1
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Lim JW, Majumder A, Mittapally R, Gutierrez AR, Luan Y, Meyhofer E, Reddy P. A nanoscale photonic thermal transistor for sub-second heat flow switching. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5584. [PMID: 38961112 PMCID: PMC11222488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Control of heat flow is critical for thermal logic devices and thermal management and has been explored theoretically. However, experimental progress on active control of heat flow has been limited. Here, we describe a nanoscale radiative thermal transistor that comprises of a hot source and a cold drain (both are ~250 nm-thick silicon nitride membranes), which are analogous to the source and drain electrodes of a transistor. The source and drain are in close proximity to a vanadium oxide (VOx)-based planar gate electrode, whose dielectric properties can be adjusted by changing its temperature. We demonstrate that when the gate is located close ( < ~1 µm) to the source-drain device and undergoes a metal-insulator transition, the radiative heat transfer between the source and drain can be changed by a factor of three. More importantly, our nanomembrane-based thermal transistor features fast switching times ( ~ 500 ms as opposed to minutes for past three-terminal thermal transistors) due to its small thermal mass. Our experiments are supported by detailed calculations that highlight the mechanism of thermal modulation. We anticipate that the advances reported here will open new opportunities for designing thermal circuits or thermal logic devices for advanced thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Won Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ayan Majumder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohith Mittapally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Audrey-Rose Gutierrez
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yuxuan Luan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Li S, Wang J, Wen Y, Shin S. Long Propagating Polaritonic Heat Transfer: Shaping Radiation to Conduction. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14779-14789. [PMID: 38783699 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c04604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) originate from the coupling of mid-IR photons and optical phonons, generating evanescent waves along the polar dielectric surface. The emergence of SPhPs gives rise to a phase of quantum matter that facilitates long-range energy transfer (100s μm-scale). Albeit of the recent experimental progress to observe the enhanced thermal conductivity of polar dielectric nanostructures mediated by SPhPs, the potential mechanism to present the high thermal conductivity beyond the Landauer limit has not been addressed. Here, we revisit the comprehensive theoretical framework to unify the distinct pictures of two heat transfer mechanisms by conduction and radiation. We first designed our experimental platform to distinguish contributions of two distinct fundamental modes of SPhPs, resulting in far-field radiation and long propagating conduction, respectively, by tuning the configuration of a nanostructured heat channel integrated into the thermometer. We could effectively control the transmission of long-propagating SPhPs to influence the apparent thermal conductivity of the nanostructure. This study reveals the high thermal conductance of 1.63 nW/K by a fast SPhP mode comparable to that by classical phonons, with measurements showing apparent conductivity values of up to 2 W/m·K at 515 K. The origin of the enhanced thermal conductivity was exploited by observing the interference of dispersive evanescent waves by double heat channels. Furthermore, our experimental observations of length-dependent thermal conductance by SPhPs are in good agreement with the revisited Landauer formula to illustrate a polaritonic mode of heat conduction, considering the dispersive nature of radiation not limited to the physical boundaries of a solid object yet directionally guided along the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Jingxuan Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Yue Wen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Sunmi Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore
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3
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Tachikawa S, Ordonez-Miranda J, Jalabert L, Wu Y, Anufriev R, Guo Y, Kim B, Fujita H, Volz S, Nomura M. Enhanced Far-Field Thermal Radiation through a Polaritonic Waveguide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:186904. [PMID: 38759170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.186904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate the enhancement of the far-field thermal radiation between two nonabsorbent Si microplates coated with energy-absorbent silicon dioxide (SiO_{2}) nanolayers supporting the propagation of surface phonon polaritons. By measuring the radiative thermal conductance between two coated Si plates, we find that its values are twice those obtained without the SiO_{2} coating. This twofold increase results from the hybridization of polaritons with guided modes inside Si and is well predicted by fluctuational electrodynamics and an analytical model based on a two-dimensional density of polariton states. These findings could be applied to thermal management in microelectronics, silicon photonics, energy conversion, atmospheric sciences, and astrophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeko Tachikawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Jose Ordonez-Miranda
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-IIS IRL 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Laurent Jalabert
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-IIS IRL 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Yunhui Wu
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Roman Anufriev
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Univ. Lyon, INSA Lyon, CNRS, CETHIL, UMR5008, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yangyu Guo
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Byunggi Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-IIS IRL 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Sebastian Volz
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-IIS IRL 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nomura
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-IIS IRL 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
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4
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Tang L, Corrêa LM, Francoeur M, Dames C. Corner- and edge-mode enhancement of near-field radiative heat transfer. Nature 2024; 629:67-73. [PMID: 38632409 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) can exceed Planck's blackbody limit1 by orders of magnitude owing to the tunnelling of evanescent electromagnetic frustrated and surface modes2-4, as has been demonstrated experimentally for NFRHT between two large parallel surfaces5-7 and between two subwavelength membranes8,9. However, although nanostructures can also sustain a much richer variety of localized electromagnetic modes at their corners and edges10,11, the contributions of such additional modes to further enhancing NFRHT remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally a physical mechanism of NFRHT mediated by the corner and edge modes, and show that it can dominate the NFRHT in the 'dual nanoscale regime' in which both the thickness of the emitter and receiver, and their gap spacing, are much smaller than the thermal photon wavelengths. For two coplanar 20-nm-thick silicon carbide membranes separated by a 100-nm vacuum gap, the NFRHT coefficient at room temperature is both predicted and measured to be 830 W m-2 K-1, which is 5.5 times larger than that for two infinite silicon carbide surfaces separated by the same gap, and 1,400 times larger than the corresponding blackbody limit accounting for the geometric view factor between two coplanar membranes. This enhancement is dominated by the electromagnetic corner and edge modes, which account for 81% of the NFRHT between the silicon carbide membranes. These findings are important for future NFRHT applications in thermal management and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lívia M Corrêa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mathieu Francoeur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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5
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Tsurimaki Y, Benzaouia M, Fan S. Nanophotonic Heat Exchanger for Enhanced Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:4521-4527. [PMID: 38565218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Increasing near-field radiative heat transfer between two bodies separated by a vacuum gap is crucial for enhancing the power density in radiative energy transport and conversion devices. However, the largest radiative heat transfer coefficient between two realistic materials at room temperature is limited to around 2000 W/(m2·K) for a gap of 100 nm. Here, analogous to conventional plate-fin heat exchangers based on convection, we introduce the concept of a nanophotonic heat exchanger, which enhances near-field radiative heat transfer using two bodies with interpenetrating gratings. Our calculations, based on rigorous fluctuational electrodynamics, show that the radiative heat transfer coefficient between the bodies separated by a 100 nm gap can significantly exceed 2000 W/(m2·K) by increasing the aspect ratios of the gratings. We develop a semianalytical heat transfer model that agrees well with the rigorous calculations for design optimization. Our work opens new opportunities for enhancing near-field radiative heat transfer between any materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Tsurimaki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305 United States
| | - Mohammed Benzaouia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305 United States
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305 United States
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6
