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Zhao AJ, Montes-Laing J, Perry WMG, Shiratori M, Merfeld E, Rogers SL, Applewhite DA. The Drosophila spectraplakin Short stop regulates focal adhesion dynamics by crosslinking microtubules and actin. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar19. [PMID: 35235367 PMCID: PMC9282009 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-09-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectraplakin family of proteins includes ACF7/MACF1 and BPAG1/dystonin in mammals, VAB-10 in Caenorhabditis elegans, Magellan in zebrafish, and Short stop (Shot), the sole Drosophila member. Spectraplakins are giant cytoskeletal proteins that cross-link actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments, coordinating the activity of the entire cytoskeleton. We examined the role of Shot during cell migration using two systems: the in vitro migration of Drosophila tissue culture cells and in vivo through border cell migration. RNA interference (RNAi) depletion of Shot increases the rate of random cell migration in Drosophila tissue culture cells as well as the rate of wound closure during scratch-wound assays. This increase in cell migration prompted us to analyze focal adhesion dynamics. We found that the rates of focal adhesion assembly and disassembly were faster in Shot-depleted cells, leading to faster adhesion turnover that could underlie the increased migration speeds. This regulation of focal adhesion dynamics may be dependent on Shot being in an open confirmation. Using Drosophila border cells as an in vivo model for cell migration, we found that RNAi depletion led to precocious border cell migration. Collectively, these results suggest that spectraplakins not only function to cross-link the cytoskeleton but may regulate cell–matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Zhao
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Julia Montes-Laing
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Wick M G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Mari Shiratori
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Emily Merfeld
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
| | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology & Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 3280, 422 Fordham Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - Derek A Applewhite
- Department of Biology, Reed College, 3203 SE Woodstock Boulevard, Portland, OR 97202, USA
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2
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Bern M, King A, Applewhite DA, Ritz A. Network-based prediction of polygenic disease genes involved in cell motility. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:313. [PMID: 31216978 PMCID: PMC6584515 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia and autism are examples of polygenic diseases caused by a multitude of genetic variants, many of which are still poorly understood. Recently, both diseases have been associated with disrupted neuron motility and migration patterns, suggesting that aberrant cell motility is a phenotype for these neurological diseases. Results We formulate the Polygenic Disease Phenotype Problem which seeks to identify candidate disease genes that may be associated with a phenotype such as cell motility. We present a machine learning approach to solve this problem for schizophrenia and autism genes within a brain-specific functional interaction network. Our method outperforms peer semi-supervised learning approaches, achieving better cross-validation accuracy across different sets of gold-standard positives. We identify top candidates for both schizophrenia and autism, and select six genes labeled as schizophrenia positives that are predicted to be associated with cell motility for follow-up experiments. Conclusions Candidate genes predicted by our method suggest testable hypotheses about these genes’ role in cell motility regulation, offering a framework for generating predictions for experimental validation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2834-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bern
- Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Ritz
- Biology Department, Reed College, Portland, OR, USA.
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3
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O'Connell ME, Sridharan D, Driscoll T, Krishnamurthy I, Perry WG, Applewhite DA. The Drosophila protein, Nausicaa, regulates lamellipodial actin dynamics in a Cortactin-dependent manner. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.038232. [PMID: 31164339 PMCID: PMC6602326 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila CG10915 is an uncharacterized protein coding gene with sequence similarity to human Cortactin-binding protein 2 (CTTNBP2) and Cortactin-binding protein 2 N-terminal-like (CTTNBP2NL). Here, we have named this gene Nausicaa (naus) and characterize it through a combination of quantitative live-cell total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy, RNAi depletion and genetics. We found that Naus co-localizes with F-actin and Cortactin in the lamellipodia of Drosophila S2R+ and D25c2 cells and this localization is lost following Cortactin or Arp2/3 depletion or by mutations that disrupt a conserved proline patch found in its mammalian homologs. Using permeabilization activated reduction in fluorescence and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, we find that depletion of Cortactin alters Naus dynamics leading to a decrease in its half-life. Furthermore, we discovered that Naus depletion in S2R+ cells led to a decrease in actin retrograde flow and a lamellipodia characterized by long, unbranched filaments. We demonstrate that these alterations to the dynamics and underlying actin architecture also affect D25c2 cell migration and decrease arborization in Drosophila neurons. We present the hypothesis that Naus functions to slow Cortactin's disassociation from Arp2/3 nucleated branch junctions, thereby increasing both branch nucleation and junction stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E O'Connell
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Divya Sridharan
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA.,Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA
| | - Tristan Driscoll
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | | | - Wick G Perry
- Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, USA
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4
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Neal SJ, Dolezal D, Jusić N, Pignoni F. Drosophila ML-DmD17-c3 cells respond robustly to Dpp and exhibit complex transcriptional feedback on BMP signaling components. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 19:1. [PMID: 30669963 PMCID: PMC6341649 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-019-0181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background BMP signaling is involved in myriad metazoan developmental processes, and study of this pathway in Drosophila has contributed greatly to our understanding of its molecular and genetic mechanisms. These studies have benefited not only from Drosophila’s advanced genetic tools, but from complimentary in vitro culture systems. However, the commonly-used S2 cell line is not intrinsically sensitive to the major BMP ligand Dpp and must therefore be augmented with exogenous pathway components for most experiments. Results Herein we identify and characterize the responses of Drosophila ML-DmD17-c3 cells, which are sensitive to Dpp stimulation and exhibit characteristic regulation of BMP target genes including Dad and brk. Dpp signaling in ML-DmD17-c3 cells is primarily mediated by the receptors Put and Tkv, with additional contributions from Wit and Sax. Furthermore, we report complex regulatory feedback on core pathway genes in this system. Conclusions Native ML-DmD17-c3 cells exhibit robust transcriptional responses to BMP pathway induction. We propose that ML-DmD17-c3 cells are well-suited for future BMP pathway analyses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12861-019-0181-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Neal
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, Upstate Medical University, NRB-4610, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, 13210, NY, USA.
