1
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Tang L, Corrêa LM, Francoeur M, Dames C. Corner- and edge-mode enhancement of near-field radiative heat transfer. Nature 2024; 629:67-73. [PMID: 38632409 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
It is well established that near-field radiative heat transfer (NFRHT) can exceed Planck's blackbody limit1 by orders of magnitude owing to the tunnelling of evanescent electromagnetic frustrated and surface modes2-4, as has been demonstrated experimentally for NFRHT between two large parallel surfaces5-7 and between two subwavelength membranes8,9. However, although nanostructures can also sustain a much richer variety of localized electromagnetic modes at their corners and edges10,11, the contributions of such additional modes to further enhancing NFRHT remain unexplored. Here we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally a physical mechanism of NFRHT mediated by the corner and edge modes, and show that it can dominate the NFRHT in the 'dual nanoscale regime' in which both the thickness of the emitter and receiver, and their gap spacing, are much smaller than the thermal photon wavelengths. For two coplanar 20-nm-thick silicon carbide membranes separated by a 100-nm vacuum gap, the NFRHT coefficient at room temperature is both predicted and measured to be 830 W m-2 K-1, which is 5.5 times larger than that for two infinite silicon carbide surfaces separated by the same gap, and 1,400 times larger than the corresponding blackbody limit accounting for the geometric view factor between two coplanar membranes. This enhancement is dominated by the electromagnetic corner and edge modes, which account for 81% of the NFRHT between the silicon carbide membranes. These findings are important for future NFRHT applications in thermal management and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lívia M Corrêa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mathieu Francoeur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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Zeng Y, Zhang B, Fu Y, Shen F, Zheng Q, Chalise D, Miao R, Kaur S, Lubner SD, Tucker MC, Battaglia V, Dames C, Prasher RS. Extreme fast charging of commercial Li-ion batteries via combined thermal switching and self-heating approaches. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3229. [PMID: 37270603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mass adoption of electric vehicles is hindered by the inadequate extreme fast charging (XFC) performance (i.e., less than 15 min charging time to reach 80% state of charge) of commercial high-specific-energy (i.e., >200 Wh/kg) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, to enable the XFC of commercial LIBs, we propose the regulation of the battery's self-generated heat via active thermal switching. We demonstrate that retaining the heat during XFC with the switch OFF boosts the cell's kinetics while dissipating the heat after XFC with the switch ON reduces detrimental reactions in the battery. Without modifying cell materials or structures, the proposed XFC approach enables reliable battery operation by applying <15 min of charge and 1 h of discharge. These results are almost identical regarding operativity for the same battery type tested applying a 1 h of charge and 1 h of discharge, thus, meeting the XFC targets set by the United States Department of Energy. Finally, we also demonstrate the feasibility of integrating the XFC approach in a commercial battery thermal management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Zeng
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Buyi Zhang
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yanbao Fu
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fengyu Shen
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Qiye Zheng
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Divya Chalise
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ruijiao Miao
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sumanjeet Kaur
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sean D Lubner
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Michael C Tucker
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vincent Battaglia
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ravi S Prasher
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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3
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Tang K, Wang X, Dong K, Li Y, Li J, Sun B, Zhang X, Dames C, Qiu C, Yao J, Wu J. A Thermal Radiation Modulation Platform by Emissivity Engineering with Graded Metal-Insulator Transition. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e1907071. [PMID: 32700403 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thermal radiation from a black body increases with the fourth power of absolute temperature (T4 ), an effect known as the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Typical materials radiate heat at a portion of this limit, where the portion, called integrated emissivity (εint ), is insensitive to temperature (|dεint /dT| ≈ 10-4 °C-1 ). The resultant radiance bound by the T4 law limits the ability to regulate radiative heat. Here, an unusual material platform is shown in which εint can be engineered to decrease in an arbitrary manner near room temperature (|dεint /dT| ≈ 8 × 10-3 °C-1 ), enabling unprecedented manipulation of infrared radiation. As an example, εint is programmed to vary with temperature as the inverse of T4 , precisely counteracting the T4 dependence; hence, thermal radiance from the surface becomes temperature-independent, allowing the fabrication of flexible and power-free infrared camouflage with unique advantage in performance stability. The structure is based on thin films of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide where the tungsten fraction is judiciously graded across a thickness less than the skin depth of electromagnetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kechao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiachen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center (NSEC), University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chengwei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jie Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Division of Materials Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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4