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Zhu C, Bamidele EA, Shen X, Zhu G, Li B. Machine Learning Aided Design and Optimization of Thermal Metamaterials. Chem Rev 2024; 124:4258-4331. [PMID: 38546632 PMCID: PMC11009967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has advanced material research that were previously intractable, for example, the machine learning (ML) has been able to predict some unprecedented thermal properties. In this review, we first elucidate the methodologies underpinning discriminative and generative models, as well as the paradigm of optimization approaches. Then, we present a series of case studies showcasing the application of machine learning in thermal metamaterial design. Finally, we give a brief discussion on the challenges and opportunities in this fast developing field. In particular, this review provides: (1) Optimization of thermal metamaterials using optimization algorithms to achieve specific target properties. (2) Integration of discriminative models with optimization algorithms to enhance computational efficiency. (3) Generative models for the structural design and optimization of thermal metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliang Zhu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Emmanuel Anuoluwa Bamidele
- Materials
Science and Engineering Program, University
of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Xiangying Shen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Guimei Zhu
- School
of Microelectronics, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
| | - Baowen Li
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern
University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- School
of Microelectronics, Southern University
of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- Department
of Physics, Southern University of Science
and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P.R. China
- Shenzhen
International Quantum Academy, Shenzhen 518048, P.R. China
- Paul M. Rady
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309, United States
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7
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Luo X, Salihoglu H, Wang Z, Li Z, Kim H, Liu X, Li J, Yu B, Du S, Shen S. Observation of Near-Field Thermal Radiation between Coplanar Nanodevices with Subwavelength Dimensions. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1502-1509. [PMID: 38277641 PMCID: PMC10853966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
With the continuous advancement of nanotechnology, nanodevices have become crucial components in computing, sensing, and energy conversion applications. The structures of nanodevices typically possess subwavelength dimensions and separations, which pose significant challenges for understanding energy transport phenomena in nanodevices. Here, on the basis of a judiciously designed thermal photonic nanodevice, we report the first measurement of near-field energy transport between two coplanar subwavelength structures over temperature bias up to ∼190 K. Our experimental results demonstrate a 20-fold enhancement in energy transfer beyond blackbody radiation. In contrast with the well-established near-field interactions between two semi-infinite bodies, the subwavelength confinements in nanodevices lead to increased polariton scattering and reduction of supporting photonic modes and, therefore, a lower energy flow at a given separation. Our work unveils exciting opportunities for the rational design of nanodevices, particularly for coplanar near-field energy transport, with important implications for the development of efficient nanodevices for energy harvesting and thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Luo
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hakan Salihoglu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zexiao Wang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hyeonggyun Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiu Liu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bowen Yu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Shen Du
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sheng Shen
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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8
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Zhang S, Dang Y, Li X, Li Y, Jin Y, Choudhury PK, Xu J, Ma Y. Transient measurement of near-field thermal radiation between macroscopic objects. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:1167-1175. [PMID: 38109052 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04938h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of evanescent waves in the near-field regime could greatly enhance spontaneous thermal radiation, offering a unique opportunity to study nanoscale photon-phonon interaction. However, accurately characterizing this subtle phenomenon is very challenging. This paper proposes a transient all-optical method for rapidly characterizing near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) between macroscopic objects, using the first law of thermodynamics. Significantly, a full measurement at a fixed gap distance is completed within tens of seconds. By simplifying the configuration, the transient all-optical method achieves high measurement accuracy and reliable reproducibility. The proposed method can effectively analyze the NFRHT in various material systems, including SiO2, SiC, and Si, which involve different phonon or plasmon polaritons. Experimental observations demonstrate significant super-Planckian radiation, which arises from the near-field coupling of bounded surface modes. Furthermore, the method achieves excellent agreement with theory, with a minimal discrepancy of less than 2.7% across a wide temperature range. This wireless method could accurately characterize the NFRHT for objects with different sizes or optical properties, enabling the exploration of both fundamental interests and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Yongdi Dang
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Xinran Li
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Yuxuan Li
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Yi Jin
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Pankaj K Choudhury
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, China.
| | - Jianbing Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Materials Science and Technology Research Center, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yungui Ma
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, China.
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9
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Yan S, Luan Y, Lim JW, Mittapally R, Reihani A, Wang Z, Tsurimaki Y, Fan S, Reddy P, Meyhofer E. Surface Phonon Polariton-Mediated Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer at Cryogenic Temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:196302. [PMID: 38000410 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.196302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments, at room temperature, have shown that near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) via surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) exceeds the blackbody limit by several orders of magnitude. Yet, SPhP-mediated NFRHT at cryogenic temperatures remains experimentally unexplored. Here, we probe thermal transport in nanoscale gaps between a silica sphere and a planar silica surface from 77-300 K. These experiments reveal that cryogenic NFRHT has strong contributions from SPhPs and does not follow the T^{3} temperature (T) dependence of far-field thermal radiation. Our modeling based on fluctuational electrodynamics shows that the temperature dependence of NFRHT can be related to the confinement of heat transfer to two narrow frequency ranges and is well accounted for by a simple analytical model. These advances enable detailed NFRHT studies at cryogenic temperatures that are relevant to thermal management and solid-state cooling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Yan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yuxuan Luan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Ju Won Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rohith Mittapally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Amin Reihani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Zhongyong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yoichiro Tsurimaki
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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10
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Li S, Simpson RE, Shin S. Enhanced far-field coherent thermal emission using mid-infrared bilayer metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15965-15974. [PMID: 37553963 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02079g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
A classical thermal source, such as an incandescent filament, radiates according to Planck's law. The feasibility of super-Planckian radiation has been investigated with sub-wavelength-sized sources in the last decade. In such sources, a crystal-dependent coupling of photons and optical phonons is possible at thermal energies corresponding to that at room temperature. This interaction can be used to tailor the far-field thermal emission in a coherent manner; however, understanding heat transfer during this process is still nascent. Here, we used a novel measurement platform to quantify thermal signals in a Ge2Sb2Te5/SiO2 nanoribbon structure. We were able to separate and quantify the radiated and conducted heat transfer mechanisms. The thermal emission from the Ge2Sb2Te5/SiO2 nanoribbons was enhanced by 3.5× compared to that of a bare SiO2 nanoribbon. Our model revealed that this enhancement was directly due to polaritonic heat transfer, which was possible due to the large and lossless dielectric permittivity of Ge2Sb2Te5 at mid-IR frequencies. This study directly probes the far-field emission with a thermal gradient stimulated by Joule heating in temperature ranges from 100 to 400 K, which bridges the gap between mid-IR optics and thermal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichao Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Collage of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore.
| | - Robert E Simpson
- School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sunmi Shin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Collage of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore.
