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Liu YM, Wu AD, Chen Y, Ma TF, Dong BZ, She ZG, Yi ML, Mao WM. Gastrodin inhibits prostate cancer proliferation by targeting canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Med Oncol 2023; 41:32. [PMID: 38150063 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is an epithelial malignant tumor occurring in the prostate and is the most common malignant tumor in the male genitourinary system. In recent years, the incidence of prostate cancer in China has shown a trend of sudden increase. The search for new and effective drugs to treat prostate cancer is therefore extremely important.The canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been shown to be involved in the regulation of tumor proliferation, migration and differentiation. Activation of the canonical Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in the prostate has oncogenic effects. Drugs targeting the canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway have great potential in the treatment of prostate cancer. In this study, we found that Gastrodin could significantly inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cell line PC3 and DU145. Oral administration Gastrodin could significantly inhibit the tumor growth of PC3 cells subcutaneously injected. Gastrodin has an inhibitory effect on canonical Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in Prostate cancer, and this inhibitory effect can be abolished by Wnt/β-Catenin agonist LiCl. These findings raise the possibility that Gastrodin can be used in the treatment of Prostate cancer by targeting canonical Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Mao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, 438000, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - An-Ding Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, 126 Qi 'an avenue, Huangzhou District, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Clinical Trial Centers, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Bi-Zhen Dong
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, 438000, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Mao-Lin Yi
- Surgery of Mammary Gland and Thyroid Gland, Huanggang Central Hospital, 126 Qi 'an avenue, Huangzhou District, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Wei-Ming Mao
- Department of General Surgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, 126 Qi 'an avenue, Huangzhou District, Huanggang, 438000, Hubei Province, China.
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2
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Liu RH, Ma TF, Yang Q, Xiao WC, Yin L, Yin M, Zhang JS, Wang CH. Salidroside suppresses proliferation and migration in prostate cancer via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:321-332. [PMID: 37545219 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-220454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in men. PCa is difficult to detect in its early stages, and most patients are diagnosed in the middle to late stages. At present, drug therapy for advanced PCa is still insufficient. Some patients develop drug resistance in the later stage of therapy, which leads to tumor recurrence, metastasis and even treatment failure. Therefore, it is crucial to find new and effective drugs to treat prostate cancer. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effect of salidroside, an active ingredient in a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, on PCa. METHODS Two human PCa cell lines, PC3 and DU145, were cultured and treated with salidroside. Cell viability and proliferation ability were analyzed through CCK-8 and colony assays, and cell migration ability was detected by Transwell and Scratch assays. RT-PCR and WB were used to detected the expression levels of moleculars related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and AKT signaling pathway. Forthmore, we performed rescue experiments with agonist to verify the affected signaling pathway. RESULTS Salidroside inhibited the proliferation, colony formation, and migration of PCa cells. Meanwhile, apoptosis of PCa cells was enhanced. Moreover, salidroside inhibited PI3K/AKT pathway in PCa cells. The treatment of AKT agonist 740Y-P abrogated the inhibitory effect of salidroside on the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that in PCa cells, salidroside inhibites proliferation and migration and promots apoptosis via inhibiting PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Han Liu
- Department of combine traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, China
- Department of combine traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, China
| | - Teng-Fei Ma
- Department of Neurology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, Hubei, China
- Department of combine traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, Hubei, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, China
| | - Wen-Chang Xiao
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, Hubei, China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, Hubei, China
| | - Miao Yin
- Huanggang Institute of Translational Medicine, Huanggang, Hubei, China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- Department of Urology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, China
| | - Chi-Hua Wang
- Huanggang Disease Control Center, Huanggang, Hubei, China
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Ali I, Suhail M, Naqshbandi MF, Fazil M, Ahmad B, Sayeed A. Role of Unani Medicines in Cancer Control and Management. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885513666180907103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:Cancer is a havoc and killer disease. Several ways including allopathic chemotherapy have been used in the cancer treatment. Allopathic chemotherapy has several limitations and side effects. Unani medicine is also one of the therapies to cure cancer.Objective:In this type of treatment, herbal drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of cancer. The main attractive thing about herbal drug is no side effect as compared to allopathic chemotherapy.Methods:Actually, herbal drugs are the extracts of medicinal plants. The plant extracts are obtained by crushing and heating the main part of the plants; showing anticancer activity. The main plants used in the treatment of cancer are oroxylum indicum, dillenia indica, terminalia arjuna etc.Results:Mainly the cancers treated are of digestive system, breast, cervical, brain, blood, bone, lungs, thyroid, uterine, bladder, throat etc.Conclusion:The present review article discusses the importance of Unani system of medicine for the treatment of cancer. Besides, the future perspectives of Unani medicine in cancer treatment are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Mohd. Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Mohd. Farooq Naqshbandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi- 110025, India
| | - Mohd. Fazil
- Hakim Ajmal Khan Institute for Literary & Historical Research in Unani Medicine, Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Hakim Ajmal Khan Institute for Literary & Historical Research in Unani Medicine, Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Ahmad Sayeed
- Hakim Ajmal Khan Institute for Literary & Historical Research in Unani Medicine, Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
