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Yoon SH, Kim YC, Seo HJ, Hong SC, Kim TW, Jeong JH, Um YH. Association Between Hypnotics and Dementia: A Mini Narrative Review. Psychiatry Investig 2024; 21:457-463. [PMID: 38810994 PMCID: PMC11136580 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2023.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive assessment of the existing literature on the relationship between hypnotics and dementia, considering both potential link and inconclusive or lack of association. METHODS Data from studies that investigate the association between hypnotic medications and dementia were reviewed. Studies included both cohort studies and systematic reviews, participants with various type of dementia and hypnotics including benzodiazepines (BZDs) and Z-drugs (ZDs). RESULTS The existing literatures presents conflicting evidence regarding the association between hypnotics, including BZDs and ZDs, and the risk of dementia. Some studies suggest a potential link between prolonged use of hypnotics and an increased risk of dementia. However, other studies indicate inconclusive or lacking evidence regarding this association. Factors such as study design, sample characteristics, and control of confounding variables contribute to the variability in findings. CONCLUSION The relationship between hypnotics and dementia remains complex and controversial. While some studies suggest a potential association, others find inconclusive or conflicting evidence. Future research should focus on addressing methodological limitations, considering classifying dementia subtypes, and try to adjust medication lag time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hoon Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jun Seo
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chul Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyun Jeong
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Hyun Um
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Pareek T, Overton JS, Nguyen LT, Rahman MT, Sharmin D, Cook JM, Platt DM. Modeling cue-exposure therapy for alcohol use disorder in rhesus monkeys: Effects of putative cognitive enhancers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 243:109735. [PMID: 36549228 PMCID: PMC9852009 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cue-exposure therapy (CET) is an effective approach for anxiety-related disorders, but its effectiveness for substance use disorders is less clear. One potential means of improving CET outcomes is to include a cognitive-enhancing pharmacotherapy. This study evaluated d-cycloserine (DCS) and RY-023, putative cognitive enhancers targeting glutamate and GABA systems, respectively, in a monkey model of CET for alcohol use disorder. METHODS Male rhesus monkeys (n = 4) underwent multiple cycles of the CET procedure. During baseline (Phase 1), monkeys self-administered an ethanol solution under a fixed-ratio schedule and limited access conditions such that every 5th response in a 3-h session resulted in 30-s access to a drinking spout and a change in ethanol-paired cue lights from white to red. Behavior then was extinguished (Phase 2) by omitting the ethanol solution yet retaining the ethanol-paired stimulus lights. Monkeys also received injections of vehicle, DCS (3 mg/kg), a partial agonist at the glycine modulatory site on glutamatergic NMDA receptors, or the α5GABAA receptor-selective inverse agonist RY-023 (0.03 or 0.3 mg/kg). Once responding declined, monkeys underwent a cue reactivity test (Phase 3), and then returned to self-administration the following day to assess reacquisition (Phase 4). RESULTS Through multiple cycles, self-administration remained stable. Compared to vehicle, DCS facilitated extinction of ethanol seeking (Phase 2) and delayed reacquisition of ethanol self-administration (Phase 4). In contrast, RY-023 facilitated extinction (Phase 2) and reduced cue reactivity (Phase 3). CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive pharmacotherapy can improve CET outcomes, but the choice of pharmacotherapy should be dependent on the outcome of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Pareek
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - John S Overton
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Luat T Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Md Toufiqur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Dishary Sharmin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Donna M Platt
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Center for Innovation and Discovery in Addictions, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Zhang W, Xiong BR, Zhang LQ, Huang X, Zhou WC, Zou Q, Manyande A, Wang J, Tian XB, Tian YK. Disruption of the GABAergic system contributes to the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorders after anesthesia and surgery in aged mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:913-924. [PMID: 32488976 PMCID: PMC7415208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are associated with cognitive impairment in the preoperative or postoperative period, and neuroinflammation is thought to be the most important mechanisms especially during the postoperative period. The GABAergic system is easily disrupted by neuroinflammation. This study investigated the impact of the GABAergic system on PND after anesthesia and surgery. Methods An animal model of laparotomy with inhalation anesthesia in 16‐month‐old mice was addressed. Effects of the GABAergic system were assessed using biochemical analysis. Pharmacological blocking of α5GABAARs or P38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) were applied to investigate the effects of the GABAergic system. Results After laparotomy, the hippocampus‐dependent memory and long‐term potentiation were impaired, the levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β and TNF‐α up‐regulated in the hippocampus, the concentration of GABA decreased, and the protein levels of the surface α5GABAARs up‐regulated. Pharmacological blocking of α5GABAARs with L655,708 alleviated laparotomy induced cognitive deficits. Further studies found that the P38 MAPK signaling pathway was involved and pharmacological blocking with SB203,580 alleviated memory dysfunctions. Conclusions Anesthesia and surgery caused neuroinflammation in the hippocampus, which consequently disrupted the GABAergic system, increased the expressions of surface α5GABAARs especially through the P38 MAPK signaling pathway, and eventually led to hippocampus‐dependent memory dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing-Rui Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Long-Qing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Huang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Chang Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Zou
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Bi Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu-Ke Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Tseng LY, Huang ST, Peng LN, Chen LK, Hsiao FY. Benzodiazepines, z-Hypnotics, and Risk of Dementia: Special Considerations of Half-Lives and Concomitant Use. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:156-164. [PMID: 31802436 PMCID: PMC7007460 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of benzodiazepines (BZDs) and z-hypnotics has substantially increased with the aging of the population, but the risk of BZDs and z-hypnotics in the development of dementia remains a strong concern. This cohort study aimed to evaluate the risk of BZDs and z-hypnotics for subsequent dementia development with a special consideration of their half-lives and the concomitant use of these medications. People aged 65 years and older who were newly prescribed oral BZDs or z-hypnotics between 2003 and 2012 were identified from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. All BZDs were categorized as long-acting drugs (≥ 20 h) or short-acting drugs (< 20 h) for further comparisons, and data were collected on a quarterly basis, starting on the first date of drug prescription and ending on the date of death, occurrence of dementia, or end of the follow-up period (December 31, 2012), whichever came first. All dementia events except vascular dementia occurring during the follow-up period were identified. Among 260,502 eligible subjects, short-acting BZDs and z-hypnotics users were at greater risk of dementia than long-acting users [adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) in short-acting BZD users, 1.98 (1.89-2.07); z-hypnotic users, 1.79 (1.68-1.91); and long-acting BZD users, 1.47 (1.37-1.58)]. In addition, subjects concomitantly using 2 or more BZDs or z-hypnotics had a higher risk of dementia than those who used 1 of these drugs (4.79 (3.95-5.81)). The use of BZDs and z-hypnotics was strongly associated with the risk of dementia development, especially the short-acting BZDs, z-hypnotics, and concomitant use of multiple agents. These findings deserve further interventional studies for clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yen Tseng
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tsung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 33, Linsen S. Rd, Taipei, 10050, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ning Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Kung Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yuan Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 33, Linsen S. Rd, Taipei, 10050, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Maramai S, Benchekroun M, Ward SE, Atack JR. Subtype Selective γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor (GABAAR) Modulators Acting at the Benzodiazepine Binding Site: An Update. J Med Chem 2019; 63:3425-3446. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Maramai
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Mohamed Benchekroun
- Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
- Équipe de Chimie Moléculaire, Laboratoire de Génomique Bioinformatique et Chimie Moléculaire, GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris, France
| | - Simon E. Ward
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - John R. Atack
- Medicines Discovery Institute, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
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Xu MY, Wong AHC. GABAergic inhibitory neurons as therapeutic targets for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:733-753. [PMID: 29565038 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is considered primarily as a cognitive disorder. However, functional outcomes in schizophrenia are limited by the lack of effective pharmacological and psychosocial interventions for cognitive impairment. GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) interneurons are the main inhibitory neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), and they play a critical role in a variety of pathophysiological processes including modulation of cortical and hippocampal neural circuitry and activity, cognitive function-related neural oscillations (eg, gamma oscillations) and information integration and processing. Dysfunctional GABA interneuron activity can disrupt the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance in the cortex, which could represent a core pathophysiological mechanism underlying cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Recent research suggests that selective modulation of the GABAergic system is a promising intervention for the treatment of schizophrenia-associated cognitive defects. In this review, we summarized evidence from postmortem and animal studies for abnormal GABAergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia, and how altered GABA interneurons could disrupt neuronal oscillations. Next, we systemically reviewed a variety of up-to-date subtype-selective agonists, antagonists, positive and negative allosteric modulators (including dual allosteric modulators) for α5/α3/α2 GABAA and GABAB receptors, and summarized their pro-cognitive effects in animal behavioral tests and clinical trials. Finally, we also discuss various representative histone deacetylases (HDAC) inhibitors that target GABA system through epigenetic modulations, GABA prodrug and presynaptic GABA transporter inhibitors. This review provides important information on current potential GABA-associated therapies and future insights for development of more effective treatments.