| | - Darin Dolezal
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, Upstate Medical University, NRB-4610, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, 13210, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.,Current Address: Department of Surgical Pathology, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nisveta Jusić
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, Upstate Medical University, NRB-4610, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, 13210, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Pignoni
- Center for Vision Research and Department of Ophthalmology, Upstate Medical University, NRB-4610, 505 Irving Ave, Syracuse, 13210, NY, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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5
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Harker AJ, Katkar HH, Bidone TC, Aydin F, Voth GA, Applewhite DA, Kovar DR. Ena/VASP processive elongation is modulated by avidity on actin filaments bundled by the filopodia cross-linker fascin. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:851-862. [PMID: 30601697 PMCID: PMC6589784 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-08-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ena/VASP tetramers are processive actin elongation factors that localize to diverse F-actin networks composed of filaments bundled by different cross-linking proteins, such as filopodia (fascin), lamellipodia (fimbrin), and stress fibers (α-actinin). Previously, we found that Ena takes approximately threefold longer processive runs on trailing barbed ends of fascin-bundled F-actin. Here, we used single-molecule TIRFM (total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy) and developed a kinetic model to further dissect Ena/VASP’s processive mechanism on bundled filaments. We discovered that Ena’s enhanced processivity on trailing barbed ends is specific to fascin bundles, with no enhancement on fimbrin or α-actinin bundles. Notably, Ena/VASP’s processive run length increases with the number of both fascin-bundled filaments and Ena “arms,” revealing avidity facilitates enhanced processivity. Consistently, Ena tetramers form more filopodia than mutant dimer and trimers in Drosophila culture cells. Moreover, enhanced processivity on trailing barbed ends of fascin-bundled filaments is an evolutionarily conserved property of Ena/VASP homologues, including human VASP and Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-34. These results demonstrate that Ena tetramers are tailored for enhanced processivity on fascin bundles and that avidity of multiple arms associating with multiple filaments is critical for this process. Furthermore, we discovered a novel regulatory process whereby bundle size and bundling protein specificity control activities of a processive assembly factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J Harker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Harshwardhan H Katkar
- Department of Chemistry, cThe James Franck Institute, and dInstitute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202
| | - Tamara C Bidone
- Department of Chemistry, cThe James Franck Institute, and dInstitute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202
| | - Fikret Aydin
- Department of Chemistry, cThe James Franck Institute, and dInstitute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, cThe James Franck Institute, and dInstitute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, OR 97202
| | | | - David R Kovar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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6
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Luhur A, Klueg KM, Zelhof AC. Generating and working with Drosophila cell cultures: Current challenges and opportunities. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 8:e339. [PMID: 30561900 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of Drosophila cell cultures has positively impacted both fundamental and biomedical research. The most widely used cell lines: Schneider, Kc, the CNS and imaginal disc lines continue to be the choice for many applications. Drosophila cell lines provide a homogenous source of cells suitable for biochemical experimentations, transcriptomics, functional genomics, and biomedical applications. They are amenable to RNA interference and serve as a platform for high-throughput screens to identify relevant candidate genes or drugs for any biological process. Currently, CRISPR-based functional genomics are also being developed for Drosophila cell lines. Even though many uniquely derived cell lines exist, cell genetic techniques such the transgenic UAS-GAL4-based RasV12 oncogene expression, CRISPR-Cas9 editing and recombination mediated cassette exchange are likely to drive the establishment of many more lines from specific tissues, cells, or genotypes. However, the pace of creating new lines is hindered by several factors inherent to working with Drosophila cell cultures: single cell cloning, optimal media formulations and culture conditions capable of supporting lines from novel tissue sources or genotypes. Moreover, even though many Drosophila cell lines are morphologically and transcriptionally distinct it may be necessary to implement a standard for Drosophila cell line authentication, ensuring the identity and purity of each cell line. Altogether, recent advances and a standardized authentication effort should improve the utility of Drosophila cell cultures as a relevant model for fundamental and biomedical research. This article is categorized under: Technologies > Analysis of Cell, Tissue, and Animal Phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Luhur
- Department of Biology, Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Kristin M Klueg
- Department of Biology, Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Andrew C Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
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7
