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Shafie A, Ashour AA, Anwar S, Anjum F, Hassan MI. Exploring molecular mechanisms, therapeutic strategies, and clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:571-595. [PMID: 38764004 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a paradigm of a genetic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene. This extensive review investigates the molecular complexities of HD by highlighting the pathogenic mechanisms initiated by the mutant huntingtin protein. Adverse outcomes of HD include mitochondrial dysfunction, compromised protein clearance, and disruption of intracellular signaling, consequently contributing to the gradual deterioration of neurons. Numerous therapeutic strategies, particularly precision medicine, are currently used for HD management. Antisense oligonucleotides, such as Tominersen, play a leading role in targeting and modulating the expression of mutant huntingtin. Despite the promise of these therapies, challenges persist, particularly in improving delivery systems and the necessity for long-term safety assessments. Considering the future landscape, the review delineates promising directions for HD research and treatment. Innovations such as Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated system therapies (CRISPR)-based genome editing and emerging neuroprotective approaches present unprecedented opportunities for intervention. Collaborative interdisciplinary endeavors and a more insightful understanding of HD pathogenesis are on the verge of reshaping the therapeutic landscape. As we navigate the intricate landscape of HD, this review serves as a guide for unraveling the intricacies of this disease and progressing toward transformative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Adnan Ashour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleha Anwar
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, PO Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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2
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Bonsor M, Ammar O, Schnoegl S, Wanker EE, Silva Ramos E. Polyglutamine disease proteins: Commonalities and differences in interaction profiles and pathological effects. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300114. [PMID: 38615323 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Currently, nine polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion diseases are known. They include spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 17), spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), and Huntington's disease (HD). At the root of these neurodegenerative diseases are trinucleotide repeat mutations in coding regions of different genes, which lead to the production of proteins with elongated polyQ tracts. While the causative proteins differ in structure and molecular mass, the expanded polyQ domains drive pathogenesis in all these diseases. PolyQ tracts mediate the association of proteins leading to the formation of protein complexes involved in gene expression regulation, RNA processing, membrane trafficking, and signal transduction. In this review, we discuss commonalities and differences among the nine polyQ proteins focusing on their structure and function as well as the pathological features of the respective diseases. We present insights from AlphaFold-predicted structural models and discuss the biological roles of polyQ-containing proteins. Lastly, we explore reported protein-protein interaction networks to highlight shared protein interactions and their potential relevance in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bonsor
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Orchid Ammar
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sigrid Schnoegl
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich E Wanker
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Silva Ramos
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Plácido E, Gomes Welter P, Wink A, Karasiak GD, Outeiro TF, Dafre AL, Gil-Mohapel J, Brocardo PS. Beyond Motor Deficits: Environmental Enrichment Mitigates Huntington's Disease Effects in YAC128 Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12607. [PMID: 37628801 PMCID: PMC10454852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder characterized by motor, psychiatric, cognitive, and peripheral symptoms without effective therapy. Evidence suggests that lifestyle factors can modulate disease onset and progression, and environmental enrichment (EE) has emerged as a potential approach to mitigate the progression and severity of neurodegenerative processes. Wild-type (WT) and yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) 128 mice were exposed to different EE conditions. Animals from cohort 1 were exposed to EE between postnatal days 21 and 60, and animals from cohort 2 were exposed to EE between postnatal days 60 and 120. Motor and non-motor behavioral tests were employed to evaluate the effects of EE on HD progression. Monoamine levels, hippocampal cell proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and dendritic arborization were also assessed. Here we show that EE had an antidepressant-like effect and slowed the progression of motor deficits in HD mice. It also reduced monoamine levels, which correlated with better motor performance, particularly in the striatum. EE also modulated neuronal differentiation in the YAC128 hippocampus. These results confirm that EE can impact behavior, hippocampal neuroplasticity, and monoamine levels in YAC128 mice, suggesting this could be a therapeutic strategy to modulate neuroplasticity deficits in HD. However, further research is needed to fully understand EE's mechanisms and long-term effects as an adjuvant therapy for this debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelini Plácido
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil (A.W.); (A.L.D.)
| | - Priscilla Gomes Welter
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil (A.W.); (A.L.D.)
| | - Ana Wink
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil (A.W.); (A.L.D.)
| | - Gabriela Duarte Karasiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Max Planck Institute for Natural Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), 18147 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil (A.W.); (A.L.D.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia and Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Patricia S. Brocardo
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil (A.W.); (A.L.D.)