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11
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de Aquino Carvalho JC, Maurin I, Chaves de Souza Segundo P, Laliotis A, de Sousa Meneses D, Bloch D. Spectrally Sharp Near-Field Thermal Emission: Revealing Some Disagreements between a Casimir-Polder Sensor and Predictions from Far-Field Emittance. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:143801. [PMID: 37862645 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.143801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Near-field thermal emission largely exceeds blackbody radiation, owing to spectrally sharp emission in surface polaritons. We turn the Casimir-Polder interaction between Cs(7P_{1/2}) and a sapphire interface into a sensor sharply filtering, at 24.687 THz, the near-field sapphire emission at ∼24.5 THz. The temperature evolution of the sapphire mode is demonstrated. The Cs sensor, sensitive to both dispersion and dissipation, suggests the polariton to be redshifted and sharper, as compared, up to 1100 K, to predictions from far-field sapphire emission, affected by birefringence and multiple resonances.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de Aquino Carvalho
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR 7538 du CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av. JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - I Maurin
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR 7538 du CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av. JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - P Chaves de Souza Segundo
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR 7538 du CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av. JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | - A Laliotis
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR 7538 du CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av. JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
| | | | - D Bloch
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, UMR 7538 du CNRS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 av. JB Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France
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12
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Giroux M, Stephan M, Brazeau M, Molesky S, Rodriguez AW, Krich JJ, Hinzer K, St-Gelais R. Measurement of Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer at Deep Sub-Wavelength Distances using Nanomechanical Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8490-8497. [PMID: 37671916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) measurements often rely on custom microdevices that can be difficult to reproduce after their original demonstration. Here we study NFRHT using plain silicon nitride (SiN) membrane nanomechanical resonators─a widely available substrate used in applications such as electron microscopy and optomechanics─and on which other materials can easily be deposited. We report measurements down to a minimal distance of 180 nm between a large radius of curvature (15.5 mm) glass radiator and a SiN membrane resonator. At such deep sub-wavelength distance, heat transfer is dominated by surface polariton resonances over a (0.25 mm)2 effective area, which is comparable to plane-plane experiments employing custom microfabricated devices. We also discuss how measurements using nanomechanical resonators create opportunities for simultaneously measuring near-field radiative heat transfer and thermal radiation forces (e.g., thermal corrections to Casimir forces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Giroux
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michel Stephan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Maxime Brazeau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sean Molesky
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alejandro W Rodriguez
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jacob J Krich
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Karin Hinzer
- SUNLAB, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Raphael St-Gelais
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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13
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Salihoglu H, Shi J, Li Z, Wang Z, Luo X, Bondarev IV, Biehs SA, Shen S. Nonlocal Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer by Transdimensional Plasmonics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:086901. [PMID: 37683160 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.086901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Using transdimensional plasmonic materials (TDPM) within the framework of fluctuational electrodynamics, we demonstrate nonlocality in dielectric response alters near-field heat transfer at gap sizes on the order of hundreds of nanometers. Our theoretical study reveals that, opposite to the local model prediction, propagating waves can transport energy through the TDPM. However, energy transport by polaritons at shorter separations is reduced due to the metallic response of TDPM stronger than that predicted by the local model. Our experiments conducted for a configuration with a silica sphere and a doped silicon plate coated with an ultrathin layer of platinum as the TDPM show good agreement with the nonlocal near-field radiation theory. Our experimental work in conjunction with the nonlocal theory has important implications in thermophotovoltaic energy conversion, thermal management applications with metal coatings, and quantum-optical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Salihoglu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - J Shi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Z Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Z Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - X Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - I V Bondarev
- Mathematics & Physics Department, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, USA
| | - S-A Biehs
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - S Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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14
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Giri A, Walton SG, Tomko J, Bhatt N, Johnson MJ, Boris DR, Lu G, Caldwell JD, Prezhdo OV, Hopkins PE. Ultrafast and Nanoscale Energy Transduction Mechanisms and Coupled Thermal Transport across Interfaces. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14253-14282. [PMID: 37459320 PMCID: PMC10416573 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The coupled interactions among the fundamental carriers of charge, heat, and electromagnetic fields at interfaces and boundaries give rise to energetic processes that enable a wide array of technologies. The energy transduction among these coupled carriers results in thermal dissipation at these surfaces, often quantified by the thermal boundary resistance, thus driving the functionalities of the modern nanotechnologies that are continuing to provide transformational benefits in computing, communication, health care, clean energy, power recycling, sensing, and manufacturing, to name a few. It is the purpose of this Review to summarize recent works that have been reported on ultrafast and nanoscale energy transduction and heat transfer mechanisms across interfaces when different thermal carriers couple near or across interfaces. We review coupled heat transfer mechanisms at interfaces of solids, liquids, gasses, and plasmas that drive the resulting interfacial heat transfer and temperature gradients due to energy and momentum coupling among various combinations of electrons, vibrons, photons, polaritons (plasmon polaritons and phonon polaritons), and molecules. These interfacial thermal transport processes with coupled energy carriers involve relatively recent research, and thus, several opportunities exist to further develop these nascent fields, which we comment on throughout the course of this Review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Giri
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Scott G. Walton
- Plasma
Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 22032, United States
| | - John Tomko
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Niraj Bhatt
- Department
of Mechanical, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Michael J. Johnson
- Plasma
Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 22032, United States
| | - David R. Boris
- Plasma
Physics Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 22032, United States
| | - Guanyu Lu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Materials Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Oleg V. Prezhdo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Patrick E. Hopkins
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
- Department
of Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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15
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Mittapally R, Lim JW, Zhang L, Miller OD, Reddy P, Meyhofer E. Probing the Limits to Near-Field Heat Transfer Enhancements in Phonon-Polaritonic Materials. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2187-2194. [PMID: 36888651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) arises between objects separated by nanoscale gaps and leads to dramatic enhancements in heat transfer rates compared to the far-field. Recent experiments have provided first insights into these enhancements, especially using silicon dioxide (SiO2) surfaces, which support surface phonon polaritons (SPhP). Yet, theoretical analysis suggests that SPhPs in SiO2 occur at frequencies far higher than optimal. Here, we first show theoretically that SPhP-mediated NFRHT, at room temperature, can be 5-fold larger than that of SiO2, for materials that support SPhPs closer to an optimal frequency of 67 meV. Next, we experimentally demonstrate that MgF2 and Al2O3 closely approach this limit. Specifically, we demonstrate that near-field thermal conductance between MgF2 plates separated by 50 nm approaches within nearly 50% of the global SPhP bound. These findings lay the foundation for exploring the limits to radiative heat transfer rates at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith Mittapally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ju Won Lim
- Department of Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Lang Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Owen D Miller
- Department of Applied Physics and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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16
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Biehs SA, Agarwal GS. Breakdown of Detailed Balance for Thermal Radiation by Synthetic Fields. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:110401. [PMID: 37001076 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.110401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent times the possibility of nonreciprocity in heat transfer between two bodies has been extensively studied. In particular the role of strong magnetic fields has been investigated. A much simpler approach with considerable flexibility would be to consider heat transfer in synthetic electric and magnetic fields that are easily applied. We demonstrate the breakdown of detailed balance for the heat transfer function T(ω), i.e., the spectrum of heat transfer between two objects due to the presence of synthetic electric and magnetic fields. The spectral measurements carry much more physical information and are the reason for the quantum theory of radiation. We demonstrate explicitly the synthetic field induced nonreciprocity in the heat transfer transmission function between two graphene flakes and for the Casimir coupling between two objects. Unlike many other cases of heat transfer, the latter case has interesting features of the strong coupling. Further the presence of synthetic fields affects the mean occupation numbers of two membranes and we propose this system for the experimental verification of the breakdown of detailed balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-A Biehs
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany and Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CeNaD), Carl von Ossietzky Universität, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - G S Agarwal
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering and Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, USA
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17
