1
|
Wang H, Dong Y, Wang M, Li S, Zhou Y, Ji Y. The miR184-3p targets neuron-specific ecdysone inducible protein 78 to promote rice black streaked dwarf virus propagation in its planthopper vector. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4417-4426. [PMID: 38676556 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that play a pivotal role in antiviral infection. The miR184-3p has been identified to promote rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) infection in vector Laodelphax striatellus, whether it targets other genes of L. striatellus to modulate RBSDV propagation remains unknown. RESULTS We first analyzed the expression profiles of miR184-3p and its role in regulating RBSDV infection in L. striatellus. Then the candidate genes expression of miR184-3p were systemically analyzed with gain and loss function of miR184-3p, and the interaction of candidate gene, ecdysone inducible protein 78 (Eip78) with miR184-3p was verified by dual luciferase reporter assay. We found Eip78 is evolutionary conserved among agricultural pests and predominantly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) of L. striatellus. Knockdown of Eip78 effectively increased RBSDV propagation and transmission. Blockade with Eip78 antibody or injection with Eip78 protein could significantly regulate RBSDV infection. Further analysis revealed that knockdown of Eip78 specifically suppresses RBSDV infection in the head part but not in the body part of L. striatellus. Besides, knockdown of ecdysone receptor (EcR) notably restricted Eip78 expression and increased RBSDV accumulation in L. striatellus. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, we identified a novel target gene of miR184-3p, Eip78, a member of the ecdysone signaling pathway, and revealed the anti-RBSDV role of Eip78 in the CNS of L. striatellus. These results shed light on the interaction mechanisms of miRNAs, virus and ecdysone signaling pathway in insect vector. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Man Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinghua Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lameront P, Shabanian M, Currie LMJ, Fust C, Li C, Clews A, Meng B. Elucidating the Subcellular Localization of GLRaV-3 Proteins Encoded by the Unique Gene Block in N. benthamiana Suggests Implications on Plant Host Suppression. Biomolecules 2024; 14:977. [PMID: 39199365 PMCID: PMC11352578 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a formidable threat to the stability of the global grape and wine industries. It is the primary etiological agent of grapevine leafroll disease (GLD) and significantly impairs vine health, fruit quality, and yield. GLRaV-3 is a member of the genus Ampelovirus, Closteroviridae family. Viral genes within the 3' proximal unique gene blocks (UGB) remain highly variable and poorly understood. The UGBs of Closteroviridae viruses include diverse open reading frames (ORFs) that have been shown to contribute to viral functions such as the suppression of the host RNA silencing defense response and systemic viral spread. This study investigates the role of GLRaV-3 ORF8, ORF9, and ORF10, which encode the proteins p21, p20A, and p20B, respectively. These genes represent largely unexplored facets of the GLRaV-3 genome. Here, we visualize the subcellular localization of wildtype and mutagenized GLRaV-3 ORFs 8, 9, and 10, transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Our results indicate that p21 localizes to the cytosol, p20A associates with microtubules, and p20B is trafficked into the nucleus to carry out the suppression of host RNA silencing. The findings presented herein provide a foundation for future research aimed at the characterization of the functions of these ORFs. In the long run, it would also facilitate the development of innovative strategies to understand GLRaV-3, mitigate its spread, and impacts on grapevines and the global wine industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lameront
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.S.); (L.M.J.C.); (C.F.); (C.L.); (A.C.); (B.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Joglekar MV, Kaur S, Pociot F, Hardikar AA. Prediction of progression to type 1 diabetes with dynamic biomarkers and risk scores. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:483-492. [PMID: 38797187 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers of functional β-cell loss is an important step in the risk stratification of type 1 diabetes. Genetic risk scores (GRS), generated by profiling an array of single nucleotide polymorphisms, are a widely used type 1 diabetes risk-prediction tool. Type 1 diabetes screening studies have relied on a combination of biochemical (autoantibody) and GRS screening methodologies for identifying individuals at high-risk of type 1 diabetes. A limitation of these screening tools is that the presence of autoantibodies marks the initiation of β-cell loss, and is therefore not the best biomarker of progression to early-stage type 1 diabetes. GRS, on the other hand, represents a static biomarker offering a single risk score over an individual's lifetime. In this Personal View, we explore the challenges and opportunities of static and dynamic biomarkers in the prediction of progression to type 1 diabetes. We discuss future directions wherein newer dynamic risk scores could be used to predict type 1 diabetes risk, assess the efficacy of new and emerging drugs to retard, or prevent type 1 diabetes, and possibly replace or further enhance the predictive ability offered by static biomarkers, such as GRS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha V Joglekar
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Flemming Pociot
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rauf A, Wang A, Li Y, Lian Z, Wei S, Jabbar K, Wisal M, Khan I, Khalid M, Li J. The male germ unit association is independently regulated of GUM in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT DIRECT 2024; 8:e624. [PMID: 39076347 PMCID: PMC11286290 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic projections (CPs) formed by the generative and sperm cells link the male gametes with the vegetative cell (VC) nucleus, which are required to build the male germ unit (MGU) assemblage in the angiosperm pollen grain. As molecular and genetic controls underlying CP development and formation of the MGU are unknown, it was hypothesized that physical association between germ cells and the VC nucleus might be lost in germ unit malformed (gum) mutants or in those which either block generative cell (GC) division or that additionally prevent gamete differentiation. In vivo, analysis of marked cellular components demonstrated a linkage of sperm cells (SCs) and the VC nucleus in gum mutant alleles despite their increased physical separation. Similarly, for several independent classes of bicellular pollen mutants, undivided GCs were associated with the VC nucleus like GCs in wild-type pollen. We conclude that the early formation of GC CPs to establish the MGU is regulated independently of DUO1-DAZ1 and DUO3 transcription factors as well as cyclin-dependent kinase function (CDKA;1). As the absence of cytoplasmic protrusion was expected in the gum mutants in Arabidopsis, early histological studies reported temporal disappearance of cytoplasmic protrusion in several organisms. Our findings demonstrated the striking importance of live imaging to verify the broad conservation of the persistent MGU contact in all the angiosperms and its important role in successful double fertilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rauf
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Sanya/Haikou Hainan China
- Garden Campus, Department of Botany Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan KP Pakistan
- Department of Genetic and Genome Biology University of Leicester UK
- Hainan Banana Healthy Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center, Haikou Experimental Station Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Haikou Hainan China
| | - Anbang Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Sanya/Haikou Hainan China
| | - Yujia Li
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Sanya/Haikou Hainan China
| | - Zhihao Lian
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Sanya/Haikou Hainan China
| | - Shouxing Wei
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Sanya/Haikou Hainan China
| | | | - Muhammad Wisal
- Garden Campus, Department of Botany Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan KP Pakistan
| | - Ikramullah Khan
- Garden Campus, Department of Botany Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan KP Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology Wenzhou-Kean University Wenzhou China
| | - Jingyang Li
- National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Tropical Crop Genetic Resources Institute Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Sanya/Haikou Hainan China
- Hainan Banana Healthy Seedling Propagation Engineering Research Center, Haikou Experimental Station Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences Haikou Hainan China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ren Y, Dong W, Bu W, Xue H. Identification and expression patterns of somatic piRNAs and PIWI genes in Riptortus pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 115:e22107. [PMID: 38591567 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing is a feasible and sustainable technology for the management of hemipteran pests by double-stranded RNA involvement, including small-interfering RNA, microRNA, and Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways, that may help to decrease the usage of chemical insecticides. However, only a few data are available on the somatic piRNAs and their biogenesis genes in Riptortus pedestris, which serves as a significant pest of soybean (Glycine max). In this study, two family members of the PIWI gene were identified and characterized in R. pedestris, containing Argonaute3 (RpAgo3) and Aubergine (RpAub) genes with conserved protein domains, and their clusters were validated by phylogenetic analysis. In addition, they were widely expressed in all developmental stages of the whole body of R. pedestris and had lower expression levels in R. pedestris guts under different rearing conditions based on previous transcriptome sequencing. Furthermore, abundant clean reads were filtered to a total number of 45,998 piRNAs with uridine bias at the first nucleotide (nt) position and 26-32 nt in length by mapping onto the reference genome of R. pedestris according to our previous whole-transcriptome sequencing. Finally, our data revealed that gut bacterial changes were significantly positively or negatively associated with differentially expressed piRNAs among the five comparison groups with Pearson correlation analysis. In conclusion, these findings paved new avenues for the application of RNAi-based biopesticides for broad-spectrum hemipteran pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Ren
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenjun Bu
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Huaijun Xue
- Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Dong Y, Xu Q, Wang M, Li S, Ji Y. MicroRNA750-3p Targets Processing of Precursor 7 to Suppress Rice Black-Streaked Dwarf Virus Propagation in Vector Laodelphax striatellus. Viruses 2024; 16:97. [PMID: 38257797 PMCID: PMC10820416 DOI: 10.3390/v16010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs, which, as members of the RNA interference pathway, play a pivotal role in antiviral infection. Almost 80% of plant viruses are transmitted by insect vectors; however, little is known about the interaction of the miRNAs of insect vectors with plant viruses. Here, we took rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), a devastating virus to rice production in eastern Asia, and the small brown planthopper, (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) as a model to investigate the role of microRNA750-3p (miR750-3p) in regulating viral transmission. Our results showed that Ls-miR750-3p was downregulated in RBSDV-infected SBPH and predominately expressed in the midgut of SBPH. Injection with miR750-3p agomir significantly reduced viral accumulation, and the injection with the miR750-3p inhibitor, antagomir-750-3p, dramatically promoted the viral accumulation in SBPH, as detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The processing of precursor 7 (POP7), a subunit of RNase P and RNase MRP, was screened, identified, and verified using a dual luciferase reporter assay as one target of miR750-3p. Knockdown of POP7 notably increased RBSDV viral propagation in SBPH and then increased the viral transmission rate by SBPH. Taken together, our data indicate that miR750-3p targets POP7 to suppress RBSDV infection in its insect vector. These results enriched the role of POP7 in modulating virus infection in host insects and shared new insight into the function of miRNAs in plant virus and insect vector interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yinghua Ji
- Institute of Plant Protection, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mwaka HS, Bauters L, Namaganda J, Marcou S, Bwesigye PN, Kubiriba J, Smagghe G, Tushemereirwe WK, Gheysen G. Transgenic East African Highland Banana Plants Are Protected against Radopholus similis through Host-Delivered RNAi. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12126. [PMID: 37569502 PMCID: PMC10418933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The burrowing nematode Radopholus similis is considered a major problem of intensive banana cultivation. It can cause extensive root damage resulting in the toppling disease of banana, which means that plants fall to the ground. Soaking R. similis in double-stranded (ds) RNA of the nematode genes Rps13, chitin synthase (Chs-2), Unc-87, Pat-10 or beta-1,4-endoglucanase (Eng1a) suppressed reproduction on carrot discs, from 2.8-fold (Chs-2) to 7-fold (Rps13). The East African Highland Banana cultivar Nakitembe was then transformed with constructs for expression of dsRNA against the same genes, and for each construct, 30 independent transformants were tested with nematode infection. Four months after transfer from in vitro culture to the greenhouse, the banana plants were transferred to a screenhouse and inoculated with 2000 nematodes per plant, and thirteen weeks later, they were analyzed for several parameters including plant growth, root necrosis and final nematode population. Plants with dsRNA constructs against the nematode genes were on average showing lower nematode multiplication and root damage than the nontransformed controls or the banana plants expressing dsRNA against the nonendogenous gene. In conclusion, RNAi seems to efficiently protect banana against damage caused by R. similis, opening perspectives to control this pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Shaykins Mwaka
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.S.M.); (L.B.)
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.)
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda, Kampala P.O. Box 7065, Uganda; (J.N.); (P.N.B.); (J.K.); (W.K.T.)
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.S.M.); (L.B.)
| | - Josephine Namaganda
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda, Kampala P.O. Box 7065, Uganda; (J.N.); (P.N.B.); (J.K.); (W.K.T.)
| | - Shirley Marcou
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.)
| | - Priver Namanya Bwesigye
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda, Kampala P.O. Box 7065, Uganda; (J.N.); (P.N.B.); (J.K.); (W.K.T.)
| | - Jerome Kubiriba
- National Agricultural Research Laboratories, Kawanda, Kampala P.O. Box 7065, Uganda; (J.N.); (P.N.B.); (J.K.); (W.K.T.)
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (S.M.)
| | | | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (H.S.M.); (L.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Osborne R, Rehneke L, Lehmann S, Roberts J, Altmann M, Altmann S, Zhang Y, Köpff E, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Okechukwu E, Sergaki C, Rich-Griffin C, Ntoukakis V, Eichmann R, Shan W, Falter-Braun P, Schäfer P. Symbiont-host interactome mapping reveals effector-targeted modulation of hormone networks and activation of growth promotion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4065. [PMID: 37429856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have benefited from interactions with symbionts for coping with challenging environments since the colonisation of land. The mechanisms of symbiont-mediated beneficial effects and similarities and differences to pathogen strategies are mostly unknown. Here, we use 106 (effector-) proteins, secreted by the symbiont Serendipita indica (Si) to modulate host physiology, to map interactions with Arabidopsis thaliana host proteins. Using integrative network analysis, we show significant convergence on target-proteins shared with pathogens and exclusive targeting of Arabidopsis proteins in the phytohormone signalling network. Functional in planta screening and phenotyping of Si effectors and interacting proteins reveals previously unknown hormone functions of Arabidopsis proteins and direct beneficial activities mediated by effectors in Arabidopsis. Thus, symbionts and pathogens target a shared molecular microbe-host interface. At the same time Si effectors specifically target the plant hormone network and constitute a powerful resource for elucidating the signalling network function and boosting plant productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rory Osborne
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura Rehneke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Silke Lehmann
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Marine Chemistry LBCM, EA3884, IUEM, Southern Brittany University, 56000, Vannes, France
| | - Jemma Roberts
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Melina Altmann
- Institute of Network Biology, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Altmann
- Institute of Network Biology, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Eva Köpff
- Institute of Molecular Botany, Ulm University, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Emeka Okechukwu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Chrysi Sergaki
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ruth Eichmann
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Institute of Network Biology, Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
- Microbe-Host Interactions, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Khalid A, Zhang X, Ji H, Yasir M, Farooq T, Dai X, Li F. Large Artificial microRNA Cluster Genes Confer Effective Resistance against Multiple Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Viruses in Transgenic Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112179. [PMID: 37299158 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) has become the key limiting factor for the production of tomato in many areas because of the continuous infection and recombination of several tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV)-like species (TYLCLV) which produce novel and destructive viruses. Artificial microRNA (AMIR) is a recent and effective technology used to create viral resistance in major crops. This study applies AMIR technology in two ways, i.e., amiRNA in introns (AMINs) and amiRNA in exons (AMIEs), to express 14 amiRNAs targeting conserved regions in seven TYLCLV genes and their satellite DNA. The resulting pAMIN14 and pAMIE14 vectors can encode large AMIR clusters and their function in silencing reporter genes was validated with transient assays and stable transgenic N. tabacum plants. To assess the efficacy of conferring resistance against TYLCLV, pAMIE14 and pAMIN14 were transformed into tomato cultivar A57 and the resulting transgenic tomato plants were evaluated for their level of resistance to mixed TYLCLV infection. The results suggest that pAMIN14 transgenic lines have a more effective resistance than pAMIE14 transgenic lines, reaching a resistance level comparable to plants carrying the TY1 resistance gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annum Khalid
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huaijin Ji
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tariq Farooq
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinyi Dai
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feng Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Horticultural Crops, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang J, Ma M, Liu Y, Ismayil A. Plant Defense and Viral Counter-Defense during Plant-Geminivirus Interactions. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020510. [PMID: 36851725 PMCID: PMC9964946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are the largest family of plant viruses that cause severe diseases and devastating yield losses of economically important crops worldwide. In response to geminivirus infection, plants have evolved ingenious defense mechanisms to diminish or eliminate invading viral pathogens. However, increasing evidence shows that geminiviruses can interfere with plant defense response and create a suitable cell environment by hijacking host plant machinery to achieve successful infections. In this review, we discuss recent findings about plant defense and viral counter-defense during plant-geminivirus interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mengyuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asigul Ismayil
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Agut H. [A history of virology]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:979-989. [PMID: 36692273 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Virology was born at the end of the 19th century from the recognition of so-called filterable infectious agents that passed through filters designed to retain bacteria. The study of these agents, in particular the tobacco mosaic virus and bacteriophages, has shown the originality of their structural and physico-chemical properties while stimulating the development of molecular biology. Animal viruses, in addition to their own characterization, have served as probes to explore the molecular functioning of eukaryotic cells, including genome organization, transcriptional regulation and mechanisms of oncogenesis. In the early 1960s, a precise definition of virions and mode of virus replication as well as an internationally recognized classification based on the molecular properties of these agents were published. Understanding the pathophysiology of viral infections over the past decades has led to the identification of many new viruses and the development of standardized procedures for virological diagnosis, specific antiviral chemotherapy and effective vaccinations. Combined with the success of more basic studies, these advances have contributed to the exceptionally positive record of virology over the past hundred year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Agut