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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Di Martino RMC, Maxwell BD, Pirali T. Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:562-584. [PMID: 37277503 PMCID: PMC10241557 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00703-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Substitution of a hydrogen atom with its heavy isotope deuterium entails the addition of one neutron to a molecule. Despite being a subtle change, this structural modification, known as deuteration, may improve the pharmacokinetic and/or toxicity profile of drugs, potentially translating into improvements in efficacy and safety compared with the non-deuterated counterparts. Initially, efforts to exploit this potential primarily led to the development of deuterated analogues of marketed drugs through a 'deuterium switch' approach, such as deutetrabenazine, which became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval in 2017. In the past few years, the focus has shifted to applying deuteration in novel drug discovery, and the FDA approved the pioneering de novo deuterated drug deucravacitinib in 2022. In this Review, we highlight key milestones in the field of deuteration in drug discovery and development, emphasizing recent and instructive medicinal chemistry programmes and discussing the opportunities and hurdles for drug developers, as well as the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tracey Pirali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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Savva K, Zachariou M, Kynigopoulos D, Fella E, Vitali MI, Kosofidou X, Spyrou M, Sargiannidou I, Panayiotou E, Dietis N, Spyrou GM. Preliminary In Vitro and In Vivo Insights of In Silico Candidate Repurposed Drugs for Alzheimer's Disease. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051095. [PMID: 37240740 DOI: 10.3390/life13051095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is the most common type of dementia. Although a considerably large amount of money has been invested in drug development for AD, no disease modifying treatment has been detected so far. In our previous work, we developed a computational method to highlight stage-specific candidate repurposed drugs against AD. In this study, we tested the effect of the top 13 candidate repurposed drugs that we proposed in our previous work in a severity stage-specific manner using an in vitro BACE1 assay and the effect of a top-ranked drug from the list of our previous work, tetrabenazine (TBZ), in the 5XFAD as an AD mouse model. From our in vitro screening, we detected 2 compounds (clomiphene citrate and Pik-90) that showed statistically significant inhibition against the activity of the BACE1 enzyme. The administration of TBZ at the selected dose and therapeutic regimen in 5XFAD in male and female mice showed no significant effect in behavioral tests using the Y-maze and the ELISA immunoassay of Aβ40. To our knowledge, this is the first time the drug tetrabenazine has been tested in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD in a sex-stratified manner. Our results highlight 2 drugs (clomiphene citrate and Pik-90) from our previous computational work for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Savva
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Margarita Zachariou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Demos Kynigopoulos
- Department of Neuropathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Fella
- Department of Neuropathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria-Ioanna Vitali
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Xeni Kosofidou
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Michail Spyrou
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Irene Sargiannidou
- Neuroscience Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Elena Panayiotou
- Department of Neuropathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikolas Dietis
- Experimental Pharmacology Laboratory, Medical School, University of Cyprus, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George M Spyrou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, 2371 Nicosia, Cyprus
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Ferguson MW, Kennedy CJ, Palpagama TH, Waldvogel HJ, Faull RLM, Kwakowsky A. Current and Possible Future Therapeutic Options for Huntington’s Disease. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2022; 14:11795735221092517. [PMID: 35615642 PMCID: PMC9125092 DOI: 10.1177/11795735221092517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by an excessive number of CAG trinucleotide repeats within the huntingtin gene ( HTT). HD patients can present with a variety of symptoms including chorea, behavioural and psychiatric abnormalities and cognitive decline. Each patient has a unique combination of symptoms, and although these can be managed using a range of medications and non-drug treatments there is currently no cure for the disease. Current therapies prescribed for HD can be categorized by the symptom they treat. These categories include chorea medication, antipsychotic medication, antidepressants, mood stabilizing medication as well as non-drug therapies. Fortunately, there are also many new HD therapeutics currently undergoing clinical trials that target the disease at its origin; lowering the levels of mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT). Currently, much attention is being directed to antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) therapies, which bind to pre-RNA or mRNA and can alter protein expression via RNA degradation, blocking translation or splice modulation. Other potential therapies in clinical development include RNA interference (RNAi) therapies, RNA targeting small molecule therapies, stem cell therapies, antibody therapies, non-RNA targeting small molecule therapies and neuroinflammation targeted therapies. Potential therapies in pre-clinical development include Zinc-Finger Protein (ZFP) therapies, transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) therapies and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system (Cas) therapies. This comprehensive review aims to discuss the efficacy of current HD treatments and explore the clinical trial progress of emerging potential HD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie W. Ferguson
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Connor J. Kennedy
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thulani H. Palpagama
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Henry J. Waldvogel
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Kwakowsky
- Centre for Brain Research, Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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7
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Baell JB. Personal Accounts of Australian Drug Discovery at the Public–Private Interface. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The public–private interface is a vibrant and invigorating stage for drug discovery and can allow for relatively higher risk but more rewarding research. Although adequate resourcing is a perennial challenge, persistence, optimism, and flexibility will pay dividends and can allow for a thoroughly rewarding career. In this account of chronological research experiences, selected examples are used to support this contention.
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Stone NL, Murphy AJ, England TJ, O'Sullivan SE. A systematic review of minor phytocannabinoids with promising neuroprotective potential. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4330-4352. [PMID: 32608035 PMCID: PMC7484504 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Embase and PubMed were systematically searched for articles addressing the neuroprotective properties of phytocannabinoids, apart from cannabidiol and Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, including Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabidiolic acid, cannabidivarin, cannabichromene, cannabichromenic acid, cannabichromevarin, cannabigerol, cannabigerolic acid, cannabigerivarin, cannabigerovarinic acid, cannabichromevarinic acid, cannabidivarinic acid, and cannabinol. Out of 2,341 studies, 31 articles met inclusion criteria. Cannabigerol (range 5 to 20 mg·kg-1 ) and cannabidivarin (range 0.2 to 400 mg·kg-1 ) displayed efficacy in models of Huntington's disease and epilepsy. Cannabichromene (10-75 mg·kg-1 ), Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (20 mg·kg-1 ), and tetrahydrocannabivarin (range 0.025-2.5 mg·kg-1 ) showed promise in models of seizure and hypomobility, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Limited mechanistic data showed cannabigerol, its derivatives VCE.003 and VCE.003.2, and Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinolic acid mediated some of their effects through PPAR-γ, but no other receptors were probed. Further studies with these phytocannabinoids, and their combinations, are warranted across a range of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Stone
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham, Royal Derby HospitalDerbyUK
| | - Alexandra J. Murphy
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham, Royal Derby HospitalDerbyUK
| | - Timothy J. England
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham, Royal Derby HospitalDerbyUK
| | - Saoirse E. O'Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of Nottingham, Royal Derby HospitalDerbyUK
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Chen Y, Kunath T, Simpson J, Homer N, Sylantyev S. Synaptic signalling in a network of dopamine neurons: what prevents proper intercellular crosstalk? FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3272-3292. [PMID: 33073864 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons stand out as a cell source for transplantation with their sustainability and consistency superior to the formerly used fetal tissues. However, multiple studies of DA neurons in culture failed to register action potential (AP) generation upon synaptic input. To test whether this is due to deficiency of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) coagonists released from astroglia, we studied the functional properties of neural receptors in hESC-derived DA neuronal cultures. We find that, apart from an insufficient amount of coagonists, lack of interneuronal crosstalk is caused by hypofunction of synaptic NMDARs due to their direct inhibition by synaptically released DA. This inhibitory tone is independent of DA receptors and affects the NMDAR coagonist binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Chen
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,UK Centre for Mammalian Synthetic Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna Simpson
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie Homer
- Mass Spectrometry Core, Edinburgh Clinical Research Facility, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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NHC-Ni catalyzed 1,3- and 1,4-diastereodivergent heterocycle synthesis from hetero-substituted enyne. Commun Chem 2020; 3:50. [PMID: 36703443 PMCID: PMC9814851 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-0299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diastereodivergent heterocycle synthesis has been recognized as an important tool for drug discovery in recent years, yet strategies based on nickelacycle formation have not been established. Here, we report a NHC-Ni catalyzed highly 1,3- and 1,4-diastereodivergent heterocycle synthesis from enyne, which is achieved by manipulating the enyne N-substituent (allowing switching of selectivity from up to 2:98 to 98:2). The key to success is the efficient diastereodivergent formation of a nickelacyclopentene, with broad enyne scope at mild conditions, which subsequently provides reductive hydroalkenylation, acylation and silylation products on demand. Diastereoisomers which are sterically hard to distinguish or difficult to access by conventional routes are now accessible easily, including those with very similar 4°, contiguous and skipped stereocenters.