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Mishra V, Garay JE, Dames C. Leveraging Anisotropy for Coupled Optimization of Thermal Transport and Light Transmission in Micro‐Structured Materials for High‐Power Laser Applications. Adv Theory Simul 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley 6107 Etcheverry Hall, 2521 Hearst Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Intel Corporation Intel SC2, 3065 Bowers Avenue Santa Clara CA 95054 USA
| | - Javier E. Garay
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California, Berkeley 6107 Etcheverry Hall, 2521 Hearst Avenue Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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5
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Yuan P, Wu JY, Ogletree DF, Urban JJ, Dames C, Ma Y. Adapting the Electron Beam from SEM as a Quantitative Heating Source for Nanoscale Thermal Metrology. Nano Lett 2020; 20:3019-3029. [PMID: 32267709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electron beam (e-beam) in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides an appealing mobile heating source for thermal metrology with spatial resolution of ∼1 nm, but the lack of systematic quantification of the e-beam heating power limits such application development. Here, we systemically study e-beam heating in LPCVD silicon nitride (SiNx) thin-films with thickness ranging from 200 to 500 nm from both experiments and complementary Monte Carlo simulations using the CASINO software package. There is good agreement about the thickness-dependent e-beam energy absorption of thin-film between modeling predictions and experiments. Using the absorption results, we then demonstrate adapting the e-beam as a quantitative heating source by measuring the thickness-dependent thermal conductivity of SiNx thin-films, with the results validated to within 7% by a separate Joule heating experiment. The results described here will open a new avenue for using SEM e-beams as a mobile heating source for advanced nanoscale thermal metrology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Jason Y Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - D Frank Ogletree
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yanbao Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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6
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Velarde G, Pandya S, Zhang L, Garcia D, Lupi E, Gao R, Wilbur JD, Dames C, Martin LW. Quantifying Intrinsic, Extrinsic, Dielectric, and Secondary Pyroelectric Responses in PbZr 1-xTi xO 3 Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:35146-35154. [PMID: 31483605 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Applications such as solid-state waste-heat energy conversion, infrared sensing, and thermally-driven electron emission rely on pyroelectric materials (a subclass of dielectric piezoelectrics) which exhibit temperature-dependent changes in polarization. Although enhanced dielectric and piezoelectric responses are typically found at polarization instabilities such as temperature- and chemically induced phase boundaries, large pyroelectric effects have been primarily limited in study to temperature-induced phase boundaries. Here, we directly identify the magnitude and sign of the intrinsic, extrinsic, dielectric, and secondary pyroelectric contributions to the total pyroelectric response as a function of chemistry in thin films of the canonical ferroelectric PbZr1-xTixO3 (x = 0.40, 0.48, 0.60, and 0.80) across the morphotropic phase boundary. Using phase-sensitive frequency and applied dc-bias methods, the various pyroelectric contributions were measured. It is found that the total pyroelectric response decreases systematically as one moves from higher to lower titanium contents. This arises from a combination of decreasing intrinsic response (-232 to -97 μC m-2 K-1) and a sign inversion (+33 to -17 μC m-2 K-1) of the extrinsic contribution upon crossing the morphotropic phase boundary. Additionally, the measured secondary and dielectric contributions span between -70 and -29 and 10-115 μC m-2 K-1 under applied fields, respectively, following closely trends in the piezoelectric and dielectric susceptibility. These findings and methodologies provide novel insights into the understudied realm of pyroelectric response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Velarde
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Shishir Pandya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - David Garcia
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Eduardo Lupi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Joshua D Wilbur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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7
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Hodges W, Dames C. A multi-frequency 3ω method for tracking moving phase boundaries. Rev Sci Instrum 2019; 90:094903. [PMID: 31575273 DOI: 10.1063/1.5096358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A technique has been developed to track a moving phase front using the electrothermal 3ω method and demonstrated by tracking the location of the phase boundary between air and dielectric oil. A fine wire 3ω sensor (diameter 10 µm, length 30 mm) is suspended in oil and excited at four frequencies simultaneously to gain more thermal information than a single-frequency approach. Measurements of the phase boundary location are compared to camera images to verify their accuracy. For slow front velocities which approximate quasistatic operation, the location of the oil-air front determined from the 3ω approach is found to be accurate to within an average error of under 18 µm (root mean square) for front distances between 12 and 360 µm. Frequency cross talk and other considerations unique to multifrequency measurements are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Hodges
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA
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8