- Professeur honoraire, Sorbonne université (ex-université Pierre-et-Marie Curie), Paris
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Establishment of Transcriptional Gene Silencing Targeting the Promoter Regions of GFP, PDS, and PSY Genes in Cotton using Virus-Induced Gene Silencing. Mol Biotechnol 2022:10.1007/s12033-022-00610-0. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
13
|
Ecotype-specific blockage of tasiARF production by two different RNA viruses in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275588. [PMID: 36197942 PMCID: PMC9534422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the most studied model organisms of plant biology with hundreds of geographical variants called ecotypes. One might expect that this enormous genetic variety could result in differential response to pathogens. Indeed, we observed previously that the Bur ecotype develops much more severe symptoms (upward curling leaves and wavy leaf margins) upon infection with two positive-strand RNA viruses of different families (turnip vein-clearing virus, TVCV, and turnip mosaic virus, TuMV). To find the genes potentially responsible for the ecotype-specific response, we performed a differential expression analysis of the mRNA and sRNA pools of TVCV and TuMV-infected Bur and Col plants along with the corresponding mock controls. We focused on the genes and sRNAs that showed an induced or reduced expression selectively in the Bur virus samples in both virus series. We found that the two ecotypes respond to the viral infection differently, yet both viruses selectively block the production of the TAS3-derived small RNA specimen called tasiARF only in the virus-infected Bur plants. The tasiARF normally forms a gradient through the adaxial and abaxial parts of the leaf (being more abundant in the adaxial part) and post-transcriptionally regulates ARF4, a major leaf polarity determinant in plants. The lack of tasiARF-mediated silencing could lead to an ectopically expressed ARF4 in the adaxial part of the leaf where the misregulation of auxin-dependent signaling would result in an irregular growth of the leaf blade manifesting as upward curling leaf and wavy leaf margin. QTL mapping using Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) suggests that the observed symptoms are the result of a multigenic interaction that allows the symptoms to develop only in the Bur ecotype. The particular nature of genetic differences leading to the ecotype-specific symptoms remains obscure and needs further study.
Collapse
|
14
|
Host-induced gene silencing of PcCesA3 and PcOSBP1 confers resistance to Phytophthora capsici in Nicotiana benthamiana through NbDCL3 and NbDCL4 processed small interfering RNAs. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 222:1665-1675. [PMID: 36167102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) is a RNA-based system depend on the biological macromolecules generated in plants to control diseases. However, the effector proteins active in the HIGS are uncertain, which impedes its further application, especially for oomycete that lack efficient HIGS targets. Phytophthora capsici is an important oomycete causes blight in over 70 crops. Here, we comprehensively screened efficient HIGS vectors targeting PcCesA3 or PcOSBP1 in P. capsici to better control it and explore the characteristics of efficient HIGS vectors. Among the 26 vectors with different lengths and structures, we found that hairpin vectors with a 70 nt loop and ~ 500 bp stem showed the highest control efficacy, with the expressing of the screened vectors, the infection and fertility of P. capsici were greatly inhibited in transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana. Based on these efficient vectors, we demonstrated that the amount of HIGS vector generated small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) was positively related to gene silencing efficiency and resistance, and that NbDCL3 and NbDCL4 were the key effectors producing siRNAs. This work discovers the principles for efficient HIGS vectors design, and elucidates the molecular mechanism of HIGS, which could benefit the control of many other plant diseases based on HIGS.
Collapse
|
15
|
The NS4A Protein of Classical Swine Fever Virus Suppresses RNA Silencing in Mammalian Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0187421. [PMID: 35867575 PMCID: PMC9364796 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01874-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a significant posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism and can function as an antiviral immunity in eukaryotes. However, numerous viruses can evade this antiviral RNAi by encoding viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), belonging to the genus Pestivirus, is the cause of classical swine fever (CSF), which has an enormous impact on animal health and the pig industry. Notably, little is known about how Pestivirus blocks RNAi in their host. In this paper, we uncovered that CSFV NS4A protein can antagonize RNAi efficiently in mammalian cells by binding to double-stranded RNA and small interfering RNA. In addition, the VSR activity of CSFV NS4A was conserved among Pestivirus. Furthermore, the replication of VSR-deficient CSFV was attenuated but could be restored by the deficiency of RNAi in mammalian cells. In conclusion, our studies uncovered that CSFV NS4A is a novel VSR that suppresses RNAi in mammalian cells and shed new light on knowledge about CSFV and other Pestivirus. IMPORTANCE It is well known that RNAi is an important posttranscriptional gene silencing mechanism that is also involved in the antiviral response in mammalian cells. While numerous viruses have evolved to block this antiviral immunity by encoding VSRs. Our data demonstrated that the NS4A protein of CSFV exhibited a potent VSR activity through binding to dsRNA and siRNA in the context of CSFV infection in mammalian cells, which are a conservative feature among Pestivirus. In addition, the replication of VSR-deficient CSFV was attenuated but could be restored by the deficiency of RNAi, providing a theoretical basis for the development of other important attenuated Pestivirus vaccines.
Collapse
|
16
|
Shang K, Xu Y, Cao W, Xie X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhou S, Zhu X, Zhu C. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) non-specific lipid transfer protein StLTP6 promotes viral infection by inhibiting virus-induced RNA silencing. PLANTA 2022; 256:54. [PMID: 35927530 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For the first time it is reported that members of the nsLTP protein family could promote viral infection by inhibiting virus-induced RNA silencing. Non-specific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are a class of soluble proteins with low relative molecular weight and widely present in higher plants. The role of nsLTPs in biotic and abiotic stresses has been studied, but no report has shown that nsLTPs play a role in the process of viral infection. We report the function and mechanism of the classical nsLTP protein StLTP6 in viral infection. We found that StLTP6 expression was remarkably upregulated in potato infected with potato virus Y and potato virus S. The infection efficiency and virus content of StLTP6-overexpressed potato and Nicotiana benthamiana were remarkable increased. Further study found that the overexpression of StLTP6 inhibited the expression of multiple genes in the RNA silencing pathway, thereby inhibiting virus-induced RNA silencing. This result indicated that StLTP6 expression was induced during viral infection to inhibit the resistance of virus-induced RNA silencing and promote viral infection. In summary, we reported the role of StLTP6 in viral infection, broadening the biological function range of the nsLTP family and providing valuable information for the study of viral infection mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Weilin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Yanru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Shumei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akbar S, Wei Y, Zhang MQ. RNA Interference: Promising Approach to Combat Plant Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105312. [PMID: 35628126 PMCID: PMC9142109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are devastating plant pathogens that severely affect crop yield and quality. Plants have developed multiple lines of defense systems to combat viral infection. Gene silencing/RNA interference is the key defense system in plants that inhibits the virulence and multiplication of pathogens. The general mechanism of RNAi involves (i) the transcription and cleavage of dsRNA into small RNA molecules, such as microRNA (miRNA), or small interfering RNA (siRNA), (ii) the loading of siRNA/miRNA into an RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC), (iii) complementary base pairing between siRNA/miRNA with a targeted gene, and (iv) the cleavage or repression of a target gene with an Argonaute (AGO) protein. This natural RNAi pathway could introduce transgenes targeting various viral genes to induce gene silencing. Different RNAi pathways are reported for the artificial silencing of viral genes. These include Host-Induced Gene Silencing (HIGS), Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS), and Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS). There are significant limitations in HIGS and VIGS technology, such as lengthy and time-consuming processes, off-target effects, and public concerns regarding genetically modified (GM) transgenic plants. Here, we provide in-depth knowledge regarding SIGS, which efficiently provides RNAi resistance development against targeted genes without the need for GM transgenic plants. We give an overview of the defense system of plants against viral infection, including a detailed mechanism of RNAi, small RNA molecules and their types, and various kinds of RNAi pathways. This review will describe how RNA interference provides the antiviral defense, recent improvements, and their limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sehrish Akbar
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yao Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (Y.W.)
| | - Mu-Qing Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Sugarcane Biology & State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Agro Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China; (S.A.); (Y.W.)