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12
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Wu YK, Rawal VH. Rapid construction of tetrahydropyridine scaffolds via formal imino Diels-Alder reactions of Schiff bases and Nazarov reagents. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8827-8831. [PMID: 31553010 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01880h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Described is a one-flask, two-step method for the synthesis of highly functionalized piperidines. The process involves formal [4 + 2] cycloadditions of Schiff bases and Nazarov reagents, followed by facile elaborations of the initial cycloadducts. Notably, these aza-annulations are facilitated by protic solvents and proceed smoothly under ambient conditions, without other additives. The synthetic utility of this annulation protocol is further showcased through a concise, convergent synthesis of (±)-tetrabenazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ku Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
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13
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Koch ET, Raymond LA. Dysfunctional striatal dopamine signaling in Huntington's disease. J Neurosci Res 2019; 97:1636-1654. [PMID: 31304622 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine signaling in the striatum is critical for a variety of behaviors including movement, behavioral flexibility, response to reward and many forms of learning. Alterations to dopamine transmission contribute to pathological features of many neurological diseases, including Huntington's disease (HD). HD is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene. The striatum is preferentially degenerated in HD, and this region receives dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra. Studies of HD patients and genetic rodent models have shown changes to levels of dopamine and its receptors in the striatum, and alterations in dopamine receptor signaling and modulation of other neurotransmitters, notably glutamate. Throughout his career, Dr. Michael Levine's research has furthered our understanding of dopamine signaling in the striatum of healthy rodents and HD mouse models. This review will focus on the work of his group and others in elucidating alterations to striatal dopamine signaling that contribute to pathophysiology in HD mouse models, and how these findings relate to human HD studies. We will also discuss current and potential therapeutic interventions for HD that target the dopamine system, and future research directions for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Koch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lynn A Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Zhao R, Zha Z, Yao X, Ploessl K, Choi SR, Liu F, Zhu L, Kung HF. VMAT2 imaging agent, D6-[ 18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ: Improved radiosynthesis, purification by solid-phase extraction and characterization. Nucl Med Biol 2019; 72-73:26-35. [PMID: 31330409 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recently, a deuterated tracer, D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ, 9-O-hexadeutero-3-[18F]fluoropropoxyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine ([18F]9), targeting vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in the central nervous system, was reported as a useful imaging agent for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The production of [18F]9 was optimized and simplified by using solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification. METHODS Three major nonradioactive impurities were synthesized and characterized. The preparation of [18F]9 was optimized by using different labeling conditions, and an SPE purification method was evaluated. The influence of chemical impurities in the final dose of [18F]9 was assessed by an in vitro binding assay, an assay of the in vivo biodistribution in mice, and ex vivo and in vitro autoradiography of brain sections. RESULTS Optimized fluorination conditions for [18F]9 were found - heating at 130 °C for 10 min in DMSO, and a high radiochemical yield and three major chemical impurities were observed. An SPE method involving a Sep-Pak® tC18 Plus Light cartridge with a two-step elution process was successfully implemented. This process gave a good radiochemical yield (38.7 ± 10.5%, decay corrected; radiochemical purity >99%) and low chemical impurities. An in vivo biodistribution study and autoradiography of brain sections showed that there was no significant difference between HPLC-purified and SPE-purified [18F]9. CONCLUSION A VMAT2 targeting imaging agent, D6-[18F]FP-(+)-DTBZ, [18F]9, was prepared by optimized labeling conditions and an easy SPE purification. This method offers a short preparation time and operational simplicity. In conjunction with PET imaging, this new VMAT2 agent might be a useful clinical tool for diagnosing PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyue Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhihao Zha
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xinyue Yao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karl Ploessl
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seok Rye Choi
- Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Futao Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Hank F Kung
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Five Eleven Pharma Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Mackay JP, Nassrallah WB, Raymond LA. Cause or compensation?-Altered neuronal Ca 2+ handling in Huntington's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:301-310. [PMID: 29427371 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder of typically middle-aged onset for which there is no disease-modifying treatment. Caudate and putamen medium-sized spiny projection neurons (SPNs) most severely degenerate in HD. However, it is unclear why mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) is preferentially toxic to these neurons or why symptoms manifest only relatively late in life. mHTT interacts with numerous neuronal proteins. Likewise, multiple SPN cellular processes have been described as altered in various HD models. Among these, altered neuronal Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ handling feature prominently and are addressed here. Specifically, we focus on extrasynaptic NMDA-type glutamate receptors, endoplasmic reticulum IP3 receptors, and mitochondria. As mHTT is expressed throughout development, compensatory processes will likely be mounted to mitigate any deleterious effects. Although some compensations can lessen mHTT's disruptive effects, others-such as upregulation of the ER-refilling store-operated Ca2+ channel response-contribute to pathogenesis. A causation-based approach is therefore necessary to decipher the complex sequence of events linking mHTT to neurodegeneration, and to design rational therapeutic interventions. With this in mind, we highlight evidence, or lack thereof, that the above alterations in Ca2+ handling occur early in the disease process, clearly interact with mHTT, and show disease-modifying potential when reversed in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Mackay
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wissam B Nassrallah
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience and MD/PhD Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lynn A Raymond
- Department of Psychiatry, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive motor, behavioral, and cognitive decline, ending in death. Despite the discovery of the underlying genetic mutation more than 20 years ago, treatment remains focused on symptomatic management. Chorea, the most recognizable symptom, responds to medication that reduces dopaminergic neurotransmission. Psychiatric symptoms such as depression and anxiety may also respond well to symptomatic therapies. Unfortunately, many other symptoms do not respond to current treatments. Furthermore, high-quality evidence for treatment of HD in general remains limited. To date, there has been minimal success with identifying a disease-modifying therapy based upon molecular models. However, one of the emerging gene silencing techniques may provide a breakthrough in treating this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara J Wyant
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 1324 Taubman Center, SPC 5322, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, 48109-5322, USA.
