1
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Yard P, Jones AE, Paesani S, Maïnos A, Bulmer JFF, Laing A. On-Chip Quantum Information Processing with Distinguishable Photons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:150602. [PMID: 38682995 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.150602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Multiphoton interference is at the heart of photonic quantum technologies. Arrays of integrated cavities can support bright sources of single photons with high purity and small footprint, but the inevitable spectral distinguishability between photons generated from nonidentical cavities is an obstacle to scaling. In principle, this problem can be alleviated by measuring photons with high timing resolution, which erases spectral information through the time-energy uncertainty relation. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that detection can be implemented with a temporal resolution sufficient to interfere photons detuned on the scales necessary for cavity-based integrated photon sources. By increasing the effective timing resolution of the system from 200 to 20 ps, we observe a 20% increase in the visibility of quantum interference between independent photons from integrated microring resonator sources that are detuned by 6.8 GHz. We go on to show how time-resolved detection of nonideal photons can be used to improve the fidelity of an entangling operation and to mitigate the reduction of computational complexity in boson sampling experiments. These results pave the way for photonic quantum information processing with many photon sources without the need for active alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Yard
- Quantum Engineering and Technology Laboratories, School of Physics and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Alex E Jones
- Quantum Engineering and Technology Laboratories, School of Physics and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Paesani
- Quantum Engineering and Technology Laboratories, School of Physics and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandre Maïnos
- Quantum Engineering and Technology Laboratories, School of Physics and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob F F Bulmer
- Quantum Engineering and Technology Laboratories, School of Physics and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony Laing
- Quantum Engineering and Technology Laboratories, School of Physics and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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2
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Yan H, Ghosh A, Pal A, Zhang H, Bi T, Ghalanos G, Zhang S, Hill L, Zhang Y, Zhuang Y, Xavier J, Del'Haye P. Real-time imaging of standing-wave patterns in microresonators. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313981121. [PMID: 38412129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313981121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Real-time characterization of microresonator dynamics is important for many applications. In particular, it is critical for near-field sensing and understanding light-matter interactions. Here, we report camera-facilitated imaging and analysis of standing wave patterns in optical ring resonators. The standing wave pattern is generated through bidirectional pumping of a microresonator, and the scattered light from the microresonator is collected by a short-wave infrared (SWIR) camera. The recorded scattering patterns are wavelength dependent, and the scattered intensity exhibits a linear relation with the circulating power within the microresonator. By modulating the relative phase between the two pump waves, we can control the generated standing waves' movements and characterize the resonator with the SWIR camera. The visualized standing wave enables subwavelength distance measurements of scattering targets with nanometer-level accuracy. This work opens broad avenues for applications in on-chip near-field (bio)sensing, real-time characterization of photonic integrated circuits, and backscattering control in telecom systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Yan
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg 91058, Germany
| | - Alekhya Ghosh
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg 91058, Germany
| | - Arghadeep Pal
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg 91058, Germany
| | - Hao Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Toby Bi
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg 91058, Germany
| | - George Ghalanos
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Shuangyou Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Lewis Hill
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - Yaojing Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Yongyong Zhuang
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Jolly Xavier
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Pascal Del'Haye
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen 91058, Germany
- Department of Physics, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg 91058, Germany
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3
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Hasegawa T. Phase structure of harmonically mode-locked optical frequency combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8092-8100. [PMID: 38439475 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Carrier phase of a harmonically mode-locked optical frequency comb (OFC) is investigated in detail. While harmonically mode-locked OFCs show promise for high-repetition-rate applications, their mode spacing is not the same as the pulse repetition rate, unlike fundamentally mode-locked OFCs. Consequently, harmonically mode-locked OFCs are unsuitable for applications requiring OFCs with wide mode spacing. This study examines the pulse-to-pulse carrier phase evolution of 4th- and 5th-order harmonically mode-locked OFCs, revealing uneven carrier phase evolution responsible for the narrow mode spacing. The possibility of achieving harmonically mode-locked OFCs with wide mode spacing is suggested by implementing pulse-to-pulse phase modulation to ensure even phase evolution.
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4
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Nie M, Musgrave J, Jia K, Bartos J, Zhu S, Xie Z, Huang SW. Turnkey photonic flywheel in a microresonator-filtered laser. Nat Commun 2024; 15:55. [PMID: 38168081 PMCID: PMC10761980 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) microcomb has emerged as an enabling technology that revolutionizes a wide range of applications in both basic science and technological innovation. Reliable turnkey operation with sub-optical-cycle and sub-femtosecond timing jitter is key to the success of many intriguing microcomb applications at the intersection of ultrafast optics and microwave electronics. Here we propose an approach and demonstrate the first turnkey Brillouin-DKS frequency comb to the best of our knowledge. Our microresonator-filtered laser design offers essential benefits, including phase insensitivity, self-healing capability, deterministic selection of the DKS state, and access to the ultralow noise comb state. The demonstrated turnkey Brillouin-DKS frequency comb achieves a fundamental comb linewidth of 100 mHz and DKS timing jitter of 1 femtosecond for averaging times up to 56 μs. The approach is universal and generalizable to various device platforms for user-friendly and field-deployable comb devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Nie
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA.
| | - Jonathan Musgrave
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Kunpeng Jia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jan Bartos
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shu-Wei Huang
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA.
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5
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Khalil M, Xie Y, Berikaa E, Liu J, Lu Z, Poole PJ, Liu G, Weber J, Plant DV, Chen LR. Performance of quantum-dash mode-locked lasers (QD-MLLDs) for high-capacity coherent optical communications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:217-229. [PMID: 38175050 DOI: 10.1364/oe.509643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the capabilities and limitations of quantum-dash mode-locked lasers (QD-MLLDs) as optical frequency comb sources in coherent optical communication systems. We demonstrate that QD-MLLDs are on par with conventional single-wavelength narrow linewidth laser sources and can support high symbol rates and modulation formats. We manage to transmit 64 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals up to 80 GBd over 80 km of standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), which highlights the distinctive phase noise performance of the QD-MLLD. Using a 38.5 GHz (6 dB bandwidth) silicon photonic (SiP) modulator, we achieve a maximum symbol rate of 104 GBd with 16QAM signaling and a maximum net rate of 416 Gb/s per carrier in a single polarization setup and after 80 km-SSMF transmission. We also compare QD-MLLD performance with commercial narrow-linewidth integrable tunable laser assemblies (ITLAs) and explore their potential for use as local oscillators (LOs) and signal carriers. The QD-MLLD has 45 comb lines usable for transmission at a frequency spacing of 25 GHz, and an RF linewidth of 35 kHz.
