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Jiang M, Crous KY, Carrillo Y, Macdonald CA, Anderson IC, Boer MM, Farrell M, Gherlenda AN, Castañeda-Gómez L, Hasegawa S, Jarosch K, Milham PJ, Ochoa-Hueso R, Pathare V, Pihlblad J, Piñeiro J, Powell JR, Power SA, Reich PB, Riegler M, Zaehle S, Smith B, Medlyn BE, Ellsworth DS. Microbial competition for phosphorus limits the CO 2 response of a mature forest. Nature 2024; 630:660-665. [PMID: 38839955 PMCID: PMC11186757 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The capacity for terrestrial ecosystems to sequester additional carbon (C) with rising CO2 concentrations depends on soil nutrient availability1,2. Previous evidence suggested that mature forests growing on phosphorus (P)-deprived soils had limited capacity to sequester extra biomass under elevated CO2 (refs. 3-6), but uncertainty about ecosystem P cycling and its CO2 response represents a crucial bottleneck for mechanistic prediction of the land C sink under climate change7. Here, by compiling the first comprehensive P budget for a P-limited mature forest exposed to elevated CO2, we show a high likelihood that P captured by soil microorganisms constrains ecosystem P recycling and availability for plant uptake. Trees used P efficiently, but microbial pre-emption of mineralized soil P seemed to limit the capacity of trees for increased P uptake and assimilation under elevated CO2 and, therefore, their capacity to sequester extra C. Plant strategies to stimulate microbial P cycling and plant P uptake, such as increasing rhizosphere C release to soil, will probably be necessary for P-limited forests to increase C capture into new biomass. Our results identify the key mechanisms by which P availability limits CO2 fertilization of tree growth and will guide the development of Earth system models to predict future long-term C storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kristine Y Crous
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Yolima Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catriona A Macdonald
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthias M Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Farrell
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew N Gherlenda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura Castañeda-Gómez
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- SouthPole Environmental Services, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shun Hasegawa
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Forest and Climate, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Klaus Jarosch
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroecology and Environment, Agroscope, Zurich-Reckenholz, Switzerland
| | - Paul J Milham
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rául Ochoa-Hueso
- Department of Biology, IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Varsha Pathare
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Johanna Pihlblad
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Birmingham Institute for Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
- School of Geography, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Juan Piñeiro
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- ETSI Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeff R Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sally A Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter B Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA
- Institute for Global Change Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- School for the Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Jung JB, Kim ES, Lim JH, Choi WI. Host-specific growth responses of Larix kaempferi and Quercus acutissima to Asian gypsy moth defoliation in central Korea. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1477. [PMID: 38233543 PMCID: PMC10794211 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51907-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
As the risk of gypsy moth outbreaks that have detrimental effects on forest ecosystem in the Northern Hemisphere increase due to climate change, a quantitative evaluation of the impact of gypsy moth defoliation is needed to support the adaptive forest management. To evaluate the host-specific impact of gypsy moth defoliation, radial growth and annual carbon accumulation were compared for one severely defoliated (Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière) and one moderate defoliated (Quercus acutissima Carruth.) host, in defoliated and non-defoliated site using tree-ring analysis. Finally, the resilience indices of radial growth variables were calculated to assess the ability of sampled trees to withstand defoliation. Gypsy moth defoliation mainly decreased latewood width and caused reduction in annual carbon absorption more than 40% for both tree species. However, L. kaempferi, showed the reduced growth until the year following defoliation, while Q. acutissima, showed no lagged growth depression and rapid growth recover. The findings show how each species reacts differently to gypsy moth defoliation and highlight the need of managing forests in a way that takes resilient tree species into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Jung
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-Ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sook Kim
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-Ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lim