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Fernández-Pomares C, Juárez-Aguilar E, Domínguez-Ortiz MÁ, Gallegos-Estudillo J, Herrera-Covarrubias D, Sánchez-Medina A, Aranda-Abreu GE, Manzo J, Hernández ME. Hydroalcoholic extract of the widely used Mexican plant Justicia spicigera Schltdl. exerts a cytostatic effect on LNCaP prostate cancer cells. J Herb Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Shamaladevi N, Araki S, Lyn DA, Ayyathurai R, Gao J, Lokeshwar VB, Navarrete H, Lokeshwar BL. The andean anticancer herbal product BIRM causes destabilization of androgen receptor and induces caspase-8 mediated-apoptosis in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:84201-84213. [PMID: 27705939 PMCID: PMC5356655 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BIRM is an anticancer herbal formulation from Ecuador. Previous study established its antitumor and antimetastatic activity against prostate cancer models. The activity of BIRM against human prostate cancer (PCa) cells was investigated to uncover its mechanism of antitumor activity. In androgen receptor (AR)-expressing PCa cells BIRM was 2.5-fold (250%) more cytotoxic in presence of androgen (DHT) compared to cells grown in the absence of DHT. In AR-positive cells (LAPC-4 and LNCaP) BIRM caused a dose and time-dependent down-regulation of AR and increased apoptosis. Exposing cells to BIRM did not affect the synthesis of AR and AR promoter activity but increased degradation of AR via proteasome-pathway. BIRM caused destabilization of HSP90-AR association in LAPC-4 cells. It induced apoptosis in PCa cells by activation of caspase-8 via death receptor and FADD-mediated pathways. A synthetic inhibitor of Caspase-8 cleavage (IETD-CHO) aborted BIRM-induced apoptosis. The effect of BIRM on AKT-mediated survival pathway in both AR+ and AR- negative (PC-3 and DU145) showed decreased levels of p-AKTser 473 in all PCa cell lines. BIRM dosed by oral gavage in mice bearing PC-3ML tumors showed selective efficacy on tumor growth; before tumors are established but limited efficacy when treated on existing tumors. Moreover, BIRM inhibited the LNCaP tumor generated by orthotropic implantation into dorsal prostate of nude mice. Partial purification of BIRM by liquid-liquid extraction and further fractionation by HPLC showed 4-fold increased specific activity on PCa cells. These results demonstrate a mechanistic basis of anti-tumor activity of the herbal extract BIRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarajarao Shamaladevi
- Departments of Urology and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, USA
| | - Shinako Araki
- Departments of Urology and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, USA.,Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Dominic A Lyn
- Departments of Urology and Sylvester Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami FL, USA
| | | | - Jie Gao
- Georgia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta GA, USA
| | - Vinata B Lokeshwar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta GA, USA
| | - Hugo Navarrete
- Herbarium QCA, Pontificia Universidad Catolica del-Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Bal L Lokeshwar
- Georgia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta GA, USA
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Khan MA, Ali R, Parveen R, Najmi AK, Ahmad S. Pharmacological evidences for cytotoxic and antitumor properties of Boswellic acids from Boswellia serrata. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 191:315-323. [PMID: 27346540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Increasing research on traditional herbal medicines and their phytoconstituents has recognized their usefulness in complementary as adjuvant to chemotherapy in various types of cancers. The oleo-gum resin of Boswellia serrata tree is one such folk medicine, which has been traditionally used for religious, cosmetic as well as medical purposes since ages. The oleo-gum resin of the plant has been used in traditional medicine to treat variety of conditions including inflammatory diseases like arthritis, asthma, chronic pain, bowel conditions and many other diseases. This review presents an overview of scientific studies on cytotoxic and antitumor properties of B. serrata and its constituents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature search was carried out for activities of B. serrata and various isolated boswellic acids such as β-boswellic acid, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid reported in various cancer types in vitro as well as in vivo. RESULTS The triterpenoidal fraction of B. serrata (containing boswellic acids) is responsible for the cytotoxic and antitumor properties. Among the screened compounds, 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid has been found to be most promising cytotoxic molecule. The cytotoxic and antitumor effects are mainly due to induction of apoptosis through caspase activation, increased Bax expression, NF-κB down regulation and induction of poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. CONCLUSIONS Boswellic acids appear to be promising candidates for anticancer drug development in future. However, further in vivo studies are needed. Studies in combination with clinically used anticancer drugs and QSAR studies on individual boswellic acid also need to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ruhi Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abul Kalam Najmi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India.
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Guo ZL, Yu B, Ning BT, Chan S, Lin QB, Li JCB, Huang JD, Chan GCF. Genetically modified "obligate" anaerobic Salmonella typhimurium as a therapeutic strategy for neuroblastoma. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:99. [PMID: 26286454 PMCID: PMC4545364 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma currently has poor prognosis, therefore we proposed a new strategy by targeting neuroblastoma with genetically engineered anaerobic Salmonella (Sal-YB1). Methods Nude and nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficiency (NOD-SCID) orthotopic mouse models were used, and Sal-YB1 was administered via tail vein. The therapeutic effectiveness, bio-safety, and mechanisms were studied. Results No mice died of therapy-related complications. Tumor size reduction was 70 and 30 % in nude and NOD-SCID mice, respectively. No Salmonella was detected in the urine; 75 % mice had positive stool culture if diaminopimelic acid was added, but all turned negative subsequently. Tumor tissues had more Sal-YB1 infiltration, necrosis, and shrinkage in Sal-YB1-treated mice. Significantly higher expression of TLR4, TNF-stimulated gene 6 protein (TSG6), and cleaved caspase 1, 3, 8, and 9 was found in the tumor masses of the Sal-YB1-treated group with a decrease of interleukin 1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα). There was a high release of TNFα both in human macrophages and mouse tumor tissues with Sal-YB1 treatment. The antitumor effect of the supernatant derived from macrophages treated with Sal-YB1 could be reversed with TNFα and pan-caspase inhibitors. Conclusions This new approach in targeting neuroblastoma by bio-engineered Salmonella with the assistance of macrophages indirectly may have a clinical therapeutic impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Ling Guo
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo-Tao Ning
- Department of Hematology & Oncology of Children's Hospital, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiu-Bin Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - James Chun-Bong Li
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China. .,HKU-SIRI, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.