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6
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Heckelmann I, Bertrand M, Dikopoltsev A, Beck M, Scalari G, Faist J. Quantum walk comb in a fast gain laser. Science 2023; 382:434-438. [PMID: 37883562 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic lattices in photonics enable the exploration of light states in new dimensions, transcending phenomena common only to physical space. We propose and demonstrate a quantum walk comb in synthetic frequency space formed by externally modulating a ring-shaped semiconductor laser with ultrafast recovery times. The initially ballistic quantum walk does not dissipate into low supermode states of the synthetic lattice; instead, the state stabilizes in a broad frequency comb, unlocking the full potential of the synthetic frequency lattice. Our device produces a low-noise, nearly flat broadband comb (reaching 100 per centimeter bandwidth) and offers a promising platform to generate broadband, tunable, and stable frequency combs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Heckelmann
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Bertrand
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Dikopoltsev
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mattias Beck
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Scalari
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Faist
- Institute of Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland, and Quantum Center, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Qureshi PC, Ng V, Azeem F, Trainor LS, Schwefel HG, Coen S, Erkintalo M, Murdoch SG. Kerr microresonator dual-comb source with adjustable line-spacing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:36236-36244. [PMID: 38017778 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Optical microresonators offer a highly-attractive new platform for the generation of optical frequency combs. Recently, several groups have been able to demonstrate the generation of dual-frequency combs in a single microresonator driven by two optical pumps. This opens the possibility for microresonator-based dual-comb systems suitable for measurement applications such as spectroscopy, ranging and imaging. Key to the performance of these systems are the parameters of the radio-frequency comb spectrum that arises from the interference of the two optical combs. In this work, we present a simple mechanism to enable the discrete fine-tuning of these parameters by driving the two optical combs with optical pumps with different azimuthal mode numbers. The mechanism consists of tuning the difference in azimuthal mode number between the two pumps by selection of the pumps' frequencies. We are able to implement this technique when the two counter-propagating pumps are set to drive resonances of the same spatial mode family, as well as different mode families. In each case, we experimentally observe ∼1 MHz of discrete tunability in the line-spacing of the radio-frequency comb as the frequency offset between the two pumps is scanned between 0 to 80 free-spectral-ranges.
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8
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Pan J, Huang T, Xu C, Xu G, Wu Z, Zhang J, Li X, Cheng Z, Zhang N, Yu H, Yin Z, Yin J, Huang B. Binding dynamics of cavity solitons in a Kerr resonator with high order dispersion. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:35709-35719. [PMID: 38017736 DOI: 10.1364/oe.499715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Cavity solitons are persistent light pulses arising from the externally driven Kerr resonators. Thanks to the passive parametric gain, cavity soliton has been endowed with the natural advantage of the chip-scaled integration since it was first experimentally generated in the fiber-based platform. Deterministic single soliton with smooth spectrum is a preferred state for numerous applications. However, multiple solitons are more common in the resonators with anomalous dispersion. In this condition, adjacent solitons are easily perturbed to attract and collide with each other. Some experimental observations deviated from the aforementioned description have recorded the stable soliton intervals that can last for a long time scale. This phenomenon is known as soliton binding and is attributed to the presence of narrow resonant sidebands in the spectrum. While the stationary configuration of two binding solitons has been investigated, the dynamical evolution remains an area for further exploration. In this paper, we discuss the binding dynamics of the cavity solitons in the presence of high-order dispersion. The proposed theoretical predictions match well with the numerical results, encompassing both the stationary stable intervals and dynamic trajectories. Our research will provide a comprehensive insight into the soliton motion induced by the internal perturbations.
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9
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Li X, Wang Z, Li S, Zheng X, Xue X. Dual-comb generation with counter-propagating self-injection-locked solitons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:36521-36530. [PMID: 38017802 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator-based optical frequency combs have been greatly developed in the last decade and have shown great potential for many applications. A dual-comb scheme is usually required for lidar ranging, spectroscopy, spectrometer and microwave photonic channelizer. However, dual-comb generation with microresonators would require doubled hardware resources and more complex feedback control. Here we propose a novel scheme for dual-comb generation with a single laser diode self-injection locked to a single microresonator. The output of the laser diode is split and pumps the microresonator in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. The scheme is investigated intensely through numerical simulations based on a set of coupled Lugiato-Lefever equations. Turnkey counter-propagating single soliton generation and repetition rate tuning are demonstrated.
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10
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Ali Afridi A, Weng H, McDermott M, Lu Q, Guo W, Donegan JF. Versatile octave-spanning soliton crystals with high conversion efficiency in a Si 3N 4 microresonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:33191-33199. [PMID: 37859104 DOI: 10.1364/oe.499168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Microresonator-based soliton crystals are a key recent advancement in the study of the rich nonlinear dynamics of soliton states. The soliton crystals are self-organized temporal pulses filling the microresonator cavity and have strong comb lines with wide spacing making them of great interest in many potential applications such as communication and meteorology. However, achieving a broad spectrum, tunable repetition rates, and high conversion efficiency are still a challenge. Here, we report the deterministic generation of versatile octave-spanning soliton crystals with various repetition rates via avoided mode crossings. In addition, we investigate the conversion efficiency of the obtained soliton crystals and achieved above ∼50% in one of the devices with a suitable coupling. Our results pave the way for accessing coherent broad and tunable on-chip soliton crystals, thus requiring a rigorous and viable microcavity design to engineer the desired mode coupling position.
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11
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Sun Y, Wu J, Li Y, Moss DJ. Comparison of Microcomb-Based Radio-Frequency Photonic Transversal Signal Processors Implemented with Discrete Components Versus Integrated Chips. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1794. [PMID: 37763957 PMCID: PMC10535319 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
RF photonic transversal signal processors, which combine reconfigurable electrical digital signal processing and high-bandwidth photonic processing, provide a powerful solution for achieving adaptive high-speed information processing. Recent progress in optical microcomb technology provides compelling multi-wavelength sources with a compact footprint, yielding a variety of microcomb-based RF photonic transversal signal processors with either discrete or integrated components. Although they operate based on the same principle, the processors in these two forms exhibit distinct performances. This paper presents a comparative investigation of their performances. First, we compare the performances of state-of-the-art processors, focusing on the processing accuracy. Next, we analyze various factors that contribute to the performance differences, including the tap number and imperfect response of experimental components. Finally, we discuss the potential for future improvement. These results provide a comprehensive comparison of microcomb-based RF photonic transversal signal processors implemented using discrete and integrated components and provide insights for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiayang Wu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
| | | | - David J. Moss
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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12
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Wang T, Yang YD, Hao YZ, Zhang ZN, Shi Y, Chen YL, Xiao JL, Huang YZ. Narrow linewidth optical frequency comb based on a directly modulated microcavity laser with optical feedback. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:12200-12211. [PMID: 37157384 DOI: 10.1364/oe.487449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A narrow linewidth optical frequency comb (OFC) based on a directly modulated microcavity laser with external optical feedback is investigated numerically and demonstrated experimentally. Based on the numerical simulations with rate equations, the evolution of the optical and electrical spectra is presented for the direct-modulated microcavity laser with increased feedback strength, and the linewidth property is improved at suitable feedback conditions. The simulation results also show good robustness for the generated OFC in terms of feedback strength and phase. Moreover, the OFC generation experiment is performed by combining with the dual-loop feedback structure to suppress the side mode, and an OFC with a side-mode suppression ratio of 31 dB is realized. Thanks to the high electro-optical response of the microcavity laser, a 15-tone OFC with a frequency interval of 10 GHz is obtained. Finally, the linewidth of each comb tooth is measured to be around 7 kHz under the feedback power of 47 µW, which indicates an enormous compression of approximately 2000 times compared with the free-running continuous-wave microcavity laser.