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-Ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Forest Ecology Division, National Institute of Forest Science, 57 Hoegi-Ro, Dongdaemun-Gu, Seoul, 02455, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Schön JE, Tiede Y, Becker M, Donoso DA, Homeier J, Limberger O, Bendix J, Farwig N, Brandl R. Effects of leaf traits of tropical trees on the abundance and body mass of herbivorous arthropod communities. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288276. [PMID: 37934765 PMCID: PMC10629635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In tropical forests, herbivorous arthropods remove between 7% up to 48% of leaf area, which has forced plants to evolve defense strategies. These strategies influence the palatability of leaves. Palatability, which reflects a syndrome of leaf traits, in turn influences both the abundance and the mean body mass not only of particular arthropod taxa but also of the total communities. In this study, we tested two hypotheses: (H1) The abundance of two important chewer guilds ('leaf chewers' and 'rostrum chewers'), dominant components of arthropod communities, is positively related to the palatability of host trees. (H2) Lower palatability leads to an increased mean body mass of chewers (Jarman-Bell principle). Arthropods were collected by fogging the canopies of 90 tropical trees representing 31 species in three plots at 1000 m and three at 2000 m a.s.l. Palatability was assessed by measuring several 'leaf traits' of each host tree and by conducting a feeding trial with the generalist herbivore Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Leaf traits provided partial support for H1, as abundance of leaf chewers but not of rostrum chewers was positively affected by the experimentally estimated palatability. There was no support for H2 as neither leaf traits nor experimentally estimated palatability affected the mean body mass of leaf chewers. The mean body mass of rostrum chewers was positively related to palatability. Thus, leaf traits and experimentally estimated palatability influenced the abundance and mean body mass of chewing arthropods on the community level. However, the data were not consistent with the Jarman-Bell principle. Overall, our results suggest that the palatability of leaves is not among the dominant factors influencing abundance and mean body mass of the community of chewing arthropod herbivores. If other factors, such as the microclimate, predation or further (a-)biotic interactions are more important has to be analyzed in refined studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana E. Schön
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Yvonne Tiede
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Marcel Becker
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - David A. Donoso
- Departamento de Biología, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Jürgen Homeier
- Faculty of Resource Management, HAWK University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Oliver Limberger
- Department of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Jörg Bendix
- Department of Geography, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Department of Biology, Conservation Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Biology, Animal Ecology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Hesse, Germany
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Hwang BC, Giardina CP, Litton CM, Francisco KS, Pacheco C, Thomas N, Uehara T, Metcalfe DB. Impacts of insect frass and cadavers on soil surface litter decomposition along a tropical forest temperature gradient. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9322. [PMID: 36188494 PMCID: PMC9493466 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect herbivores play important roles in shaping many ecosystem processes, but how climate change will alter the effects of insect herbivory are poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we quantified for the first time how insect frass and cadavers affected leaf litter decomposition rates and nutrient release along a highly constrained 4.3°C mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient in a Hawaiian montane tropical wet forest. We constructed litterbags of standardized locally sourced leaf litter, with some amended with insect frass + cadavers to produce treatments designed to simulate ambient (Control = no amendment), moderate (Amended-Low = 2 × Control level), or severe (Amended-High = 11 × Control level) insect outbreak events. Multiple sets of these litterbags were deployed across the MAT gradient, with individual litterbags collected periodically over one year to assess how rising MAT altered the effects of insect deposits on litter decomposition rates and nitrogen (N) release. Increased MAT and insect inputs additively increased litter decomposition rates and N immobilization rates, with effects being stronger for Amended-High litterbags. However, the apparent temperature sensitivity (Q 10) of litter decomposition was not clearly affected by amendments. The effects of adding insect deposits in this study operated differently than the slower litter decomposition and greater N mobilization rates often observed in experiments which use chemical fertilizers (e.g., urea, ammonium nitrate). Further research is required to understand mechanistic differences between amendment types. Potential increases in outbreak-related herbivore deposits coupled with climate warming will accelerate litter decomposition and nutrient cycling rates with short-term consequences for nutrient cycling and carbon storage in tropical montane wet forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice C. Hwang
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Christian P. Giardina
