1
|
Wong LY, Li Y, Elliott IA, Backhus LM, Berry MF, Shrager JB, Oh DS. Randomized controlled trials in lung cancer surgery: How are we doing? JTCVS OPEN 2024; 18:234-252. [PMID: 38690441 PMCID: PMC11056451 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective Randomized control trials are considered the highest level of evidence, yet the scalability and practicality of implementing randomized control trials in the thoracic surgical oncology space are not well described. The aim of this study is to understand what types of randomized control trials have been conducted in thoracic surgical oncology and ascertain their success rate in completing them as originally planned. Methods The ClinicalTrials.gov database was queried in April 2023 to identify registered randomized control trials performed in patients with lung cancer who underwent surgery (by any technique) as part of their treatment. Results There were 68 eligible randomized control trials; 33 (48.5%) were intended to examine different perioperative patient management strategies (eg, analgesia, ventilation, drainage) or to examine different intraoperative technical aspects (eg, stapling, number of ports, port placement, ligation). The number of randomized control trials was relatively stable over time until a large increase in randomized control trials starting in 2016. Forty-four of the randomized control trials (64.7%) were open-label studies, 43 (63.2%) were conducted in a single facility, 66 (97.1%) had 2 arms, and the mean number of patients enrolled per randomized control trial was 236 (SD, 187). Of 21 completed randomized control trials (31%), the average time to complete accrual was 1605 days (4.4 years) and average time to complete primary/secondary outcomes and adverse events collection was 2125 days (5.82 years). Conclusions Given the immense investment of resources that randomized control trials require, these findings suggest the need to scrutinize future randomized control trial proposals to assess the likelihood of successful completion. Future study is needed to understand the various contributing factors to randomized control trial success or failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lye-Yeng Wong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif
| | - Yanli Li
- Department of Medical Affairs, Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, Calif
| | - Irmina A. Elliott
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Leah M. Backhus
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Mark F. Berry
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Joseph B. Shrager
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, Calif
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Daniel S. Oh
- Department of Medical Affairs, Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, Calif
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chang X, Zhu Z, Weng L, Tang X, Liu T, Zhu M, Liu J, Tang W, Zhang Y, Chen X. Selective Manipulation of the Mitochondria Oxidative Stress in Different Cells Using Intelligent Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles to Activate On-Demand Immunotherapy for Cancer Treatment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307310. [PMID: 38039438 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the vitamin K2 (VK2)/maleimide (MA) coloaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), functional molecules including folic acid (FA)/triphenylphosphine (TPP)/tetrapotassium hexacyanoferrate trihydrate (THT), as well as CaCO3 are explored to fabricate a core-shell-corona nanoparticle (VMMFTTC) for on-demand anti-tumor immunotherapy. After application, the tumor-specific acidic environment first decomposed CaCO3 corona, which significantly levitates the pH value of tumor tissue to convert M2 type macrophage to the antitumor M1 type. The resulting VMMFTT would then internalize in both tumor cells and macrophages via FA-assisted endocytosis and free endocytosis, respectively. These distinct processes generate different amount of VMMFTT in above two cells followed by 1) TPP-induced accumulation in the mitochondria, 2) THT-mediated effective capture of various signal ions to cut off signal transmission and further inhibit glutathione (GSH) generation, 3) ions catalyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through Fenton reaction, 4) sustained release of VK2 and MA to further enhance the ROS production and GSH depletion, which caused significant apoptosis of tumor cells and additional M2-to-M1 macrophage polarization via different processes of oxidative stress. Moreover, the primary tumor apoptosis further matures surrounding immature dendritic cells and activates T cells to continuously promote the antitumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zeren Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Lin Weng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnosis and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, P. R. China
| | - Man Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zuo L, Yang Y, Zhang H, Ma Z, Xin Q, Ding C, Li J. Bioinspired Multiscale Mineralization: From Fundamentals to Potential Applications. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300348. [PMID: 37689995 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The wondrous and imaginative designs of nature have always been an inexhaustible treasure trove for material scientists. Throughout the long evolutionary process, biominerals with hierarchical structures possess some specific advantages such as outstanding mechanical properties, biological functions, and sensing performances, the formation of which (biomineralization) is delicately regulated by organic component. Provoked by the subtle structures and profound principles of nature, bioinspired functional minerals can be designed with the participation of organic molecules. Because of the designable morphology and functions, multiscale mineralization has attracted more and more attention in the areas of medicine, chemistry, biology, and material science. This review provides a summary of current advancements in this extending topic. The mechanisms underlying mineralization is first concisely elucidated. Next, several types of minerals are categorized according to their structural characteristic, as well as the different potential applications of these materials. At last, a comprehensive overview of future developments for bioinspired multiscale mineralization is given. Concentrating on the mechanism of fabrication and broad application prospects of multiscale mineralization, the hope is to provide inspirations for the design of other functional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangrui Zuo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yifei Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhengxin Ma