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Yang B, Dai Q. Highly-efficient radiative thermal rectifiers based on near-field gap variations. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16978-16985. [PMID: 36354150 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Near-field radiative thermal rectifiers (NFRTRs) enabling directional heat transport hold great promise for various applications, including thermal logic computing, thermal management, and energy conversion. Current NFRTR designs rely on dissimilar terminal materials with high contrasts in their temperature-dependent dielectric properties, which in turn hinders the spectral match for radiative heat transfer and thus limits the device's efficiency. Herein, this dilemma is solved by designing heterostructures where a pair of polaritonic layers are separately stacked on a thermally-expanding layer and a rigid substrate, spaced by a vacuum gap. In this scheme, the symmetric polaritonic layers can provide stable near-field radiative channels for heat transfer, while the thermally-expanding layer can modulate the gap size with flipped temperature bias to allow high contrasts in heat flux. In exemplified implementations, the hBN-based design has achieved a record-high thermal rectification factor (TRF, ∼104) even under small thermal gradients (∼20 K), which can be further boosted by polaritonic hybridizations in the graphene/hBN-based design. This study paves the way to design novel NFRTRs with 2D materials, thus providing enriched polaritons to realize higher TRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Cortés E, Wendisch FJ, Sortino L, Mancini A, Ezendam S, Saris S, de S. Menezes L, Tittl A, Ren H, Maier SA. Optical Metasurfaces for Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15082-15176. [PMID: 35728004 PMCID: PMC9562288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured surfaces with designed optical functionalities, such as metasurfaces, allow efficient harvesting of light at the nanoscale, enhancing light-matter interactions for a wide variety of material combinations. Exploiting light-driven matter excitations in these artificial materials opens up a new dimension in the conversion and management of energy at the nanoscale. In this review, we outline the impact, opportunities, applications, and challenges of optical metasurfaces in converting the energy of incoming photons into frequency-shifted photons, phonons, and energetic charge carriers. A myriad of opportunities await for the utilization of the converted energy. Here we cover the most pertinent aspects from a fundamental nanoscopic viewpoint all the way to applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Cortés
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,
| | - Fedja J. Wendisch
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Sortino
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Ezendam
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Seryio Saris
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Leonardo de S. Menezes
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,Departamento
de Física, Universidade Federal de
Pernambuco, 50670-901 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andreas Tittl
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Haoran Ren
- MQ Photonics
Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie
Park, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- Chair
in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nano Institute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany,School
of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia,Department
of Phyiscs, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom,
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19
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Shi K, Chen Z, Xing Y, Yang J, Xu X, Evans JS, He S. Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Modulation with an Ultrahigh Dynamic Range through Mode Mismatching. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7753-7760. [PMID: 36162118 PMCID: PMC9562469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Modulating near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) with a high dynamic range is challenging in nanoscale thermal science and engineering. Modulation depths [(maximum value - minimum value)/(maximum value + minimum value) × 100%] of ≈2% to ≈15.7% have been reported with matched modes, but breaking the constraint of mode matching theoretically allows for higher modulation depth. We demonstrate a modulation depth of ≈32.2% by a pair of graphene-covered SU8 heterostructures at a gap distance of ≈80 nm. Dissimilar Fermi levels tuned by bias voltages enable mismatched surface plasmon polaritons which improves the modulation. The modulation depth when switching from a matched mode to a mismatched mode is ≈4.4-fold compared to that when switching between matched modes. This work shows the importance of symmetry in polariton-mediated NFRHT and represents the largest modulation depth to date in a two-body system with fixed gap distance and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhang Shi
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of
Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuxin Xing
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shanghai
Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of
Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinan Xu
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Julian S. Evans
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre
for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, National Engineering Research
Center for Optical Instruments, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Shanghai
Institute for Advanced Study, Zhejiang University, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department
of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm S-100 44, Sweden
- Email.
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20
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Rincón-García L, Thompson D, Mittapally R, Agraït N, Meyhofer E, Reddy P. Enhancement and Saturation of Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer in Nanogaps between Metallic Surfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:145901. [PMID: 36240403 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.145901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) between planar metallic surfaces was computationally explored over five decades ago by Polder and van Hove [Phys. Rev. B 4, 3303 (1971)PLRBAQ0556-280510.1103/PhysRevB.4.3303]. These studies predicted that, as the gap size (d) between the surfaces decreased, the radiative heat flux first increases by several orders of magnitude until d is ∼100 nm after which the heat flux saturates. However, despite both the fundamental and practical importance of these predictions, the combined enhancement and saturation of NFRHT at small gaps in metallic surfaces remains experimentally unverified. Here, we probe NFRHT between planar metallic (Pt, Au) surfaces and show that RHT rates can exceed the far-field rate by over a thousand times when d is reduced to ∼25 nm. More importantly, we show that for small values of d RHT saturates due to the dominant contributions from transverse electric evanescent modes. Our results are in excellent agreement with the predictions of fluctuational electrodynamics and are expected to inform the development of technologies such as near-field thermophotovoltaics, radiative heat-assisted magnetic recording, and nanolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rincón-García
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dakotah Thompson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Rohith Mittapally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Nicolás Agraït
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Universitario de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera" (INC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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21
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Santamaría-Holek I, Pérez-Madrid A. Scaling Planck's law: a unified approach to the Casimir effect and radiative heat-conductance in nanogaps. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:526-532. [PMID: 35195638 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00496d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using Planck's law from an innovative point of view brings about the possibility to understand the common origin of the repulsive Casimir thermal pressure and the heat exchange in nanogaps. Based on a scale transformation, a procedure that removes divergences of the energy density, we prove the validity of Planck's law to describe confined thermal radiation properties in nanoscale gaps. This scaling involves a configurational temperature obtained from Wien's displacement law and having an entropic origin. We derive analytical expressions for the Casimir thermal pressure as well as for the heat conductance. Comparison of our results with experimental data shows a remarkable agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Santamaría-Holek
- Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación-Juriquilla, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Juriquilla, Querétaro CP 76230, Mexico.
| | - Agustín Pérez-Madrid
- Departament de Física de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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22
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Effective Approximation Method for Nanogratings-induced Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030998. [PMID: 35160941 PMCID: PMC8839547 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale radiative thermal transport between a pair of metamaterial gratings is studied within this work. The effective medium theory (EMT), a traditional method to calculate the near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) between nanograting structures, does not account for the surface pattern effects of nanostructures. Here, we introduce the effective approximation NFRHT method that considers the effects of surface patterns on the NFRHT. Meanwhile, we calculate the heat flux between a pair of silica (SiO2) nanogratings with various separation distances, lateral displacements, and grating heights with respect to one another. Numerical calculations show that when compared with the EMT method, here the effective approximation method is more suitable for analyzing the NFRHT between a pair of relatively displaced nanogratings. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that compared with the result based on the EMT method, it is possible to realize an inverse heat flux trend with respect to the nanograting height between nanogratings without modifying the vacuum gap calculated by this effective approximation NFRHT method, which verifies that the NFRHT between the side faces of gratings greatly affects the NFRHT between a pair of nanogratings. By taking advantage of this effective approximation NFRHT method, the NFRHT in complex micro/nano-electromechanical devices can be accurately predicted and analyzed.
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23
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Chen W, Nagayama G. Quasi-Casimir coupling can induce thermal resonance of adsorbed liquid layers in a nanogap. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11758-11769. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In a vacuum nanogap, phonon heat transfer can be induced by quasi-Casimir coupling in the absence of electromagnetic fields. However, it is unknown whether phonons can be transmitted across a...
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24
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Shi K, Chen Z, Xu X, Evans J, He S. Optimized Colossal Near-Field Thermal Radiation Enabled by Manipulating Coupled Plasmon Polariton Geometry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2106097. [PMID: 34632648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Collective optoelectronic phenomena such as plasmons and phonon polaritons can drive processes in many branches of nanoscale science. Classical physics predicts that a perfect thermal emitter operates at the black body limit. Numerous experiments have shown that surface phonon polaritons allow emission two orders of magnitude above the limit at a gap distance of ≈50 nm. This work shows that a supported multilayer graphene structure improves the state of the art by around one order of magnitude with a ≈1129-fold-enhancement at a gap distance of ≈55 nm. Coupled surface plasmon polaritons at mid- and far-infrared frequencies allow for near-unity photon tunneling across a broad swath of k-space enabling the improved result. Electric tuning of the Fermi-level allows for the detailed characterization and optimization of the colossal nanoscale heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhang Shi
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinan Xu
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Julian Evans
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, S-100 44, Sweden
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25
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Graphene-based autonomous pyroelectric system for near-field energy conversion. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19489. [PMID: 34593860 PMCID: PMC8484632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the close vicinity of a hot solid, at distances smaller than the thermal wavelength, a strong electromagnetic energy density exists because of the presence of evanescent field. Here we introduce a many-body conversion principle to harvest this energy using graphene-based pyroelectric conversion devices made with an active layer encapsulated between two graphene field-effect transistors which are deposited on the source and on the cold sink. By tuning the bias voltage applied to the gates of these transistors, the thermal state and the spontaneous polarization of the active layer can be controlled at kHz frequencies. We demonstrate that the power density generated by these conversion systems can reach [Formula: see text] using pyroelectric Ericsson cycles, a value which surpasses the current production capacity of near-field thermophotovoltaic conversion devices by more than three orders of magnitude with low grade heat sources ([Formula: see text]) and small temperature differences ([Formula: see text]).