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Samarghandian S, Shoshtari ME, Sargolzaei J, Hossinimoghadam H, Farahzad JA. Anti-tumor activity of safranal against neuroblastoma cells. Pharmacogn Mag 2014; 10:S419-24. [PMID: 24991121 PMCID: PMC4078354 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.133296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Safranal (2,6,6-trimethyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxaldehyde, C10H14O) is an active ingredient in the saffron, which is used in traditional medicine, and also, the biological activity of saffron in anti-cancer is in development. It has been reported to have anti-oxidant effects, but its anti-tumor effects remain uncertain. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of safranal on anti-tumor on neuroblastoma cells. Materials and Methods: Neuroblastoma cells were cultured and exposed to safranal (0, 10, 15, 20, 50 μg/ml). Cell proliferation was examined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptotic cells, cell cycle distribution, and sub-G1 fraction were analyzed using flow cytometric analysis after propidium iodide staining. Results: Safranal inhibited the growth of malignant cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The IC (50) values against the neuroblastoma cell line were determined as 11.1 and 23.3 μg/ml after 24 and 48 h, respectively. Safranal induced a sub-G1 peak in the flow cytometry histogram of treated cells compared to control cells indicating that apoptotic cell death is involved in safranal toxicity. Conclusions: Our pre-clinical study demonstrated a neuroblastoma cell line to be highly sensitive to safranal-mediated growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death. Although the molecular mechanisms of safranal action are not yet clearly understood, it appears to have potential as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ebrahim Shoshtari
- Preventive Cardiovascular Care Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Sargolzaei
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hosna Hossinimoghadam
- Immunology Research Center, BuAli Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jabbari Azad Farahzad
- Allergy Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Therapeutic applications of herbal medicines for cancer patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:302426. [PMID: 23956768 PMCID: PMC3727181 DOI: 10.1155/2013/302426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal herbs and their derivative phytocompounds are being increasingly recognized as useful complementary treatments for cancer. A large volume of clinical studies have reported the beneficial effects of herbal medicines on the survival, immune modulation, and quality of life (QOL) of cancer patients, when these herbal medicines are used in combination with conventional therapeutics. Here, we briefly review some examples of clinical studies that investigated the use of herbal medicines for various cancers and the development of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in this emerging research area. In addition, we also report recent studies on the biochemical and cellular mechanisms of herbal medicines in specific tumor microenvironments and the potential application of specific phytochemicals in cell-based cancer vaccine systems. This review should provide useful technological support for evidence-based application of herbal medicines in cancer therapy.
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Kostova I. Studying plant-derived coumarins for their pharmacological and therapeutic properties as potential anticancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:1605-18. [PMID: 23488904 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.12.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Coumarins have attracted intense interest in recent years because of their diverse pharmacological properties. Among these properties, their anticancer effect was most extensively examined. In this review, their broad range of effects on the tumours as shown by various in vitro and in vivo experiments as well as clinical investigations is discussed. Studies have indicated that coumarins elicit inhibitory effects on cell growth of various carcinoma cell lines and may be potential candidates for cancer therapy. These natural compounds have served as valuable leads for further design and synthesis of more active analogues. In view of the relative simplicity of the coumarin compounds and their mechanism of action, the coumarin pharmacophore may serve as an important model on which to develop new patterns in cancer chemotherapy. The aim of this review is to examine in detail the properties of the title compounds as anticancer agents. In view of their comparatively low toxicity, relative cheapness, presence in the diet and occurrence in various herbal remedies, it appears important to evaluate their anticancer potentialities. Moreover their synergistic activity in combination therapy with other well-known anticancer drugs could be the basis for the development of rational approaches to new forms of cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Kostova
- Medical University, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, 2 Dunav Street, Sofi a 1000, Bulgaria +35 92 92 36 569 ; +35 92 98 79 874 ;
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11
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Philippou Y, Hadjipavlou M, Khan S, Rane A. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in prostate and bladder cancer. BJU Int 2013; 112:1073-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bju.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shahid Khan
- Department of Urology; East Surrey Hospital; Redhill Surrey UK
| | - Abhay Rane
- Department of Urology; East Surrey Hospital; Redhill Surrey UK
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12
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Takahashi S, Uemura H, Seeni A, Tang M, Komiya M, Long N, Ishiguro H, Kubota Y, Shirai T. Therapeutic targeting of angiotensin II receptor type 1 to regulate androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Prostate 2012; 72:1559-72. [PMID: 22430461 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the limited strategies for curative treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), public interest has focused on the potential prevention of prostate cancer. Recent studies have demonstrated that an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) has the potential to decrease serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and improve performance status in CRPC patients. These facts prompted us to investigate the direct effects of ARBs on prostate cancer growth and progression. METHODS Transgenic rat for adenocarcinoma of prostate (TRAP) model established in our laboratory was used. TRAP rats of 3 weeks of age received ARB (telmisartan or candesartan) at the concentration of 2 or 10 mg/kg/day in drinking water for 12 weeks. In vitro analyses for cell growth, ubiquitylation or reporter gene assay were performed using LNCaP cells. RESULTS We found that both telmisartan and candesartan attenuated prostate carcinogenesis in TRAP rats by augmentation of apoptosis resulting from activation of caspases, inactivation of p38 MAPK and down-regulation of the androgen receptor (AR). Further, microarray analysis demonstrated up-regulation of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) by ARB treatment. In both parental and androgen-independent LNCaP cells, ARB inhibited both cell growth and AR-mediated transcriptional activity. ARB also exerted a mild additional effect on AR-mediated transcriptional activation by the ERβ up-regulation. An intervention study revealed that PSA progression was prolonged in prostate cancer patients given an ARB compared with placebo control. CONCLUSION These data provide a new concept that ARBs are promising potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents for prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzimidazoles/pharmacology