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Sirleto L, Righini GC. An Introduction to Nonlinear Integrated Photonics: Structures and Devices. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:614. [PMID: 36985020 PMCID: PMC10051308 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The combination of integrated optics technologies with nonlinear photonics, which has led to growth of nonlinear integrated photonics, has also opened the way to groundbreaking new devices and applications. In a companion paper also submitted for publication in this journal, we introduce the main physical processes involved in nonlinear photonics applications and discuss the fundaments of this research area. The applications, on the other hand, have been made possible by availability of suitable materials with high nonlinear coefficients and/or by design of guided-wave structures that can enhance a material's nonlinear properties. A summary of the traditional and innovative nonlinear materials is presented there. Here, we discuss the fabrication processes and integration platforms, referring to semiconductors, glasses, lithium niobate, and two-dimensional materials. Various waveguide structures are presented. In addition, we report several examples of nonlinear photonic integrated devices to be employed in optical communications, all-optical signal processing and computing, or in quantum optics. We aimed at offering a broad overview, even if, certainly, not exhaustive. However, we hope that the overall work will provide guidance for newcomers to this field and some hints to interested researchers for more detailed investigation of the present and future development of this hot and rapidly growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sirleto
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giancarlo C. Righini
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Applied Physics “Nello Carrara” (IFAC), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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14
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Kou R, Ishizawa A, Yoshida K, Yamamoto N, Xu X, Kikkawa Y, Kawashima K, Aihara T, Tsuchizawa T, Cong G, Hitachi K, Nishikawa T, Oguri K, Yamada K. Spatially resolved multimode excitation for smooth supercontinuum generation in a SiN waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6088-6098. [PMID: 36823874 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method of supercontinuum light generation enhanced by multimode excitation in a precisely dispersion-engineered deuterated SiN (SiN:D) waveguide. Although a regularly designed SiN-based nonlinear optical waveguide exhibits anomalous dispersion with the fundamental and first-order multimode operation, the center-symmetric light pumping at the input edge has so far inhibited the full potential of the nonlinearity of SiN-based materials. On the basis of numerical analysis and simulation for the SiN:D waveguide, we intentionally applied spatial position offsets to excite the fundamental and higher-order modes to realize bandwidth broadening with flatness. Using this method, we achieved an SNR improvement of up to 18 dB at a wavelength of 0.6 µm with an offset of about 1 µm in the Y-axis direction and found that the contribution was related to the presence of dispersive waves due to the excitation of TE10, and TE01 modes.
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15
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Nie M, Jia K, Bartos J, Zhu S, Xie Z, Huang SW. Turnkey photonic flywheel in a Chimera cavity. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2423298. [PMID: 36798249 PMCID: PMC9934760 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2423298/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) microcomb has emerged as an enabling technology that revolutionizes a wide range of applications in both basic science and technological innovation. Reliable turnkey operation with sub-optical-cycle and sub-femtosecond timing jitter is key to the success of many intriguing microcomb applications at the intersection of ultrafast optics and microwave electronics. Here we propose a novel approach to demonstrate the first turnkey Brillouin-DKS frequency comb. Our approach with a Chimera cavity offers essential benefits that are not attainable previously, including phase insensitivity, self-healing capability, deterministic selection of DKS state, and access to the ultralow noise comb state. The demonstrated turnkey Brillouin-DKS frequency comb achieves a fundamental comb linewidth of 100 mHz and DKS timing jitter of 1 femtosecond for averaging times up to 56 μs. The approach is universal and generalizable to various device platforms for user-friendly and field-deployable comb devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University
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16
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Lin G, Liu F, Coillet A, Gomila D, Menyuk CR, Chembo YK. Subharmonic instabilities in Kerr microcombs. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:578-581. [PMID: 36723535 DOI: 10.1364/ol.476647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report experimental observation of subharmonic mode excitation in primary Kerr optical frequency combs generated using crystalline whispering-gallery mode resonators. We show that the subcombs can be controlled and span a single or multiple free spectral ranges around the primary comb modes. In the spatial domain, the resulting multiscale combs correspond to an amplitude modulation of intracavity roll patterns. We perform a theoretical analysis based on eigenvalue decomposition that evidences the mechanism leading to the excitation of these combs.
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17
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Feng S, Yao Y, Shum PP, Xu G, Pan J, Xu C, Wu Z, Zhang J, Li X, Han L, Huang T. Cavity soliton in a cyclic polarization permutation fiber resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:46900-46910. [PMID: 36558630 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cavity solitons are shape-preserving waveforms infinitely revolving around a cavity, which have numerous applications from spectroscopy to telecommunications. Although the cavity solitons have been widely studied for their special time-frequency characteristics over the past decade, the spectral flatness will be a large limitation in some applications without any extra filtering process. In this paper, we report on the generation of a distinct cavity soliton in a cyclic polarization permutation fiber resonator. With the simultaneous excitation of two orthogonal polarization modes with equally opposite dispersion, vectorial cavity solitons possessing broader and flatter spectra can be generated. In order to verify the concept, a numerical model of the polarization-maintaining fiber is proposed and the soliton with a flattened spectrum can be formed. The results enrich the soliton dynamics in the vectorial dissipation system.