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26
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Toward applications of near-field radiative heat transfer with micro-hotplates. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14347. [PMID: 34253793 PMCID: PMC8275596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93695-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bringing bodies close together at sub-micron distances can drastically enhance radiative heat transfer, leading to heat fluxes greater than the blackbody limit set by Stefan–Boltzmann law. This effect, known as near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT), has wide implications for thermal management in microsystems, as well as technological applications such as direct heat to electricity conversion in thermophotovoltaic cells. Here, we demonstrate NFRHT from microfabricated hotplates made by surface micromachining of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {SiO}_2$$\end{document}SiO2/\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {SiN}$$\end{document}SiN thin films deposited on a sacrificial amorphous Si layer. The sacrificial layer is dry etched to form wide membranes (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${100}\,\upmu \hbox {m} \times {100}\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}100μm×100μm) separated from the substrate by nanometric distances. Nickel traces allow both resistive heating and temperature measurement on the micro-hotplates. We report on two samples with measured gaps of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${610}\,\hbox {nm}$$\end{document}610nm and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${280}\,\hbox {nm}$$\end{document}280nm. The membranes can be heated up to \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${250}\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$\end{document}250∘C under vacuum with no mechanical damage. At \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${120}\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}$$\end{document}120∘C we observed a 6.4-fold enhancement of radiative heat transfer compared to far-field emission for the smallest gap and a 3.5-fold enhancement for the larger gap. Furthermore, the measured transmitted power exhibits an exponential dependence with respect to gap size, a clear signature of NFRHT. Calculations of photon transmission probabilities indicate that the observed increase in heat transfer can be attributed to near-field coupling by surface phonon-polaritons supported by the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\hbox {SiO}_2$$\end{document}SiO2 films. The fabrication process presented here, relying solely on well-established surface micromachining technology, is a key step toward integration of NFRHT in industrial applications.
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Sanders S, Zundel L, Kort-Kamp WJM, Dalvit DAR, Manjavacas A. Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer Eigenmodes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:193601. [PMID: 34047587 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The near-field electromagnetic interaction between nanoscale objects produces enhanced radiative heat transfer that can greatly surpass the limits established by far-field blackbody radiation. Here, we present a theoretical framework to describe the temporal dynamics of the radiative heat transfer in ensembles of nanostructures, which is based on the use of an eigenmode expansion of the equations that govern this process. Using this formalism, we identify the fundamental principles that determine the thermalization of collections of nanostructures, revealing general but often unintuitive dynamics. Our results provide an elegant and precise approach to efficiently analyze the temporal dynamics of the near-field radiative heat transfer in systems containing a large number of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Sanders
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Lauren Zundel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | - Wilton J M Kort-Kamp
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Diego A R Dalvit
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Alejandro Manjavacas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
- Instituto de Óptica (IO-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Campbell MF, Celenza TJ, Schmitt F, Schwede JW, Bargatin I. Progress Toward High Power Output in Thermionic Energy Converters. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003812. [PMID: 33977055 PMCID: PMC8097403 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Thermionic energy converters are solid-state heat engines that have the potential to produce electricity with efficiencies of over 30% and area-specific power densities of 100 Wcm-2. Despite this prospect, no prototypes reported in the literature have achieved true efficiencies close to this target, and many of the most recent investigations report power densities on the order of mWcm-2 or less. These discrepancies stem in part from the low-temperature (<1300 K) test conditions used to evaluate these devices, the large vacuum gap distances (25-100 µm) employed by these devices, and material challenges related to these devices' electrodes. This review will argue that, for feasible electrode work functions available today, efficient performance requires generating output power densities of >1 Wcm-2 and employing emitter temperatures of 1300 K or higher. With this result in mind, this review provides an overview of historical and current design architectures and comments on their capacity to realize the efficiency and power potential of thermionic energy converters. Also emphasized is the importance of using standardized efficiency metrics to report thermionic energy converter performance data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Campbell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied MechanicsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | - Thomas J. Celenza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied MechanicsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
| | | | | | - Igor Bargatin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied MechanicsUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19104USA
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Song J, Cheng Q, Zhang B, Lu L, Zhou X, Luo Z, Hu R. Many-body near-field radiative heat transfer: methods, functionalities and applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2021; 84:036501. [PMID: 33567420 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/abe52b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) governed by evanescent waves, provides a platform to thoroughly understand the transport behavior of nonradiative photons, and also has great potential in high-efficiency energy harvesting and thermal management at the nanoscale. It is more usual in nature that objects participate in heat transfer process in many-body form rather than the frequently-considered two-body scenarios, and the inborn mutual interactions among objects are important to be understood and utilized for practical applications. The last decade has witnessed considerable achievements on many-body NFRHT, ranging from the establishment of different calculation methods to various unprecedented heat transport phenomena that are distinct from two-body systems. In this invited review, we introduce concisely the basic physics of NFRHT, lay out various theoretical methods to deal with many-body NFRHT, and highlight unique functionalities realized in many-body systems and the resulting applications. At last, the key challenges and opportunities of many-body NFRHT in terms of fundamental physics, experimental validations, and potential applications are outlined and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlin Song
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430025, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinping Zhou
- School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixue Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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Lucchesi C, Vaillon R, Chapuis PO. Radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale: experimental trends and challenges. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:201-208. [PMID: 33533775 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Energy transport theories are being revisited at the nanoscale, as macroscopic laws known for a century are broken at dimensions smaller than those associated with energy carriers. For thermal radiation, where the typical dimension is provided by Wien's wavelength, Planck's law and associated concepts describing surface-to-surface radiative transfer have to be replaced by a full electromagnetic framework capturing near-field radiative heat transfer (photon tunnelling between close bodies), interference effects and sub-wavelength thermal emission (emitting body of small size). It is only during the last decade that nanotechnology has allowed for many experimental verifications - with a recent boom - of the large increase of radiative heat transfer at the nanoscale. In this minireview, we highlight the parameter space that has been investigated until now, showing that it is limited in terms of inter-body distance, temperature and object size, and provide clues about possible thermal-energy harvesting, sensing and management applications. We also provide an outlook on open topics, underlining some difficulties in applying single-wavelength approaches to broadband thermal emitters while acknowledging the promise of thermal nanophotonics and observing that molecular/chemical viewpoints have been hardly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Lucchesi
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CETHIL UMR5008, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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31
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Bijster RJF, van Keulen F. Design of a calorimeter for near-field heat transfer measurements and thermal scanning probe microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:025008. [PMID: 33648070 DOI: 10.1063/5.0034503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer cantilever beams are used in the measurement of near-field radiative heat transfer. The materials and dimensions of the cantilever probe are chosen in order to improve system performance in terms of sensitivity and noise. This is done using an analytical model that describes the thermo-mechanical and mechanical behavior of the cantilever and its influences at the system level. In the design, the optical reflectance and the sensitivity of cantilever rotation to the heat input are maximized under constraints for thermal noise, temperature drift, and a lower bound for the spring constant. The analytical model is verified using finite element analysis, which shows that the effects of radiative losses to the environment are insignificant for design purposes, while the effects of ignoring three-dimensional heat flow introduces larger errors. Moreover, the finite element analysis shows that the designed probes are up to 41 times more sensitive than the often used commercial-of-the-shelf benchmark and have a four times lower thermal noise. Experimental validation of the designed probes shows good agreement with the theoretical values for sensitivity. However, the most sensitive designs were found to be susceptible to damage due to overheating and carbon contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J F Bijster
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - F van Keulen
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Castillo-López SG, Pirruccio G, Villarreal C, Esquivel-Sirvent R. Near-field radiative heat transfer between high-temperature superconductors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16066. [PMID: 32999404 PMCID: PMC7527961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) management can be achieved using high-temperature superconductors. In this work, we present a theoretical study of the radiative heat transfer between two [Formula: see text] (YBCO) slabs in three different scenarios: Both slabs either in the normal or superconducting state, and only one of them below the superconductor critical temperature [Formula: see text]. The radiative heat transfer is calculated using Rytov's theory of fluctuating electrodynamics, while a two-fluid model describes the dielectric function of the superconducting materials. Our main result is the significant suppression of the NFRHT when one or both of the slabs are superconducting, which is explained in terms of the detailed balance of the charge carriers density together with the sudden reduction of the free electron scattering rate. A critical and unique feature affecting the radiative heat transfer between high-temperature superconductors is the large damping of the mid-infrared carriers which screens the surface plasmon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Castillo-López
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-364, Mexico, 01000, Mexico
| | - G Pirruccio
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-364, Mexico, 01000, Mexico
| | - C Villarreal
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-364, Mexico, 01000, Mexico
| | - R Esquivel-Sirvent
- Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 20-364, Mexico, 01000, Mexico.