- Benzoates/pharmacology
- Biphenyl Compounds
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Male
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Transgenic
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Telmisartan
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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13
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In vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption of seleno-L-methionine, an antioxidant agent, and other selenium species. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1181-90. [PMID: 21785447 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the in vitro and in vivo percutaneous absorption of seleno-L-methionine (Se-L-M), an ultraviolet (UV)-protecting agent, from aqueous solutions. METHODS Aqueous solutions of Se-L-M were prepared in pH 4, 8, and 10.8 buffers. The pH 8 buffer contained 30% glycerol, propylene glycol (PG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400. The in vitro skin permeation of Se-L-M via porcine skin and nude mouse skin was measured and compared using Franz diffusion cells. The in vivo skin tolerance study was performed, which examined transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin pH and erythema. RESULTS In the excised porcine skin, the flux was 0.1, 11.4 and 8.2 μg·cm(-2)·h(-1) for the pH 4, 8, and 10.8 buffers, respectively. A linear correlation between the flux and skin deposition was determined. According to permeation across skin with different treatments (stripping, delipidation, and ethanol treatments), it was determined that the intracellular route comprised the predominant pathway for Se-L-M permeation from pH 8 buffer. Aqueous solutions of seleno-DL-methionine (Se-DL-M), selenium sulfide and selenium-containing quantum dot nanoparticles were also used as donor systems. The DL form showed a lower flux (7.0 vs 11.4 μg·cm(-2)·h(-1)) and skin uptake (23.4 vs 47.3 μg/g) as compared to the L form, indicating stereoselective permeation of this compound. There was no or only negligible permeation of selenium sulfide and quantum dots into and across the skin. With in vivo topical application for 4 and 8 h, the skin deposition of Se-L-M was about 7 μg/g, and values were comparable to each other. The topical application of Se-L-M for up to 5 d did not caused apparent skin irritation. However, slight inflammation of the dermis was noted according to the histopathological examination. CONCLUSION Se-L-M was readily absorbed by the skin in both the in vitro and in vivo experiments. The established profiles of Se-L-M skin absorption will be helpful in developing topical products of this compound.
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MA M, JIANG ZZ, RUAN JL, ZHANG LY. Toxicity of a Diterpene Lactone Isolated from Dioscorea bulbifera on Hepatocytes. Chin J Nat Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(11)60065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liu Q, Tong Y, Sze SCW, Liu WK, Lam L, Chu ESM, Yow CMN. Tian Xian Liquid (TXL) induces apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cell in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. Chin Med 2010; 5:25. [PMID: 20663169 PMCID: PMC2918619 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tian Xian Liquid (TXL) is a Chinese medicine decoction and has been used as an anticancer dietary supplement. The present study aims to investigate the effects of TXL on the apoptosis of HT-29 cells and tumor growth in vivo. Method HT-29 colon cancer cells were treated with gradient dilution of TXL. The mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by JC-1 assay. The release of cytochrome c from mitochondrial and apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, 9 were examined by Western blot analysis. HT-29 cells were implanted in nude mice to examine the effects of TXL on tumor growth. Result TXL inhibited HT-29 xenografted model and showed a strong and dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the proliferation of HT-29 cells. Mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced by TXL at the concentration of 0.5% above. For Western blot analysis, an increase in Bax expression and a decrease in Bcl-2 expression were observed in TXL-treated cells. TXL treatment increased the protein level of cleaved casepase-3 and caspase-9, and the release of cytochrome c in cytoplasm was up-regulated as well. Conclusion TXL significantly inhibits cell proliferation in the HT-29 cells and HT-29 xenografted model via the mitochondrial cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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16
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Morey Kinney SR, Zhang W, Pascual M, Greally JM, Gillard BM, Karasik E, Foster BA, Karpf AR. Lack of evidence for green tea polyphenols as DNA methylation inhibitors in murine prostate. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 2:1065-75. [PMID: 19934341 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Green tea polyphenols (GTP) have been reported to inhibit DNA methylation in cultured cells. Here, we tested whether oral consumption of GTPs affects normal or cancer-specific DNA methylation in vivo, using mice. Wild-type (WT) and transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice were given 0.3% GTPs in drinking water beginning at 4 weeks of age. To monitor DNA methylation, we measured 5-methyl-deoxycytidine (5mdC) levels, methylation of the B1 repetitive element, and methylation of the Mage-a8 gene. Each of these parameters were unchanged in prostate, gut, and liver from WT mice at both 12 and 24 weeks of age, with the single exception of a decrease of 5mdC in the liver at 12 weeks. In GTP-treated TRAMP mice, 5mdC levels and the methylation status of four loci hypermethylated during tumor progression were unaltered in TRAMP prostates at 12 or 24 weeks. Quite surprisingly, GTP treatment did not inhibit tumor progression in TRAMP mice, although known pharmacodynamic markers of GTPs were altered in both WT and TRAMP prostates. We also administered 0.1%, 0.3%, or 0.6% GTPs to TRAMP mice for 12 weeks and measured 5mdC levels and methylation of B1 and Mage-a8 in prostate, gut, and liver tissues. No dose-dependent alterations in DNA methylation status were observed. Genome-wide DNA methylation profiling using the HpaII tiny fragment enrichment by ligation-mediated PCR assay also revealed no significant hypomethylating effect of GTP. These data indicate that oral administration of GTPs does not affect normal or cancer-specific DNA methylation in the murine prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon R Morey Kinney
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Parekh HS, Liu G, Wei MQ. A new dawn for the use of traditional Chinese medicine in cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2009; 8:21. [PMID: 19298677 PMCID: PMC2664781 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although traditional Chinese medicine has benefitted one fifth of the world's population in treating a plethora of diseases, its acceptance as a real therapeutic option by the West is only now emerging. In light of a new wave of recognition being given to traditional Chinese medicine by health professionals and regulatory bodies in the West, an understanding of their molecular basis and highlighting potential future applications of a proven group of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of a variety of cancers is crucial – this is where their calling holds much hope and promise in both animal and human trials. Furthermore, the rationale for combining conventional agents and modern biotechnological approaches to the delivery of traditional Chinese medicine is an avenue set to revolutionize the future practice of cancer medicine – and this may well bring on a new dawn of therapeutic strategies where East truly meets West.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harendra S Parekh
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Brisbane, Australia.