| | - Andrew J Ridder
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 1324 Taubman Center, SPC 5322, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, 48109-5322, USA
| | - Praveen Dayalu
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 1324 Taubman Center, SPC 5322, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, 48109-5322, USA
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17
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Wagner L, Björkqvist M, Lundh SH, Wolf R, Börgel A, Schlenzig D, Ludwig HH, Rahfeld JU, Leavitt B, Demuth HU, Petersén Å, von Hörsten S. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Huntington's Disease: increased NPY levels and differential degradation of the NPY1-30
fragment. J Neurochem 2016; 137:820-37. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leona Wagner
- Deutschsprachige Selbsthilfegruppe für Alkaptonurie (DSAKU) e.V.; Stuttgart Germany
- Probiodrug AG; Halle (Saale) Germany
- Department of Experimental Therapy; Franz-Penzoldt-Center; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
| | - Maria Björkqvist
- Brain Disease Biomarker Unit; Department of Experimental Medical Science; Wallenberg Neuroscience Centre; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Sofia Hult Lundh
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Raik Wolf
- Probiodrug AG; Halle (Saale) Germany
- Center for Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Transfusion; Klinikum St. Georg GmbH; Leipzig Germany
| | - Arne Börgel
- Probiodrug AG; Halle (Saale) Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB); Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz Germany
| | - Dagmar Schlenzig
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation; Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | | | - Jens-Ulrich Rahfeld
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation; Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Blair Leavitt
- The Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics Child and Family Research Institute; BC Children's Hospital; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia
| | - Hans-Ulrich Demuth
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation; Fraunhofer-Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Åsa Petersén
- Translational Neuroendocrine Research Unit; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Stephan von Hörsten
- Department of Experimental Therapy; Franz-Penzoldt-Center; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Erlangen Germany
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18
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Orgren LR, Maverick EE, Marvin CC. Synthesis of (±)-Tetrabenazine by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2015; 80:12635-40. [PMID: 26544155 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
(±)-Tetrabenazine was synthesized in six steps from commercially available compounds. The key cyclization substrate was assembled rapidly via Baylis-Hillman and aza-Michael reactions. Annulation of the final ring was achieved through visible light photocatalysis, wherein carbon-carbon bond formation was driven by the oxidation of a tertiary amine. Solvent played a critical role in the photoredox cyclization outcome, whereas methanol led to a mixed ketal, acetonitrile/water (10:1) gave direct cyclization to (±)-tetrabenazine and occurred more rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Orgren
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College , 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Emily E Maverick
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College , 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Christopher C Marvin
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College , 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
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19
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Chen S, Zhang XJ, Xie WJ, Qiu HY, Liu H, Le WD. A New VMAT-2 Inhibitor NBI-641449 in the Treatment of Huntington Disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:662-71. [PMID: 26122704 PMCID: PMC6495663 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the effectiveness of a new VMAT-2 inhibitor NBI-641449 in controlling hyperkinetic movements of Huntington disease (HD) and to investigate its possible therapeutic effects. METHODS We applied three different doses of NBI-641449 (1, 10, 100 mg/kg/day) for 2 weeks in 4-month-old YAC128 mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Rotarod performance and locomotive activities were tested during the administration of the drug. The concentration of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites was quantified in the striatal tissues by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Neuron survival in striatum and huntingtin protein aggregates were assessed with immunostaining. Expression levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins were detected by immunoblotting. RESULTS Rotarod performance was significantly improved after treatment with low or middle dose of NBI-641449 in YAC128 mice. Open field test showed that NBI-641449 treatment could attenuate the increased horizontal activity (HACTV), total vertical movement, moving time, and moving distance in YAC128 mice. High dose of NBI-641449 might cause sedative effects in WT and YAC128 mice. HPLC showed that NBI-641449 caused a dose-dependent decrease of DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid levels in the striatum. NeuN and DARPP-32 immunostaining revealed that NBI-641449 had no significant effect on the neuron survival in the striatum. However, NBI-641449 treatment reduced the huntingtin protein aggregates in the cortex of YAC128 mice. In addition, the levels of ER stress proteins were increased in YAC128 mice, which can be suppressed by NBI-641449. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that this new VMAT-2 inhibitor NBI-641449 may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Jie Xie
- Diana Helis Henry Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hong-Yan Qiu
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Dong Le
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Translational Research of Neurology Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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20
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Philips T, Rothstein JD, Pouladi MA. Preclinical models: needed in translation? A Pro/Con debate. Mov Disord 2015; 29:1391-6. [PMID: 25216370 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the causative mutations and many of the predisposing risk factors for neurodegenerative disorders such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease (HD), has led to the development of a large number of genetic animal models of disease. In the case of HD, for example, over 20 different transgenic rodent models have been generated. These models have been of immense value in providing novel insights into mechanisms of disease, with the promise of accelerating the development of therapies that can delay the onset or slow the progression of the disease. Yet, despite extensive use of such models, no effective treatment for HD has been developed. Here, we discuss the value of animal models, highlighting their strengths and shortcomings in the context of translational research for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Philips
- Johns Hopkins University, Brain Science Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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21
