roberts KO, McKellar T, Fekete J, Rakonjac A, Deb AB, Kjærgaard N. Steerable optical tweezers for ultracold atom studies. OPTICS LETTERS 2014; 39:2012-2015. [PMID: 24686662 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.002012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the implementation of an optical tweezer system for controlled transport of ultracold atoms along a narrow, static confinement channel. The tweezer system is based on high-efficiency acousto-optic deflectors and offers two-dimensional control over beam position. This opens up the possibility for tracking the transport channel when shuttling atomic clouds along it, forestalling atom spilling. Multiple clouds can be tracked independently by time-shared tweezer beams addressing individual sites in the channel. The deflectors are controlled using a multichannel direct digital synthesizer, which receives instructions on a submicrosecond time scale from a field-programmable gate array. Using the tweezer system, we demonstrate sequential binary splitting of an ultracold 87Rb cloud into 2(5) clouds.
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12
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Ockeloen CF, Schmied R, Riedel MF, Treutlein P. Quantum metrology with a scanning probe atom interferometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:143001. [PMID: 24138235 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.143001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We use a small Bose-Einstein condensate on an atom chip as an interferometric scanning probe to map out a microwave field near the chip surface with a few micrometers resolution. With the use of entanglement between the atoms, our interferometer overcomes the standard quantum limit of interferometry by 4 dB and maintains enhanced performance for interrogation times up to 10 ms. This corresponds to a microwave magnetic field sensitivity of 77 pT/√Hz in a probe volume of 20 μm(3). Quantum metrology with entangled atoms is useful in measurements with high spatial resolution, since the atom number in the probe volume is limited by collisional loss. High-resolution measurements of microwave near fields, as demonstrated here, are important for the development of integrated microwave circuits for quantum information processing and applications in communication technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caspar F Ockeloen
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Loretz M, Rosskopf T, Degen CL. Radio-frequency magnetometry using a single electron spin. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:017602. [PMID: 23383837 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.017602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a simple and robust protocol for the detection of weak radio-frequency magnetic fields using a single electron spin in diamond. Our method relies on spin locking, where the Rabi frequency of the spin is adjusted to match the MHz signal frequency. In a proof-of-principle experiment we detect a 7.5 MHz magnetic probe field of ~40 nT amplitude with <10 kHz spectral resolution. Rotating-frame magnetometry may provide a direct and sensitive route to high-resolution spectroscopy of nanoscale nuclear spin signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loretz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Schafmattstrasse 16, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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West AD, Weatherill KJ, Hayward TJ, Fry PW, Schrefl T, Gibbs MRJ, Adams CS, Allwood DA, Hughes IG. Realization of the manipulation of ultracold atoms with a reconfigurable nanomagnetic system of domain walls. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:4065-4069. [PMID: 22783831 DOI: 10.1021/nl301491m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Planar magnetic nanowires have been vital to the development of spintronic technology. They provide an unparalleled combination of magnetic reconfigurability, controllability, and scalability, which has helped to realize such applications as racetrack memory and novel logic gates. Microfabricated atom optics benefit from all of these properties, and we present the first demonstration of the amalgamation of spintronic technology with ultracold atoms. A magnetic interaction is exhibited through the reflection of a cloud of (87)Rb atoms at a temperature of 10 μK, from a 2 mm × 2 mm array of nanomagnetic domain walls. In turn, the incident atoms approach the array at heights of the order of 100 nm and are thus used to probe magnetic fields at this distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D West
- Physics Department, Durham University, Science Site, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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15
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Hölscher H. Scanning probes: Cold atoms feel the force. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 7:484-485. [PMID: 22706700 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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16