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Thelen P, Burfeind P, Schweyer S, Scharf JG, Wuttke W, Ringert RH. [Molecular principles of alternative treatment approaches for hormone-refractory prostate cancer]. Urologe A 2008; 46:1271-4. [PMID: 17641866 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-007-1452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is more frequently diagnosed in men from Western countries than from Asian societies. Therefore, nutritional factors such as phyto-oestrogens from soya are considered to cause this prostate cancer prevention effect. As there is no curative therapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer, new strategies are in demand which might include phyto-oestrogens or inhibitors of histone deacetylases. Both approaches have in common the potential to reduce the aberrant androgen receptor and IGF receptor signalling. Furthermore, invasiveness and acquired survival strategies of tumours can be diminished. Reduced tumour cell proliferation and PSA secretion coincide with altered gene expression in the aforementioned processes. In addition, selective knock-down of genes by RNA interference afforded functional analyses regarding impact and succession of expression events involved in the beneficial effects caused by phyto-oestrogens and histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thelen
- Urologische Klinik, Georg-August-Universität, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40, 37075 Göttingen.
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Chen Y, Tang Y, Wang MT, Zeng S, Nie D. Human pregnane X receptor and resistance to chemotherapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10361-7. [PMID: 17974979 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a significant barrier to the effective management of prostate cancer. Human pregnane X receptor (hPXR), an orphan nuclear receptor known for its activation by many important clinical drugs, interacts with many cellular signaling pathways during carcinogenesis and is a major transcription factor regulating the expression of drug metabolism enzymes, including transporters. It is unknown whether hPXR is a determinant of drug resistance in prostate cancer. In this study, we first detected the expression of hPXR in both normal and cancerous prostate tissues. Pretreatment with SR12813, a potent and selective agonist of hPXR, led to nuclear translocation of PXR in PC-3 cells and increased expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1). SR12813 pretreatment increased resistance of PC-3 cells to Taxol and vinblastine, as assessed by viability and clonogenic survival. To further study the role of hPXR in prostate cancer drug resistance, hPXR expression was knocked down using PXR-targeting short hairpin RNAs. The activities of hPXR toward the promoter of CYP3A4 in hPXR-ablated clones decreased when compared with that of wild-type PC-3 cells. Their sensitivities to Taxol and vinblastine were enhanced by hPXR ablation. Our data here suggest that hPXR may play an important role in prostate cancer resistance to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Southern Illinois University, School of Medicine and Simmons Cooper Cancer Institute, Springfield, IL 62794-9626, USA
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Xiao B, Guo J, Liu D, Zhang S. Aloe-emodin induces in vitro G2/M arrest and alkaline phosphatase activation in human oral cancer KB cells. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:905-10. [PMID: 17257888 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin is a natural anthraquinone compound from the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum. In this study, KB cells were treated with 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 microM aloe-emodin for 1 to 5 days. The results showed that aloe-emodin inhibited cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with aloe-emodin at 10 to 40 microM resulted in cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in KB cells increased upon treatment with aloe-emodin when compared to controls. This is one of the first studies to focus on the expression of ALP in human oral carcinomas cells treated with aloe-emodin. These results indicate that aloe-emodin has anti-cancer effect on oral cancer, which may lead to its use in chemotherapy and chemopreventment of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxiu Xiao
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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21
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Thelen P, Peter T, Hünermund A, Kaulfuss S, Seidlová-Wuttke D, Wuttke W, Ringert RH, Seseke F. Phytoestrogens from Belamcanda chinensis regulate the expression of steroid receptors and related cofactors in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. BJU Int 2007; 100:199-203. [PMID: 17488304 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.06924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the changes in expression underlying the marked reduction of tumour growth in vivo, by analysing the effect of Belamcanda chinensis extract (BCE) on LNCaP cells in vitro, as phytoestrogens are chemopreventive in prostate cancer, and in previous studies we examined the effects of the isoflavone tectorigenin isolated from B. chinensis on LNCaP prostate cancer cells, and a BCE consisting of 13 phytoestrogenic compounds on tumour-bearing nude mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS LNCaP cells were treated with 100, 400 or 1400 microg/mL BCE; proliferation was assessed with an Alamar Blue assay. We used real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to quantify mRNA expression of the androgen receptor (AR), the AR coactivator prostate derived Ets transcription factor (PDEF), NKX3.1, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and oestrogen receptor-beta (ER-beta) compared with the expression of the housekeeping gene porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD). PSA secretion from LNCaP cells was measured and protein expression of the AR investigated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Concomitant with a marked decrease of tumour cell proliferation BCE down-regulated the expression of the AR, PDEF, NKX3.1 and PSA. In the same experiments, the expression of PBGD was unaltered, whereas ER-beta expression increased. Furthermore, AR protein and PSA secretion were markedly diminished after treatments with the BCE. CONCLUSION BCE, comprising 13 different phytoestrogens, decreases the expression of the AR and its co-activator PDEF concomitant with diminished cell proliferation and PSA secretion. NKX3.1 expression was also reduced by BCE. We hypothesise that the positive effects of BCE are initiated by up-regulation of the ER-beta, a putative tumour-suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thelen
- Department of Urology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