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Choe HS, Prabhakar R, Wehmeyer G, Allen FI, Lee W, Jin L, Li Y, Yang P, Qiu CW, Dames C, Scott M, Minor A, Bahk JH, Wu J. Ion Write Microthermotics: Programing Thermal Metamaterials at the Microscale. Nano Lett 2019; 19:3830-3837. [PMID: 31059272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Considerable advances in manipulating heat flow in solids have been made through the innovation of artificial thermal structures such as thermal diodes, camouflages, and cloaks. Such thermal devices can be readily constructed only at the macroscale by mechanically assembling different materials with distinct values of thermal conductivity. Here, we extend these concepts to the microscale by demonstrating a monolithic material structure on which nearly arbitrary microscale thermal metamaterial patterns can be written and programmed. It is based on a single, suspended silicon membrane whose thermal conductivity is locally, continuously, and reversibly engineered over a wide range (between 2 and 65 W/m·K) and with fine spatial resolution (10-100 nm) by focused ion irradiation. Our thermal cloak demonstration shows how ion-write microthermotics can be used as a lithography-free platform to create thermal metamaterials that control heat flow at the microscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Sung Choe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Radhika Prabhakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Geoff Wehmeyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Woochul Lee
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore , 117583
| | - Peidong Yang
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , National University of Singapore , Singapore , 117583
| | - Chris Dames
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Mary Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Andrew Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Je-Hyeong Bahk
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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9
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Xu X, Zhang Q, Hao M, Hu Y, Lin Z, Peng L, Wang T, Ren X, Wang C, Zhao Z, Wan C, Fei H, Wang L, Zhu J, Sun H, Chen W, Du T, Deng B, Cheng GJ, Shakir I, Dames C, Fisher TS, Zhang X, Li H, Huang Y, Duan X. Double-negative-index ceramic aerogels for thermal superinsulation. Science 2019; 363:723-727. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aav7304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic aerogels are attractive for thermal insulation but plagued by poor mechanical stability and degradation under thermal shock. In this study, we designed and synthesized hyperbolic architectured ceramic aerogels with nanolayered double-pane walls with a negative Poisson’s ratio (−0.25) and a negative linear thermal expansion coefficient (−1.8 × 10−6 per °C). Our aerogels display robust mechanical and thermal stability and feature ultralow densities down to ~0.1 milligram per cubic centimeter, superelasticity up to 95%, and near-zero strength loss after sharp thermal shocks (275°C per second) or intense thermal stress at 1400°C, as well as ultralow thermal conductivity in vacuum [~2.4 milliwatts per meter-kelvin (mW/m·K)] and in air (~20 mW/m·K). This robust material system is ideal for thermal superinsulation under extreme conditions, such as those encountered by spacecraft.
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10
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Pandya S, Velarde GA, Gao R, Everhardt AS, Wilbur JD, Xu R, Maher JT, Agar JC, Dames C, Martin LW. Understanding the Role of Ferroelastic Domains on the Pyroelectric and Electrocaloric Effects in Ferroelectric Thin Films. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1803312. [PMID: 30515861 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Temperature- and electric-field-induced structural transitions in a polydomain ferroelectric can have profound effects on its electrothermal susceptibilities. Here, the role of such ferroelastic domains on the pyroelectric and electrocaloric response is experimentally investigated in thin films of the tetragonal ferroelectric PbZr0.2 Ti0.8 O3 . By utilizing epitaxial strain, a rich set of ferroelastic polydomain states spanning a broad thermodynamic phase space are stabilized. Using temperature-dependent scanning-probe microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high-frequency phase-sensitive pyroelectric measurements, the propensity of domains to reconfigure under a temperature perturbation is quantitatively studied. In turn, the "extrinsic" contributions to pyroelectricity exclusively due to changes between the ferroelastic domain population is elucidated as a function of epitaxial strain. Further, using highly sensitive thin-film resistive thermometry, direct electrocaloric temperature changes are measured on these polydomain thin films for the first time. The results demonstrate that temperature- and electric-field-driven domain interconversion under compressive strain diminish both the pyroelectric and the electrocaloric effects, while both these susceptibilities are enhanced due to the exact-opposite effect from the extrinsic contributions under tensile strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Pandya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gabriel A Velarde
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Arnoud S Everhardt
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua D Wilbur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Josh T Maher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joshua C Agar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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11