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest ServiceInstitute of Pacific Islands ForestryHiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Creighton M. Litton
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ManagementUniversity of Hawai‘i at MānoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA
| | - Kainana S. Francisco
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest ServiceInstitute of Pacific Islands ForestryHiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Cody Pacheco
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest ServiceInstitute of Pacific Islands ForestryHiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Naneaikealaula Thomas
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest ServiceInstitute of Pacific Islands ForestryHiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Tyler Uehara
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USDA Forest ServiceInstitute of Pacific Islands ForestryHiloHawaiiUSA
| | - Daniel B. Metcalfe
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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5
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Effects of Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Concentration on Insect Herbivory and Nutrient Fluxes in a Mature Temperate Forest. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13070998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Insect herbivory is one of the most important ecological processes affecting plant–soil feedbacks and overall forest ecosystem health. In this study, we assess how elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) impacts (i) leaf level insect herbivory and (ii) the stand-level herbivore-mediated transfer of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) from the canopy to the ground in a natural mature oak temperate forest community in central England at the Birmingham Institute of Forest Research Free Air CO2 Enrichment (BIFoR FACE) site. Recently abscised leaves were collected every two weeks through the growing season in August to December from 2017–2019, with the identification of four dominant species: Quercus robur (pedunculate oak), Acer pseudoplatanus (sycamore), Crataegus monogyna (common hawthorn) and Corylus avellana (hazel). The selected leaves were scanned and visually analyzed to quantify the leaf area loss from folivory monthly. Additionally, the herbivore-mediated transfer of C and N fluxes from the dominant tree species Q. robur was calculated from these leaf-level folivory estimates, the total foliar production and the foliar C and N contents. This study finds that the leaf-level herbivory at the BIFoR FACE has not changed significantly across the first 3 years of eCO2 treatment when assessed across all dominant tree species, although we detected significant changes under the eCO2 treatment for individual tree species and years. Despite the lack of any strong leaf-level herbivory response, the estimated stand-level foliar C and N transferred to the ground via herbivory was substantially higher under eCO2, mainly because there was a ~50% increase in the foliar production of Q. robur under eCO2. This result cautions against concluding much from either the presence or absence of leaf-level herbivory responses to any environmental effect, because their actual ecosystem effects are filtered through so many (usually unmeasured) factors.
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6
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Growth-defense trade-offs shape population genetic composition in an iconic forest tree species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2103162118. [PMID: 34507992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103162118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All organisms experience fundamental conflicts between divergent metabolic processes. In plants, a pivotal conflict occurs between allocation to growth, which accelerates resource acquisition, and to defense, which protects existing tissue against herbivory. Trade-offs between growth and defense traits are not universally observed, and a central prediction of plant evolutionary ecology is that context-dependence of these trade-offs contributes to the maintenance of intraspecific variation in defense [Züst and Agrawal, Annu. Rev. Plant Biol., 68, 513-534 (2017)]. This prediction has rarely been tested, however, and the evolutionary consequences of growth-defense trade-offs in different environments are poorly understood, especially in long-lived species [Cipollini et al., Annual Plant Reviews (Wiley, 2014), pp. 263-307]. Here we show that intraspecific trait trade-offs, even when fixed across divergent environments, interact with competition to drive natural selection of tree genotypes corresponding to their growth-defense phenotypes. Our results show that a functional trait trade-off, when coupled with environmental variation, causes real-time divergence in the genetic architecture of tree populations in an experimental setting. Specifically, competitive selection for faster growth resulted in dominance by fast-growing tree genotypes that were poorly defended against natural enemies. This outcome is a signature example of eco-evolutionary dynamics: Competitive interactions affected microevolutionary trajectories on a timescale relevant to subsequent ecological interactions [Brunner et al., Funct. Ecol. 33, 7-12 (2019)]. Eco-evolutionary drivers of tree growth and defense are thus critical to stand-level trait variation, which structures communities and ecosystems over expansive spatiotemporal scales.