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Villegas-Estrada B, Sánchez MA, Valencia-Jiménez A. Foliar Infiltration of Virus-Derived Small Hairpin RNAs Triggers the RNAi Mechanism against the Cucumber Mosaic Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4938. [PMID: 35563329 PMCID: PMC9104436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is an evolutionarily conserved plant defense mechanism against viruses. This paper aimed to evaluate a dsDNA construct (77 bp) as a template for in vitro production of virus-derived artificial small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) and test for their potential to trigger the RNAi mechanism in Nicotiana benthamiana plants against CMV after their foliar infiltration. This approach allowed for the production of significant amounts of shRNAs (60-mers) quickly and easily. The gene silencing was confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunological-based assays, and real-time PCR (qPCR). The highest levels of gene silencing were recorded for mRNAs coding for replication protein (ORF1a), the viral suppressor of RNA silencing (ORF2b), and the capsid protein (ORF3b), with 98, 94, and 70% of total transcript silencing, respectively. This protocol provides an alternative to producing significant shRNAs that can effectively trigger the RNAi mechanism against CMV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnubio Valencia-Jiménez
- Departamento de Producción Agropecuaria, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170004, Caldas, Colombia;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ali Q, Yu C, Hussain A, Ali M, Ahmar S, Sohail MA, Riaz M, Ashraf MF, Abdalmegeed D, Wang X, Imran M, Manghwar H, Zhou L. Genome Engineering Technology for Durable Disease Resistance: Recent Progress and Future Outlooks for Sustainable Agriculture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:860281. [PMID: 35371164 PMCID: PMC8968944 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.860281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Crop production worldwide is under pressure from multiple factors, including reductions in available arable land and sources of water, along with the emergence of new pathogens and development of resistance in pre-existing pathogens. In addition, the ever-growing world population has increased the demand for food, which is predicted to increase by more than 100% by 2050. To meet these needs, different techniques have been deployed to produce new cultivars with novel heritable mutations. Although traditional breeding continues to play a vital role in crop improvement, it typically involves long and laborious artificial planting over multiple generations. Recently, the application of innovative genome engineering techniques, particularly CRISPR-Cas9-based systems, has opened up new avenues that offer the prospects of sustainable farming in the modern agricultural industry. In addition, the emergence of novel editing systems has enabled the development of transgene-free non-genetically modified plants, which represent a suitable option for improving desired traits in a range of crop plants. To date, a number of disease-resistant crops have been produced using gene-editing tools, which can make a significant contribution to overcoming disease-related problems. Not only does this directly minimize yield losses but also reduces the reliance on pesticide application, thereby enhancing crop productivity that can meet the globally increasing demand for food. In this review, we describe recent progress in genome engineering techniques, particularly CRISPR-Cas9 systems, in development of disease-resistant crop plants. In addition, we describe the role of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing in sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qurban Ali
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Amjad Hussain
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mohsin Ali
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Muhammad Aamir Sohail
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Root Biology Center, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Furqan Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dyaaaldin Abdalmegeed
- Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Disease and Pest Insects, College of Plant Protection, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Xiukang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hakim Manghwar
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agro-product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Khan ZA, Kumar R, Dasgupta I. CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Resistance against Viruses in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042303. [PMID: 35216418 PMCID: PMC8879314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 provides a robust and widely adaptable system with enormous potential for genome editing directed towards generating useful products. It has been used extensively to generate resistance against viruses infecting plants with more effective and prolonged efficiency as compared with previous antiviral approaches, thus holding promise to alleviate crop losses. In this review, we have discussed the reports of CRISPR/Cas-based virus resistance strategies against plant viruses. These strategies include approaches targeting single or multiple genes (or non-coding region) in the viral genome and targeting host factors essential for virus propagation. In addition, the utilization of base editing has been discussed to generate transgene-free plants resistant to viruses. This review also compares the efficiencies of these approaches. Finally, we discuss combinatorial approaches, including multiplexing, to increase editing efficiency and bypass the generation of escape mutants.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao X, Ji Z, Xuan R, Wang A, Li Q, Zhao Y, Chao T, Wang J. Characterization of the microRNA Expression Profiles in the Goat Kid Liver. Front Genet 2022; 12:794157. [PMID: 35082837 PMCID: PMC8784682 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.794157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the largest digestive gland in goats with an important role in early metabolic function development. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are crucial for regulating the development and metabolism in the goat liver. In the study, we sequenced the miRNAs in the liver tissues of the goat kid to further research their regulation roles in early liver development. The liver tissues were procured at 5-time points from the Laiwu black goats of 1 day (D1), 2 weeks (W2), 4 weeks (W4), 8 weeks (W8), and 12 weeks (W12) after birth, respectively with five goats per time point, for a total of 25 goats. Our study identified 214 differential expression miRNAs, and the expression patterns of 15 randomly selected miRNAs were examined among all five age groups. The Gene ontology annotation results showed that differential expression miRNA (DE miRNA) target genes were significantly enriched in the fatty acid synthase activity, toxin metabolic process, cell surface, and antibiotic metabolic process. The KEGG analysis result was significantly enriched in steroid hormone synthesis and retinol metabolism pathways. Further miRNA-mRNA regulation network analysis reveals 9 differently expressed miRNA with important regulation roles. Overall, the DE miRNAs were mainly involved in liver development, lipid metabolism, toxin related metabolism-related biological process, and pathways. Our results provide new information about the molecular mechanisms and pathways in the goat kid liver development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhibin Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Rong Xuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Aili Wang
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Coordinated Action of RTBV and RTSV Proteins Suppress Host RNA Silencing Machinery. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020197. [PMID: 35208652 PMCID: PMC8875415 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA silencing is as an adaptive immune response in plants that limits the accumulation or spread of invading viruses. Successful virus infection entails countering the RNA silencing machinery for efficient replication and systemic spread in the host. The viruses encode proteins with the ability to suppress or block the host silencing mechanism, resulting in severe pathogenic symptoms and diseases. Tungro is a viral disease caused by a complex of two viruses and it provides an excellent system to understand the host and virus interactions during infection. It is known that Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) is the major determinant of the disease while Rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV) accentuates the symptoms. This study brings to focus the important role of RTBV ORF-IV in disease manifestation, by acting as both the victim and silencer of the RNA silencing pathway. The ORF-IV is a weak suppressor of the S-PTGS or stable silencing, but its suppression activity is augmented in the presence of specific RTSV proteins. Among these, RTBV ORF-IV and RTSV CP3 proteins interact with each other. This interaction may lead to the suppression of localized silencing as well as the spread of silencing in the host plants. The findings present a probable mechanistic glimpse of the requirement of the two viruses in enhancing tungro disease.