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Pickel AD, Teitelboim A, Chan EM, Borys NJ, Schuck PJ, Dames C. Apparent self-heating of individual upconverting nanoparticle thermometers. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4907. [PMID: 30464256 PMCID: PMC6249317 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual luminescent nanoparticles enable thermometry with sub-diffraction limited spatial resolution, but potential self-heating effects from high single-particle excitation intensities remain largely uninvestigated because thermal models predict negligible self-heating. Here, we report that the common "ratiometric" thermometry signal of individual NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles unexpectedly increases with excitation intensity, implying a temperature rise over 50 K if interpreted as thermal. Luminescence lifetime thermometry, which we demonstrate for the first time using individual NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanoparticles, indicates a similar temperature rise. To resolve this apparent contradiction between model and experiment, we systematically vary the nanoparticle's thermal environment: the substrate thermal conductivity, nanoparticle-substrate contact resistance, and nanoparticle size. The apparent self-heating remains unchanged, demonstrating that this effect is an artifact, not a real temperature rise. Using rate equation modeling, we show that this artifact results from increased radiative and non-radiative relaxation from higher-lying Er3+ energy levels. This study has important implications for single-particle thermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D Pickel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ayelet Teitelboim
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas J Borys
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P James Schuck
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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12
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Liu C, Mishra V, Chen Y, Dames C. Large Thermal Conductivity Switch Ratio in Barium Titanate Under Electric Field through First-Principles Calculation. Adv Theory Simul 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenhan Liu
- Mechanical Engineering Department; University of California; Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments; School of Mechanical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211100 P. R. China
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Mechanical Engineering Department; University of California; Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Yunfei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments; School of Mechanical Engineering; Southeast University; Nanjing 211100 P. R. China
| | - Chris Dames
- Mechanical Engineering Department; University of California; Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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14
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Dames C. ZNS und Lunge: Gestörte pulmonale Immunität nach zerebraler Ischämie. Pneumologie 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Dames
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
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15
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Pandya S, Wilbur J, Kim J, Gao R, Dasgupta A, Dames C, Martin LW. Pyroelectric energy conversion with large energy and power density in relaxor ferroelectric thin films. Nat Mater 2018; 17:432-438. [PMID: 29662157 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The need for efficient energy utilization is driving research into ways to harvest ubiquitous waste heat. Here, we explore pyroelectric energy conversion from low-grade thermal sources that exploits strong field- and temperature-induced polarization susceptibilities in the relaxor ferroelectric 0.68Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.32PbTiO3. Electric-field-driven enhancement of the pyroelectric response (as large as -550 μC m-2 K-1) and suppression of the dielectric response (by 72%) yield substantial figures of merit for pyroelectric energy conversion. Field- and temperature-dependent pyroelectric measurements highlight the role of polarization rotation and field-induced polarization in mediating these effects. Solid-state, thin-film devices that convert low-grade heat into electrical energy are demonstrated using pyroelectric Ericsson cycles, and optimized to yield maximum energy density, power density and efficiency of 1.06 J cm-3, 526 W cm-3 and 19% of Carnot, respectively; the highest values reported to date and equivalent to the performance of a thermoelectric with an effective ZT ≈ 1.16 for a temperature change of 10 K. Our findings suggest that pyroelectric devices may be competitive with thermoelectric devices for low-grade thermal harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Pandya
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Wilbur
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ran Gao
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Arvind Dasgupta
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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16
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Chen Z, Wong C, Lubner S, Yee S, Miller J, Jang W, Hardin C, Fong A, Garay JE, Dames C. Retraction Note: A photon thermal diode. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16134. [PMID: 28825417 PMCID: PMC5566716 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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17
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Chen Z, Wong C, Lubner S, Yee S, Miller J, Jang W, Hardin C, Fong A, Garay JE, Dames C. Correspondence: Reply to ‘The experimental requirements for a photon thermal diode’. Nat Commun 2017. [PMCID: PMC5601210 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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18
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Lee S, Hippalgaonkar K, Yang F, Hong J, Ko C, Suh J, Liu K, Wang K, Urban JJ, Zhang X, Dames C, Hartnoll SA, Delaire O, Wu J. Anomalously low electronic thermal conductivity in metallic vanadium dioxide. Science 2017; 355:371-374. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aag0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangwook Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, South Korea
| | - Kedar Hippalgaonkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, 08-03, 138634 Singapore
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jiawang Hong
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Changhyun Ko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Joonki Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sean A. Hartnoll