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Milanos S, Kuenzel K, Gilbert DF, Janzen D, Sasi M, Buettner A, Frimurer TM, Villmann C. Structural changes at the myrtenol backbone reverse its positive allosteric potential into inhibitory GABAA receptor modulation. Biol Chem 2018; 399:549-563. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2017-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
GABAA receptors are ligand-gated anion channels that form pentameric arrangements of various subunits. Positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors have been reported as being isolated either from plants or synthesized analogs of known GABAA receptor targeting drugs. Recently, we identified monoterpenes, e.g. myrtenol as a positive allosteric modulator at α1β2 GABAA receptors. Here, along with pharmacophore-based virtual screening studies, we demonstrate that scaffold modifications of myrtenol resulted in the loss of modulatory activity. Two independent approaches, fluorescence-based compound analysis and electrophysiological recordings in whole-cell configurations were used for analysis of transfected cells. C-atoms 1 and 2 of the myrtenol backbone were identified as crucial to preserve positive allosteric potential. A modification at C-atom 2 and lack of the hydroxyl group at C-atom 1 exhibited significantly reduced GABAergic currents at α1β2, α1β2γ, α2β3, α2β3γ and α4β3δ receptors. This effect was independent of the γ2 subunit. A sub-screen with side chain length and volume differences at the C-atom 1 identified two compounds that inhibited GABAergic responses but without receptor subtype specificity. Our combined approach of pharmacophore-based virtual screening and functional readouts reveals that side chain modifications of the bridged six-membered ring structure of myrtenol are crucial for its modulatory potential at GABAA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Milanos
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Versbacherstr. 5 , D-97078 Würzburg , Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil-Fischer-Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-90154 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Katharina Kuenzel
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Daniel F. Gilbert
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Dieter Janzen
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Versbacherstr. 5 , D-97078 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Manju Sasi
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Versbacherstr. 5 , D-97078 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Andrea Buettner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil-Fischer-Center , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , D-90154 Erlangen , Germany
- Department of Sensory Analytics , Fraunhofer-Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Thomas M. Frimurer
- Section for Metabolic Receptology, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Carmen Villmann
- Institute for Clinical Neurobiology , Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg , Versbacherstr. 5 , D-97078 Würzburg , Germany
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Galizio M, Mathews M, Mason M, Panoz-Brown D, Prichard A, Soto P. Amnestic drugs in the odor span task: Effects of flunitrazepam, zolpidem and scopolamine. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 145:67-74. [PMID: 28893667 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The odor span task is an incrementing non-matching-to-sample procedure designed to provide an analysis of working memory capacity in rodents. The procedure takes place in an arena apparatus and rats are exposed to a series of odor stimuli in the form of scented lids with the selection of new stimuli reinforced. This procedure makes it possible to study drug effects as a function of the number of stimuli to remember. In the present study, the non-selective positive allosteric GABAA receptor modulator flunitrazepam impaired odor span performance at doses that did not affect a control odor discrimination. In contrast, the alpha-1 selective positive GABAA receptor modulator zolpidem and the cholinergic receptor antagonist scopolamine only impaired odor span at doses that produced more global impairment, including decreased accuracy in the control discrimination and increased response omissions in the both the odor span and control discrimination procedures. Even though the effects of flunitrazepam were selective to odor span performance, they did not depend on the number of stimuli to remember-the same degree of impairment occurred regardless of the memory load. These findings suggest that flunitrazepam interfered selectively with conditional discrimination performance rather than working memory and tentatively suggest that flunitrazepam's selective effects in the odor span task relative to the control odor discrimination are mediated by one or more non-alpha1 GABAA receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Galizio
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, United States.