Collapse
|
23
|
Oberlin S, Rajeswaran R, Trasser M, Barragán-Borrero V, Schon MA, Plotnikova A, Loncsek L, Nodine MD, Marí-Ordóñez A, Voinnet O. Innate, translation-dependent silencing of an invasive transposon in Arabidopsis. EMBO Rep 2021; 23:e53400. [PMID: 34931432 PMCID: PMC8892269 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Co‐evolution between hosts’ and parasites’ genomes shapes diverse pathways of acquired immunity based on silencing small (s)RNAs. In plants, sRNAs cause heterochromatinization, sequence degeneration, and, ultimately, loss of autonomy of most transposable elements (TEs). Recognition of newly invasive plant TEs, by contrast, involves an innate antiviral‐like silencing response. To investigate this response’s activation, we studied the single‐copy element EVADÉ (EVD), one of few representatives of the large Ty1/Copia family able to proliferate in Arabidopsis when epigenetically reactivated. In Ty1/Copia elements, a short subgenomic mRNA (shGAG) provides the necessary excess of structural GAG protein over the catalytic components encoded by the full‐length genomic flGAG‐POL. We show here that the predominant cytosolic distribution of shGAG strongly favors its translation over mostly nuclear flGAG‐POL. During this process, an unusually intense ribosomal stalling event coincides with mRNA breakage yielding unconventional 5’OH RNA fragments that evade RNA quality control. The starting point of sRNA production by RNA‐DEPENDENT‐RNA‐POLYMERASE‐6 (RDR6), exclusively on shGAG, occurs precisely at this breakage point. This hitherto‐unrecognized “translation‐dependent silencing” (TdS) is independent of codon usage or GC content and is not observed on TE remnants populating the Arabidopsis genome, consistent with their poor association, if any, with polysomes. We propose that TdS forms a primal defense against EVD de novo invasions that underlies its associated sRNA pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Oberlin
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rajendran Rajeswaran
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marieke Trasser
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verónica Barragán-Borrero
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Schon
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Plotnikova
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Loncsek
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael D Nodine
- Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arturo Marí-Ordóñez
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland.,Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology (GMI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Voinnet
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Izadi-Darbandi A, Gresshoff PM. Role of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase 1 in nodule development of soybean. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 267:153543. [PMID: 34678642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autoregulation of nodulation (AON) plays a central role in nodulation by inhibiting the formation of excess number of legume root nodules. In this study, the effect of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase 1 (GmHMGR1) gene expression on nodulation and the AON system in Glycine max (L.) Merr was investigated. Wild-type soybean (cultivar Bragg) and its near-isogenic supernodulating mutant (nitrate tolerant symbiotic) nts1007 were selected to identify the expression pattern of this gene in rootlets after inoculation by its microsymbiont Bradyrhizobium. For further analysis, the full length of GmHMGR1 and its promoter were cloned after amplification by inverse-PCR and BAC library screening. Also, we constructed an intron hairpin RNA interference (ihpRNAi) and a GmHMGR1 promoter: β-glucuronidase fusion constructs, consequently for suppression of GmHMGR1 and histochemical analysis in transgenic soybean hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain K599. The GmHMGR1 gene was functional during the early stages of nodulation with the AON system having a negative effect on GmHMGR1 expression and nodule formation in wild-type rootlets. GmHMGR1 was particularly expressed in the developing phloem within the root, nodules and nodule lenticels. Expression of GmHMGR1 in transgenic hairy roots was suppressed by RNAi silencing approximately 85% as compared to empty vector controls. This suggests that the GmHMGR1 gene has an important role in triggering nodule formation as its suppression caused a reduction of nodule formation in nts mutant lines with a deficient AON system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Izadi-Darbandi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding Sciences, University of Tehran, College of Aburaihan, Tehran, Iran; Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Peter M Gresshoff
- Centre for Integrative Legume Research, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bayoumi M, Munir M. Potential Use of CRISPR/Cas13 Machinery in Understanding Virus-Host Interaction. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:743580. [PMID: 34899631 PMCID: PMC8664230 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.743580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotes have evolutionarily acquired an immune system to fend off invading mobile genetic elements, including viral phages and plasmids. Through recognizing specific sequences of the invading nucleic acid, prokaryotes mediate a subsequent degradation process collectively referred to as the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated (Cas) (CRISPR-Cas) system. The CRISPR-Cas systems are divided into two main classes depending on the structure of the effector Cas proteins. Class I systems have effector modules consisting of multiple proteins, while class II systems have a single multidomain effector. Additionally, the CRISPR-Cas systems can also be categorized into types depending on the spacer acquisition components and their evolutionary features, namely, types I-VI. Among CRISPR/Cas systems, Cas9 is one of the most common multidomain nucleases that identify, degrade, and modulate DNA. Importantly, variants of Cas proteins have recently been found to target RNA, especially the single-effector Cas13 nucleases. The Cas13 has revolutionized our ability to study and perturb RNAs in endogenous microenvironments. The Cas13 effectors offer an excellent candidate for developing novel research tools in virological and biotechnological fields. Herein, in this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent advances of Cas13s for targeting viral RNA for either RNA-mediated degradation or CRISPR-Cas13-based diagnostics. Additionally, we aim to provide an overview of the proposed applications that could revolutionize our understanding of viral-host interactions using Cas13-mediated approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Bayoumi
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Munir
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tarquini G, Pagliari L, Ermacora P, Musetti R, Firrao G. Trigger and Suppression of Antiviral Defenses by Grapevine Pinot Gris Virus (GPGV): Novel Insights into Virus-Host Interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1010-1023. [PMID: 33983824 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-21-0078-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV) is an emerging trichovirus that has been putatively associated with a novel grapevine disease known as grapevine leaf mottling and deformation (GLMD). Yet the role of GPGV in GLMD disease is poorly understood, since it has been detected both in symptomatic and symptomless grapevines. We exploited a recently constructed GPGV infectious clone (pRI::GPGV-vir) to induce an antiviral response in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. In silico prediction of virus-derived small interfering RNAs and gene expression analyses revealed the involvement of DCL4, AGO5, and RDR6 genes during GPGV infection, suggesting the activation of the posttranscriptional gene-silencing (PTGS) pathway as a plant antiviral defense. PTGS suppression assays in transgenic N. benthamiana 16c plants revealed the ability of the GPGV coat protein to suppress RNA silencing. This work provides novel insights on the interaction between GPGV and its host, revealing the ability of the virus to trigger and suppress antiviral RNA silencing.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tarquini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine I-33100, Italy
| | - Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine I-33100, Italy
| | - Paolo Ermacora
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine I-33100, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine I-33100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Firrao
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine I-33100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang L, Chen W, Ma H, Li J, Hao X, Wu Y. Identification of RNA silencing suppressor encoded by wheat blue dwarf (WBD) phytoplasma. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2021; 23:843-849. [PMID: 33749977 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an innate immune system for defence against pathogens. In turn, pathogens have various strategies to overcome complex plant defences. Among diverse pathogens, phytoplasmas are associated with serious diseases in a range of species. RNA silencing serves as an efficient defence system against pathogens in eukaryotes but can be interrupted by RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) encoded by pathogens. Currently, many RSSs have been identified in viruses, bacteria, oomycetes and fungi. Phytoplasmas are pathogens in several hundred plant species. In this research, 37 candidate effectors of wheat blue dwarf (WBD) phytoplasma were screened for presence of RSS. Agro-infiltration assay, yeast expression system, floral-dip method for constructing transgenic A. thaliana, Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used for identification of RNA silencing suppressors. SWP16 encoded by WBD phytoplasma was found to be a secretory protein that inhibited accumulation of GFP siRNA and led to the accumulation of GPF mRNA in systemic N. benthamiana 16c. Furthermore, in A. thaliana SWP16 inhibited production of miRNAs, which are components of RNA silencing. SWP16 also promoted infection of potato virus X. We conclude that SWP16 encoded by WBD phytoplasma was an RSS, suppressing systemic RNA silencing. This is the first evidence that a phytoplasma encodes an RSS and provides a theoretical basis for research on the interaction mechanisms between pathogens and plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - W Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - H Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - J Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - X Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Y Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rapozzi V, Juarranz A, Habib A, Ihan A, Strgar R. Is haem the real target of COVID-19? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102381. [PMID: 34119708 PMCID: PMC8192263 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although a vaccination campaign has been launched in many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic is not under control. The main concern is the emergence of new variants of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, it is important to find approaches to prevent or reduce the virulence and pathogenicity of the virus. Currently, the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 is not fully understood. Considering the clinical effects that occur during the disease, attacking the human respiratory and hematopoietic systems, and the changes in biochemical parameters (including decreases in haemoglobin [Hb] levels and increases in serum ferritin), it is clear that iron metabolism is involved. SARS-CoV-2 induces haemolysis and interacts with Hb molecules via ACE2, CD147, CD26, and other receptors located on erythrocytes and/or blood cell precursors that produce dysfunctional Hb. A molecular docking study has reported a potential link between the virus and the beta chain of haemoglobin and attack on haem. Considering that haem is involved in miRNA processing by binding to the DGCR8-DROSHA complex, we hypothesised that the virus may check this mechanism and thwart the antiviral response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, University Autonoma of Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Ahsan Habib
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Alojz Ihan
- Institute for Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rebeka Strgar
- Institution of Applicative Biophotonics, Technological Park Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang W, Michalowski CB, Beloqui A. Oral Delivery of Biologics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:675194. [PMID: 34150733 PMCID: PMC8209478 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.675194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been posed as a great worldwide health threat. Having an onset during early adulthood, IBD is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by remission and relapse. Due to its enigmatic etiology, no cure has been developed at the moment. Conventionally, steroids, 5-aminosalicylic acid, and immunosuppressants have been applied clinically to relieve patients’ syndrome which, unfavorably, causes severe adverse drug reactions including diarrhea, anemia, and glaucoma. Insufficient therapeutic effects also loom, and surgical resection is mandatory in half of the patients within 10 years after diagnosis. Biologics demonstrated unique and differentiative therapeutic mechanism which can alleviate the inflammation more effectively. However, their application in IBD has been hindered considering their stability and toxicity. Scientists have brought up with the concept of nanomedicine to achieve the targeted drug delivery of biologics for IBD. Here, we provide an overview of biologics for IBD treatment and we review existing formulation strategies for different biological categories including antibodies, gene therapy, and peptides. This review highlights the current trends in oral delivery of biologics with an emphasis on the important role of nanomedicine in the development of reliable methods for biologic delivery in IBD treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wunan Zhang