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiangwei Xin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chunmei Ding
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jianshu Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Sichuan, 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sherry AD, Corrigan KL, Kouzy R, Jaoude JA, Yang Y, Patel RR, Totten DJ, Newman NB, Das P, Taniguchi C, Minsky B, Snyder RA, Fuller CD, Ludmir E. Prevalence, trends, and characteristics of trials investigating local therapy in contemporary phase 3 clinical cancer research. Cancer 2023; 129:3430-3438. [PMID: 37382235 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most patients with cancer are treated with local therapy (LT), the proportion of late-phase clinical trials investigating local therapeutic interventions is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion, characteristics, and trends of phase 3 cancer clinical trials assessing the therapeutic value of LT over time. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of interventional randomized controlled trials in oncology published from 2002 through 2020 and registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. Trends and characteristics of LT trials were compared to all other trials. RESULTS Of 1877 trials screened, 794 trials enrolling 584,347 patients met inclusion criteria. A total of 27 trials (3%) included a primary randomization assessing LT compared with 767 trials (97%) investigating systemic therapy or supportive care. Annual increase in the number of LT trials (slope [m] = 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.39; p < .001) was outpaced by the increase of trials testing systemic therapy or supportive care (m = 7.57; 95% CI, 6.03-9.11; p < .001). LT trials were more often sponsored by cooperative groups (22 of 27 [81%] vs. 211 of 767 [28%]; p < .001) and less often sponsored by industry (5 of 27 [19%] vs. 609 of 767 [79%]; p < .001). LT trials were more likely to use overall survival as primary end point compared to other trials (13 of 27 [48%] vs. 199 of 767 [26%]; p = .01). CONCLUSIONS In contemporary late-phase oncology research, LT trials are increasingly under-represented, under-funded, and evaluate more challenging end points compared to other modalities. These findings strongly argue for greater resource allocation and funding mechanisms for LT clinical trials. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Most people who have cancer receive treatments directed at the site of their cancer, such as surgery or radiation. We do not know, however, how many trials test surgery or radiation compared to drug treatments (that go all over the body). We reviewed trials testing the most researched strategies (phase 3) completed between 2002 and 2020. Only 27 trials tested local treatments like surgery or radiation compared to 767 trials testing other treatments. Our study has important implications for funding research and understanding cancer research priorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Sherry
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kelsey L Corrigan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramez Kouzy
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph Abi Jaoude
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yumeng Yang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roshal R Patel
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Douglas J Totten
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Neil B Newman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Prajnan Das
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cullen Taniguchi
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bruce Minsky
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca A Snyder
- Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Health Services Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - C David Fuller
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ethan Ludmir
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Gastrointestinal Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohammadi H, Schoenfeld JD. Lost in the shadow of giants: The neglected treatment modalities in oncologic trials. Cancer 2023; 129:3357-3359. [PMID: 37643150 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Phase 3 clinical trial trends demonstrate a widening gap between the rates of systemic and local therapy trials, with the former increasing whereas the latter stagnates. This editorial provides an overview of the key points found by Sherry and colleagues in their analysis of >700 trials and allows for actionable interventions in the design of future trials to optimize clinical outcomes and dissemination into practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Homan Mohammadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan D Schoenfeld