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18
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Wang X, Xie P, Chen B, Zhang X. Chip-Based High-Dimensional Optical Neural Network. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:221. [PMID: 36374430 PMCID: PMC9663775 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Parallel multi-thread processing in advanced intelligent processors is the core to realize high-speed and high-capacity signal processing systems. Optical neural network (ONN) has the native advantages of high parallelization, large bandwidth, and low power consumption to meet the demand of big data. Here, we demonstrate the dual-layer ONN with Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) network and nonlinear layer, while the nonlinear activation function is achieved by optical-electronic signal conversion. Two frequency components from the microcomb source carrying digit datasets are simultaneously imposed and intelligently recognized through the ONN. We successfully achieve the digit classification of different frequency components by demultiplexing the output signal and testing power distribution. Efficient parallelization feasibility with wavelength division multiplexing is demonstrated in our high-dimensional ONN. This work provides a high-performance architecture for future parallel high-capacity optical analog computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Wang
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK.
| | - Bohan Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Xingcai Zhang
- School of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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19
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Ruan X, Zhang H, Mao Y, Wang Z, Zuo Z, Guo Y. Multiparty quantum anonymous voting with discrete modulated coherent states and an optical frequency comb. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:41204-41218. [PMID: 36366604 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for quantum information science is to realize large-scale, precisely controllable, practical systems for multiparty secure communications. Recently, Guidry etal. [Nat. Photonics16, 52 (2022)10.1038/s41566-021-00901-z] have investigated the quantum optics of a Kerr-based optical frequency comb (OFC), which lays out the way for OFC acting as a quantum resource to realize a low-cost and stable multiparty continuous-variable quantum information processing. In this work, we propose a distributed quantum anonymous voting (DQAV) protocol based on discrete modulated coherent states, in which a Kerr-based OFC serves as the resource to generate multi-frequency quantum signals for multiparty voting. We consider both the single-selection and multiple-selection ballot scenarios, and design the phase compensation method for the OFC-based protocol. Voting security is ensured by the basic laws of quantum mechanics, while voting anonymity is achieved by the random assignment of different frequency sources and the homogeneity of the quantum operations taken on the same voting choice. Numerical analysis calculates the secure voting distance over the thermal-lossy channel, showing the advancement of the proposed protocol under multiparty and multivalued voting tasks.
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20
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Synthesized spatiotemporal mode-locking and photonic flywheel in multimode mesoresonators. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6395. [PMID: 36302919 PMCID: PMC9613675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissipative Kerr soliton (DKS) frequency combs—also known as microcombs—have arguably created a new field in cavity nonlinear photonics, with a strong cross-fertilization between theoretical, experimental, and technological research. Spatiotemporal mode-locking (STML) not only adds new degrees of freedom to ultrafast laser technology, but also provides new insights for implementing analogue computers and heuristic optimizers with photonics. Here, we combine the principles of DKS and STML to demonstrate the STML DKS by developing an unexplored ultrahigh-quality-factor Fabry–Pérot (FP) mesoresonator based on graded index multimode fiber (GRIN-MMF). Complementing the two-step pumping scheme with a cavity stress tuning method, we can selectively excite either the eigenmode DKS or the STML DKS. Furthermore, we demonstrate an ultralow noise microcomb that enhances the photonic flywheel performance in both the fundamental comb linewidth and DKS timing jitter. The demonstrated fundamental comb linewidth of 400 mHz and DKS timing jitter of 500 attosecond (averaging times up to 25 μs) represent improvements of 25× and 2.5×, respectively, from the state-of-the-art. Our results show the potential of GRIN-MMF FP mesoresonators as an ideal testbed for high-dimensional nonlinear cavity dynamics and photonic flywheel with ultrahigh coherence and ultralow timing jitter. Here the authors demonstrate spatiotemporal mode-locked dissipative Kerr soliton and enhanced photonic flywheel performances in both the fundamental comb linewidth and DKS timing jitter.
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21
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Mondal P, Selvaraja SK. Nonlinear spectral broadening of a dual-carrier electro-optic frequency comb in a graphene oxide cladded silicon-rich nitride hybrid waveguide. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7852-7860. [PMID: 36255899 DOI: 10.1364/ao.466219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a detailed theoretical analysis describing the generation of an electro-optic comb (EOC) in the near-IR range through discrete phase and amplitude modulation driven by radio frequency (RF) signal generators. Furthermore, the generated EOC spectra suffer nonlinear spectral broadening while propagating through a hybrid Si-rich nitride (SRN) waveguide structure integrated with two-dimensional (2D) layered graphene oxide (GO) films. We perform a detailed analysis to investigate the influence of GO layers, pump wavelength detuning, and other waveguide parameters on the evolution of comb spectra propagating through the hybrid waveguide structure. Owing to the strong modal overlapping between the SRN waveguides and the highly nonlinear GO films, the nonlinearity of the system is enhanced effectively, and broadband comb spectra have been achieved in the near-IR range. Furthermore, we investigate the spectral coherence of the generated comb spectra under different input conditions. The results exhibit strong potential to generate a tunable frequency comb with high spectral coherence in the near-IR range by employing the hybrid waveguide structure.
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22
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Zhang Y, Zhang H, Shu C. Tunable optical frequency comb with hundred-GHz spacings generated on a silicon waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2987-2990. [PMID: 35709032 DOI: 10.1364/ol.459622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of optical frequency combs with tunable spacing at the hundred-GHz range in the 1550-nm window. The widely spaced combs are realized through silicon-based cross-phase modulation. The optical pump is prepared by multiplication of a 10-GHz train of 1.7-ps pedestal-free pulses. Energy-efficient temporal Talbot processing is used to multiply the repetition rate by a factor of up to 20. In our approach, the multiplication factor can be flexibly controlled by tuning the temporal dispersion inside an optical processor. Optical frequency combs with spacings ranging from 140 to 200 GHz have been successfully generated with a maximum carrier-to-noise suppression ratio of ∼45 dB.
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23
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Shirpurkar C, Zang J, Yang KY, Carlson D, Yu SP, Lucas E, Pericherla SV, Yang J, Guidry M, Lukin D, Ahn GH, Lu J, Trask L, Aflatouni F, Vučković J, Papp SB, Delfyett PJ. Photonic crystal resonators for inverse-designed multi-dimensional optical interconnects. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3063-3066. [PMID: 35709050 DOI: 10.1364/ol.461272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate a 400 Gbit/s optical communication link utilizing wavelength-division multiplexing and mode-division multiplexing for a total of 40 channels. This link utilizes a novel, to the best of our knowledge, 400 GHz frequency comb source based on a chip-scale photonic crystal resonator. Silicon-on-insulator photonic inverse-designed 4 × 4 mode-division multiplexer structures enable a fourfold increase in data capacity. We show less than -10 dBm of optical receiver power for error-free data transmission in 34 out of a total of 40 channels using a PRBS31 pattern.