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Olivier Delaire
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, LBNL, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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19
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Lee J, Lee W, Wehmeyer G, Dhuey S, Olynick DL, Cabrini S, Dames C, Urban JJ, Yang P. Investigation of phonon coherence and backscattering using silicon nanomeshes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14054. [PMID: 28051081 PMCID: PMC5216120 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonons can display both wave-like and particle-like behaviour during thermal transport. While thermal transport in silicon nanomeshes has been previously interpreted by phonon wave effects due to interference with periodic structures, as well as phonon particle effects including backscattering, the dominant mechanism responsible for thermal conductivity reductions below classical predictions still remains unclear. Here we isolate the wave-related coherence effects by comparing periodic and aperiodic nanomeshes, and quantify the backscattering effect by comparing variable-pitch nanomeshes. We measure identical (within 6% uncertainty) thermal conductivities for periodic and aperiodic nanomeshes of the same average pitch, and reduced thermal conductivities for nanomeshes with smaller pitches. Ray tracing simulations support the measurement results. We conclude phonon coherence is unimportant for thermal transport in silicon nanomeshes with periodicities of 100 nm and higher and temperatures above 14 K, and phonon backscattering, as manifested in the classical size effect, is responsible for the thermal conductivity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Woochul Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Geoff Wehmeyer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Scott Dhuey
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Deirdre L Olynick
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Stefano Cabrini
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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20
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Wei Z, Wehmeyer G, Dames C, Chen Y. Geometric tuning of thermal conductivity in three-dimensional anisotropic phononic crystals. Nanoscale 2016; 8:16612-16620. [PMID: 27424558 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr04199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the thermal transport properties of a three-dimensional (3D) anisotropic phononic crystal consisting of silicon nanowires and films. The calculation shows that the in-plane thermal conductivity is negatively correlated with the out-of-plane thermal conductivity upon making geometric changes, whether varying the nanowire diameter or the film thickness. This enables the anisotropy ratio of thermal conductivity to be tailored over a wide range, in some cases by more than a factor of 20. Similar trends in thermal conductivity are also observed from an independent phonon ray tracing simulation considering only diffuse boundary scattering effects, though the range of anisotropy ratios is smaller than that obtained in MD simulation. By analyzing the phonon dispersion relation with varied geometric parameters, it is found that increasing the nanowire diameter increases the out-of-plane acoustic phonon group velocities, but reduces the in-plane longitudinal and fast transverse acoustic phonon group velocities. The calculated phonon irradiation further verified the negative correlation between the in-plane and the out-of-plane thermal conductivity. The proposed 3D phononic crystal may find potential application in thermoelectrics, energy storage, catalysis and sensing applications owing to its widely tailorable thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design & Manufacture of Micro/Nano Biomedical Instruments and School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Kilbane JD, Chan EM, Monachon C, Borys NJ, Levy ES, Pickel AD, Urban JJ, Schuck PJ, Dames C. Far-field optical nanothermometry using individual sub-50 nm upconverting nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2016; 8:11611-11616. [PMID: 27216164 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01479h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate far-field optical thermometry using individual NaYF4 nanoparticles doped with 2% Er(3+) and 20% Yb(3+). Isolated 20 × 20 × 40 nm(3) particles were identified using only far-field optical imaging, confirmed by subsequent scanning electron microscopy. The luminescence thermometry response for five such single particles was characterized for temperatures from 300 K to 400 K. A standard Arrhenius model widely used for larger particles can still be accurately applied to these sub-50 nm particles, with good particle-to-particle uniformity (response coefficients exhibited standard deviations below 5%). With its spatial resolution on the order of 50 nm when imaging a single particle, far below the diffraction limit, this technique has potential applications for both fundamental thermal measurements and nanoscale metrology in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Kilbane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Christian Monachon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Nicholas J Borys
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Levy
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrea D Pickel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - P James Schuck
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. and The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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22