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Oberhuber W, Landlinger-Weilbold A, Schröter DM. Triggering Bimodal Radial Stem Growth in Pinus sylvestris at a Drought-Prone Site by Manipulating Stem Carbon Availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:674438. [PMID: 34122490 PMCID: PMC8193578 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.674438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A bimodal radial growth (RG) pattern, i.e., growth peaks in spring and autumn, was repeatedly found in trees in the Mediterranean regions, where summer drought causes reduction or cessation of cambial activity. In a dry inner Alpine valley of the Eastern Alps (Tyrol, Austria, 750 m asl), Pinus sylvestris shows unimodal RG with onset and cessation of cambial activity in early April and late June, respectively. A resumption of cambial activity after intense summer rainfall was not observed in this region. In a field experiment, we tested the hypothesis that early cessation of cambial activity at this drought-prone site is an adaptation to limited water availability leading to an early and irreversible switch of carbon (C) allocation to belowground. To accomplish this, the C status of young P. sylvestris trees was manipulated by physical blockage of phloem transport (girdling) 6 weeks after cessation of cambial cell division. Influence of manipulated C availability on RG was recorded by stem dendrometers, which were mounted above the girdling zone. In response to blockage of phloem flow, resumption of cambial activity was detected above girdling after about 2 weeks. Although the experimentally induced second growth surge lasted for the same period as in spring (c. 2 months), the increment was more than twice as large due to doubling of daily maximum RG rate. After girdling, wood anatomical traits above girdling no longer showed any significant differences between earlywood and latewood tracheids indicating pronounced effects of C availability on cell differentiation. Below girdling, no reactivation of cambial activity occurred, but cell wall thickness of last formed latewood cell was reduced due to lack of C supply after girdling. Intense RG resumption after girdling indicates that cessation of cambial activity can be reversed by manipulating C status of the stem. Hence, our girdling study yielded strong support for the hypothesis that belowground organs exert high C sink strengths on the drought-prone study site. Furthermore, this work highlights the need of in-depth experimental studies in order to understand the interactions between endogenous and exogenous factors on cambial activity and xylem cell differentiation more clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, Leopold-Franzens-University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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8
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Gustafson EJ, Miranda BR, Sturtevant BR. How do forest landscapes respond to elevated CO
2
and ozone? Scaling Aspen‐FACE plot‐scale experimental results. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Gustafson
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Rhinelander Wisconsin 54501 USA
| | - Brian R. Miranda
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Rhinelander Wisconsin 54501 USA
| | - Brian R. Sturtevant
- Institute for Applied Ecosystem Studies Northern Research Station USDA Forest Service Rhinelander Wisconsin 54501 USA
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9
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Gao X, Tian Z, Zhang Y, Chen G, Ma C, Tian Z, Cui S, Lu Y, Zhou Z. Transcriptome Analysis of Ophraella communa Male Reproductive Tract in Indirect Response to Elevated CO 2 and Heat Wave. Front Physiol 2020; 11:417. [PMID: 32431624 PMCID: PMC7215069 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in atmospheric CO2 directly affects the insect physiology and behavior, and indirectly affects the herbivorous insects by affecting their hosts. The increase in atmospheric CO2 is accompanied by an increase in temperature and heat waves. Ophraella communa LeSage is a natural enemy of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed). The development and reproduction of this beetle is weakened upon eating common ragweed grown under stress conditions. As female behavior and physiology alter after mating, the reproductive tract of males is likely to modulate reproduction and development in this species. Herein, the transcriptional profiles of testes and accessory glands from male O. communa individuals feeding on common ragweed under conditions of high CO2 concentration and heat waves and that grown under ambient CO2 concentration were compared. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the same tissues from beetles fed on common ragweed grown under different stress conditions. There were 3, 2, 3, 1and 5 genes related to decomposition and transport of macromolecular substances, host location, stress response, reproduction, and poisonous food-utilization. No expected response was observed in the male reproductive tract, but some of the identified DEGs might control the development of the population. The results presented here should be helpful in guiding future studies on deciphering the indirect response of other organs to high CO2 concentration and heat waves, as well as the functions of seminal fluid proteins in O. communa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyuan Gao
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biology for Crop Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenya Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqi Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaowei Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongyue Lu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Metabolite Composition of Paper Birch Buds after Eleven Growing Seasons of Exposure to Elevated CO2 and O3. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11030330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Long-term exposure of paper birch to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) modified metabolite content of over-wintering buds, but no evidence of reduced freezing tolerance was found. Background and Objectives: Atmospheric change may affect the metabolite composition of over-wintering buds and, in turn, impact growth onset and stress tolerance of perennial plant species in spring. Materials and Methods: Low molecular weight compounds of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) buds, including lipophilic, polar and phenolic compounds were analyzed, and freezing tolerance (FT) of the buds was determined prior to bud break after 11 growing seasons exposure of saplings to elevated concentrations of CO2 (target concentration 560 µL L−1) and O3 (target concentration 1.5 × ambient) at the Aspen FACE (Free-Air CO2 and O3 Enrichment) facility. Results: The contents of lipophilic and phenolic compounds (but not polar compounds) were affected by elevated CO2 and elevated O3 in an interactive manner. Elevated O3 reduced the content of lipids and increased that of phenolic compounds under ambient CO2 by reallocating carbon from biosynthesis of terpenoids to that of phenolic acids. In comparison, elevated CO2 had only a minor effect on lipophilic and polar compounds, but it increased the content of phenolic compounds under ambient O3 by increasing the content of phenolic acids, while the content of flavonols was reduced. Conclusions: Based on the freezing test and metabolite data, there was no evidence of altered FT in the over-wintering buds. The impacts of the alterations of bud metabolite contents on the growth and defense responses of birches during early growth in spring need to be uncovered in future experiments.