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Liang X, Wu J, Egorova P, Bezprozvanny I. An automated and quantitative method to evaluate progression of striatal pathology in Huntington's disease transgenic mice. J Huntingtons Dis 2015; 3:343-350. [PMID: 25575955 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-140128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the Huntingtin protein which results in the selective degeneration of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN). A number of genetic mouse models have been developed to model HD phenotype. Most of these models display impaired performance in motor coordination assays and variety of neuropathological abnormalities. Quantitative neuropathological assessment in these mice requires application of stereological techniques and very labor-intensive and time consuming. Here, we report a development of a novel paradigm that simplifies and accelerates quantitative evaluation of striatal atrophy in HD mice. To achieve this goal, we crossed YAC128 HD transgenic mice with Rgs9-EGFP mice. In Rgs9-EGFP mice the EGFP transgene is expressed selectively in MSN neurons at high levels. Using high resolution fluorescence laser scanning imager, we have been able to precisely measure striatal area and intensity of EGFP expression in coronal slices from these mice at 2 months, 4 months and 9 months of age. Using this approach, we demonstrated significant reduction in striatal volume in YAC128 mice at 4 months and 9 months of age when compared to wild type littermates. We evaluated behavior performance of these mice at 2 months, 4 months and 6 months of age and demonstrated significant impairment of YAC128 mice in beam walk assay at 4 months and 6 months of age. This new mouse model and the quantitative neuropathological scoring paradigm may simplify and accelerate discovery of novel neuroprotective agents for HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Polina Egorova
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration (LMN), St Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration (LMN), St Petersburg State Polytechnical University, St Petersburg, Russia
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22
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Suksuphew S, Noisa P. Neural stem cells could serve as a therapeutic material for age-related neurodegenerative diseases. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:502-511. [PMID: 25815135 PMCID: PMC4369507 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressively loss of neural and glial cells is the key event that leads to nervous system dysfunctions and diseases. Several neurodegenerative diseases, for instance Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, are associated to aging and suggested to be a consequence of deficiency of neural stem cell pool in the affected brain regions. Endogenous neural stem cells exist throughout life and are found in specific niches of human brain. These neural stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of new neurons to restore, in the normal circumstance, the functions of the brain. Endogenous neural stem cells can be isolated, propagated, and, notably, differentiated to most cell types of the brain. On the other hand, other types of stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells can also serve as a source for neural stem cell production, that hold a great promise for regeneration of the brain. The replacement of neural stem cells, either endogenous or stem cell-derived neural stem cells, into impaired brain is highly expected as a possible therapeutic mean for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, clinical features and current routinely treatments of age-related neurodegenerative diseases are documented. Noteworthy, we presented the promising evidence of neural stem cells and their derivatives in curing such diseases, together with the remaining challenges to achieve the best outcome for patients.
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23
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Moon H, An H, Sim J, Kim K, Paek SM, Suh YG. Efficient strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted benzo[α]quinolizidine alkaloids: concise synthesis of (−)-protoemetinol. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Naro A, Bramanti P, Calabrò RS. Successful Use of Tetrabenazine in a Patient with Intractable Hiccups After Stroke. Pharmacotherapy 2014; 34:e345-8. [DOI: 10.1002/phar.1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”; Messina Italy
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25
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophic natural products: chemistry and biology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:956-87. [PMID: 24353244 PMCID: PMC3945720 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases and spinal cord injury affect approximately 50 million people worldwide, bringing the total healthcare cost to over 600 billion dollars per year. Nervous system growth factors, that is, neurotrophins, are a potential solution to these disorders, since they could promote nerve regeneration. An average of 500 publications per year attests to the significance of neurotrophins in biomedical sciences and underlines their potential for therapeutic applications. Nonetheless, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of neurotrophins severely restricts their clinical use. On the other hand, small molecules that modulate neurotrophic activity offer a promising therapeutic approach against neurological disorders. Nature has provided an impressive array of natural products that have potent neurotrophic activities. This Review highlights the current synthetic strategies toward these compounds and summarizes their ability to induce neuronal growth and rehabilitation. It is anticipated that neurotrophic natural products could be used not only as starting points in drug design but also as tools to study the next frontier in biomedical sciences: the brain activity map project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Michelle H. Lacoske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358 (USA), Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu
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26
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Xu J, Lacoske MH, Theodorakis EA. Neurotrophe Naturstoffe - ihre Chemie und Biologie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Brusa L, Orlacchio A, Stefani A, Galati S, Pierantozzi M, Iani C, Mercuri NB. Tetrabenazine improves levodopa-induced peak-dose dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson's disease. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2013; 28:101-5. [PMID: 24125559 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2013.28.2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since levodopa-induced peak dyskinesias (LIDs) may reflect, in part, a disproportionate phasic release of dopamine from synaptic vesicles, we examined the ability of the vesicular depletor tetrabenazine (TBZ) to reduce LIDs in 10 dyskinetic advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. After basal evaluation, the patients received, through a slow titration, oral TBZ twice a day for six weeks (up to 50 mg daily) before being re-assessed after a challenge with levodopa. The primary outcome measure was the change in the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) dyskinesia score (items 32 to 34). TBZ was well tolerated. A clear treatment effect on LIDs emerged (up to 45%, p<0.05). In two patients a little worsening of motor performance necessitated an increase of the antiparkinsonian therapy, which did not worsen peak-dose LIDs. The patients experienced a clear benefit in terms of their quality of life. In this open-label pilot study, orally administered TBZ resulted in objective and subjective improvements in LIDs. Larger pharmacological studies are in progress.