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Peters KA, Detmar E, Sepulveda L, Del Valle C, Valsquier R, Ritz A, Rogers SL, Applewhite DA. A Cell-based Assay to Investigate Non-muscle Myosin II Contractility via the Folded-gastrulation Signaling Pathway in Drosophila S2R+ Cells. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30176023 PMCID: PMC6128210 DOI: 10.3791/58325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a cell-based assay using Drosophila cells that recapitulates apical constriction initiated by folded gastrulation (Fog), a secreted epithelial morphogen. In this assay, Fog is used as an agonist to activate Rho through a signaling cascade that includes a G-protein-coupled receptor (Mist), a Gα12/13 protein (Concertina/Cta), and a PDZ-domain-containing guanine nucleotide exchange factor (RhoGEF2). Fog signaling results in the rapid and dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton to form a contractile purse string. Soluble Fog is collected from a stable cell line and applied ectopically to S2R+ cells, leading to morphological changes like apical constriction, a process observed during developmental processes such as gastrulation. This assay is amenable to high-throughput screening and, using RNAi, can facilitate the identification of additional genes involved in this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Peters
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Elizabeth Detmar
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephen L Rogers
- Department of Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
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8
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Benoit Bouvrette LP, Cody NAL, Bergalet J, Lefebvre FA, Diot C, Wang X, Blanchette M, Lécuyer E. CeFra-seq reveals broad asymmetric mRNA and noncoding RNA distribution profiles in Drosophila and human cells. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:98-113. [PMID: 29079635 PMCID: PMC5733575 DOI: 10.1261/rna.063172.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cells are highly asymmetrical, a feature that relies on the sorting of molecular constituents, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, to distinct subcellular locales. The localization of RNA molecules is an important layer of gene regulation required to modulate localized cellular activities, although its global prevalence remains unclear. We combine biochemical cell fractionation with RNA-sequencing (CeFra-seq) analysis to assess the prevalence and conservation of RNA asymmetric distribution on a transcriptome-wide scale in Drosophila and human cells. This approach reveals that the majority (∼80%) of cellular RNA species are asymmetrically distributed, whether considering coding or noncoding transcript populations, in patterns that are broadly conserved evolutionarily. Notably, a large number of Drosophila and human long noncoding RNAs and circular RNAs display enriched levels within specific cytoplasmic compartments, suggesting that these RNAs fulfill extra-nuclear functions. Moreover, fraction-specific mRNA populations exhibit distinctive sequence characteristics. Comparative analysis of mRNA fractionation profiles with that of their encoded proteins reveals a general lack of correlation in subcellular distribution, marked by strong cases of asymmetry. However, coincident distribution profiles are observed for mRNA/protein pairs related to a variety of functional protein modules, suggesting complex regulatory inputs of RNA localization to cellular organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Philip Benoit Bouvrette
- Institut de Recherches Clinique de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Neal A L Cody
- Institut de Recherches Clinique de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Julie Bergalet
- Institut de Recherches Clinique de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Fabio Alexis Lefebvre
- Institut de Recherches Clinique de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Cédric Diot
- Institut de Recherches Clinique de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Institut de Recherches Clinique de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blanchette
- McGill School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montréal H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Eric Lécuyer
- Institut de Recherches Clinique de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3C 3J7, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal H4A 3J1, Canada
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9
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Comparative transcriptomic analysis of human and Drosophila extracellular vesicles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27680. [PMID: 27282340 PMCID: PMC4901365 DOI: 10.1038/srep27680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed nanoparticles containing specific repertoires of genetic material. In mammals, EVs can mediate the horizontal transfer of various cargos and signaling molecules, notably miRNA and mRNA species. Whether this form of intercellular communication prevails in other metazoans remains unclear. Here, we report the first parallel comparative morphologic and transcriptomic characterization of EVs from Drosophila and human cellular models. Electronic microscopy revealed that human and Drosophila cells release similar EVs with diameters ranging from 30 to 200 nm, which contain complex populations of transcripts. RNA-seq identified abundant ribosomal RNAs, related pseudogenes and retrotransposons in human and Drosophila EVs. Vault RNAs and Y RNAs abounded in human samples, whereas small nucleolar RNAs involved in pseudouridylation were most prevalent in Drosophila EVs. Numerous mRNAs were identified, largely consisting of exonic sequences displaying full-length read coverage and enriched for translation and electronic transport chain functions. By analogy with human systems, these sizeable similarities suggest that EVs could potentially enable RNA-mediated intercellular communication in Drosophila.