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11
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Li Z, Yang J, Shang B, Xu Y, Couture JJ, Yuan X, Kobayashi K, Feng Z. Water stress rather than N addition mitigates impacts of elevated O 3 on foliar chemical profiles in poplar saplings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135935. [PMID: 31869612 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) pollution can alter tree chemical profiles, and in turn, affect forest ecosystem function. However, the magnitude of these effects may be modified by variations in soil water and nutrient availability, which makes it difficult to predict the impacts of O3 in reality. Here we assessed the effects of elevated O3 alone, and in combination with soil water deficit and N addition, on the phytochemical composition of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides cv. '55/56' × P. deltoides cv. 'Imperial'). Potted trees were grown in open-top chambers (OTCs) under either charcoal-filtered air or elevated O3 (non-filtered air +40 ppb of O3), and trees within each OTC were grown with four combinations of water (well-watered or water deficit) and nitrogen (with or without N addition) levels. We found that elevated O3 alone stimulated the accumulation of foliar nitrogen, soluble sugar, and lignin while inhibiting the accumulation of starch, but had limited impacts on condensed tannins and salicinoids in poplar saplings. Graphical vector analysis revealed that these changes in concentrations of nitrogen, starch and lignin were due largely to altered metabolic processes, while increased soluble sugar concentration related mainly to decreased leaf biomass in most cases. The effects of O3 on poplar foliar chemical profiles depended on soil water, but not soil N, availability. Specifically, O3-mediated changes in carbohydrates and lignin were mitigated by decreased soil water content. Taken together, these results suggested that nitrogen acquisition, carbohydrates mobilization and lignification play a role in poplar tolerance to O3. Moreover, the impacts of elevated O3 on phytochemistry of poplar leaves can be context-dependent, with potential consequences for ecosystem processes under future global change scenarios. Our results highlight the needs to consider multi-factors environments to optimize the management of plantations under changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - John J Couture
- Departments of Entomology and Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Department of Global Agricultural Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Ecology, Key Laboratory of Agrometeorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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12
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Campbell SA, Vallano DM. Plant defences mediate interactions between herbivory and the direct foliar uptake of atmospheric reactive nitrogen. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4743. [PMID: 30413701 PMCID: PMC6226520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen from human sources (e.g., nitrogen dioxide, NO2) is taken up by plant roots following deposition to soils, but can also be assimilated by leaves directly from the atmosphere. Leaf uptake should alter plant metabolism and overall nitrogen balance and indirectly influence plant consumers; however, these consequences remain poorly understood. Here we show that direct foliar assimilation of NO2 increases levels of nitrogen-based defensive metabolites in leaves and reduces herbivore consumption and growth. These results suggest that atmospheric reactive nitrogen could have cascading negative effects on communities of herbivorous insects. We further show that herbivory induces a decrease in foliar uptake, indicating that consumers could limit the ability of vegetation to act as a sink for nitrogen pollutants (e.g., smog from mobile emissions). Our study suggests that the interactions of foliar uptake, plant defence and herbivory could have significant implications for understanding the environmental consequences of reactive nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart A Campbell
- Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, P3 Centre for Translational Plant Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Dena M Vallano
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Region 9 Air Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
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13
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Miller CR, Barton BT, Zhu L, Radeloff VC, Oliver KM, Harmon JP, Ives AR. Combined effects of night warming and light pollution on predator-prey interactions. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1195. [PMID: 29021171 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between multiple anthropogenic environmental changes can drive non-additive effects in ecological systems, and the non-additive effects can in turn be amplified or dampened by spatial covariation among environmental changes. We investigated the combined effects of night-time warming and light pollution on pea aphids and two predatory ladybeetle species. As expected, neither night-time warming nor light pollution changed the suppression of aphids by the ladybeetle species that forages effectively in darkness. However, for the more-visual predator, warming and light had non-additive effects in which together they caused much lower aphid abundances. These results are particularly relevant for agriculture near urban areas that experience both light pollution and warming from urban heat islands. Because warming and light pollution can have non-additive effects, predicting their possible combined consequences over broad spatial scales requires knowing how they co-occur. We found that night-time temperature change since 1949 covaried positively with light pollution, which has the potential to increase their non-additive effects on pea aphid control by 70% in US alfalfa. Our results highlight the importance of non-additive effects of multiple environmental factors on species and food webs, especially when these factors co-occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R Miller