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Salihoglu H, Nam W, Traverso L, Segovia M, Venuthurumilli PK, Liu W, Wei Y, Li W, Xu X. Near-Field Thermal Radiation between Two Plates with Sub-10 nm Vacuum Separation. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6091-6096. [PMID: 32628493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Radiation greatly exceeding blackbody between two objects separated by microscale distances has attracted great interest. However, challenges in reaching such a small separation between two plates have so far prevented studies below a separation distance of about 25 nm. Here, we report a study of radiation enhancement in the near-field regime of less than 10 nm between two parallel plates. We make use of bulk, rigid plates to approach small separation distances without the adverse snap-in effect, develop embedded temperature sensors to allow near-zero separation, and employ advanced sensing method to level the plates and approach and maintain small separations. Our findings agree with theoretical predictions between parallel surfaces with separations down to 7 nm where an 18000 times enhancement in radiation between two quartz plates is observed. Our method can also be used to explore heat transfer between other materials and can possibly be extended to smaller separation gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Salihoglu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Woongsik Nam
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Luis Traverso
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Mauricio Segovia
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Prabhu K Venuthurumilli
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Center for Micro- and Nanoscale Research and Fabrication, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xianfan Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Buahom P, Wang C, Alshrah M, Wang G, Gong P, Tran MP, Park CB. Wrong expectation of superinsulation behavior from largely-expanded nanocellular foams. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:13064-13085. [PMID: 32542255 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01927e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to predict the thermal conductivity of microcellular and nanocellular thermal insulation foams to explore the correlation between the cellular structure and the thermal insulating properties. Closed-cell foam consisting of cell walls and struts was used as the base geometry for modeling. The mathematical correlations to calculate the thickness of cell walls and the diameter of struts for a given cell size, the void fraction and the volume fraction of polymer located in struts were investigated. Then, a mathematical model for the conductive thermal conductivity including the dependency on the void fraction, the strut fraction and the Knudsen effect for gas was introduced. The radiative thermal conductivity was determined by analyzing the attenuation of radiative energy by absorption and scattering based on Mie's theory together with electromagnetic wave interference, as well as interference of propagating waves and tunneling of the radiative energy by evanescent waves in the cells. The thermal conductivity model was validated by experimental data and used to predict the thermal conductivity of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) foams at various cell sizes and volume expansion ratios. It was found that the radiative thermal conductivity plays a crucial role in nanocellular foam. The trade-off between the cell size and cell wall thickness when cell walls become thinner and highly transparent to thermal radiation was demonstrated, leading to the optimal volume expansion ratio at which the thermal conductivities were minimized. Perspectives for the manufacture of high-performance thermal insulation foams are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyapong Buahom
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Chongda Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Mohammed Alshrah
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Guilong Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada. and Cellular Polymer Science & Technology Laboratory, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Shandong University, 250061, Shandong, China
| | - Pengjian Gong
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada. and College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
| | - Minh-Phuong Tran
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada. and University Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory (MPML), Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
Today’s electronics cannot perform in harsh environments (e.g., elevated temperatures and ionizing radiation environments) found in many engineering applications. Based on the coupling between near-field thermal radiation and MEMS thermal actuation, we presented the design and modeling of NanoThermoMechanical AND, OR, and NOT logic gates as an alternative, and showed their ability to be combined into a full thermal adder to perform complex operations. In this work, we introduce the fabrication and characterization of the first ever documented Thermal AND and OR logic gates. The results show thermal logic operations can be achieved successfully through demonstrated and easy-to-manufacture NanoThermoMechanical logic gates.
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Thompson D, Zhu L, Meyhofer E, Reddy P. Nanoscale radiative thermal switching via multi-body effects. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:99-104. [PMID: 31873289 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Control of thermal transport at the nanoscale is of great current interest for creating novel thermal logic and energy conversion devices. Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that radiative heat transfer between macroscopic objects separated by nanogaps, or between nanostructures located in the far-field of each other, can exceed the blackbody limit. Here, we show that the radiative heat transfer between two coplanar SiN membranes can be modulated by factors as large as five by bringing a third planar object into close proximity of the membranes. Numerical modelling reveals that this modulation is due to a modification of guided modes (supported in the SiN nanomembranes) by evanescent interactions with the third object. This multi-body effect could offer an efficient pathway for active control of heat currents at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakotah Thompson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linxiao Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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37
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Shi K, Sun Y, Chen Z, He N, Bao F, Evans J, He S. Colossal Enhancement of Near-Field Thermal Radiation Across Hundreds of Nanometers between Millimeter-Scale Plates through Surface Plasmon and Phonon Polaritons Coupling. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8082-8088. [PMID: 31646871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coupling modes between surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) play a vital role in enhancing near-field thermal radiation but are relatively unexplored, and no experimental result is available. Here, we consider the NFTR enhancement between two identical graphene-covered SiO2 heterostructures with millimeter-scale surface area and report an experimentally record-breaking ∼64-fold enhancement compared to blackbody (BB) limit at a gap distance of 170 nm. The energy transmission coefficient and radiation spectra show that the physical mechanism behind the colossal enhancement is the coupling between the surface plasmon and phonon polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhang Shi
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Yongcheng Sun
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Zhaoyang Chen
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Nan He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University , Ningbo 315100 , China
| | - Fanglin Bao
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Julian Evans
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058 , China
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, ZJU-SCNU Joint Center of Photonics, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics , South China Normal University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University , Ningbo 315100 , China
- Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering , Royal Institute of Technology , Stockholm S-100 44 , Sweden
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38
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Li H, Fernández-Alcázar LJ, Ellis F, Shapiro B, Kottos T. Adiabatic Thermal Radiation Pumps for Thermal Photonics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:165901. [PMID: 31702352 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.165901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We control the direction and magnitude of thermal radiation, between two bodies at equal temperature (in thermal equilibrium), by invoking the concept of adiabatic pumping. Specifically, within a resonant near-field electromagnetic heat transfer framework, we utilize an instantaneous scattering matrix approach to unveil the critical role of wave interference in radiative heat transfer. We find that appropriately designed adiabatic pumping cycling near diabolic singularities can dramatically enhance the efficiency of the directional energy transfer. We confirm our results using a realistic electronic circuit setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanan Li
- Wave Transport in Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, CUNY, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Lucas J Fernández-Alcázar
- Wave Transport in Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Fred Ellis
- Wave Transport in Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Boris Shapiro
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Tsampikos Kottos