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Schneeweiss P, Gierling M, Visanescu G, Kern DP, Judd TE, Günther A, Fortágh J. Dispersion forces between ultracold atoms and a carbon nanotube. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 7:515-519. [PMID: 22706699 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2012.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dispersion forces are long-range interactions between polarizable objects that arise from fluctuations in the electromagnetic field between them. Dispersion forces have been observed between microscopic objects such as atoms and molecules (the van der Waals interaction), between macroscopic objects (the Casimir interaction) and between an atom and a macroscopic object (the Casimir-Polder interaction). Dispersion forces are known to increase the attractive forces between the components in nanomechanical devices, to influence adsorption rates onto nanostructures, and to influence the interactions between biomolecules in biological systems. In recent years, there has been growing interest in studying dispersion forces in nanoscale systems and in exploring the interactions between carbon nanotubes and cold atoms. However, there are considerable difficulties in developing dispersion force theories for general, finite geometries such as nanostructures. Thus, there is a need for new experimental methods that are able to go beyond measurements of planar surfaces and nanoscale gratings and make measurements on isolated nanostructures. Here, we measure the dispersion force between a rubidium atom and a multiwalled carbon nanotube by inserting the nanotube into a cloud of ultracold rubidium atoms and monitoring the loss of atoms from the cloud as a function of time. We perform these experiments with both thermal clouds of ultracold atoms and with Bose-Einstein condensates. The results obtained with this approach will aid the development of theories describing quantum fields near nanostructures, and hybrid cold-atom/solid-state devices may also prove useful for applications in quantum sensing and quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schneeweiss
- CQ Center for Collective Quantum Phenomena and their Applications, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 14, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Finkler A, Vasyukov D, Segev Y, Ne'eman L, Lachman EO, Rappaport ML, Myasoedov Y, Zeldov E, Huber ME. Scanning superconducting quantum interference device on a tip for magnetic imaging of nanoscale phenomena. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:073702. [PMID: 22852696 DOI: 10.1063/1.4731656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new type of scanning probe microscope based on a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) that resides on the apex of a sharp tip. The SQUID-on-tip is glued to a quartz tuning fork which allows scanning at a tip-sample separation of a few nm. The magnetic flux sensitivity of the SQUID is 1.8 μΦ(0)/√Hz and the spatial resolution is about 200 nm, which can be further improved. This combination of high sensitivity, spatial resolution, bandwidth, and the very close proximity to the sample provides a powerful tool for study of dynamic magnetic phenomena on the nanoscale. The potential of the SQUID-on-tip microscope is demonstrated by imaging of the vortex lattice and of the local ac magnetic response in superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Finkler
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Kálmán O, Kiss T, Fortágh J, Domokos P. Quantum galvanometer by interfacing a vibrating nanowire and cold atoms. NANO LETTERS 2012; 12:435-439. [PMID: 22112048 DOI: 10.1021/nl203762g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of ultracold, paramagnetic atoms to the magnetic field of the current in a mechanically vibrating carbon nanotube within the frame of a full quantum theory. We find that the interaction is strong enough to sense quantum features of the nanowire current noise spectrum by means of hyperfine-state-selective atom counting. Such a nondestructive measurement of the electric current via its magnetic field corresponds to the classical galvanometer scheme, extended to the quantum regime of charge transport. The calculated high sensitivity of the interaction in the nanowire-BEC hybrid systems opens up the possibility of quantum control, which may be further extended to include other relevant degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kálmán
- Research Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1525 Budapest P.O. Box 49, Hungary
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Günter G, Robert-de-Saint-Vincent M, Schempp H, Hofmann CS, Whitlock S, Weidemüller M. Interaction enhanced imaging of individual Rydberg atoms in dense gases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 108:013002. [PMID: 22304259 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.108.013002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose a new all-optical method to image individual Rydberg atoms embedded within dense gases of ground state atoms. The scheme exploits interaction-induced shifts on highly polarizable excited states of probe atoms, which can be spatially resolved via an electromagnetically induced transparency resonance. Using a realistic model, we show that it is possible to image individual Rydberg atoms with enhanced sensitivity and high resolution despite photon-shot noise and atomic density fluctuations. This new imaging scheme could be extended to other impurities such as ions, and is ideally suited to equilibrium and dynamical studies of complex many-body phenomena involving strongly interacting particles. As an example we study blockade effects and correlations in the distribution of Rydberg atoms optically excited from a dense gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Günter
- Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Philosophenweg 12, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Degen CL, Home JP. Scanning probes: cold-atom microscope shapes up. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:399-400. [PMID: 21731071 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2011.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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