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Bao W, Pickel AD, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yao Y, Wan J, Fu KK, Wang Y, Dai J, Zhu H, Drew D, Fuhrer M, Dames C, Hu L. Flexible, High Temperature, Planar Lighting with Large Scale Printable Nanocarbon Paper. Adv Mater 2016; 28:4684-91. [PMID: 27000725 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient broadband thermal radiation from reduced graphene oxide (RGO) paper mixed with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reported. These RGO-CNT paper ribbons routinely reach 3000 K before failure, with some samples exceeding 3300 K, higher than any other carbon nanomaterial. Excellent performance is achieved, with ≈90% radiation efficiency, 200 000 on/off cycles, and stable operation for more than 50 hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Andrea D Pickel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Kun Kelvin Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Hongli Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Dennis Drew
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Michael Fuhrer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
- School of Physics, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
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23
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Bao W, Pickel AD, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Yao Y, Wan J, Fu KK, Wang Y, Dai J, Zhu H, Drew D, Fuhrer M, Dames C, Hu L. Nanocarbon Paper: Flexible, High Temperature, Planar Lighting with Large Scale Printable Nanocarbon Paper (Adv. Mater. 23/2016). Adv Mater 2016; 28:4566. [PMID: 27281044 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201670157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On page 4684, C. Dames, L. Hu and co-workers report highly efficient, broadband lighting from printed hybrid nanocarbon structures with carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxides. The fast response and excellent stability of the flexible lighting can find applications in a range of emerging applications where the shape and format, as well as being lightweight, are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Andrea D Pickel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Jiayu Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Kun Kelvin Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Jiaqi Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Hongli Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Dennis Drew
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
| | - Michael Fuhrer
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
- School of Physics, Monash University, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Liangbing Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20740, USA
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24
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Suh J, Yu KM, Fu D, Liu X, Yang F, Fan J, Smith DJ, Zhang YH, Furdyna JK, Dames C, Walukiewicz W, Wu J. Simultaneous Enhancement of Electrical Conductivity and Thermopower of Bi₂Te₃ by Multifunctionality of Native Defects. Adv Mater 2015; 27:3681-3686. [PMID: 25974062 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201501350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous increases in electrical conductivity (up to 200%) and thermopower (up to 70%) are demonstrated by introducing native defects in Bi2 Te3 films, leading to a high power factor of 3.4 × 10(-3) W m(-1) K(-2). The maximum enhancement of the power factor occurs when the native defects act beneficially both as electron donors and energy filters to mobile electrons. They also act as effective phonon scatterers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonki Suh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kin Man Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Deyi Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - David J Smith
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Yong-Hang Zhang
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jacek K Furdyna
- Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wladyslaw Walukiewicz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Junqiao Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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25
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Mishra V, Hardin CL, Garay JE, Dames C. A 3 omega method to measure an arbitrary anisotropic thermal conductivity tensor. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:054902. [PMID: 26026546 DOI: 10.1063/1.4918800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous use of the 3 omega method has been limited to materials with thermal conductivity tensors that are either isotropic or have their principal axes aligned with the natural cartesian coordinate system defined by the heater line and sample surface. Here, we consider the more general case of an anisotropic thermal conductivity tensor with finite off-diagonal terms in this coordinate system. An exact closed form solution for surface temperature has been found for the case of an ideal 3 omega heater line of finite width and infinite length, and verified numerically. We find that the common slope method of data processing yields the determinant of the thermal conductivity tensor, which is invariant upon rotation about the heater line's axis. Following this analytic result, an experimental scheme is proposed to isolate the thermal conductivity tensor elements. Using two heater lines and a known volumetric heat capacity, the arbitrary 2-dimensional anisotropic thermal conductivity tensor can be measured with a low frequency sweep. Four heater lines would be required to extend this method to measure all 6 unknown tensor elements in 3 dimensions. Experiments with anisotropic layered mica are carried out to demonstrate the analytical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Mishra
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Corey L Hardin
- Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Javier E Garay
- Material Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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26