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28
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Maucksch C, Vazey EM, Gordon RJ, Connor B. Stem cell-based therapy for Huntington's disease. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:754-63. [PMID: 23097329 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive loss of medium spiny neurons in the basal ganglia. The development of stem cell-based therapies for HD aims to replace lost neurons and/or to prevent cell death. This review will discuss pre-clinical studies which have utilized stem or progenitor cells for transplantation therapy using HD animal models. In several studies, neural stem and progenitor cells used as allotransplants and xenografts have been shown to be capable of surviving transplantation and differentiating into mature GABAergic neurons, resulting in behavioral improvements. Beneficial effects have also been reported for transplantation of stem cells derived from non-neural tissue, for example, mesenchymal- and adipose-derived stem cells, which have mainly been attributed to their secretion of growth and neurotrophic factors. Finally, we review studies using stem cells genetically engineered to over-express defined neurotrophic factors. While these studies prove the potential of stem cells for transplantation therapy in HD, it also becomes clear that technical and ethical issues regarding the availability of stem cells must be solved before human trials can be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Maucksch
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Osório ACP, da Cunha ALMC, Khan S, Ponciano CR, Aucélio RQ. Spectrofluorimetric determination of tetrabenazine after photochemical derivatization in basic medium. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 100:166-170. [PMID: 22591799 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical derivatization is proposed for the spectrofluorimetric determination of tetrabenazine (TBZ). A central composite design was used to adjust experimental conditions (60 min of UV in a 0.45 mol L(-1) NaOH solution) enabling the improvement of the analyte signal-to-blank ratio of one order of magnitude, when compared to the TBZ original fluorescence. Limit of quantification was 4.7×10(-8) mol L(-1) but the detection power can be improved at least 10 times using solid phase extraction that also allows the separation of the analyte from matrix components, enabling the analysis of biologic fluids. Linear range covered at least three orders of magnitude. The combined uncertainty of the determination (at a 5×10(-6) mol L(-1)) was 16%. Recoveries of TBZ in the analyses of a pharmaceutical formulation were in agreement with the ones obtained using a HPLC method. Recovery in saliva (5×10(-7) mol L(-1) of TBZ) was 90±3% (n=3). The procedure minimizes the use of toxic chemical derivatization reagents and the generation of hazardous waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C P Osório
- Chemistry Department, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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30
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Kaplan A, Stockwell BR. Therapeutic approaches to preventing cell death in Huntington disease. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 99:262-80. [PMID: 22967354 PMCID: PMC3505265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect the lives of millions of patients and their families. Due to the complexity of these diseases and our limited understanding of their pathogenesis, the design of therapeutic agents that can effectively treat these diseases has been challenging. Huntington disease (HD) is one of several neurological disorders with few therapeutic options. HD, like numerous other neurodegenerative diseases, involves extensive neuronal cell loss. One potential strategy to combat HD and other neurodegenerative disorders is to intervene in the execution of neuronal cell death. Inhibiting neuronal cell death pathways may slow the development of neurodegeneration. However, discovering small molecule inhibitors of neuronal cell death remains a significant challenge. Here, we review candidate therapeutic targets controlling cell death mechanisms that have been the focus of research in HD, as well as an emerging strategy that has been applied to developing small molecule inhibitors-fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD). FBDD has been successfully used in both industry and academia to identify selective and potent small molecule inhibitors, with a focus on challenging proteins that are not amenable to traditional high-throughput screening approaches. FBDD has been used to generate potent leads, pre-clinical candidates, and has led to the development of an FDA approved drug. This approach can be valuable for identifying modulators of cell-death-regulating proteins; such compounds may prove to be the key to halting the progression of HD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kaplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Northwest Corner Building, MC4846, 550 West 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brent R. Stockwell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, Northwest Corner Building, MC4846, 550 West 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, Northwest Corner Building, MC4846, 550 West 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, Northwest Corner Building, MC4846, 550 West 120 Street, New York, NY 10027, USA
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31
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Hong SL, Rebec GV. Biological sources of inflexibility in brain and behavior with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Syst Neurosci 2012; 6:77. [PMID: 23226117 PMCID: PMC3510451 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost unequivocally, aging and neurodegeneration lead to deficits in neural information processing. These declines are marked by increased neural noise that is associated with increased variability or inconsistency in behavioral patterns. While it is often viewed that these problems arise from dysregulation of dopamine (DA), a monoamine modulator, glutamate (GLU), an excitatory amino acid that interacts with DA, also plays a role in determining the level of neural noise. We review literature demonstrating that neural noise is highest at both high and low levels of DA and GLU, allowing their interaction to form a many-to-one solution map for neural noise modulation. With aging and neurodegeneration, the range over which DA and GLU can be modulated is decreased leading to inflexibility in brain activity and behavior. As the capacity to modulate neural noise is restricted, the ability to shift noise from one brain region to another is reduced, leading to greater uniformity in signal-to-noise ratios across the entire brain. A negative consequence at the level of behavior is inflexibility that reduces the ability to: (1) switch from one behavior to another; and (2) stabilize a behavioral pattern against external perturbations. In this paper, we develop a theoretical framework where inflexibility across brain and behavior, rather than inconsistency and variability is the more important problem in aging and neurodegeneration. This theoretical framework of inflexibility in aging and neurodegeneration leads to the hypotheses that: (1) dysfunction in either or both of the DA and GLU systems restricts the ability to modulate neural noise; and (2) levels of neural noise and variability in brain activation will be dedifferentiated and more evenly distributed across the brain; and (3) changes in neural noise and behavioral variability in response to different task demands and changes in the environment will be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Lee Hong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio UniversityAthens, OH, USA
| | - George V. Rebec
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA
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Son YW, Kwon TH, Lee JK, Pae AN, Lee JY, Cho YS, Min SJ. A Concise Synthesis of Tetrabenazine: An Intramolecular Aza-Prins-Type Cyclization via Oxidative C–H Activation. Org Lett 2011; 13:6500-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202792q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Wook Son
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hui Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seo Cho
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-Dong, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea, Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 136-791, Republic of Korea, and School of Science, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