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Soto
- Louisiana State University, United States
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Abstract
Learning and memory are dependent on interactive excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss a mechanism called disinhibition, which is the release of an inhibitory constraint that effectively results in an increased activity in the target neurons (for example, principal or projection neurons). We focus on discussing the role of disinhibition in learning and memory at a basic level and in disease models with cognitive deficits and highlight a strategy to reverse cognitive deficits caused by excess inhibition, through disinhibition of α5-containing GABA
A receptors mediating tonic inhibition in the hippocampus, based on subtype-selective negative allosteric modulators as a novel class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Möhler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Laboratory of Genetic Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Galizio M. Olfactory Stimulus Control and the Behavioral Pharmacology of Remembering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 16:169-178. [PMID: 27896309 DOI: 10.1037/bar0000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Behavior analytic approaches and techniques have much to offer to the study of remembering. There is currently great interest in the development of animal models of human memory processes in order to enhance understanding of the neurobiology of memory and treatment of dementia and related disorders. Because rodent models are so important in contemporary neuroscience and genetics, development of procedures to study various forms of memory in rodents is a point of emphasis. The sense of smell plays an important role in rodent behavior and use of olfactory stimuli has permitted demonstrations of complex forms of stimulus control that have also served as baselines for studying drug effects on remembering. This article focuses on the effects of drugs on behavior maintained by two related procedures: delayed matching-to-sample with odors and the Odor Span Task. These types of procedures provide an opportunity to explore drug effects on behavior maintained by multiple stimuli and across a range of delay intervals with potential to advance analysis of the behavioral pharmacology of remembering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Galizio
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington
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11
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Galizio M, April B, Deal M, Hawkey A, Panoz-Brown D, Prichard A, Bruce K. Behavioral pharmacology of the odor span task: Effects of flunitrazepam, ketamine, methamphetamine and methylphenidate. J Exp Anal Behav 2016; 106:173-194. [PMID: 27747877 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Odor Span Task is an incrementing non-matching-to-sample procedure that permits the study of behavior under the control of multiple stimuli. Rats are exposed to a series of odor stimuli and selection of new stimuli is reinforced. Successful performance thus requires remembering which stimuli have previously been presented during a given session. This procedure has been frequently used in neurobiological studies as a rodent model of working memory; however, only a few studies have examined the effects of drugs on performance in this task. The present experiments explored the behavioral pharmacology of a modified version of the Odor Span Task by determining the effects of stimulant drugs methylphenidate and methamphetamine, NMDA antagonist ketamine, and positive GABAA modulator flunitrazepam. All four drugs produced dose-dependent impairment of performances on the Odor Span Task, but for methylphenidate and methamphetamine, these occurred only at doses that had similar effects on performance of a simple odor discrimination. Generally, these disruptions were based on omission of responding at the effective doses. The effects of ketamine and flunitrazepam were more selective in some rats. That is, some rats tested under flunitrazepam and ketamine showed decreases in accuracy on the Odor Span Task at doses that did not affect simple discrimination performance. These selective effects indicate disruption of within-session stimulus control. Overall, these findings support the potential of the Odor Span Task as a baseline for the behavioral pharmacological analysis of remembering.