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Tang M, Ogawa K, Asamoto M, Hokaiwado N, Seeni A, Suzuki S, Takahashi S, Tanaka T, Ichikawa K, Shirai T. Protective effects of citrus nobiletin and auraptene in transgenic rats developing adenocarcinoma of the prostate (TRAP) and human prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:471-7. [PMID: 17284254 PMCID: PMC11158555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary phytochemicals, including nobiletin and auraptene, have been shown to exert inhibiting effects in several chemically induced carcinogenesis models. We here investigated the influence of nobiletin and auraptene on prostate carcinogenesis using transgenic rats developing adenocarcinoma of the prostate (TRAP) bearing the SV40 T antigen transgene under control of the probasin promoter and human prostate cancer cells. Starting at 5 weeks of age, male TRAP rats received powder diet containing 500 p.p.m. nobiletin or auraptene, or the basal diet for 15 weeks and then were sacrificed for analysis of serum testosterone levels and histological changes. The body and relative prostate weights and serum testosterone levels did not differ among the groups. Since all animals developed prostate carcinomas, these were semiquantitatively measured and expressed as relative areas of prostate epithelial cells. Nobiletin caused significant reduction in the ventral (P<0.01), lateral (P<0.001) and dorsal (P<0.05) prostate lobes, while decreasing high grade lesions (P<0.05) in the ventral and lateral lobes. Feeding of auraptene also effectively reduced the epithelial component (P<0.05) and high grade lesions (P<0.05), in the lateral prostate. A further experiment demonstrated that growth of androgen sensitive LNCaP and androgen insensitive DU145 and PC3 human prostate cancer cells, was suppressed by both nobiletin and to a lesser extent auraptene in a dose-dependent manner, with significant increase in apoptosis. In conclusion, these compounds, particularly nobiletin, may be valuable for prostate cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- MingXi Tang
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
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Auerbach L. Complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmhg.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Piante medicinali e prevenzione dei tumori. Fitoterapia 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/88-470-0505-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Nutritional factors have been estimated to contribute 20-60% of cancers around the globe, and almost one-third of deaths are being reported in Western countries. According to estimates by the American Cancer Society, during the year 2005 about 232,090 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed alone in the United States and 30,350 men will die of this disease. The high incidence and long latency period of prostate cancer offer plenty of time to pursue strategies toward prevention and/or treatment to suppress or revert this disease. Epidemiological evidence suggests that plant-based dietary agents decrease the risk of some types of human cancer, including prostate cancer. Intake of 400-600 g/day of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced risk of several cancers. The use of micronutrients and/or other phenolic agents in the diet or synthetic exogenous supplements to prevent neoplastic transformation of normal cells or to slow the progression of established malignant changes in cancer cells is termed "chemoprevention." Considerable attention has been devoted to identify plant-based dietary agents that may serve as natural inhibitors of prostate carcinogenesis. Much progress has been made in the last decade in this area of investigation through identification of pathways that play important roles in prostate tumorigenesis. This article summarizes epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic studies and the significance of plant-derived dietary agents such as flavonoids, indoles, isothiocyanates, phenolics, monoterpenes, and complementary and alternative agents in the management of prostate cancer with recommendations for future studies to advance this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Garcia GE, Nicole A, Bhaskaran S, Gupta A, Kyprianou N, Kumar AP. Akt-and CREB-mediated prostate cancer cell proliferation inhibition by Nexrutine, a Phellodendron amurense extract. Neoplasia 2006; 8:523-33. [PMID: 16820098 PMCID: PMC1601469 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from epidemiological studies suggests that plant-based diets can reduce the risk of prostate cancer. However, very little information is available concerning the use of botanicals in preventing prostate cancer. As a first step toward developing botanicals as prostate cancer preventives, we examined the effect of Nexrutine on human prostate cancer cells. Nexrutine is a herbal extract developed from Phellodendron amurense. Phellodendron extracts have been used traditionally in Chinese medicine for hundreds of years as an antidiarrheal, astringent, and anti-inflammatory agent. The present study investigated its potential antitumor effect on human prostate cancer cells. Our results suggest that it inhibits tumor cell proliferation through apoptosis induction and inhibition of cell survival signaling. The results of the present study indicate that Nexrutine treatment 1) inhibits the proliferation of both androgen-responsive and androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells through induction of apoptosis; 2) reduces levels of pAkt, phosphorylated cAMP response-binding protein (pCREB) and CREB DNA-binding activity; and 3) induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells stably overexpressing Bcl-2. Further, Akt kinase activity was reduced in cells treated with Nexrutine, and ectopic expression of myristoylated Akt protected from Nexrutine induced inhibition of proliferation, implicating a role for Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen E Garcia