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24
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A Review of Capabilities and Scope for Hybrid Integration Offered by Silicon-Nitride-Based Photonic Integrated Circuits. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114227. [PMID: 35684846 PMCID: PMC9185365 DOI: 10.3390/s22114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this review we present some of the recent advances in the field of silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits. The review focuses on the material deposition techniques currently available, illustrating the capabilities of each technique. The review then expands on the functionalisation of the platform to achieve nonlinear processing, optical modulation, nonvolatile optical memories and integration with III-V materials to obtain lasing or gain capabilities.
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25
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Kageyama T, Hasegawa T. Mode spacing multiplication of optical frequency combs without power loss. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:19090-19099. [PMID: 36221695 DOI: 10.1364/oe.459554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the mode spacing multiplication of optical frequency combs (OFCs) using interleaving technique. The pulse train of an OFC after interleaving is phase modulated, and phase demodulation is necessary for mode spacing multiplication. This scheme enables mode spacing multiplication without power loss in principle, which is in contrast to the conventional mode filtering technique. During demonstration, the mode spacing of the OFC of a mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser (repetition rate of 97 MHz) is quadrupled by the interleaving process and successive phase demodulation.
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26
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Silica Microsphere WGMR-Based Kerr-OFC Light Source and Its Application for High-Speed IM/DD Short-Reach Optical Interconnects. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kerr optical frequency combs (OFCs) based on silica microsphere whispering gallery mode resonator (WGMR) have various applications where they are used as a light source. For telecommunication purposes, WGMR-based Kerr-OFC comb generators can be physically realized using silica microsphere resonators and can be used to replace multiple laser arrays. In such a realization, these novel light sources have the potential to demonstrate an attractive solution for intra-datacenter interconnects (DCI). In this paper, we show an experimental demonstration of a silica microsphere WGMR-based Kerr OFC light source where newly generated 400 GHz spaced carriers together with powerful linear equalization techniques, such as a linear symbol-spaced adaptive decision-feedback equalizer (DFE) with feed-forward (FF) and feedback (FB) taps, provide an alternative to individual lasers ensuring low-cost and low-complexity IM/DD scheme for the transmission of NRZ-OOK modulated signals at data rates up to 50 Gbps/λ over 2 km SMF link. Finally, we demonstrate a record 50 Gbps per λ transmission of NRZ-OOK modulated signals with a novel silica microsphere WGMR-based Kerr-OFC as a light source operating in the optical C-band, surpassing the previously demonstrated data rate record by five times.
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27
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Okawachi Y, Kim BY, Zhao Y, Jang JK, Ji X, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Active tuning of dispersive waves in Kerr soliton combs. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2234-2237. [PMID: 35486768 DOI: 10.1364/ol.456609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Kerr soliton combs operate in the anomalous group-velocity dispersion regime through the excitation of dissipative solitons. The generated bandwidth is largely dependent on the cavity dispersion, with higher-order dispersion contributing to dispersive-wave (DW) generation that allows for power enhancement of the comb lines at the wings of the spectrum. However, the spectral position of the DW is highly sensitive to the overall cavity dispersion, and the inevitable dimension variations that occur during the fabrication process result in deviations in the DW emission wavelength. Here, we demonstrate active tuning of the DW wavelength, enabling post-fabrication spectral shaping of the soliton spectrum. We control the DW position by introducing a wavelength-controllable avoided mode crossing through actively tuning the resonances of a silicon nitride coupled microresonator via integrated heaters. We demonstrate DW tuning over 113 nm with a spectral power that can exceed the peak soliton spectral power. In addition, our modeling reveals buildup and enhancement of the DW in the auxiliary resonator, indicating that the mode hybridization arising from the strong coupling between the two resonators is critical for DW formation.
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28
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Pan J, Xu C, Wu Z, Zhang J, Huang T, Shum PP. Dynamics of cavity soliton driven by chirped optical pulses in Kerr resonators. FRONTIERS OF OPTOELECTRONICS 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 36637576 PMCID: PMC9756223 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-022-00018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent researches have demonstrated that pulsed driving is an effective method to increase the temporal overlap between cavity soliton (CS) and pump field, thereby increasing the pump-to-comb conversion efficiency. The amplitude-modulated inhomogeneity of the background wave causes the solitons to drift toward edges of the driving pulse. To eliminate the multiple temporal trapping positions, induced by the spontaneous symmetry breaking, we propose the chirped pulse driving for deterministic single soliton generation. We theoretically explain the physical mechanism of the chirp pulse driving, as the combination of amplitude and phase modulation. Our numerical simulations demonstrate the chirp is responsible for the single soliton generation. A detailed investigation for dynamics of CSs sustained by chirped pulses, shows the recovery of spontaneous symmetry breaking. In addition, the desynchronized chirped pulse driving is also considered here. Considering a weak chirp parameter, the desynchronization-dependent trapping position diagram is divided into multiple areas including two CSs, a single CS, two oscillating CSs, and no CS. With a sufficient chirp parameter considered, the trapping position curve becomes a monotonous function of the desynchronized drift velocity, which indicates deterministic single soliton generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chaoyu Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhichao Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tianye Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Perry Ping Shum
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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29
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Rebolledo-Salgado I, Ye Z, Christensen S, Lei F, Twayana K, Schröder J, Zelan M, Torres-Company V. Coherent supercontinuum generation in all-normal dispersion Si 3N 4 waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:8641-8651. [PMID: 35299311 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Spectral broadening of optical frequency combs with high repetition rate is of significant interest in optical communications, radio-frequency photonics and spectroscopy. Silicon nitride waveguides (Si3N4) in the anomalous dispersion region have shown efficient supercontinuum generation spanning an octave-bandwidth. However, the broadening mechanism in this regime is usually attained with femtosecond pulses in order to maintain the coherence. Supercontinuum generation in the normal dispersion regime is more prone to longer (ps) pulses, but the implementation in normal dispersion silicon nitride waveguides is challenging as it possesses strong requirements in propagation length and losses. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the use of a Si3N4 waveguide to perform coherent spectral broadening using pulses in the picosecond regime with high repetition rate. Moreover, our work explores the formation of optical wave breaking using a higher energy pulse which enables the generation of a coherent octave spanning spectrum. These results offer a new prospect for coherent broadening using long duration pulses and replacing bulky optical components.