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Stamenić TT, Poe MM, Rehman S, Santrač A, Divović B, Scholze P, Ernst M, Cook JM, Savić MM. Ester to amide substitution improves selectivity, efficacy and kinetic behavior of a benzodiazepine positive modulator of GABA A receptors containing the α5 subunit. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:433-443. [PMID: 27639297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have synthesized and characterized MP-III-022 ((R)-8-ethynyl-6-(2-fluorophenyl)-N,4-dimethyl-4H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine-3-carboxamide) in vitro and in vivo as a binding- and efficacy-selective positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptors containing the α5 subunit (α5GABAARs). By approximation of the electrophysiological responses which the estimated free rat brain concentrations can induce, we demonstrated that convenient systemic administration of MP-III-022 in the dose range 1-10mg/kg may result in a selective potentiation, over a wide range from mild to moderate to strong, of α5βγ2 GABAA receptors. For eliciting a comparable range of potentiation, the widely studied parent ligand SH-053-2'F-R-CH3 containing an ester moiety needs to be administered over a much wider dose range (10-200mg/kg), but at the price of activating non-α5 GABAARs as well as the desired α5GABAARs at the highest dose. At the dose of 10mg/kg, which elicits a strong positive modulation of α5GABAARs, MP-III-022 caused mild, but significant muscle relaxation, while at doses 1-10mg/kg was devoid of ataxia, sedation or an influence on the anxiety level, characteristic for non-selective benzodiazepines. As an amide compound with improved stability and kinetic properties, MP-III-022 may represent an optimized tool to study the influence of α5GABAARs on the neuronal pathways related to CNS disorders such as schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome or autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Timić Stamenić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael M Poe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anja Santrač
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Divović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margot Ernst
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Ennaceur A, Chazot PL. Preclinical animal anxiety research - flaws and prejudices. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00223. [PMID: 27069634 PMCID: PMC4804324 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The current tests of anxiety in mice and rats used in preclinical research include the elevated plus-maze (EPM) or zero-maze (EZM), the light/dark box (LDB), and the open-field (OF). They are currently very popular, and despite their poor achievements, they continue to exert considerable constraints on the development of novel approaches. Hence, a novel anxiety test needs to be compared with these traditional tests, and assessed against various factors that were identified as a source of their inconsistent and contradictory results. These constraints are very costly, and they are in most cases useless as they originate from flawed methodologies. In the present report, we argue that the EPM or EZM, LDB, and OF do not provide unequivocal measures of anxiety; that there is no evidence of motivation conflict involved in these tests. They can be considered at best, tests of natural preference for unlit and/or enclosed spaces. We also argued that pharmacological validation of a behavioral test is an inappropriate approach; it stems from the confusion of animal models of human behavior with animal models of pathophysiology. A behavioral test is developed to detect not to produce symptoms, and a drug is used to validate an identified physiological target. In order to overcome the major methodological flaws in animal anxiety studies, we proposed an open space anxiety test, a 3D maze, which is described here with highlights of its various advantages over to the traditional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul L. Chazot
- School of Biological and Biomedical SciencesDurham UniversityDurhamUK
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14
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Jiao DL, Liu Y, Long JD, Du J, Ju YY, Zan GY, Liu JG, Zhao M. Involvement of dorsal striatal α1-containing GABAA receptors in methamphetamine-associated rewarding memories. Neuroscience 2016; 320:230-8. [PMID: 26868969 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Rewarding memories induced by addictive drugs may contribute to persistent drug-seeking behaviors, which is an important contributing factor to drug addiction. However, the biological mechanisms underlying drug-associated rewarding memories have not yet been fully understood, especially the new synthetic drugs, such as amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). In this study, using the rat-conditioned place preference (CPP) model, a classic animal model for the reward-associated effects of addictive drugs, we found that the expression level of GABAA α1 subunits was significantly decreased in the dorsal striatum (Dstr) after conditioned methamphetamine (METH) pairing, and no significant differences were observed in the other four rewarding memory-associated areas (medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), nucleus accumbens (NAc), amygdala (Amy), and dorsal hippocampus (DH)). Intra-Dstr injection of either the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol or the specific α1GABAA receptor-preferring benzodiazepine (BDZ) agonist zolpidem significantly abolished METH CPP formation. Thus, this study extends previous findings by showing that GABAA receptors, particularly the α1-containing GABAA receptors, may be strongly implicated in METH-associated rewarding memories. This work provides us with a new perspective on the goal of treating ATS addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-L Jiao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Y Liu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - J-D Long
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - J Du
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Y-Y Ju
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - G-Y Zan
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - J-G Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - M Zhao
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China.