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ceelen W, Soreide K. Randomized controlled trials and alternative study designs in surgical oncology. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY 2023; 49:1331-1340. [PMID: 36964056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Surgery is central to the cure of most solid cancers and an integral part of modern multimodal cancer management for early and advanced stage cancers. Decisions made by surgeons and multidisciplinary team members are based on best available knowledge for the defined clinical situation at hand. While surgery is both an art and a science, good decision-making requires data that are robust, valid, representative and, applicable to most if not all patients with a specific cancer. Such data largely comes from clinical observations and registries, and more preferably from trials conducted with the specific purpose of arriving at new answers. As part of the ESSO core curriculum development an increased focus has been put on the need to enhance research literacy among surgical candidates. As an expansion of the curriculum catalogue list and to enhance the educational value, we here present a set of principles and emerging concepts which applies to surgical oncologist for reading, understanding, planning and contributing to future surgeon-led cancer trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim Ceelen
- Department of GI Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Kjetil Soreide
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; SAFER Surgery, Surgical Research Unit, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Perera ND, Bellomo TR, Schmidt WM, Litt HK, Shyu M, Stavins MA, Wang MM, Bell A, Saleki M, Wolf KI, Ionescu R, Tao JJ, Ji S, O’Keefe RM, Pun M, Takasugi JM, Steinberg JR, Go RS, Turner BE, Mahipal A. Analysis of Female Participant Representation in Registered Oncology Clinical Trials in the United States from 2008 to 2020. Oncologist 2023; 28:510-519. [PMID: 36848266 PMCID: PMC10243778 DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female underrepresentation in oncology clinical trials can result in outcome disparities. We evaluated female participant representation in US oncology trials by intervention type, cancer site, and funding. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were extracted from the publicly available Aggregate Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov database. Initially, 270,172 studies were identified. Following the exclusion of trials using Medical Subject Heading terms, manual review, those with incomplete status, non-US location, sex-specific organ cancers, or lacking participant sex data, 1650 trials consisting of 240,776 participants remained. The primary outcome was participation to prevalence ratio (PPR): percent females among trial participants divided by percent females in the disease population per US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program data. PPRs of 0.8-1.2 reflect proportional female representation. RESULTS Females represented 46.9% of participants (95% CI, 45.4-48.4); mean PPR for all trials was 0.912. Females were underrepresented in surgical (PPR 0.74) and other invasive (PPR 0.69) oncology trials. Among cancer sites, females were underrepresented in bladder (odds ratio [OR] 0.48, 95% CI 0.26-0.91, P = .02), head/neck (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.29-0.68, P < .01), stomach (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.23-0.70, P < .01), and esophageal (OR 0.40 95% CI 0.22-0.74, P < .01) trials. Hematologic (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.09-1.82, P < .01) and pancreatic (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.46-3.26, P < .01) trials had higher odds of proportional female representation. Industry-funded trials had greater odds of proportional female representation (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.09-1.82, P = .01) than US government and academic-funded trials. CONCLUSIONS Stakeholders should look to hematologic, pancreatic, and industry-funded cancer trials as exemplars of female participant representation and consider female representation when interpreting trial results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany R Bellomo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Henry K Litt
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Shyu
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Max M Wang
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Bell
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Massoud Saleki
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Katherine I Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline J Tao
- Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Weill Cornell, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sunjong Ji
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ryan M O’Keefe
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Pun
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Jecca R Steinberg
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Northwestern, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ronald S Go
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brandon E Turner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amit Mahipal
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Oncology, University Hospitals, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wong BO, Perera ND, Shen JZ, Turner BE, Litt HK, Mahipal A, Wren SM. Analysis of Registered Clinical Trials in Surgical Oncology, 2008-2020. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2145511. [PMID: 35084485 PMCID: PMC8796015 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.45511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This quality improvement study characterizes surgical oncology trials, analyzes growth, identifies associations with early discontinuation or results reporting, and evaluates proportions of trials involving each neoplasm site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jolie Z. Shen
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Brandon E. Turner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Henry K. Litt
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Amit Mahipal
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sherry M. Wren