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Brandon T Barton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Likai Zhu
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Volker C Radeloff
- SILVIS Lab, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kerry M Oliver
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jason P Harmon
- Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Anthony R Ives
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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14
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Cotrozzi L, Townsend PA, Pellegrini E, Nali C, Couture JJ. Reflectance spectroscopy: a novel approach to better understand and monitor the impact of air pollution on Mediterranean plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:8249-8267. [PMID: 28699011 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean basin can be considered a hot spot not only in terms of climate change (CC) but also for air quality. Assessing the impact of CC and air pollution on ecosystem functions is a challenging task, and adequate monitoring techniques are needed. This paper summarizes the present knowledge on the use of reflectance spectroscopy for the evaluation of the effects of air pollution on plants. First, the history of this technique is outlined. Next, we describe the vegetation reflectance spectrum, how it can be scaled from leaf to landscape levels, what information it contains, and how it can be exploited to understand plant and ecosystem functions. Finally, we review the literature concerning this topic, with special attention to Mediterranean air pollutants, showing the increasing interest in this technique. The ability of spectroscopy to detect the influence of air pollution on plant function of all major and minor Mediterranean pollutants has been evaluated, and ozone and its interaction with other gases (carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide) have been the most studied. In the recent years, novel air pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen deposition, and heavy metals, have drawn attention. Although various vegetation types have been studied, few of these species are representative of the Mediterranean environment. Thus, major emphasis should be placed on using vegetation spectroscopy for better understanding and monitoring the impact of air pollution on Mediterranean plants in the CC era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Philip A Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Dr., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - John J Couture
- Departments of Entomology and Forestry and Natural Resources and Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, 901 W. State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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15
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Couture JJ, Meehan TD, Rubert-Nason KF, Lindroth RL. Effects of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Tropospheric Ozone on Phytochemical Composition of Trembling Aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) and Paper Birch ( Betula papyrifera ). J Chem Ecol 2016; 43:26-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Gherlenda AN, Esveld JL, Hall AAG, Duursma RA, Riegler M. Boom and bust: rapid feedback responses between insect outbreak dynamics and canopy leaf area impacted by rainfall and CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:3632-3641. [PMID: 27124557 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Frequency and severity of insect outbreaks in forest ecosystems are predicted to increase with climate change. How this will impact canopy leaf area in future climates is rarely tested. Here, we document function of insect outbreaks that fortuitously and rapidly occurred in an ecosystem under free-air CO2 enrichment. Over the first 2 years of CO2 fumigation of a naturally established mature Eucalyptus woodland, we continuously assessed population responses of three sap-feeding insect species of the psyllid genera Cardiaspina, Glycaspis and Spondyliaspis for up to ten consecutive generations. Concurrently, we quantified changes in the canopy leaf area index (LAI). Large and rapid shifts in psyllid community composition were recorded between species with either flush (Glycaspis) or senescence-inducing (Cardiaspina, Spondyliaspis) feeding strategies. Within the second year, two psyllid species experienced significant and rapid population build-up resulting in two consecutive outbreaks: first, rainfall stimulated Eucalyptus leaf production increasing LAI, which supported population growth of flush-feeding Glycaspis without impacting LAI. Glycaspis numbers then crashed and were followed by the outbreak