- Wave Transport in Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
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DeSutter J, Tang L, Francoeur M. A near-field radiative heat transfer device. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 14:751-755. [PMID: 31263192 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several reports have experimentally shown near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) exceeding the far-field blackbody limit between planar surfaces1-5. However, owing to the difficulties associated with maintaining the nanosized gap required for measuring a near-field enhancement, these demonstrations have been limited to experiments that cannot be implemented in large-scale devices. This poses a bottleneck to the deployment of NFRHT concepts in practical applications. Here, we describe a device bridging laboratory-scale measurements and potential NFRHT engineering applications in energy conversion6,7 and thermal management8-10. We report a maximum NFRHT enhancement of approximately 28.5 over the blackbody limit with devices made of millimetre-sized doped Si surfaces separated by vacuum gap spacings down to approximately 110 nm. The devices use micropillars, separating the high-temperature emitter and low-temperature receiver, manufactured within micrometre-deep pits. These micropillars, which are about 4.5 to 45 times longer than the nanosize vacuum spacing at which radiation transfer takes place, minimize parasitic heat conduction without sacrificing the structural integrity of the device. The robustness of our devices enables gap spacing visualization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) before performing NFRHT measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- John DeSutter
- Radiative Energy Transfer Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lei Tang
- Radiative Energy Transfer Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mathieu Francoeur
- Radiative Energy Transfer Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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Thomas NH, Sherrott MC, Broulliet J, Atwater HA, Minnich AJ. Electronic Modulation of Near-Field Radiative Transfer in Graphene Field Effect Heterostructures. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3898-3904. [PMID: 31141664 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating heat flow in a controllable and reversible manner is a topic of fundamental and practical interest. Numerous approaches to perform thermal switching have been reported, but they typically suffer from various limitations, for instance requiring mechanical modulation of a submicron gap spacing or only operating in a narrow temperature window. Here, we report the experimental modulation of radiative heat flow by electronic gating of a graphene field effect heterostructure without any moving elements. We measure a maximum heat flux modulation of 4 ± 3% and an absolute modulation depth of 24 ± 7 mW m-2 V-1 in samples with vacuum gap distances ranging from 1 to 3 μm. The active area in the samples through which heat is transferred is ∼1 cm2, indicating the scalable nature of these structures. A clear experimental path exists to realize switching ratios as large as 100%, laying the foundation for electronic control of near-field thermal radiation using 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan H Thomas
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Michelle C Sherrott
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jeremy Broulliet
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Austin J Minnich
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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41
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Ben-Abdallah P, Biehs SA. Harvesting the Electromagnetic Energy Confined Close to a Hot Body. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/zna-2019-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the close vicinity of a hot body, at distances smaller than the thermal wavelength, a high electromagnetic energy density exists due to the presence of evanescent fields radiated by the partial charges in thermal motion around its surface. This energy density can surpass the energy density in vacuum by several orders of magnitude. By approaching a photovoltaic (PV) cell with a band gap in the infrared frequency range, this nonradiative energy can be transferred to it by photon tunnelling and surface mode coupling. Here we review the basic ideas and recent progress in near-field energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ben-Abdallah
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, UMR 8501, Institut d’Optique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud 11 , 2, Avenue Augustin Fresnel , 91127 Palaiseau Cedex , France
| | - Svend-Age Biehs
- Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität , D-26111 Oldenburg , Germany
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42
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Shin S, Elzouka M, Prasher R, Chen R. Far-field coherent thermal emission from polaritonic resonance in individual anisotropic nanoribbons. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1377. [PMID: 30914641 PMCID: PMC6435684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent thermal emission deviates from the Planckian blackbody emission with a narrow spectrum and strong directionality. While far-field thermal emission from polaritonic resonance has shown the deviation through modelling and optical characterizations, an approach to achieve and directly measure dominant coherent thermal emission has not materialised. By exploiting the large disparity in the skin depth and wavelength of surface phonon polaritons, we design anisotropic SiO2 nanoribbons to enable independent control of the incoherent and coherent behaviours, which exhibit over 8.5-fold enhancement in the emissivity compared with the thin-film limit. Importantly, this enhancement is attributed to the coherent polaritonic resonant effect, hence, was found to be stronger at lower temperature. A thermometry platform is devised to extract, for the first time, the thermal emissivity from such dielectric nanoemitters with nanowatt-level emitting power. The result provides new insight into the realisation of spatial and spectral distribution control for far-field thermal emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmi Shin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mahmoud Elzouka
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ravi Prasher
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Renkun Chen
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA. .,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA.
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43
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Near-field photonic cooling through control of the chemical potential of photons. Nature 2019; 566:239-244. [PMID: 30760913 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-0918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photonic cooling of matter has enabled both access to unexplored states of matter, such as Bose-Einstein condensates, and novel approaches to solid-state refrigeration1-3. Critical to these photonic cooling approaches is the use of low-entropy coherent radiation from lasers, which makes the cooling process thermodynamically feasible4-6. Recent theoretical work7-9 has suggested that photonic solid-state cooling may be accomplished by tuning the chemical potential of photons without using coherent laser radiation, but such cooling has not been experimentally realized. Here we report an experimental demonstration of photonic cooling without laser light using a custom-fabricated nanocalorimetric device and a photodiode. We show that when they are in each other's near-field-that is, when the size of the vacuum gap between the planar surfaces of the calorimetric device and a reverse-biased photodiode is reduced to tens of nanometres-solid-state cooling of the calorimetric device can be accomplished via a combination of photon tunnelling, which enhances the transport of photons across nanoscale gaps, and suppression of photon emission from the photodiode due to a change in the chemical potential of the photons under an applied reverse bias. This demonstration of active nanophotonic cooling-without the use of coherent laser radiation-lays the experimental foundation for systematic exploration of nanoscale photonics and optoelectronics for solid-state refrigeration and on-chip device cooling.
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44
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Tailoring near-field thermal radiation between metallo-dielectric multilayers using coupled surface plasmon polaritons. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4302. [PMID: 30327494 PMCID: PMC6191454 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06795-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several experiments have shown a huge enhancement in thermal radiation over the blackbody limit when two objects are separated by nanoscale gaps. Although those measurements only demonstrated enhanced radiation between homogeneous materials, theoretical studies now focus on controlling the near-field radiation by tuning surface polaritons supported in nanomaterials. Here, we experimentally demonstrate near-field thermal radiation between metallo-dielectric multilayers at nanoscale gaps. Significant enhancement in heat transfer is achieved due to the coupling of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) supported at multiple metal-dielectric interfaces. This enables the metallo-dielectric multilayers at a 160-nm vacuum gap to have the same heat transfer rate as that between semi-infinite metal surfaces separated by only 75 nm. We also demonstrate that near-field thermal radiation can be readily tuned by modifying the resonance condition of coupled SPPs. This study will provide a new direction for exploiting surface-polariton-mediated near-field thermal radiation between planar structures.