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Palo Alto Veterans Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao MC, Yang K, Yang BH, Guo S, Wang YP, Zhang XW, Li HP. Prognosis of C4 dislocation with spinal cord injury following psychological intervention. J Int Med Res 2021; 49:3000605211004520. [PMID: 33823641 PMCID: PMC8033484 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211004520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of psychological intervention on the prognosis of patients with C4 dislocation and spinal cord injury. METHODS We investigated target patients admitted between 2010 and 2018. Patients' mental state, quality of life and neurological function at different time points were evaluated to examine the relationship between psychological intervention and recovery and prognosis of acute and critical spinal cord injury. RESULTS All patients showed improvements in clinical symptoms, neurological function and quality of life. Psychological intervention significantly improved Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale score, Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale score and SF-36 Mental Component Summary score within 3 months. Japanese Orthopaedic Association neurological function score and SF-36 Physical Component Summary score were significantly improved after 1-year follow-up. Psychological intervention did not improve 2-year survival. CONCLUSION Timely and professional psychological intervention can eliminate the psychological disorders of C4 dislocation patients with spinal cord injury. This has a positive effect on their quality of life and prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chao Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kai Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bao-Hui Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ya-Ping Wang
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Second Affiliated
Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao-Peng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an
Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li B, Cui Y, Wang X, Tang R. Novel nanomaterial-organism hybrids with biomedical potential. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1706. [PMID: 33644977 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Instinctive hierarchically biomineralized structures of various organisms, such as eggs, algae, and magnetotactic bacteria, afford extra protection and distinct performance, which endow fragile organisms with a tenacious ability to adapt and survive. However, spontaneous formation of hybrid materials is difficult for most organisms in nature. Rapid development of chemistry and materials science successfully obtained the combinations of organisms with nanomaterials by biomimetic mineralization thus demonstrating the reproduction of the structures and functions and generation of novel functions that organisms do not possess. The rational design of biomaterial-organism hybridization can control biological recognition, interactions, and metabolism of the organisms. Thus, nanomaterial-organism hybrids represent a next generation of organism engineering with great potential biomedical applications. This review summarizes recent advances in material-directed organism engineering and is mainly focused on biomimetic mineralization technologies and their outstanding biomedical applications. Three representative types of biomimetic mineralization are systematically introduced, including external mineralization, internal mineralization, and genetic engineering mineralization. The methods involving hybridization of nanomaterials and organisms based on biomimetic mineralization strategies are described. These strategies resulted in applications of various nanomaterial-organism hybrids with multiplex functions in cell engineering, cancer treatment, and vaccine improvement. Unlike classical biological approaches, this material-based bioregulation is universal, effective, and inexpensive. In particular, instead of traditional medical solutions, the integration of nanomaterials and organisms may exploit novel strategies to solve current biomedical problems. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benke Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihao Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao Y, Tang R. Improvement of organisms by biomimetic mineralization: A material incorporation strategy for biological modification. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:57-80. [PMID: 32629191 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization, a bio-organism controlled mineral formation process, plays an important role in linking biological organisms and mineral materials in nature. Inspired by biomineralization, biomimetic mineralization is used as a bridge tool to integrate biological organisms and functional materials together, which can be beneficial for the development of diversified functional organism-material hybrids. In this review, recent progresses on the techniques of biomimetic mineralization for organism-material combinations are summarized and discussed. Based upon these techniques, the preparations and applications of virus-, prokaryotes-, and eukaryotes-material hybrids have been presented and they demonstrate the great potentials in the fields of vaccine improvement, cell protection, energy production, environmental and biomedical treatments, etc. We suggest that more researches about functional organism and material combination with more biocompatible techniques should be developed to improve the design and applications of specific organism-material hybrids. These rationally designed organism-material hybrids will shed light on the production of "live materials" with more advanced functions in future. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review summaries the recent attempts on improving biological organisms by their integrations with functional materials, which can be achieved by biomimetic mineralization as the combination tool. The integrated materials, as the artificial shells or organelles, confer diversified functions on the enclosed organisms. The successful constructions of various virus-, prokaryotes-, and eukaryotes-material hybrids have demonstrated the great potentials of the material incorporation strategy in vaccine development, cancer treatment, biological photosynthesis and environment protection etc. The suggested challenges and perspectives indicate more inspirations for the future development of organism-material hybrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqi Zhao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China; Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027 China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wei Y, Xu H, Xu S, Su H, Zhang L, Sun R, Huang D, Zhao L, Wang K, Hu Y, Lian X. Inhibiting Cell Viability and Motility by Layer-by-Layer Assembly and Biomineralization. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:17118-17128. [PMID: 32715197 PMCID: PMC7376689 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we proposed a drug-free strategy named cell surface shellization to inhibit the motility of SKOV-3 and HeLa cells. We alternately deposited two- or three-layer cationic polyelectrolyte (PE) and anionic PE films on the surface of SKOV-3 and HeLa cells. Then, a mineral shell (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) was formed on the surface of polymer shells via electrostatic force and biomineralization. The CCK-8 assay results and live/dead staining showed that the surface shells strongly aggravated the cytotoxicity. The monolayer scratch wound migration assay results and immunofluorescence staining results showed that the shells, especially the mineral shells, could efficiently inhibit the migration of SKOV-3 and HeLa cells without any anticancer drugs. The immunofluorescence results of the three small G proteins of the cells showed that the immunofluorescence intensity in SKOV-3 did not change. Preliminary results from our laboratory showed an increase in MMP-9 secreted by cancer cells after coating with films or mineral shells. It suggests that mechanisms that inhibit cell migration are related to the MMP signaling pathway. All the results indicated that shellization (films or nanomineral shells) but not limited to calcification can be used as one of the tools to change the function of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- . Phone: +86-351-6014477. Fax: +86-351-6011816
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xu N, Yang YF, Chen L, Lin J. A Ferritin-Albumin-Cu Nanoparticle that Efficaciously Delivers Copper(II) Ions to a Tumor and Improves the Therapeutic Efficacy of Disulfiram. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10415-10422. [PMID: 32426598 PMCID: PMC7226858 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of disulfiram can be traced back to the 1920s, from when it was utilized to facilitate alcohol abstinence by producing allergic reactions toward alcohol. In previous research, combination of disulfiram and copper ions has demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity. However, both disulfiram and copper ions lack the ability of specific targeting to tumor tissues and may lead to a high risk of side effects, especially for copper ion, which is a kind of toxic heavy metal. Herein, a ferritin-albumin-Cu nanoparticle (FHC NP) was introduced. The nanoparticle was synthesized by first covalently cross-linking ferritin and albumin and then encapsulating the copper ions in the ferritin nanocage. The nanoparticle showed good accumulation in a tumor and when combined with disulfiram exhibited good in vitro selectivity toward cancer cells and better in vivo anti-tumor activity. Herein, the nanoparticle invented here represented a good strategy to efficaciously deliver copper ions into tumors and thus improve the therapeutic efficacy of disulfiram in tumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Long Chen
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center,
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Innovation Center
for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Synthetic and Functional Biomolecules Center,
Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Innovation Center
for Genomics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Caballero C, Burock S, Carrion-Alvarez L, Nilsson H, Ruers T, Senellart P, Rivoire M, Stattner S, Primavesi F, Troisi R, Gruenberger T, Heil J, Schnitzbauer AA, Rahbari NN, Swijnenburg RJ, Malik H, Protic M, Kataoka K, Mauer M, Ducreux M, Poston G, Evrard S. Building a collaboration to improve surgical research through EORTC/ESSO 1409-CLIMB study: A prospective liver metastasis database with an integrated quality assurance program. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45:1870-1875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
15
|
Evrard S, van de Velde C, Noordhoek I, Caballero C, Ceelen W, Polom K, Kolacinska A, Allum W, D'Ugo D, Malik HZ, Rubio IT, Wyld L, Leidenius M, Rivoire M, Zoras O, Polkowski W, Poston GJ, Audisio RA, Kovacs T, González-Moreno S. European Society of Surgical Oncology's strategy for clinical research: Paving the way for a culture of research in cancer surgery. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45:1515-1519. [PMID: 31085024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of its mission to promote the best surgical care for cancer patients, the European Society of Surgical Oncology (ESSO) has been developing multiple programmes for clinical research along with its educational portfolio. This position paper describes the different research activities of the Society over the past decade and an action plan for the upcoming five years to lead innovative and high quality surgical oncology research. ESSO proposes to consider pragmatic research methodologies as a complement to randomised clinical trials (RCT), advocates for increased funding and operational support in conducting research and aims to enable young surgeons to be active in research and establish partnerships for translational research activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Evrard
- Institut Bergonié and Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - C van de Velde
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - I Noordhoek
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C Caballero
- European Society of Surgical Oncology Clinical Research Committee, Brussels, Belgium
| | - W Ceelen
- Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K Polom
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - A Kolacinska
- Department of Head and Neck Cancer Surgery, Breast Unit, Medical University of Lodz, Cancer Center, Lodz, Poland
| | - W Allum