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30
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Fujii S, Tanaka S, Ohtsuka T, Kogure S, Wada K, Kumazaki H, Tasaka S, Hashimoto Y, Kobayashi Y, Araki T, Furusawa K, Sekine N, Kawanishi S, Tanabe T. Dissipative Kerr soliton microcombs for FEC-free optical communications over 100 channels. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1351-1364. [PMID: 35209297 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The demand for high-speed and highly efficient optical communication techniques has been rapidly growing due to the ever-increasing volume of data traffic. As well as the digital coherent communication used for core and metro networks, intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD) are still promising schemes in intra/inter data centers thanks to their low latency, high reliability, and good cost performance. In this work, we study a microresonator-based frequency comb as a potential light source for future IM-DD optical systems where applications may include replacing individual stabilized lasers with a continuous laser driven microresonator. Regarding comb line powers and spectral intervals, we compare a modulation instability comb and a soliton microcomb and provide a quantitative analysis with regard to telecom applications. Our experimental demonstration achieved a forward error correction (FEC) free operation of bit-error rate (BER) <10-9 with a 1.45 Tbps capacity using a total of 145 lines over the entire C-band and revealed the possibility of soliton microcomb-based ultra-dense wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) with a simple, cost-effective IM-DD scheme, with a view to future practical use in data centers.
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31
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Linale N, Fierens PI, Vermeulen N, Grosz DF. A generic model for the study of supercontinuum generation in graphene-covered nanowires. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ac4277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We study supercontinuum (SC) generation in graphene-covered nanowires based on a generic model that correctly accounts for the evolution of the photon number under Kerr and two-photon absorption processes, and the influence of graphene is treated within the framework of saturable photoexcited-carrier refraction. We discuss the role of the various effects on the generation of SC by a thorough analysis of short-pulse propagation in two different kinds of graphene-covered nanowires, one made of silicon nitride and the other made of silicon. Finally, we discuss the effect of stacking graphene layers as a means to enhance SC generation with pulse powers compatible with those in integrated optical devices.
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32
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Li C, Zhang H, Zhou G, Lu L, Jin M, Dong J, Zhou L, Chen J. Hybrid WDM-MDM transmitter with an integrated Si modulator array and a micro-resonator comb source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:39847-39858. [PMID: 34809340 DOI: 10.1364/oe.444493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a multi-channel silicon photonic transmitter based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and mode division multiplexing (MDM). The light source is realized by a silicon nitride (Si3N4) Kerr frequency comb and optical modulation is realized by silicon electro-optic modulators. Three wavelengths and two modes are employed to increase the optical transmission capacity. The accumulated data rate reaches 150 Gb/s. The dense integration of WDM and MDM components with a compact optical comb source opens new avenues for the future high-capacity multi-dimensional optical transmission.
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33
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Kageyama T, Hasegawa T. Fast polarization control for optical frequency combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:38477-38487. [PMID: 34808900 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polarization of an optical frequency comb is electrically controlled using a waveguide electro-optic phase modulator (WG-EOM). Owing to the low operation voltage and wide electric bandwidth of the WG-EOM, fast polarization control is possible. It is found that birefringence of the WG-EOM and polarization-maintaining optical fibers causes polarization-dependent pulse separation, which makes polarization control of the optical frequency comb impossible. Therefore, compensation of the birefringence is required for polarization control. In the experiment, a delay line in free space is used for birefringence compensation, and pulse-to-pulse polarization control of an optical frequency comb (with a repetition rate of 100 MHz) is demonstrated.
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34
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Dispersion Tailoring and Four-Wave Mixing in Silica Microspheres with Germanosilicate Coating. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8110473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical whispering gallery mode microresonators with controllable parameters in the telecommunication range are demanded for diverse applications. Controlling group velocity dispersion (GVD) in microresonators is an important problem, as near-zero GVD in a broad wavelength range could contribute to the development of new microresonator-based light sources. We demonstrated theoretically near-zero dispersion tailoring in the SCL-band in combination with free-spectral range (FSR) optimization for FSR = 200 GHz and 300 GHz in silica glass microspheres with micron-scale germanosilicate coating. As an illustration of a possible application of such a GVD, we also performed a theoretical study of degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) processes in the proposed microresonators for pumping in the SCL-band. We found that in some cases the generation of two or even three pairs of waves–satellites in a FWM process is possible in principle due to the specific GVD features. We also determined optimal microresonator configurations for achieving gradual change in the satellite frequency shift for the pump wavelengths in the SCL-, S-, CL-, C-, and L-bands. The maximum obtained FWM satellite tunability span was ~78 THz for a pump wavelength change of ~30 nm, which greatly exceeds the results for a regular silica microsphere without coating.
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35
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Hu Y, Ding S, Qin Y, Gu J, Wan W, Xiao M, Jiang X. Generation of Optical Frequency Comb via Giant Optomechanical Oscillation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:134301. [PMID: 34623858 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.134301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) are essential in precision metrology, spectroscopy, distance measurement, and optical communications. Significant advances have been made recently in achieving micro-OFC devices based on parametric frequency conversion or electro-optic phase modulation. Here, we demonstrate a new kind of microcomb using a cavity optomechanical system with giant oscillation amplitude. We observe both optical and microwave frequency combs in a microtoroid resonator, which feature a flat OFC with 938 comb lines and a repetition rate as low as 50.22 MHz, as well as a flat microwave frequency comb with 867 comb lines. To generate such giant oscillation amplitude, we excite an overcoupled optical mode with a large blue detuning that is assisted with the thermo-optic nonlinearity. A new type of nonlinear oscillation, induced by competition between the optomechanical oscillation and thermo-optic nonlinearity, is also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shulin Ding
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yingchun Qin
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiaxin Gu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wenjie Wan
- The State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Min Xiao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Xiaoshun Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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36
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Optical Frequency Combs Generated in Silica Microspheres in the Telecommunication C-, U-, and E-Bands. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8090345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) generated in microresonators with whispering gallery modes are demanded for different applications including telecommunications. Extending operating spectral ranges is an important problem for wavelength-division multiplexing systems based on microresonators. We demonstrate experimentally three spectrally separated OFCs in the C-, U-, and E-bands in silica microspheres which, in principle, can be used for telecommunication applications. For qualitative explanation of the OFC generation in the sidebands, we calculated gain coefficients and gain bandwidths for degenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) processes. We also attained a regime when the pump frequency was in the normal dispersion range and only two OFCs were generated. The first OFC was near the pump frequency and the second Raman-assisted OFC with a soliton-like spectrum was in the U-band. Numerical simulation based on the Lugiato–Lefever equation was performed to support this result and demonstrate that the Raman-assisted OFC may be a soliton.