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10
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Burnette M, Brito-Robinson T, Li J, Zartman J. An inverse small molecule screen to design a chemically defined medium supporting long-term growth of Drosophila cell lines. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:2713-23. [PMID: 25096480 PMCID: PMC4890965 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila cell culture is used as a model system with multiple applications including the identification of new therapeutic targets in screens, the study of conserved signal transduction pathway mechanisms, and as an expression system for recombinant proteins. However, in vitro methods for Drosophila cell and organ cultures are relatively undeveloped. To characterize the minimal requirements for long-term maintenance of Drosophila cell lines, we developed an inverse screening strategy to identify small molecules and synergies stimulating proliferation in a chemically defined medium. In this chemical-genetics approach, a compound-protein interaction database is used to systematically score genetic targets on a screen-wide scale to extract further information about cell growth. In the pilot screen, we focused on two well-characterized cell lines, Clone 8 (Cl.8) and Schneider 2 (S2). Validated factors were investigated for their ability to maintain cell growth over multiple passages in the chemically defined medium (CDM). The polyamine spermidine proved to be the critical component that enables the CDM to support long-term maintenance of Cl.8 cells. Spermidine supplementation upregulates DNA synthesis for Cl.8 and S2 cells and increases MAPK signaling for Cl.8 cells. The CDM also supports the long-term growth of Kc167 cells. Our target scoring approach validated the importance of polyamines, with enrichment for multiple polyamine ontologies found for both cell lines. Future iterations of the screen will enable the identification of compound combinations optimized for specific applications-maintenance and generation of new cell lines or the production and purification of recombinant proteins-thus increasing the versatility of Drosophila cell culture as both a genetic and biochemical model system. Our cumulative target scoring approach improves on traditional chemical-genetics methods and is extensible to biological processes in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Burnette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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11
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Abstract
We review the properties and uses of cell lines in Drosophila research, emphasizing the variety of lines, the large body of genomic and transcriptional data available for many of the lines, and the variety of ways the lines have been used to provide tools for and insights into the developmental, molecular, and cell biology of Drosophila and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cherbas
- Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Lei Gong
- Drosophila Genomics Resource Center, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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12
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Nye J, Buster DW, Rogers GC. The use of cultured Drosophila cells for studying the microtubule cytoskeleton. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1136:81-101. [PMID: 24633795 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0329-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cultured Drosophila cell lines have been developed into a powerful tool for studying a wide variety of cellular processes. Their ability to be easily and cheaply cultured as well as their susceptibility to protein knockdown via double-stranded RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) has made them the model system of choice for many researchers in the fields of cell biology and functional genomics. Here we describe basic techniques for gene knockdown, transgene expression, preparation for fluorescence microscopy, and centrosome enrichment using cultured Drosophila cells with an emphasis on studying the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Nye
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Arizona Cancer Center, Room 3951, University of Arizona, 1515 N. Campbell Avenue, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
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13
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Sander M, Squarr AJ, Risse B, Jiang X, Bogdan S. Drosophila pupal macrophages--a versatile tool for combined ex vivo and in vivo imaging of actin dynamics at high resolution. Eur J Cell Biol 2013; 92:349-54. [PMID: 24183239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular understanding of actin dynamics requires a genetically traceable model system that allows live cell imaging together with high-resolution microscopy techniques. Here, we used Drosophila pupal macrophages that combine many advantages of cultured cells with a genetic in vivo model system. Using structured illumination microscopy together with advanced spinning disk confocal microscopy we show that these cells provide a powerful system for single gene analysis. It allows forward genetic screens to characterize the regulatory network controlling cell shape and directed cell migration in a physiological context. We knocked down components regulating lamellipodia formation, including WAVE, single subunits of Arp2/3 complex and CPA, one of the two capping protein subunits and demonstrate the advantages of this model system by imaging mutant macrophages ex vivo as well as in vivo upon laser-induced wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Sander
- Institute for Neurobiology, University of Münster, Germany
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