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Thelen P, Seseke F, Ringert RH, Wuttke W, Seidlová-Wuttke D. [Pharmacological potential of phytoestrogens in the treatment of prostate cancer]. Urologe A 2006; 45:195-6, 197-201. [PMID: 16237540 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-005-0932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phytoestrogenes are plant-derived compounds that have been shown to exert an antiproliferative potential on prostate cancer cells, although the exact mechanisms are still unclear. In prostate cancer cells proliferation is regulated by modulation of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-R-1) by the androgen receptor (AR) and its co-activator prostate derived Ets factor (PDEF). Phytooestrogenes interact with these mechanisms as demonstrated exemplarily in the presented study with the isoflavone tectorigenin derived from Belamcanda chinensis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells were treated with tectorigenin of 100 microM for 24 hours. The mRNA-expression of AR, PSA, PDEF, hTERT, TIMP-3 and IGF-R-1 were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, the expression or activity of PSA, telomerase and IGF-R-1 was measured on the protein level. In addition, we investigated in nude mice the influence of a diet of extracts of Belamcanda chinensis on the growth of subcutaneously injected LNCaP cells versus a control group of animals fed with a soy-free diet. RESULTS In cultured LNCaP cells treatment with tectorigenin resulted in a significant down-regulation of the gene expression of AR, PDEF, PSA, IGF-R-1 and hTERT. On the protein level PSA secretion and the activity of telomerase and IGF-R-1 expression was also decreased. The gene expression of TIMP-3 was distinctly up-regulated by tectorigenin. Nude mice fed with Belamcanda chinensis extract showed a significantly decreased incidence and tumor growth compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Tectorigenin shows an inhibition of the IGF-1-R modulated cell proliferation of PCa-Cells, due to modulation of the activity the co-activator PDEF independently from the AR. Furthermore, tectorigenin has pro-apoptotic effects and decreases tissue invasion by up-regulation of TIMP-3. Therefore, phytooestrogenes are an interesting option in the therapy of prostate especially advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thelen
- Klinik für Urologie, Georg-August Universität, Göttingen
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Bonham M, Posakony J, Coleman I, Montgomery B, Simon J, Nelson PS. Characterization of Chemical Constituents in Scutellaria baicalensis with Antiandrogenic and Growth-Inhibitory Activities toward Prostate Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3905-14. [PMID: 15897592 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Botanical preparations are widely used by patients with prostate cancer. Scutellaria baicalensis, a botanical with a long history of medicinal use in China, was a constituent of the herbal mixture PC-SPES, a product that inhibited prostate cancer growth in both laboratory and clinical studies. Due to the difficulties encountered when evaluating the efficacy of complex natural products, we sought to identify active chemical constituents within Scutellaria and determine their mechanisms of action. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND RESULTS We used high-performance liquid chromatography to fractionate S. baicalensis and identified four compounds capable of inhibiting prostate cancer cell proliferation; baicalein, wogonin, neobaicalein, and skullcapflavone. Comparisons of the cellular effects induced by the entire extract versus the four-compound combination produced comparable cell cycle changes, levels of growth inhibition, and global gene expression profiles (r(2) = 0.79). Individual compounds exhibited antiandrogenic activities with reduced expression of the androgen receptor and androgen-regulated genes. In vivo, baicalein (20 mg/kg/d p.o.) reduced the growth of prostate cancer xenografts in nude mice by 55% at 2 weeks compared with placebo and delayed the average time for tumors to achieve a volume of approximately 1,000 mm(3) from 16 to 47 days (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Most of the anticancer activities of S. baicalensis can be recapitulated with four purified constituents that function in part through inhibition of the androgen receptor signaling pathway. We conclude that clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of these agents in the context of chemoprevention or the treatment of prostate cancer are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bonham
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine and Oncology, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Sadava D, Winesburg J. Contaminants of PC-SPES are not responsible for cytotoxicity in human small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2005; 220:171-5. [PMID: 15766592 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PC-SPES is a mixture of herbs used in the treatment of prostate cancer. Batches of this product were found to contain traces of synthetic drugs, and the product was removed from the market. On the basis of a correlation between contaminant levels and cytotoxicity in prostate carcinoma cell lines, Sovak et al. [M. Sovak, A. Seligson, M. Konas, M. Hajduch, M. Dolezal, M. Machala, R. Nagourney, Herbal composition PC-SPES for management of prostate cancer: identification of active principles, J. Natl Cancer Inst. 94 (2002) 1275-1281] concluded that the contaminants were responsible for cytotoxicity of this preparation. Previously, we showed that extracts of PC-SPES are cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic in both drug-sensitive (H69) and drug resistant (H69V) human small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines. Here, we investigated whether the contaminants might be responsible for these effects. In contrast to the data reported for prostate carcinoma cells, extracts of batches of PC-SPES from the year 1998 (reportedly contaminated) and 2001 (much less contaminated) were equally cytotoxic in both SCLC cell lines. Tests of individual contaminants gave IC50 values far in excess of the amounts reported to be present in the IC50 level for the PC-SPES extracts: diethlystilbesterol: actual IC50 in H69 cells, >1000 microM; concentration present in herbal extract at IC50, 0.05-0.2 microM; indomethacin: actual IC50 in H69 cells, 800 microM; concentration in herbal extract, 1.5-20 microM; warfarin: actual IC50 in H69 cells, 950 microM; concentration in herbal extract, 0.57-0.93 microM. Adding the calculated maximum concentration of the contaminants, singly or in combination, to extracts of the less contaminated batch (2001) of PC-SPES did not alter the cytotoxicity of the extract in H69 or H69V cells. At the contaminated concentrations, as well as 5 x those concentrations, none of the contaminants was pro-apoptotic, as indicated by a DNA fragmentation kinetics assay. However, extracts of both early and late batches of PC-SPES were pro-apoptotic in SCLC cells. We conclude that the traces of pharmaceuticals found in PC-SPES were not responsible for its cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic activities of this herbal mixture on SCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sadava
- Keck Science Center, 925 N. Mills Ave., Claremont, CA 91711, USA