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D D'Ugo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - H Z Malik
- Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - I T Rubio
- Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Wyld
- Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield and Doncaster and Bassetlaw Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Doncaster, UK
| | - M Leidenius
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Rivoire
- Centre Léon Bérard and Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - O Zoras
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | - R A Audisio
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Variability in breast cancer surgery training across Europe: An ESSO-EUSOMA international survey. Eur J Surg Oncol 2019; 45:567-572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
17
|
Towards an evidence-informed value scale for surgical and radiation oncology: a multi-stakeholder perspective. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:e112-e123. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
18
|
Surgical quality assurance in head and neck cancer trials: an EORTC Head and Neck Cancer Group position paper based on the EORTC 1420 ‘Best of’ and 24954 ‘larynx preservation’ study. Eur J Cancer 2018; 103:69-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2018.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
19
|
Multidisciplinary quality assurance and control in oncological trials: Perspectives from European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Eur J Cancer 2017; 86:91-100. [PMID: 28964907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Quality assurance (QA) programmes are one of the mainstays of clinical research and constitute the pillars on which European Organisation for Research Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) delivers multidisciplinary therapeutic progress. Changing practice treatments require solid evidence-based data, which can only be achieved if integral QA is part of the infrastructure sustaining research projects. Cancer treatment is a multimodality approach, which is often applied either in sequence and/or in combination. Each modality plays a key role in cancer control. The modalities by which QA is applied varies substantially within and across the disciplines. In addition, translational and diagnostic disciplines take an increasing role in the era of precision medicine. Building on the structuring effect of clinical research with fully integrated multidisciplinary QA programmes associated with the solutions addressing the chain of custody for biological material and data integrity as well as compliance ensure at the same time validity of clinical research output but also have a training effect on health care providers, who are more likely to apply such principles as routine. The principles of QA are therefore critical to be embedded in multidisciplinary infrastructure to guarantee therapeutic progress. These principles also provide the basis for the functioning of multidisciplinary tumour board. However, technical, operational and economic challenges which go with the implementation of such programmes require optimal know-how and the coordination of the multiple expertise and such efforts are best achieved through centralised infrastructure.
Collapse
|
20
|
Evrard S, Audisio R, Poston G, Caballero C, Kataoka K, Fontein D, Collette L, Nakamura K, Fukuda H, Lacombe D. From a Comic Opera to Surcare an Open Letter to Whom Clinical Research in Surgery Is a Concern. Ann Surg 2016; 264:911-912. [DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
21
|
Tanis E, Caballero C, Collette L, Verleye L, den Dulk M, Lacombe D, Schuhmacher C, Werutsky G. The European Organization for Research and Treatment for Cancer (EORTC) strategy for quality assurance in surgical clinical research: Assessment of the past and moving towards the future. Eur J Surg Oncol 2016; 42:1115-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
22
|
Zhao R, Wang B, Yang X, Xiao Y, Wang X, Shao C, Tang R. A Drug-Free Tumor Therapy Strategy: Cancer-Cell-Targeting Calcification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Zhao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways; Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine; Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310029 China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Institute of Biological Engineering; Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310013 China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Cancer Institute; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine; Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways; Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways; Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhao R, Wang B, Yang X, Xiao Y, Wang X, Shao C, Tang R. A Drug-Free Tumor Therapy Strategy: Cancer-Cell-Targeting Calcification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5225-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruibo Zhao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways; Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Ben Wang
- Cancer Institute; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine; Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310029 China
| | - Xinyan Yang
- Institute of Biological Engineering; Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310013 China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Cancer Institute; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310009 China
- Institute of Translational Medicine; Zhejiang University College of Medicine; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310029 China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Changyu Shao
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways; Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| | - Ruikang Tang
- Center for Biomaterials and Biopathways; Department of Chemistry; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
- Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou Zhejiang 310027 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|