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45
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Yang J, Du W, Su Y, Fu Y, Gong S, He S, Ma Y. Observing of the super-Planckian near-field thermal radiation between graphene sheets. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4033. [PMID: 30279411 PMCID: PMC6168489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06163-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal radiation can be substantially enhanced in the near-field scenario due to the tunneling of evanescent waves. Monolayer graphene could play a vital role in this process owing to its strong infrared plasmonic response, however, which still lacks an experimental verification due to the technical challenges. Here, we manage to make a direct measurement about plasmon-mediated thermal radiation between two macroscopic graphene sheets using a custom-made setup. Super-Planckian radiation with efficiency 4.5 times larger than the blackbody limit is observed at a 430-nm vacuum gap on insulating silicon hosting substrates. The positive role of graphene plasmons is further confirmed on conductive silicon substrates which have strong infrared loss and thermal emittance. Based on these, a thermophotovoltaic cell made of the graphene–silicon heterostructure is lastly discussed. The current work validates the classic thermodynamical theory in treating graphene and also paves a way to pursue the application of near-field thermal management. Though monolayer graphene has the potential to be used in near-field thermal management applications, no experimental verification has been provided to date. Here, the authors directly measure plasmon-enhanced near-field heat transfer between graphene sheets on intrinsic silicon substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yang
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei Du
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yishu Su
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Fu
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shaoxiang Gong
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sailing He
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yungui Ma
- State Key Lab of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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46
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Kou J, Minnich AJ. Dynamic optical control of near-field radiative transfer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:A729-A736. [PMID: 30184832 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.00a729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic control of radiative heat transfer is of fundamental interest as well as for applications in thermal management and energy conversion. However, realizing high contrast control of heat flow without moving parts and with high temporal frequencies remains a challenge. Here, we propose a thermal modulation scheme based on optical pumping of semiconductors in near-field radiative contact. External photo-excitation of the semiconductor emitters leads to increases in the free carrier concentration that in turn alters the plasma frequency, resulting in modulation of near-field thermal radiation. The temporal frequency of the modulation can reach hundreds of kHz limited only by the recombination lifetime, greatly exceeding the bandwidth of methods based on temperature modulcation. Calculations based on fluctuational electrodynamics show that the heat transfer coefficient between two silicon films can be tuned from near zero to 600 Wm-2K-1 with a gap distance of 100 nm at room temperature.
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47
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Thompson D, Zhu L, Mittapally R, Sadat S, Xing Z, McArdle P, Qazilbash MM, Reddy P, Meyhofer E. Hundred-fold enhancement in far-field radiative heat transfer over the blackbody limit. Nature 2018; 561:216-221. [PMID: 30177825 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Radiative heat transfer (RHT) has a central role in entropy generation and energy transfer at length scales ranging from nanometres to light years1. The blackbody limit2, as established in Max Planck's theory of RHT, provides a convenient metric for quantifying rates of RHT because it represents the maximum possible rate of RHT between macroscopic objects in the far field-that is, at separations greater than Wien's wavelength3. Recent experimental work has verified the feasibility of overcoming the blackbody limit in the near field4-7, but heat-transfer rates exceeding the blackbody limit have not previously been demonstrated in the far field. Here we use custom-fabricated calorimetric nanostructures with embedded thermometers to show that RHT between planar membranes with sub-wavelength dimensions can exceed the blackbody limit in the far field by more than two orders of magnitude. The heat-transfer rates that we observe are in good agreement with calculations based on fluctuational electrodynamics. These findings may be directly relevant to various fields, such as energy conversion, atmospheric sciences and astrophysics, in which RHT is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakotah Thompson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linxiao Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohith Mittapally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Seid Sadat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Zhen Xing
- Department of Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Patrick McArdle
- Department of Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - M Mumtaz Qazilbash
- Department of Physics, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, USA
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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48
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Fiorino A, Zhu L, Thompson D, Mittapally R, Reddy P, Meyhofer E. Nanogap near-field thermophotovoltaics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:806-811. [PMID: 29915273 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of heat to electricity via solid-state devices is of great interest and has led to intense research of thermoelectric materials1,2. Alternative approaches for solid-state heat-to-electricity conversion include thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems where photons from a hot emitter traverse a vacuum gap and are absorbed by a photovoltaic (PV) cell to generate electrical power. In principle, such systems may also achieve higher efficiencies and offer more versatility in use. However, the typical temperature of the hot emitter remains too low (<1,000 K) to achieve a sufficient photon flux to the PV cell, limiting practical applications. Theoretical proposals3-12 suggest that near-field (NF) effects13-18 that arise in nanoscale gaps may be leveraged to increase the photon flux to the PV cell and significantly enhance the power output. Here, we describe functional NFTPV devices consisting of a microfabricated system and a custom-built nanopositioner and demonstrate an ~40-fold enhancement in the power output at nominally 60 nm gaps relative to the far field. We systematically characterize this enhancement over a range of gap sizes and emitter temperatures, and for PV cells with two different bandgap energies. We anticipate that this technology, once optimized, will be viable for waste heat recovery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fiorino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linxiao Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dakotah Thompson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rohith Mittapally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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49
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Wang JS, Zhang ZQ, Lü JT. Coulomb-force-mediated heat transfer in the near field: Geometric effect. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:012118. [PMID: 30110761 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.012118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown recently that the Coulomb part of electromagnetic interactions is more important than the transverse propagation waves for the near-field enhancement of heat transfer between metal objects at a distance of order nanometers. Here we present a theory focusing solely on the Coulomb potential between electrons hopping among tight-binding sites. When the relevant systems are reduced to very small geometry, for example, a single site, the enhancement is much higher compared to a collection of them packed within a distance of a few Å. We credit this to the screening effect. This result may be useful in designing metal-based metamaterials to enhance heat transfer much higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Sheng Wang
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Zu-Quan Zhang
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Tao Lü
- School of Physics and Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430074 Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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50
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Fiorino A, Thompson D, Zhu L, Mittapally R, Biehs SA, Bezencenet O, El-Bondry N, Bansropun S, Ben-Abdallah P, Meyhofer E, Reddy P. A Thermal Diode Based on Nanoscale Thermal Radiation. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5774-5779. [PMID: 29790344 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate thermal rectification at the nanoscale between doped Si and VO2 surfaces. Specifically, we show that the metal-insulator transition of VO2 makes it possible to achieve large differences in the heat flow between Si and VO2 when the direction of the temperature gradient is reversed. We further show that this rectification increases at nanoscale separations, with a maximum rectification coefficient exceeding 50% at ∼140 nm gaps and a temperature difference of 70 K. Our modeling indicates that this high rectification coefficient arises due to broadband enhancement of heat transfer between metallic VO2 and doped Si surfaces, as compared to narrower-band exchange that occurs when VO2 is in its insulating state. This work demonstrates the feasibility of accomplishing near-field-based rectification of heat, which is a key component for creating nanoscale radiation-based information processing devices and thermal management approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Fiorino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Dakotah Thompson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Linxiao Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Rohith Mittapally
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Svend-Age Biehs
- Institut für Physik , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , D-26111 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Odile Bezencenet
- Thales Research and Technology France , 1, Avenue Augustin Fresnel , F-91767 Palaiseau , Cedex France
| | - Nadia El-Bondry
- Thales Research and Technology France , 1, Avenue Augustin Fresnel , F-91767 Palaiseau , Cedex France
| | - Shailendra Bansropun
- Thales Research and Technology France , 1, Avenue Augustin Fresnel , F-91767 Palaiseau , Cedex France
| | - Philippe Ben-Abdallah
- Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d'Optique, CNRS, UMR 8501 , Université Paris-Sud 11 , 2, Avenue Augustin Fresnel , F-91127 Palaiseau , Cedex France
| | - Edgar Meyhofer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Pramod Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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