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15
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Drobish JK, Kelz MB, DiPuppo PM, Cook-Sather SD. Emergence delirium with transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia reversed by flumazenil in a pediatric patient. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:148-50. [PMID: 26035220 DOI: 10.1213/xaa.0000000000000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple factors may contribute to the development of emergence delirium in a child. We present the case of a healthy 12-year-old girl who received preoperative midazolam with the desired anxiolytic effect, underwent a brief general anesthetic, and then exhibited postoperative delirium, consisting of a transient associative agnosia and expressive aphasia. Administration of flumazenil led to immediate and lasting resolution of her symptoms. We hypothesize that γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-mediated effects, most likely related to an atypical offset of midazolam, are an important subset of emergence delirium that is amenable to pharmacologic therapy with flumazenil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Drobish
- From the Departments of *Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine and ‡Nursing, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and †Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Gong P, Hong H, Perkins EJ. Ionotropic GABA receptor antagonism-induced adverse outcome pathways for potential neurotoxicity biomarkers. Biomark Med 2015; 9:1225-39. [PMID: 26508561 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antagonism of ionotropic GABA receptors (iGABARs) can occur at three distinct types of receptor binding sites causing chemically induced epileptic seizures. Here we review three adverse outcome pathways, each characterized by a specific molecular initiating event where an antagonist competitively binds to active sites, negatively modulates allosteric sites or noncompetitively blocks ion channel on the iGABAR. This leads to decreased chloride conductance, followed by depolarization of affected neurons, epilepsy-related death and ultimately decreased population. Supporting evidence for causal linkages from the molecular to population levels is presented and differential sensitivity to iGABAR antagonists in different GABA receptors and organisms discussed. Adverse outcome pathways are poised to become important tools for linking mechanism-based biomarkers to regulated outcomes in next-generation risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gong
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Huixiao Hong
- Division of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food & Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Edward J Perkins
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research & Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
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17
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Stamenić TT, Joksimović S, Biawat P, Stanković T, Marković B, Cook JM, Savić MM. Negative modulation of α₅ GABAA receptors in rats may partially prevent memory impairment induced by MK-801, but not amphetamine- or MK-801-elicited hyperlocomotion. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:1013-24. [PMID: 26105958 PMCID: PMC4861997 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115590601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reportedly, negative modulation of α5 GABAA receptors may improve cognition in normal and pharmacologically-impaired animals, and such modulation has been proposed as an avenue for treatment of cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. This study assessed the actions of PWZ-029, administered at doses (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg) at which it reached micromolar concentrations in brain tissue with estimated free concentrations adequate for selective modulation of α5 GABAA receptors, in three cognitive tasks in male Wistar rats acutely treated with the noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg), as well in tests of locomotor activity potentiated by MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg) or amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg). In a hormetic-like manner, only 5 mg/kg PWZ-029 reversed MK-801-induced deficits in novel object recognition test (visual recognition memory), whereas in the Morris water maze, the 2 mg/kg dose of PWZ-029 exerted partial beneficial effects on spatial learning impairment. PWZ-029 did not affect recognition memory deficits in social novelty discrimination procedure. Motor hyperactivity induced with MK-801 or amphetamine was not preventable by PWZ-029. Our results show that certain MK-801-induced memory deficits can be ameliorated by negative modulation of α5 GABAA receptors, and point to the need for further elucidation of their translational relevance to cognitive deterioration in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Srdjan Joksimović