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Dorsey R, Biglan K, Eberly S, Auinger P, Brocht A, Umeh CC, Oakes D, Clarence-Smith K, Marshall F, Shoulson I, Frank S. Use of Tetrabenazine in Huntington Disease Patients on Antidepressants or with Advanced Disease: Results from the TETRA-HD Study. PLOS CURRENTS 2011; 3:RRN1283. [PMID: 22139861 PMCID: PMC3216756 DOI: 10.1371/currents.rrn1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The safety and effectiveness of tetrabenazine in different sub-populations of Huntington disease (HD) is not known. In this study, we evaluated the safety of tetrabenazine in individuals on an antidepressant and its effectiveness in advanced HD. Tetrabenazine was not associated with an increased incidence of depressed mood among those taking antidepressants and was effective at reducing chorea in those with advanced HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray Dorsey
- Neurologist, Johns Hopkins University; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY; Movement Disorders Fellow, Johns Hopkins University; Partner, KM Pharmaceutical Consulting; Associate Professor of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry; Professor of Neurology, Pharmacology & Human Science. Director, Program for Regulatory Science & Medicine (PRSM) and Doctor
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Zheng P, Lieberman BP, Choi SR, Plöessl K, Kung HF. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-alkyl-dihydrotetrabenazine derivatives as vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:3435-8. [PMID: 21531556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the search of new probes for in vivo brain imaging of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), we have developed an efficient synthesis of a novel series of 3-alkyl-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ) derivatives. The affinity of VMAT2 was evaluated by an in vitro inhibitory binding assay using [(125)I]-iodovinyl-TBZ or [(18)F](+)-FP-DTBZ as radioligands in rat striatal tissue homogenates. New DTBZ derivatives exhibited moderate to good binding affinity to VMAT2. Among these new ligands, compound 4b showed the best affinity for VMAT2 (K(i)=5.98 nM) and may be a useful lead compound for future structure-activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinguan Zheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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35
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Gagnon KT, Pendergraff HM, Deleavey GF, Swayze EE, Potier P, Randolph J, Roesch EB, Chattopadhyaya J, Damha MJ, Bennett CF, Montaillier C, Lemaitre M, Corey DR. Allele-selective inhibition of mutant huntingtin expression with antisense oligonucleotides targeting the expanded CAG repeat. Biochemistry 2010; 49:10166-78. [PMID: 21028906 DOI: 10.1021/bi101208k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a currently incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat within the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Therapeutic approaches include selectively inhibiting the expression of the mutated HTT allele while conserving function of the normal allele. We have evaluated a series of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeted to the expanded CAG repeat within HTT mRNA for their ability to selectively inhibit expression of mutant HTT protein. Several ASOs incorporating a variety of modifications, including bridged nucleic acids and phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages, exhibited allele-selective silencing in patient-derived fibroblasts. Allele-selective ASOs did not affect the expression of other CAG repeat-containing genes and selectivity was observed in cell lines containing minimal CAG repeat lengths representative of most HD patients. Allele-selective ASOs left HTT mRNA intact and did not support ribonuclease H activity in vitro. We observed cooperative binding of multiple ASO molecules to CAG repeat-containing HTT mRNA transcripts in vitro. These results are consistent with a mechanism involving inhibition at the level of translation. ASOs targeted to the CAG repeat of HTT provide a starting point for the development of oligonucleotide-based therapeutics that can inhibit gene expression with allelic discrimination in patients with HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Gagnon
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, ND8.136B, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, United States
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36
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Dowie MJ, Scotter EL, Molinari E, Glass M. The therapeutic potential of G-protein coupled receptors in Huntington's disease. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:305-23. [PMID: 20708032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a late-onset autosomal dominant inherited neurodegenerative disease characterised by increased symptom severity over time and ultimately premature death. An expanded CAG repeat sequence in the huntingtin gene leads to a polyglutamine expansion in the expressed protein, resulting in complex dysfunctions including cellular excitotoxicity and transcriptional dysregulation. Symptoms include cognitive deficits, psychiatric changes and a movement disorder often referred to as Huntington's chorea, which involves characteristic involuntary dance-like writhing movements. Neuropathologically Huntington's disease is characterised by neuronal dysfunction and death in the striatum and cortex with an overall decrease in cerebral volume (Ho et al., 2001). Neuronal dysfunction begins prior to symptom presentation, and cells of particular vulnerability include the striatal medium spiny neurons. Huntington's is a devastating disease for patients and their families and there is currently no cure, or even an effective therapy for disease symptoms. G-protein coupled receptors are the most abundant receptor type in the central nervous system and are linked to complex downstream pathways, manipulation of which may have therapeutic application in many neurological diseases. This review will highlight the potential of G-protein coupled receptor drug targets as emerging therapies for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Dowie
- Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019 Auckland, New Zealand
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37
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Lohoff FW. Genetic variants in the vesicular monoamine transporter 1 (VMAT1/SLC18A1) and neuropsychiatric disorders. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 637:165-80. [PMID: 20419435 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-700-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMATs) are involved in the presynaptic packaging of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into storage granules. Upon an action potential, vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis. Since insufficient or excess release of neurotransmitter might alter neurochemical function and neurotransmission, VMATs are an important target for biological research in neuropsychiatric disorders. Two structurally related but pharmacologically distinct VMATs have been identified, encoded by separate genes, VMAT1 (SLC18A1) and VMAT2 (SLC18A2). Although it was reported initially that only VMAT2 is expressed in brain, recent studies indicate that VMAT1 is also expressed in brain, thus making both transporters plausible candidate genes for neuropsychiatric disorders. The gene encoding VMAT1 is located on chromosome 8p21, a region implicated in linkage studies of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and anxiety-related phenotypes. Furthermore, several recent genetic case-control studies have documented an association between common missense variations in the VMAT1 gene and susceptibility to bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Variations in the VMAT1 gene might affect transporter function and might be involved in the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. This chapter describes methods for genotyping three missense polymorphisms implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders (Thr4Pro, Thr98Ser, Thr136Ile) using TaqMan-based PCR and standard PCR approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk W Lohoff
- Translational Research Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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38