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Bohns Michalowski
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ana Beloqui
- Advanced Drug Delivery and Biomaterials, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Liao GR, Tseng YY, Tseng CY, Huang YP, Tsai CH, Liu HP, Hsu WL. K160 in the RNA-binding domain of the orf virus virulence factor OV20.0 is critical for its functions in counteracting host antiviral defense. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:1721-1733. [PMID: 33909294 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The OV20.0 virulence factor of orf virus antagonizes host antiviral responses. One mechanism through which it functions is by inhibiting activation of the dsRNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) by sequestering dsRNA and by physically interacting with PKR. Sequence alignment indicated that several key residues critical for dsRNA binding were conserved in OV20.0, and their contribution to OV20.O function was investigated in this study. We found that residues F141, K160, and R164 were responsible for the dsRNA-binding ability of OV20.0. Interestingly, mutation at K160 (K160A) diminished the OV20.0-PKR interaction and further reduced the inhibitory effect of OV20.0 on PKR activation. Nevertheless, OV20.0 homodimerization was not influenced by K160A. The contribution of the dsRNA-binding domain and K160 to the suppression of RNA interference by OV20.0 was further demonstrated in plants. In summary, K160 is essential for the function of OV20.0, particularly its interaction with dsRNA and PKR that ultimately contributes to the suppression of PKR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Ru Liao
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Yang Tseng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, VIDRL, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ching-Yu Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Silva WTAF, Otto SP, Immler S. Evolution of plasticity in production and transgenerational inheritance of small RNAs under dynamic environmental conditions. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009581. [PMID: 34038409 PMCID: PMC8186813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In a changing environment, small RNAs (sRNAs) play an important role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and can vary in abundance depending on the conditions experienced by an individual (phenotypic plasticity) and its parents (non-genetic inheritance). Many sRNAs are unusual in that they can be produced in two ways, either using genomic DNA as the template (primary sRNAs) or existing sRNAs as the template (secondary sRNAs). Thus, organisms can evolve rapid plastic responses to their current environment by adjusting the amplification rate of sRNA templates. sRNA levels can also be transmitted transgenerationally by the direct transfer of either sRNAs or the proteins involved in amplification. Theory is needed to describe the selective forces acting on sRNA levels, accounting for the dual nature of sRNAs as regulatory elements and templates for amplification and for the potential to transmit sRNAs and their amplification agents to offspring. Here, we develop a model to study the dynamics of sRNA production and inheritance in a fluctuating environment. We tested the selective advantage of mutants capable of sRNA-mediated phenotypic plasticity within resident populations with fixed levels of sRNA transcription. Even when the resident was allowed to evolve an optimal constant rate of sRNA production, plastic amplification rates capable of responding to environmental conditions were favored. Mechanisms allowing sRNA transcripts or amplification agents to be inherited were favored primarily when parents and offspring face similar environments and when selection acts before the optimal level of sRNA can be reached within the organism. Our study provides a clear set of testable predictions for the evolution of sRNA-related mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity and transgenerational inheritance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah P. Otto
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Simone Immler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ludwig-Begall LF, Di Felice E, Toffoli B, Ceci C, Di Martino B, Marsilio F, Mauroy A, Thiry E. Analysis of Synchronous and Asynchronous In Vitro Infections with Homologous Murine Norovirus Strains Reveals Time-Dependent Viral Interference Effects. Viruses 2021; 13:823. [PMID: 34063220 PMCID: PMC8147416 DOI: 10.3390/v13050823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral recombination is a key mechanism in the evolution and diversity of noroviruses. In vivo, synchronous single-cell coinfection by multiple viruses, the ultimate prerequisite to viral recombination, is likely to be a rare event and delayed secondary infections are a more probable occurrence. Here, we determine the effect of a temporal separation of in vitro infections with the two homologous murine norovirus strains MNV-1 WU20 and CW1 on the composition of nascent viral populations. WU20 and CW1 were either synchronously inoculated onto murine macrophage cell monolayers (coinfection) or asynchronously applied (superinfection with varying titres of CW1 at half-hour to 24-h delays). Then, 24 h after initial co-or superinfection, quantification of genomic copy numbers and discriminative screening of plaque picked infectious progeny viruses demonstrated a time-dependent predominance of primary infecting WU20 in the majority of viral progenies. Our results indicate that a time interval from one to two hours onwards between two consecutive norovirus infections allows for the establishment of a barrier that reduces or prevents superinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louisa F. Ludwig-Begall
- FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (L.F.L.-B.); (B.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Elisabetta Di Felice
- Department of Diagnosis and Surveillance of Exotic Disease, IZS Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale A&M G. Caporale, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | - Barbara Toffoli
- FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (L.F.L.-B.); (B.T.); (A.M.)
| | - Chiara Ceci
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.C.); (B.D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.C.); (B.D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (C.C.); (B.D.M.); (F.M.)
| | - Axel Mauroy
- FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (L.F.L.-B.); (B.T.); (A.M.)
- Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Control Policy, FASFC, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Etienne Thiry
- FARAH Research Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Liège University, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (L.F.L.-B.); (B.T.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Veluthambi K, Sunitha S. Targets and Mechanisms of Geminivirus Silencing Suppressor Protein AC2. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645419. [PMID: 33897657 PMCID: PMC8062710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are plant DNA viruses that infect a wide range of plant species and cause significant losses to economically important food and fiber crops. The single-stranded geminiviral genome encodes a small number of proteins which act in an orchestrated manner to infect the host. The fewer proteins encoded by the virus are multifunctional, a mechanism uniquely evolved by the viruses to balance the genome-constraint. The host-mediated resistance against incoming virus includes post-transcriptional gene silencing, transcriptional gene silencing, and expression of defense responsive genes and other cellular regulatory genes. The pathogenicity property of a geminiviral protein is linked to its ability to suppress the host-mediated defense mechanism. This review discusses what is currently known about the targets and mechanism of the viral suppressor AC2/AL2/transcriptional activator protein (TrAP) and explore the biotechnological applications of AC2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karuppannan Veluthambi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Sukumaran Sunitha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Widyaningrum S, Pujiasih DR, Sholeha W, Harmoko R, Sugiharto B. Induction of resistance to sugarcane mosaic virus by RNA interference targeting coat protein gene silencing in transgenic sugarcane. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3047-3054. [PMID: 33837900 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06325-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is a serious disease of monocotyledonous plants, including sugarcane, causing deterioration in both growth and productivity. RNA interference (RNAi) inhibits gene expression through RNA-mediated sequence-specific interactions and is considered an effective approach to control viral infection in plants. In this study, the SCMVCp gene encoding the coat protein (CP) was inserted into the pGreen-0179 plasmid in both sense and antisense orientations. Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and Zea mays ubiquitin (Ubi) promoters were selected to drive the transcription of the intron-hairpin constructs, called HpSCMVCp-CaMV and HpSCMVCp-Ubi, respectively. Transgenic sugarcane expressing these constructs was generated through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. This transformation method produced a high percentage of transgenic plants for both HpSCMVCp-CaMV and HpSCMVCp-Ubi, as confirmed by PCR analysis. Southern blotting revealed a single stable insertion of the DNA target in the genome of transgenic sugarcane lines. After artificial virus infection, lines that developed mosaic symptoms were classified as susceptible, whereas those that remained green without symptoms were classified as resistant at 42 days post-inoculation. Immunoblotting revealed CP expression at 37 kDa in susceptible and non-transgenic sugarcane, but not in resistant lines. RT-PCR analysis confirmed viral Cp and Nib gene expression in susceptible lines and their absence in resistant lines. Interestingly, upon comparison of effectivity, CaMV and Ubi promoter-driven gene expression resulted in 57.69% and 82.35% resistant sugarcane lines, respectively. Thus, we concluded that RNAi is effective for inducing resistance against SCMV and that the Ubi promoter is an effective promoter for producing transgenic sugarcane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvia Widyaningrum
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Development of Advanced Science and Technology (CDAST), Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia.,Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Ratna Pujiasih
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Development of Advanced Science and Technology (CDAST), Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Wardatus Sholeha
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Development of Advanced Science and Technology (CDAST), Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Rikno Harmoko
- Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Sugiharto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Center for Development of Advanced Science and Technology (CDAST), Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia. .,Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia. .,Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jln. Kalimantan 37, Jember, 68121, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The role of miRNA in plant-virus interaction: a review. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:2853-2861. [PMID: 33772417 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses affect crop production both quantitatively and qualitatively. The viral genome consists of either DNA or RNA. However, most plant viruses are positive single-strand RNA viruses. MicroRNAs are involved in gene regulation and affect development as well as host-virus interaction. They are non-coding short with 20-24 nucleotides long capable of regulating gene expression. The miRNA gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase II to form pri-miRNA which will later cleaved by Dicer-like 1 to produce pre-miRNA with the help of HYPONASTIC LEAVES1 and SERRATE which finally methylated and exported via nucleopore with the help of HASTY. The outcome of plant virus interaction depends on the effectiveness of host defense and the ability of a virus counter-defense mechanism. In plants, miRNAs are involved in the repression of gene expression through transcript cleavage. On the other hand, viruses use viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs) which affect RISC assembly and subsequent mRNA degradation. Passenger strands, miRNA*, have a significant biological function in plant defense response as well as plant development.