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Doehn JM, Hausner M, Kershaw O, Reppe K, Dames C, Pillich H, Chakraborty T, Gruber A, Suttorp N, Witzenrath M, Hippenstiel S. Pneumolysin-induzierter einseitiger Lungenschaden im Modell der langzeit-beatmeten Ratte. Pneumologie 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1544860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Lubner SD, Choi J, Wehmeyer G, Waag B, Mishra V, Natesan H, Bischof JC, Dames C. Reusable bi-directional 3ω sensor to measure thermal conductivity of 100-μm thick biological tissues. Rev Sci Instrum 2015; 86:014905. [PMID: 25638111 DOI: 10.1063/1.4905680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the thermal conductivity (k) of biological tissues is important for cryopreservation, thermal ablation, and cryosurgery. Here, we adapt the 3ω method-widely used for rigid, inorganic solids-as a reusable sensor to measure k of soft biological samples two orders of magnitude thinner than conventional tissue characterization methods. Analytical and numerical studies quantify the error of the commonly used "boundary mismatch approximation" of the bi-directional 3ω geometry, confirm that the generalized slope method is exact in the low-frequency limit, and bound its error for finite frequencies. The bi-directional 3ω measurement device is validated using control experiments to within ±2% (liquid water, standard deviation) and ±5% (ice). Measurements of mouse liver cover a temperature ranging from -69 °C to +33 °C. The liver results are independent of sample thicknesses from 3 mm down to 100 μm and agree with available literature for non-mouse liver to within the measurement scatter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Lubner
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jeunghwan Choi
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Geoff Wehmeyer
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Bastian Waag
- Mechanical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Vivek Mishra
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Harishankar Natesan
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - John C Bischof
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Chris Dames
- Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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28
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Reppe K, Dames C, Akyũz L, Tabeling C, Dietert K, Kershaw O, Gruber AD, Suttorp N, Meisel C, Meisel A, Witzenrath M, Engel O. Miniaturbronchoskopie – Etablierung und Anwendungen in der Mauslunge. Pneumologie 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1363121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Choi J, Lubner SD, Natesan H, Hasegawa Y, Fong A, Dames C, Bischof JC. Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Thin Biological Tissues Using a Microfabricated 3-Omega Sensor. J Med Device 2013. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4024322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeunghwan Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota
| | - Sean D. Lubner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
| | | | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Japan
| | - Anthony Fong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley
| | - John C. Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota
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30
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Bao W, Myhro K, Zhao Z, Chen Z, Jang W, Jing L, Miao F, Zhang H, Dames C, Lau CN. In situ observation of electrostatic and thermal manipulation of suspended graphene membranes. Nano Lett 2012; 12:5470-5474. [PMID: 23043470 DOI: 10.1021/nl301836q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is nature's thinnest elastic membrane, and its morphology has important impacts on its electrical, mechanical, and electromechanical properties. Here we report manipulation of the morphology of suspended graphene via electrostatic and thermal control. By measuring the out-of-plane deflection as a function of applied gate voltage and number of layers, we show that graphene adopts a parabolic profile at large gate voltages with inhomogeneous distribution of charge density and strain. Unclamped graphene sheets slide into the trench under tension; for doubly clamped devices, the results are well-accounted for by membrane deflection with effective Young's modulus E = 1.1 TPa. Upon cooling to 100 K, we observe buckling-induced ripples in the central portion and large upward buckling of the free edges, which arises from graphene's large negative thermal expansion coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Bao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Wang Z, Alaniz JE, Jang W, Garay JE, Dames C. Thermal conductivity of nanocrystalline silicon: importance of grain size and frequency-dependent mean free paths. Nano Lett 2011; 11:2206-2213. [PMID: 21553856 DOI: 10.1021/nl1045395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The thermal conductivity reduction due to grain boundary scattering is widely interpreted using a scattering length assumed equal to the grain size and independent of the phonon frequency (gray). To assess these assumptions and decouple the contributions of porosity and grain size, five samples of undoped nanocrystalline silicon have been measured with average grain sizes ranging from 550 to 64 nm and porosities from 17% to less than 1%, at temperatures from 310 to 16 K. The samples were prepared using current activated, pressure assisted densification (CAPAD). At low temperature the thermal conductivities of all samples show a T(2) dependence which cannot be explained by any traditional gray model. The measurements are explained over the entire temperature range by a new frequency-dependent model in which the mean free path for grain boundary scattering is inversely proportional to the phonon frequency, which is shown to be consistent with asymptotic analysis of atomistic simulations from the literature. In all cases the recommended boundary scattering length is smaller than the average grain size. These results should prove useful for the integration of nanocrystalline materials in devices such as advanced thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Fletcher B, Dames C, Hutchinson S, Fletcher S. Failure to define level 1 care. Crit Care 2011. [PMCID: PMC3068411 DOI: 10.1186/cc9902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Jang W, Chen Z, Bao W, Lau CN, Dames C. Thickness-dependent thermal conductivity of encased graphene and ultrathin graphite. Nano Lett 2010; 10:3909-3913. [PMID: 20836537 DOI: 10.1021/nl101613u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The thermal conductivity of graphene and ultrathin graphite (thickness from 