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Wang H, Chen X, Li Y, Tang TS, Bezprozvanny I. Tetrabenazine is neuroprotective in Huntington's disease mice. Mol Neurodegener 2010; 5:18. [PMID: 20420689 PMCID: PMC2873255 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-5-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in Huntingtin protein (Htt). PolyQ expansion in Httexp causes selective degeneration of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) in HD patients. A number of previous studies suggested that dopamine signaling plays an important role in HD pathogenesis. A specific inhibitor of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) tetrabenazine (TBZ) has been recently approved by Food and Drug Administration for treatment of HD patients in the USA. TBZ acts by reducing dopaminergic input to the striatum. Results In previous studies we demonstrated that long-term feeding with TBZ (combined with L-Dopa) alleviated the motor deficits and reduced the striatal neuronal loss in the yeast artificial chromosome transgenic mouse model of HD (YAC128 mice). To further investigate a potential beneficial effects of TBZ for HD treatment, we here repeated TBZ evaluation in YAC128 mice starting TBZ treatment at 2 months of age ("early" TBZ group) and at 6 months of age ("late" TBZ group). In agreement with our previous studies, we found that both "early" and "late" TBZ treatments alleviated motor deficits and reduced striatal cell loss in YAC128 mice. In addition, we have been able to recapitulate and quantify depression-like symptoms in TBZ-treated mice, reminiscent of common side effects observed in HD patients taking TBZ. Conclusions Our results further support therapeutic value of TBZ for treatment of HD but also highlight the need to develop more specific dopamine antagonists which are less prone to side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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39
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Paek SM, Kim NJ, Shin D, Jung JK, Jung JW, Chang DJ, Moon H, Suh YG. A Concise Total Synthesis of (+)-Tetrabenazine and (+)-α-Dihydrotetrabenazine. Chemistry 2010; 16:4623-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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NeuroSearch's dopaminergic stabilizer improves movement disorders in Huntington's disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2010; 9:260. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd3149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Stefani A, Pierantozzi M, Koch G, Galati S, Stanzione P. Therapy for dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease patients. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.10.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Dyskinesia hampers the quality of life for most Parkinson’s disease patients following several years of therapy. However, the severity of L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) varies between patients, being quite tolerable in late-onset patients. Understanding the pathogenesis of LID has contributed to the development of a set of therapeutic strategies, including the choice, in early stages, of the least pulsatile regimen of dopamine-receptor activation. In cases where LIDs are already disabling, there is only a limited number of options: the optimization of ongoing DOPA-centered treatment, the utilization of glutamate antagonists and the exploration of the benefits of antipsychotic agents. More radical solutions are provided by deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus (or internal pallidus). This approach has proved efficacious in reducing LID, largely because it allows a reduction in dopaminergic daily doses. Stereotactic neurosurgery has fuelled several lines of investigation regarding the crosstalk between the basal ganglia and motor cortex. Here, we will present interesting evidence highlighting the potential for repetitive transcranial stimulation in reducing the occurrence of LID. The future may disclose important new avenues for the treatment of LIDs, given the current development of promising agents that might target different facets of dyskinesia, such as the impairment of striatal plasticity and non-Dopaminergic contributors such as adenosine, nitric oxide and the nucleotide cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Stefani
- Movement Disorder Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy and IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Pierantozzi
- Movement Disorder Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy and IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Movement Disorder Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy and IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Movement Disorder Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy and IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Stanzione
- Movement Disorder Centre, Department of Neuroscience, Clinica Neurologica, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Viale Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy and IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00173 Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a relentless neurodegenerative disease that results in profound disability through a triad of motor, cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. At present, there are very few therapeutic interventions available with the exception of a limited number of drugs that offer mild symptomatic relief. Although the genetic basis of the disease has been identified, the mechanisms behind the cellular pathogenesis are still not clear and as a result no candidate drugs with the potential for disease modification have been found clinically until now. One of the major limitations in assessing the usefulness of drug treatments in HD is the lack of well-designed, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Most studies have been open-label, using a small number of patients and tend to concentrate on the motor features of the disease, primarily the chorea. This review discusses the treatments now used for HD before evaluating the newer drugs at present being explored in both the clinic and in the laboratory in mouse models of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Mason
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB20PY, UK.
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Weiss A, Abramowski D, Bibel M, Bodner R, Chopra V, DiFiglia M, Fox J, Kegel K, Klein C, Grueninger S, Hersch S, Housman D, Régulier E, Rosas HD, Stefani M, Zeitlin S, Bilbe G, Paganetti P. Single-step detection of mutant huntingtin in animal and human tissues: a bioassay for Huntington's disease. Anal Biochem 2009; 395:8-15. [PMID: 19664996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic mutation causing Huntington's disease is a polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein where more than 37 glutamines cause disease by formation of toxic intracellular fragments, aggregates, and cell death. Despite a clear pathogenic role for mutant huntingtin, understanding huntingtin expression during the presymptomatic phase of the disease or during disease progression has remained obscure. Central to clarifying the role in the pathomechanism of disease is the ability to easily and accurately measure mutant huntingtin in accessible human tissue samples as well as cell and animal models. Here we describe a highly sensitive time-resolved Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay for quantification of soluble mutant huntingtin in brain, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid. Surprisingly, in mice, soluble huntingtin levels decrease during disease progression, inversely correlating with brain aggregate load. Mutant huntingtin is easily detected in human brain and blood-derived fractions, providing a utility to assess mutant huntingtin expression during disease course as well as a pharmacodynamic marker for disease-modifying therapeutics targeting expression, cleavage, or degradation of mutant huntingtin. The design of the homogeneous one-step method for huntingtin detection is such that it can be easily applied to measure other proteins of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Weiss
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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44
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Rishel MJ, Amarasinghe KKD, Dinn SR, Johnson BF. Asymmetric synthesis of tetrabenazine and dihydrotetrabenazine. J Org Chem 2009; 74:4001-4. [PMID: 19374381 DOI: 10.1021/jo900480n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enantioselective synthesis of (+)-tetrabenazine (TBZ) and (+)-dihydrotetrabenazine (DTBZ), agents of significant interest for therapeutic and molecular imaging applications, has been completed in 21% (TBZ) and 16% (DTBZ) overall yield and in >97% ee from the starting dihydroisoquinoline. The synthesis utilizes Sodeoka's palladium-catalyzed asymmetric malonate addition to set the initial stereocenter followed by a number of diastereoselective transformations to incorporate the remaining asymmetric centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rishel
- GE Global Research, One Research Circle, Niskayuna, New York 12309, USA.
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