of senescence-feeding Cardiaspina fiscella that led to significant defoliation and reduction in LAI. For all three psyllid species, the abundance of lerps, protective coverings excreted by the sessile nymphs, decreased at e[CO2 ]. Higher lerp weight at e[CO2 ] for Glycaspis but not the other psyllid species provided evidence for compensatory feeding by the flush feeder but not the two senescence feeders. Our study demonstrates that rainfall drives leaf phenology, facilitating the rapid boom-and-bust succession of psyllid species, eventually leading to significant defoliation due to the second but not the first outbreaking psyllid species. In contrast, e[CO2 ] may impact psyllid abundance and feeding behaviour, with psyllid species-specific outcomes for defoliation severity, nutrient transfer and trophic cascades. Psyllid populations feeding on Eucalyptus experience rapid boom-and-bust cycles depending on availability of suitable foliage driven by rainfall patterns and leaf phenology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Gherlenda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jessica L Esveld
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Aidan A G Hall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Remko A Duursma
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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17
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Gherlenda AN, Moore BD, Haigh AM, Johnson SN, Riegler M. Insect herbivory in a mature Eucalyptus woodland canopy depends on leaf phenology but not CO 2 enrichment. BMC Ecol 2016; 16:47. [PMID: 27760541 PMCID: PMC5072302 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-016-0102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Climate change factors such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (e[CO2]) and altered rainfall patterns can alter leaf composition and phenology. This may subsequently impact insect herbivory. In sclerophyllous forests insects have developed strategies, such as preferentially feeding on new leaf growth, to overcome physical or foliar nitrogen constraints, and this may shift under climate change. Few studies of insect herbivory at elevated [CO2] have occurred under field conditions and none on mature evergreen trees in a naturally established forest, yet estimates for leaf area loss due to herbivory are required in order to allow accurate predictions of plant productivity in future climates. Here, we assessed herbivory in the upper canopy of mature Eucalyptus tereticornis trees at the nutrient-limited Eucalyptus free-air CO2 enrichment (EucFACE) experiment during the first 19 months of CO2 enrichment. The assessment of herbivory extended over two consecutive spring—summer periods, with a first survey during four months of the [CO2] ramp-up phase after which full [CO2] operation was maintained, followed by a second survey period from months 13 to 19. Results Throughout the first 2 years of EucFACE, young, expanding leaves sustained significantly greater damage from insect herbivory (between 25 and 32 % leaf area loss) compared to old or fully expanded leaves (less than 2 % leaf area loss). This preference of insect herbivores for young expanding leaves combined with discontinuous production of new foliage, which occurred in response to rainfall, resulted in monthly variations in leaf herbivory. In contrast to the significant effects of rainfall-driven leaf phenology, elevated [CO2] had no effect on leaf consumption or preference of insect herbivores for different leaf age classes. Conclusions In the studied nutrient-limited natural Eucalyptus woodland, herbivory contributes to a significant loss of young foliage. Leaf phenology is a significant factor that determines the level of herbivory experienced in this evergreen sclerophyllous woodland system, and may therefore also influence the population dynamics of insect herbivores. Furthermore, leaf phenology appears more strongly impacted by rainfall patterns than by e[CO2]. e[CO2] responses of herbivores on mature trees may only become apparent after extensive CO2 fumigation periods. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-016-0102-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Gherlenda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Anthony M Haigh
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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18
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Enlivening the barren leaves. NATURE PLANTS 2016; 2:16160. [PMID: 27701393 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2016.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Currano ED, Laker R, Flynn AG, Fogt KK, Stradtman H, Wing SL. Consequences of elevated temperature and pCO2 on insect folivory at the ecosystem level: perspectives from the fossil record. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:4318-31. [PMID: 27386078 PMCID: PMC4891205 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleoecological studies document the net effects of atmospheric and climate change in a natural laboratory over timescales not accessible to laboratory or ecological studies. Insect feeding damage is visible on well‐preserved fossil leaves, and changes in leaf damage through time can be compared to environmental changes. We measured percent leaf area damaged on four fossil leaf assemblages from the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, that range in age from 56.1 to 52.65 million years (Ma). We also include similar published data from three US sites 49.4 to ~45 Ma in our analyses. Regional climate was subtropical or warmer throughout this period, and the second oldest assemblage (56 Ma) was deposited during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a geologically abrupt global warming event caused by massive release of carbon into the atmosphere. Total and leaf‐chewing damage are highest during the PETM, whether considering percent area damaged on the bulk flora, the average of individual host plants, or a single plant host that occurs at multiple sites. Another fossil assemblage in our study, the 52.65 Ma Fifteenmile Creek paleoflora, also lived during a period of globally high temperature and pCO2, but does not have elevated herbivory. Comparison of these two sites, as well as regression analyses conducted on the entire dataset, demonstrates that, over long timescales, temperature and pCO2 are uncorrelated with total insect consumption at the ecosystem level. Rather, the most important factor affecting herbivory is the relative abundance of plants with nitrogen‐fixing symbionts. Legumes dominate the PETM site; their prevalence would have decreased nitrogen limitation across the ecosystem, buffering generalist herbivore populations against decreased leaf nutritional quality that commonly occurs at high pCO2. We hypothesize that nitrogen concentration regulates the opposing effects of elevated temperature and CO2 on insect abundance and thereby total insect consumption, which has important implications for agricultural practices in today's world of steadily increasing pCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen D Currano
- Departments of Botany and Geology & Geophysics University of Wyoming Laramie Wyoming; Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science Miami University Oxford Ohio
| | - Rachel Laker
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science Miami University Oxford Ohio
| | - Andrew G Flynn
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science Miami University Oxford Ohio; Department of Geology Baylor University Waco Texas
| | - Kari K Fogt
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science Miami University Oxford Ohio
| | - Hillary Stradtman
- Department of Geology and Environmental Earth Science Miami University Oxford Ohio
| | - Scott L Wing
- Department of Paleobiology Smithsonian Institution Washington District of Columbia
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Maguire DY, Buddle CM, Bennett EM. Within and Among Patch Variability in Patterns of Insect Herbivory Across a Fragmented Forest Landscape. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150843. [PMID: 26938457 PMCID: PMC4777537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmentation changes the spatial patterns of landscapes in ways that can alter the flow of materials and species; however, our understanding of the consequences of this fragmentation and flow alteration for ecosystem processes and ecosystem services remains limited. As an ecological process that affects many ecosystem services and is sensitive to fragmentation, insect herbivory is a good model system for exploring the role of fragmentation, and the resulting spatial patterns of landscapes, in the provision of ecosystem services. To refine our knowledge of how changes in landscape pattern affect insect herbivory, we quantified the combined influence of among patch (patch area and patch connectivity) and within patch (location within patch; canopy, edge, interior) factors on amounts of insect herbivory in a fragmented forest landscape. We measured herbivory in 20 forest patches of differing size and connectivity in southern Quebec (Canada). Within each patch, herbivory was quantified at the interior, edge, and canopy of sugar maple trees during the spring and summer of 2011 and 2012. Results show that connectivity affects herbivory differently depending on the location within the patch (edge, interior, canopy), an effect that would have gone unnoticed if samples were pooled across locations. These results suggest considering structure at both the patch and within patch scales may help to elucidate patterns when studying the effects of fragmentation on ecosystem processes, with implications for the services they support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Y. Maguire
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, St-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Buddle
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, St-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elena M. Bennett
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, St-Anne-De-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- School of Environment, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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22
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Allen CD, Breshears DD, McDowell NG. On underestimation of global vulnerability to tree mortality and forest die-off from hotter drought in the Anthropocene. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es15-00203.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1345] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Maguire DY, James PM, Buddle CM, Bennett EM. Landscape connectivity and insect herbivory: A framework for understanding tradeoffs among ecosystem services. Glob Ecol Conserv 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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