1 to ∼20 layers) encased within silicon dioxide was measured using a heat spreader method. The thermal conductivity increases with the number of graphene layers, approaching the in-plane thermal conductivity of bulk graphite for the thickest samples, while showing suppression below 160 W/m-K at room temperature for single-layer graphene. These results show the strong effect of the encasing oxide in disrupting the thermal conductivity of adjacent graphene layers, an effect that penetrates a characteristic distance of approximately 2.5 nm (∼7 layers) into the core layers at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyoung Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Jang W, Chen Z, Bao W, Lau CN, Dames C. Thickness-dependent thermal conductivity of encased graphene and ultrathin graphite. Nano Lett 2010. [PMID: 20836537 DOI: 10.1021/nl202062s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The thermal conductivity of graphene and ultrathin graphite (thickness from 1 to ∼20 layers) encased within silicon dioxide was measured using a heat spreader method. The thermal conductivity increases with the number of graphene layers, approaching the in-plane thermal conductivity of bulk graphite for the thickest samples, while showing suppression below 160 W/m-K at room temperature for single-layer graphene. These results show the strong effect of the encasing oxide in disrupting the thermal conductivity of adjacent graphene layers, an effect that penetrates a characteristic distance of approximately 2.5 nm (∼7 layers) into the core layers at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyoung Jang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Abstract
Using Raman spectroscopy, we measure the optical phonon energies of suspended graphene before, during, and after thermal cycling between 300 and 700 K. After cycling, we observe large upshifts ( approximately 25 cm(-1)) of the G band frequency in the graphene on the substrate region due to compression induced by the thermal contraction of the underlying substrate, while the G band in the suspended region remains unchanged. From these large upshifts, we estimate the compression in the substrate region to be approximately 0.4%. The large mismatch in compression between the substrate and suspended regions causes a rippling of the suspended graphene, which compensates for the change in lattice constant due to the compression. The amplitude (A) and wavelength (lambda) of the ripples, as measured by atomic force microscopy, correspond to an effective change in length Deltal/l that is consistent with the compression values determined from the Raman data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chung Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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Bao W, Miao F, Chen Z, Zhang H, Jang W, Dames C, Lau CN. Controlled ripple texturing of suspended graphene and ultrathin graphite membranes. Nat Nanotechnol 2009; 4:562-566. [PMID: 19734927 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2009.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is nature's thinnest elastic material and displays exceptional mechanical and electronic properties. Ripples are an intrinsic feature of graphene sheets and are expected to strongly influence electronic properties by inducing effective magnetic fields and changing local potentials. The ability to control ripple structure in graphene could allow device design based on local strain and selective bandgap engineering. Here, we report the first direct observation and controlled creation of one- and two-dimensional periodic ripples in suspended graphene sheets, using both spontaneously and thermally generated strains. We are able to control ripple orientation, wavelength and amplitude by controlling boundary conditions and making use of graphene's negative thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), which we measure to be much larger than that of graphite. These results elucidate the ripple formation process, which can be understood in terms of classical thin-film elasticity theory. This should lead to an improved understanding of suspended graphene devices, a controlled engineering of thermal stress in large-scale graphene electronics, and a systematic investigation of the effect of ripples on the electronic properties of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Bao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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Dames C, Chen S, Harris CT, Huang JY, Ren ZF, Dresselhaus MS, Chen G. A hot-wire probe for thermal measurements of nanowires and nanotubes inside a transmission electron microscope. Rev Sci Instrum 2007; 78:104903. [PMID: 17979450 DOI: 10.1063/1.2785848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A hot wire probe has been developed for use inside a transmission electron microscope to measure the thermal resistance of individual nanowires, nanotubes, and their contacts. No microfabrication is involved. The probe is made from a platinum Wollaston wire and is pretensioned to minimize the effects of thermal expansion, intrinsic thermal vibrations, and Lorentz forces. An in situ nanomanipulator is used to select a particular nanowire or nanotube for measurement, and contacts are made with liquid metal droplets or by electron-beam induced deposition. Detailed thermal analysis shows that for best sensitivity, the thermal resistance of the hot-wire probe should be four times that of the sample, but a mismatch of more than two orders of magnitude may be acceptable. Data analysis using the ratio of two ac signals reduces the experimental uncertainty. The range of detectable sample thermal resistances spans from approximately 10(3) to 10(9) KW. The probe can also be adapted for measurements of the electrical conductance and Seebeck coefficient of the same sample. The probe was used to study a multiwalled carbon nanotube with liquid Ga contacts. The measured thermal resistance of 3.3 x 10(7) KW had a noise level of approximately +/-3% and was repeatable to within +/-10% upon breaking and re-making the contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Riverside, California 92521, USA
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