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Agarwal C, Dhanalakshmi S, Singh RP, Agarwal R. Inositol hexaphosphate inhibits growth and induces G1 arrest and apoptotic death of androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Neoplasia 2005; 6:646-59. [PMID: 15548374 PMCID: PMC1531669 DOI: 10.1593/neo.04232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the most common invasive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US male population. One approach to control this malignancy is its preventive intervention by dietary agents. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), a dietary constituent, has shown promising efficacy against various cancers; however, limited studies have been performed with IP6 against PCA. Here, we investigated the growth-inhibitory effect and associated mechanisms of IP6 in androgen-dependent human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. IP6 treatment of cells resulted in a strong growth inhibition and an increase in G1 cell population. In mechanistic studies, IP6 resulted in an increase in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) Cip1/p21 and Kip1/p27 levels, together with a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4 and cyclin D1 protein levels. An increase in CDKI levels by IP6 also led to a concomitant increase in their interactions with CDK2 and CDK4, together with a strong decrease in the kinase activity of both CDKs. Downstream in CDKI-CDK-cyclin cascade, consistent with its inhibitory effect on CDK kinase activity, IP6 treatment of cells increased hypophosphorylated levels of retinoblastoma (Rb) with a decrease in Rb phosphorylation at serine 780, 807, and 811 sites, and caused a moderate to strong decrease in the levels of transcription factors E2F1, E2F4, and E2F5. In other studies, IP6 caused a dose- and a time-dependent apoptotic death of LNCaP cells, and a decrease in Bcl2 levels, causing a strong increase in Bax versus Bcl2 ratio, as well as an inhibition of constitutively active AKT phosphorylation. Taken together, these molecular alterations provide an insight into IP6-caused growth inhibition, G1 arrest, and apoptotic death of human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Because early clinical PCA growth is an androgen-dependent response, the results of the present study employing androgen-dependent LNCaP cells suggest that IP6 has promise and potential to be effective against PCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Thelen P, Scharf JG, Burfeind P, Hemmerlein B, Wuttke W, Spengler B, Christoffel V, Ringert RH, Seidlová-Wuttke D. Tectorigenin and other phytochemicals extracted from leopard lily Belamcanda chinensis affect new and established targets for therapies in prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1360-7. [PMID: 15845653 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones have been shown to exert antiproliferative effects on cancer cells by steroid receptor signaling. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of plant constituents extracted from Belamcanda chinensis as anticancer drugs, which regulate the aberrant expression of genes relevant in proliferation, invasion, immortalization and apoptosis. LNCaP cells were treated with B.chinensis extract, tectorigenin or other isoflavones and mRNA expression was quantified by using real time RT-PCR. In addition, ELISA, TRAP assays and western blots were used to measure protein expression or activity. Male nude mice (n=18) were injected subcutaneously with LNCaP cells and were fed with extracts from B.chinensis, and tumor development was monitored versus a control animal group (n=18). Tectorigenin and several other phytochemicals downregulated PDEF, PSA and IGF-1 receptor mRNA expression in vitro. Furthermore, PSA secretion and IGF-1 receptor protein expression were diminished, and hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity decreased after tectorigenin treatments. However, TIMP-3 mRNA was upregulated on tectorigenin treatment. Growth of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice was delayed and diminished in animals fed with extracts from B.chinensis. The downregulation of PDEF, PSA, hTERT and IGF-1 receptor gene expression by tectorigenin demonstrates the antiproliferative potential of these agents. The upregulation of TIMP-3 gene expression indicates a pro-apoptotic function of the drug and a reduction of the invasiveness of tumors. The animal experiments demonstrate that B.chinensis markedly inhibited the development of tumors in vivo. Thus, these compounds may be useful for the prevention or treatment of human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Thelen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Human Genetics, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany.
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Yim D, Singh RP, Agarwal C, Lee S, Chi H, Agarwal R. A Novel Anticancer Agent, Decursin, Induces G1 Arrest and Apoptosis in Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.1035.65.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We isolated a coumarin compound decursin (C19H20O5; molecular weight 328) from Korean angelica (Angelica gigas) root and characterized it by spectroscopy. Here, for the first time, we observed that decursin (25-100 μmol/L) treatment for 24 to 96 hours strongly inhibits growth and induces death in human prostate carcinoma DU145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells. Furthermore, we observed that decursinol [where (CH3)2-C=CH-COO- side chain of decursin is substituted with -OH] has much lower effects compared with decursin, suggesting a possible structure-activity relationship. Decursin-induced growth inhibition was associated with a strong G1 arrest (P < 0.001) in DU145 and LNCaP cells, and G1, S as well as G2-M arrests depending upon doses and treatment times in PC-3 cells. Comparatively, decursin was nontoxic to human prostate epithelial PWR-1E cells and showed only moderate growth inhibition and G1 arrest. Consistent with G1 arrest in DU145 cells, decursin strongly increased protein levels of Cip1/p21 but showed a moderate increase in Kip1/p27 with a decrease in cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK); CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, and cyclin D1, and inhibited CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin D1, and cyclin E kinase activity, and increased binding of CDK inhibitor (CDKI) with CDK. Decursin-caused cell death was associated with an increase in apoptosis (P < 0.05-0.001) and cleaved caspase-9, caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; however, pretreatment with all-caspases inhibitor (z-VAD-fmk) only partially reversed decursin-induced apoptosis, suggesting the involvement of both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. These findings suggest the novel anticancer efficacy of decursin mediated via induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis selectively in human prostate carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsool Yim
- 1Department of Pharmacy, Sahm Yook University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rana P. Singh
- 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and
| | - Sookyeon Lee
- 1Department of Pharmacy, Sahm Yook University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungjoon Chi
- 4Natural Product Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- 2Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and
- 3University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado; and
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