Collapse
|
36
|
Iwasaki Y, Abe T, Ikemura T. Human cell-dependent, directional, time-dependent changes in the mono- and oligonucleotide compositions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:89. [PMID: 33757449 PMCID: PMC7987243 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When a virus that has grown in a nonhuman host starts an epidemic in the human population, human cells may not provide growth conditions ideal for the virus. Therefore, the invasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is usually prevalent in the bat population, into the human population is thought to have necessitated changes in the viral genome for efficient growth in the new environment. In the present study, to understand host-dependent changes in coronavirus genomes, we focused on the mono- and oligonucleotide compositions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes and investigated how these compositions changed time-dependently in the human cellular environment. We also compared the oligonucleotide compositions of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses prevalent in humans or bats to investigate the causes of changes in the host environment. Results Time-series analyses of changes in the nucleotide compositions of SARS-CoV-2 genomes revealed a group of mono- and oligonucleotides whose compositions changed in a common direction for all clades, even though viruses belonging to different clades should evolve independently. Interestingly, the compositions of these oligonucleotides changed towards those of coronaviruses that have been prevalent in humans for a long period and away from those of bat coronaviruses. Conclusions Clade-independent, time-dependent changes are thought to have biological significance and should relate to viral adaptation to a new host environment, providing important clues for understanding viral host adaptation mechanisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02158-6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Iwasaki
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshimichi Ikemura
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Shiga, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang YX, Wang DX, Wang J, Du YC, Cui YX, Tang AN, Jiang HX, Kong DM. Reversible assembly/disassembly of DNA frames and applications in logic design, ratiometric sensing and bioimaging. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS B: CHEMICAL 2021; 330:129335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2020.129335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
|
38
|
Structure and dsRNA-binding activity of the Birnavirus Drosophila X Virus VP3 protein. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02166-20. [PMID: 33239452 PMCID: PMC7851550 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02166-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Birnavirus multifunctional protein VP3 plays an essential role coordinating the virus life cycle, interacting with the capsid protein VP2, with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase VP1 and with the dsRNA genome. Furthermore, the role of this protein in controlling host cell responses triggered by dsRNA and preventing gene silencing has been recently demonstrated. Here we report the X-ray structure and dsRNA-binding activity of the N-terminal domain of Drosophila X virus (DXV) VP3. The domain folds in a bundle of three α-helices and arranges as a dimer, exposing to the surface a well-defined cluster of basic residues. Site directed mutagenesis combined with Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA) and Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) revealed that this cluster, as well as a flexible and positively charged region linking the first and second globular domains of DXV VP3, are essential for dsRNA-binding. Also, RNA silencing studies performed in insect cell cultures confirmed the crucial role of this VP3 domain for the silencing suppression activity of the protein.IMPORTANCE The Birnavirus moonlighting protein VP3 plays crucial roles interacting with the dsRNA genome segments to form stable ribonucleoprotein complexes and controlling host cell immune responses, presumably by binding to and shielding the dsRNA from recognition by the host silencing machinery. The structural, biophysical and functional data presented in this work has identified the N-terminal domain of VP3 as responsible for the dsRNA-binding and silencing suppression activities of the protein in Drosophila X virus.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cruzado-Gutiérrez RK, Sadeghi R, Prager SM, Casteel CL, Parker J, Wenninger EJ, Price WJ, Bosque-Pérez NA, Karasev AV, Rashed A. Interspecific interactions within a vector-borne complex are influenced by a co-occurring pathosystem. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2242. [PMID: 33500488 PMCID: PMC7838419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81710-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato virus Y (PVY) and zebra chip (ZC) disease are major threats to solanaceous crop production in North America. PVY can be spread by aphid vectors and through vegetative propagation in potatoes. ZC is associated with "Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum" (Lso), which is transmitted by the tomato/potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli Šulc (Hemiptera: Triozidae). As these two pathosystems may co-occur, we studied whether the presence of one virus strain, PVY°, affected the host preference, oviposition, and egg hatch rate of Lso-free or Lso-carrying psyllids in tomato plants. We also examined whether PVY infection influenced Lso transmission success by psyllids, Lso titer and plant chemistry (amino acids, sugars, and phytohormones). Lso-carrying psyllids showed a preference toward healthy hosts, whereas the Lso-free psyllids preferentially settled on the PVY-infected tomatoes. Oviposition of the Lso-carrying psyllids was lower on PVY-infected than healthy tomatoes, but Lso transmission, titer, and psyllid egg hatch were not significantly affected by PVY. The induction of salicylic acid and its related responses, and not nutritional losses, may explain the reduced attractiveness of the PVY-infected host to the Lso-carrying psyllids. Although our study demonstrated that pre-existing PVY infection can reduce oviposition by the Lso-carrying vector, the preference of the Lso-carrying psyllids to settle on healthy hosts could contribute to Lso spread to healthy plants in the presence of PVY infection in a field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Cruzado-Gutiérrez
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Aberdeen R&E Center, Aberdeen, ID, 83210, USA
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Rohollah Sadeghi
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Sean M Prager
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Clare L Casteel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jessica Parker
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Erik J Wenninger
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, Kimberly Research & Extension Center, University of Idaho, Kimberly, ID, 83341, USA
| | - William J Price
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Statistical Programs, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Nilsa A Bosque-Pérez
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Alexander V Karasev
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Arash Rashed
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Aberdeen R&E Center, Aberdeen, ID, 83210, USA.
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
The Capsid Protein of Rubella Virus Antagonizes RNA Interference in Mammalian Cells. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020154. [PMID: 33494454 PMCID: PMC7910915 DOI: 10.3390/v13020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rubella virus (RuV) is the infectious agent of a series of birth defect diseases termed congenital rubella syndrome, which is a major public health concern all around the world. RNA interference (RNAi) is a crucial antiviral defense mechanism in eukaryotes, and numerous viruses have been found to encode viral suppressors of RNAi (VSRs) to evade antiviral RNAi response. However, there is little knowledge about whether and how RuV antagonizes RNAi. In this study, we identified that the RuV capsid protein is a potent VSR that can efficiently suppress shRNA- and siRNA-induced RNAi in mammalian cells. Moreover, the VSR activity of the RuV capsid is dependent on its dimerization and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding activity. In addition, ectopic expression of the RuV capsid can effectively rescue the replication defect of a VSR-deficient virus or replicon, implying that the RuV capsid can act as a VSR in the context of viral infection. Together, our findings uncover that RuV encodes a VSR to evade antiviral RNAi response, which expands our understanding of RuV–host interaction and sheds light on the potential therapeutic target against RuV.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kumar M, Bharti R, Ranjan T. The Evolutionary Significance of Generalist Viruses with Special Emphasis on Plant Viruses and their Hosts. Open Virol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874357902014010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The host range of a virus is defined as the number of species a virus potentially infects. The specialist virus infects one or few related species while the generalist virus infects several different species, possibly in different families. Origin of generalist viruses from their specialist nature and the expansion of the host range of the generalist virus occur with the host shift event in which the virus encounters and adapts to a new host. Host shift events have resulted in the majority of the newly emerging viral diseases. This review discusses the advantages and disadvantages of generalist over specialist viruses and the unique features of plant viruses and their hosts that result in a higher incidence of generalist viruses in plants.