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Poonam Biawat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Tamara Stanković
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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18
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Role of astrocytes in memory and psychiatric disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 108:240-51. [PMID: 25169821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the traditional description of astrocytes as being merely accessories to brain function has shifted to one in which their role has been pushed into the forefront of importance. Current views suggest that astrocytes:(1) are excitable through calcium fluctuations and respond to neurotransmitters released at synapses; (2) communicate with each other via calcium waves and release their own gliotransmitters which are essential for synaptic plasticity; (3) activate hundreds of synapses at once, thereby synchronizing neuronal activity and activating or inhibiting complete neuronal networks; (4) release vasoactive substances to the smooth muscle surrounding blood vessels enabling the coupling of circulation (blood flow) to local brain activity; and (5) release lactate in an activity-dependent manner in order to supply neuronal metabolic demand. In consequence, the role of astrocytes and astrocytic gliotransmitters is now believed to be critical for higher brain function and recently, evidence begins to gather suggesting that astrocytes are pivotal for learning and memory. All of the above are reviewed here while focusing on the role of astrocytes in memory and psychiatric disorders.
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19
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Morairty SR, Wilk AJ, Lincoln WU, Neylan TC, Kilduff TS. The hypocretin/orexin antagonist almorexant promotes sleep without impairment of performance in rats. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:3. [PMID: 24550767 PMCID: PMC3907703 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypocretin receptor (HcrtR) antagonist almorexant (ALM) has potent hypnotic actions but little is known about neurocognitive performance in the presence of ALM. HcrtR antagonists are hypothesized to induce sleep by disfacilitation of wake-promoting systems whereas GABAA receptor modulators such as zolpidem (ZOL) induce sleep through general inhibition of neural activity. To test the hypothesis that less functional impairment results from HcrtR antagonist-induced sleep, we evaluated the performance of rats in the Morris Water Maze in the presence of ALM vs. ZOL. Performance in spatial reference memory (SRM) and spatial working memory (SWM) tasks were assessed during the dark period after equipotent sleep-promoting doses (100 mg/kg, po) following undisturbed and sleep deprivation (SD) conditions. ALM-treated rats were indistinguishable from vehicle (VEH)-treated rats for all SRM performance measures (distance traveled, latency to enter, time within, and number of entries into, the target quadrant) after both the undisturbed and 6 h SD conditions. In contrast, rats administered ZOL showed impairments in all parameters measured compared to VEH or ALM in the undisturbed conditions. Following SD, ZOL-treated rats also showed impairments in all measures. ALM-treated rats were similar to VEH-treated rats for all SWM measures (velocity, time to locate the platform and success rate at finding the platform within 60 s) after both the undisturbed and SD conditions. In contrast, ZOL-treated rats showed impairments in velocity and in the time to locate the platform. Importantly, ZOL rats only completed the task 23–50% of the time while ALM and VEH rats completed the task 79–100% of the time. Thus, following equipotent sleep-promoting doses, ZOL impaired rats in both memory tasks while ALM rats performed at levels comparable to VEH rats. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that less impairment results from HcrtR antagonism than from GABAA-induced inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Morairty
- SRI International, Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Alan J Wilk
- SRI International, Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Webster U Lincoln
- SRI International, Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Thomas C Neylan
- Department of Psychiatry, SF VA Medical Center/NCIRE/University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- SRI International, Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division Menlo Park, CA, USA
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