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37
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Abstract
Microresonator-based lasers in the two-micron range are interesting for extensive applications. Tm3+ ions provide high gain; therefore, they are promising for laser generation in the two-micron range in various matrices. We developed a simple theoretical model to describe Tm-doped glass microlasers generating in the 1.9–2 μm range with in-band pump at 1.55 μm. Using this model, we calculated threshold pump powers, laser generation wavelengths and slope efficiencies for different parameters of Tm-doped tellurite glass microspheres such as diameters, Q-factors, and thulium ion concentration. In addition, we produced a 320-μm tellurite glass microsphere doped with thulium ions with a concentration of 5·1019 cm−3. We attained lasing at 1.9 μm experimentally in the produced sample with a Q-factor of 106 pumped by a C-band narrow line laser.
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38
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Azeem F, Trainor LS, Devane PA, Norman DS, Rueda A, Lambert NJ, Kumari M, Foreman MR, Schwefel HGL. Dielectric perturbations: anomalous resonance frequency shifts in optical resonators. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2477-2480. [PMID: 33988614 DOI: 10.1364/ol.420791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Small perturbations in the dielectric environment around resonant dielectric structures usually lead to a frequency shift of the resonator modes directly proportional to the polarizability of the perturbation. Here, we report experimental observations of strong frequency shifts that can oppose and even exceed the contribution of the perturbations' polarizability. We show in particular how the mode frequencies of a lithium niobate whispering-gallery-mode resonator are shifted by planar substrates-of refractive indices ranging from 1.50 to 4.22-contacting the resonator rim. Both blue- and redshifts are observed, as well as an increase in mode linewidth, when substrates are moved into the evanescent field of the whispering gallery mode. We compare the experimental results to a theoretical model by Foreman et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B33, 2177 (2016)JOBPDE0740-322410.1364/JOSAB.33.002177] and provide an additional intuitive explanation based on the Goos-Hänchen shift for the optical domain, with applications to dielectric structures ranging from meta-surfaces to photonic crystal cavities.
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Wu JL, Wang T, Yang YD, Xiao JL, Huang YZ. Optical frequency comb and picosecond pulse generation based on a directly modulated microcavity laser. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:4177-4184. [PMID: 33983170 DOI: 10.1364/ao.423912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical frequency comb (OFC) and picosecond pulse generation are demonstrated experimentally based on a directly modulated AlGaInAs/InP square microcavity laser. With the merit of a high electro-optics modulation response of the microcavity laser, power-efficient OFCs with good flatness are produced. Ten 8-GHz-spaced optical tones with power fluctuation less than 3 dB are obtained based on the laser modulated by a sinusoidal signal. Moreover, the comb line number is enhanced to 20 by eliminating the nonlinear dynamics through optical injection locking. Owing to the high coherence of the OFC originating from the directly modulated microcavity laser, a 6.8 ps transform-limited pulse is obtained through dispersion compensation. The optical pulse is further compressed to 1.3 ps through the self-phase modulation effect in high nonlinear fiber.
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40
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Turitsyn SK, Chekhovskoy IS, Fedoruk MP. Nonlinear Fourier transform for analysis of optical spectral combs. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:L020202. [PMID: 33736089 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.l020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The nonlinear Fourier transform (NFT) is used to characterize the optical combs in the Lugiato-Lefever equation with both anomalous and normal dispersion. We demonstrate that the NFT signal processing technique can simplify analysis of the formation of dissipative dark solitons and regimes exploiting modulation instability for a generation of coherent structures, by approximating the comb with several discrete eigenvalues, providing a platform for the analytical description of dissipative coherent structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Turitsyn
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | | | - M P Fedoruk
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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41
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Yokota N, Yasaka H. Cascaded SSB comb generation using injection-locked seed lasers. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:769-772. [PMID: 33577510 DOI: 10.1364/ol.416825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate a novel concept of cascaded single side band (SSB) comb generation for improving the carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), which degrades when the bandwidth of the SSB comb becomes wider. Wavelength-multiplexed seed lasers are simultaneously modulated in a recirculating frequency shifter loop with an SSB modulator, an Er-doped fiber amplifier, and a fiber Bragg grating whose reflective notch filter nature enables seed lasers to be synchronized through the injection locking (IL). A maximum CNR improvement of 11.3 dB is experimentally demonstrated under the IL condition. The proposed technique effectively improves the CNR of wide-bandwidth SSB combs.
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Shevchenko MA, Chaikov LL, Tcherniega NV. Coherent Stokes and anti-Stokes high-order components generation by biharmonic pumping via stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 245:118902. [PMID: 32942113 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report on experimental effective coherent multiple Stokes and anti-Stokes high-order components generation by Stokes pulse injection at the process of stimulated low-frequency Raman scattering. This process can be used for effective generation the tunable spectral comb consisting of several equidistant spectral lines separated by a constant frequency spacing of several GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Shevchenko
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - L L Chaikov
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Tcherniega
- P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskii pr. 53, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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Tan M, Xu X, Wu J, Morandotti R, Mitchell A, Moss DJ. RF and microwave photonic temporal signal processing with Kerr micro-combs. ADVANCES IN PHYSICS: X 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23746149.2020.1838946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Tan
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Xingyuan Xu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Jiayang Wu
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
| | - Roberto Morandotti
- INRS-Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Varennes, Quebec J3X-1S2, Canada
| | - Arnan Mitchell
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J. Moss
- Optical Sciences Centre, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Australia
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Svela AØ, Silver JM, Del Bino L, Zhang S, Woodley MTM, Vanner MR, Del'Haye P. Coherent suppression of backscattering in optical microresonators. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:204. [PMID: 33353941 PMCID: PMC7755905 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
As light propagates along a waveguide, a fraction of the field can be reflected by Rayleigh scatterers. In high-quality-factor whispering-gallery-mode microresonators, this intrinsic backscattering is primarily caused by either surface or bulk material imperfections. For several types of microresonator-based experiments and applications, minimal backscattering in the cavity is of critical importance, and thus, the ability to suppress backscattering is essential. We demonstrate that the introduction of an additional scatterer into the near field of a high-quality-factor microresonator can coherently suppress the amount of backscattering in the microresonator by more than 30 dB. The method relies on controlling the scatterer position such that the intrinsic and scatterer-induced backpropagating fields destructively interfere. This technique is useful in microresonator applications where backscattering is currently limiting the performance of devices, such as ring-laser gyroscopes and dual frequency combs, which both suffer from injection locking. Moreover, these findings are of interest for integrated photonic circuits in which back reflections could negatively impact the stability of laser sources or other components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ø Svela
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK.
| | - Jonathan M Silver
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- City University of London, London, EC1V 0HB, UK
| | - Leonardo Del Bino
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstaße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Shuangyou Zhang
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstaße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael T M Woodley
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Michael R Vanner
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Pascal Del'Haye
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK.
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstaße 2, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Spectral extension and synchronization of microcombs in a single microresonator. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6384. [PMID: 33318482 PMCID: PMC7736327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadband optical frequency combs are extremely versatile tools for precision spectroscopy, ultrafast ranging, as channel generators for telecom networks, and for many other metrology applications. Here, we demonstrate that the optical spectrum of a soliton microcomb generated in a microresonator can be extended by bichromatic pumping: one laser with a wavelength in the anomalous dispersion regime of the microresonator generates a bright soliton microcomb while another laser in the normal dispersion regime both compensates the thermal effect of the microresonator and generates a repetition-rate-synchronized second frequency comb. Numerical simulations agree well with experimental results and reveal that a bright optical pulse from the second pump is passively formed in the normal dispersion regime and trapped by the primary soliton. In addition, we demonstrate that a dispersive wave can be generated and influenced by cross-phase-modulation-mediated repetition-rate synchronization of the two combs. The demonstrated technique provides an alternative way to generate broadband microcombs and enables the selective enhancement of optical power in specific parts of a comb spectrum.
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46
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Sun D, Zhang Y, Wang D, Song W, Liu X, Pang J, Geng D, Sang Y, Liu H. Microstructure and domain engineering of lithium niobate crystal films for integrated photonic applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:197. [PMID: 33303741 PMCID: PMC7729400 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, integrated photonics has attracted considerable interest owing to its wide application in optical communication and quantum technologies. Among the numerous photonic materials, lithium niobate film on insulator (LNOI) has become a promising photonic platform owing to its electro-optic and nonlinear optical properties along with ultralow-loss and high-confinement nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides fabricated by the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible microstructure engineering of LNOI. Furthermore, ferroelectric domain engineering in combination with nanophotonic waveguides on LNOI is gradually accelerating the development of integrated nonlinear photonics, which will play an important role in quantum technologies because of its ability to be integrated with the generation, processing, and auxiliary detection of the quantum states of light. Herein, we review the recent progress in CMOS-compatible microstructure engineering and domain engineering of LNOI for integrated lithium niobate photonics involving photonic modulation and nonlinear photonics. We believe that the great progress in integrated photonics on LNOI will lead to a new generation of techniques. Thus, there remains an urgent need for efficient methods for the preparation of LNOI that are suitable for large-scale and low-cost manufacturing of integrated photonic devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Yunwu Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Dongzhou Wang
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Wei Song
- CETC Deqing Huaying Electronics Co., Ltd., Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Deqiang Geng
- Crystrong Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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47
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Lee S, Song YW. Graphene Self-Phase-Lockers Formed around a Cu Wire Hub for Ring Resonators Incorporated into 57.8 Gigahertz Fiber Pulsed Lasers. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15944-15952. [PMID: 33137255 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate graphene-functionalized self-phase-locking of laser pulses for a dramatically elevated repetition rate by employing an intrinsic resonating structure in a fiber ring laser cavity, the modes thereby satisfying the phase-matching condition passively, through both the resonator and the laser cavity. Graphene is directly synthesized around a 1-mm-diameter Cu wire catalyst, avoiding the deleterious transfer process. The wire provides a form factor to the fiber ring resonator as a versatile winding hub, guaranteeing damage-minimized and recyclable contact of the synthesized graphene with a diameter-controlled optical microfiber. In-depth analysis of the graphene confirms the optical nonlinearity critically required for pulse formation. The laser-graphene interaction, the intermode phase-locking function of graphene, and the pulse formation with the resonator are systematically elucidated to explain the experimentally generated laser pulses at a repetition rate of 57.8 gigahertz (GHz). Additionally, tunability of the repetition rate up to 1.5 GHz by the photothermal effect of graphene is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjae Lee
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Won Song
- Center for Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano and Information Technology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
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48
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Hasegawa T. 260 kHz mode-spacing optical frequency combs for scan-free high-resolution direct-comb spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32837-32846. [PMID: 33114959 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For scan-free high-resolution direct-comb spectroscopy, mode spacing of an optical frequency comb is reduced down to 260 kHz by phase modulation. It turns out that time-domain signal is degraded by averaging because of slow optical path length fluctuations and fast optical pulse timing jitter. In this study, compensation of these effects is introduced, and signal degradation by averaging is avoided. With demonstrations of direct-comb spectroscopy with the narrow-mode-spacing optical frequency comb, Doppler-limited absorption spectrum of methane and reflection spectrum from an optical ring cavity are observed. As a result, detailed resonance spectral line profile of 8 MHz linewidth for the optical ring cavity is obtained in 50 ms measurement time.
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49
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Jia K, Wang X, Kwon D, Wang J, Tsao E, Liu H, Ni X, Guo J, Yang M, Jiang X, Kim J, Zhu SN, Xie Z, Huang SW. Photonic Flywheel in a Monolithic Fiber Resonator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:143902. [PMID: 33064523 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.143902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first compact photonic flywheel with sub-fs time jitter (averaging times up to 10 μs) at the quantum-noise limit of a monolithic fiber resonator. Such quantum-limited performance is accessed through novel two-step pumping scheme for dissipative Kerr soliton generation. Controllable interaction between stimulated Brillouin lasing and Kerr nonlinearity enhances the DKS coherence and mitigates the thermal instability challenge, achieving a remarkable 22-Hz intrinsic comb linewidth and an unprecedented phase noise of -180 dBc/Hz at 945-MHz carrier at free running. The scheme can be generalized to various device platforms for field-deployable precision metrology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Jia
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Dohyeon Kwon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiarong Wang
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Eugene Tsao
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Huaying Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Xin Ni
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jian Guo
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mufan Yang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoshun Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jungwon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi-Ning Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhenda Xie
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shu-Wei Huang
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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50
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Pampel SK, Bae K, Zohrabi M, Grayson M, Horning TM, Park W, Gopinath JT. Third-harmonic generation enhancement in an ITO nanoparticle-coated microresonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:30004-30014. [PMID: 33114887 DOI: 10.1364/oe.402527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report a ∼3-fold enhancement of third-harmonic generation (THG) conversion efficiency using indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles on the surface of an ultra-high-Q silica microsphere. This is one of the largest microcavity-based THG enhancements reported. Phase-matching and spatial mode overlap are explored numerically to determine the microsphere radius (∼29 µm) and resonant mode numbers that maximize THG. Furthermore, the ITO nanoparticles are uniformly bonded to the cavity surface by drop-casting, eliminating the need for complex fabrication. The significant improvement in THG conversion efficiency establishes functionalized ITO microcavities as a promising tool for broadband frequency conversion, nonlinear enhancement, and applications in integrated photonics.
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