Collapse
|
42
|
Laureti M, Paradkar PN, Fazakerley JK, Rodriguez-Andres J. Superinfection Exclusion in Mosquitoes and Its Potential as an Arbovirus Control Strategy. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111259. [PMID: 33167513 PMCID: PMC7694488 DOI: 10.3390/v12111259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing emergence of arbovirus disease outbreaks around the world, despite the use of vector control strategies, warrants the development of new strategies to reduce arbovirus transmission. Superinfection exclusion, a phenomenon whereby a primary virus infection prevents the replication of a second closely related virus, has potential to control arbovirus disease emergence and outbreaks. This phenomenon has been observed for many years in plants, insects and mammalian cells. In this review, we discuss the significance of identifying novel vector control strategies, summarize studies exploring arbovirus superinfection exclusion and consider the potential for this phenomenon to be the basis for novel arbovirus control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Laureti
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Diseases Preparedness, VIC 3220 Geelong, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.R.-A.)
| | - Prasad N. Paradkar
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Diseases Preparedness, VIC 3220 Geelong, Australia;
| | - John K. Fazakerley
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
| | - Julio Rodriguez-Andres
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity and Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, VIC 3000 Melbourne, Australia;
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (J.R.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Schenke D, Cai D. Applications of CRISPR/Cas to Improve Crop Disease Resistance: Beyond Inactivation of Susceptibility Factors. iScience 2020; 23:101478. [PMID: 32891884 PMCID: PMC7479627 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current crop production systems are prone to increasing pathogen pressure. Fundamental understanding of molecular plant-pathogen interactions, the availability of crop and pathogen genomic information, as well as emerging genome editing permits a novel approach for breeding of crop disease resistance. We describe here strategies to identify new targets for resistance breeding with focus on interruption of the compatible plant-pathogen interaction by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing. Basically, crop genome editing can be applied in several ways to achieve this goal. The most common approach focuses on the "simple" knockout by non-homologous end joining repair of plant susceptibility factors required for efficient host colonization. However, genome re-writing via homology-directed repair or base editing can also prevent host manipulation by changing the targets of pathogen-derived effectors or molecules beyond recognition, which also decreases plant susceptibility. We conclude that genome editing by CRISPR/Cas will become increasingly indispensable to generate in relatively short time beneficial resistance traits in crops to meet upcoming challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schenke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Daguang Cai
- Institute of Phytopathology, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Biotechnology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Hermann Rodewald Str. 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Uslu VV, Wassenegger M. Critical view on RNA silencing-mediated virus resistance using exogenously applied RNA. Curr Opin Virol 2020; 42:18-24. [PMID: 32371359 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In almost all eukaryotes, RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural defence mechanism against foreign nucleic acids, including transposons and viruses. It is generally triggered by long double stranded RNA molecules (dsRNA, >50bp) that are processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). RNAi can be artificially activated by the expression of RNAi triggers through viruses (virus-induced gene silencing, VIGS) and transgenes. Moreover, for almost 10 years, exogenous RNA application methods are developed as tools to induce RNAi in plants. In this review, exogenous RNA application techniques having the potential to activate RNAi with a focus on RNAi-mediated virus resistance will be discussed. Limitations of exogenous RNA applications, targeting of virus vectors and open questions related to mechanistic details that still require further investigation will be pointed out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veli V Uslu
- RLP AgroScience, AlPlanta - Institute for Plant Research, 67435 Neustadt, Germany
| | - Michael Wassenegger
- RLP AgroScience, AlPlanta - Institute for Plant Research, 67435 Neustadt, Germany; Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Woo JY, Kim YJ, Paek KH. CaLecRK-S.5, a pepper L-type lectin receptor kinase gene, accelerates Phytophthora elicitin-mediated defense response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:951-956. [PMID: 32059849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity in plants relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) located on the plant cell surface. CaLecRK-S.5, a pepper L-type lectin receptor kinase, has been shown to confer broad-spectrum resistance through priming activation. To further elucidate the molecular mechanism of CaLecRK-S.5, transgenic tobacco plants were generated in this study. Interestingly, hemizygous transgenic plants exhibited a high accumulation of CaLecRK-S.5, but this accumulation was completely abolished in homozygous transgenic plants by a cosuppression mechanism. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function analyses revealed that CaLecRK-S.5 plays a positive role in Phytophthora elicitin-mediated defense responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yong Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Paek
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Salavert F, Navarro JA, Owen CA, Khechmar S, Pallás V, Livieratos IC. Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus p22 suppressor of RNA silencing binds single-, double-stranded long and short interfering RNA molecules in vitro. Virus Res 2020; 279:197887. [PMID: 32045630 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) is a new member of the genus Crinivirus (family Closteroviridae) with a bi-partite genome. CCYV RNA 1-encoded p22 has recently been reported to be a weak local suppressor of RNA silencing for which an interaction with cucumber SKP1LB1 through an F-box-like motif was demonstrated to be essential. Using a bacterially expressed maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion of CCYV p22 in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we have examined in vitro its ability to bind different RNA templates. Our experiments showed that CCYV p22 is able to bind to ss and ds long RNAs, in addition to ss and ds small interfering (si) RNA molecules. CCYV p22 deletion mutants (MBP_CCYV DEL1-4) were produced that covered the entire protein, with MBP_CCYV DEL2 corresponding to the F-box motif and its flanking sequences. None of these deletions abolished the capacity of CCYV p22 to bind ss- and dsRNA molecules. However, deletions affecting the C-terminal half of the protein resulted in decreased binding efficiency for either ss- or dsRNA molecules indicating that essential elements for these interactions are located in this region. Taken together, our data add to current knowledge of the mode of action of suppressors of RNA silencing encoded by genes sited at the 3'-terminus of crinivirus genomic RNA 1, and shed light on the involvement of CCYV p22 in the suppression of RNA silencing and/or in another role in the virus life cycle via RNA binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Salavert
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepion, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - José Antonio Navarro
- Instituto De Biología Molecular y Celular De Plantas, Universidad Politécnica De Valencia-CSIC, Av. De Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carolyn A Owen
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepion, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Souheyla Khechmar
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepion, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto De Biología Molecular y Celular De Plantas, Universidad Politécnica De Valencia-CSIC, Av. De Los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ioannis C Livieratos
- Department of Sustainable Agriculture, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsylio Agrokepion, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhao Y, Yang X, Zhou G, Zhang T. Engineering plant virus resistance: from RNA silencing to genome editing strategies. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:328-336. [PMID: 31618513 PMCID: PMC6953188 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases severely affect crop yield and quality, thereby threatening global food security. Genetic improvement of plant virus resistance is essential for sustainable agriculture. In the last decades, several modern technologies were applied in plant antiviral engineering. Here we summarized breakthroughs of the two major antiviral strategies, RNA silencing and genome editing. RNA silencing strategy has been used in antiviral breeding for more than thirty years, and many crops engineered to stably express small RNAs targeting various viruses have been approved for commercial release. Genome editing technology has emerged in the past decade, especially CRISPR/Cas, which provides new methods for genetic improvement of plant virus resistance and accelerates resistance breeding. Finally, we discuss the potential of these technologies for breeding crops, and the challenges and solutions they may face in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaling Zhao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease ControlCollege of AgricultureSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Integrative Microbiology Research CentreSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mushtaq M, Mukhtar S, Sakina A, Dar AA, Bhat R, Deshmukh R, Molla K, Kundoo AA, Dar MS. Tweaking genome-editing approaches for virus interference in crop plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 147:242-250. [PMID: 31881433 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses infect various economically important crops and cause a serious threat to agriculture. As of now, conventional strategies employed are inadequate to circumvent the proliferation of rapidly evolving plant viruses. In this regard, recent advancement in genome-editing approach looks promising to produce plants resistant to DNA/RNA virus infections. Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system has been emerged as a promising genome-editing tool that has received special interest because of its ease, competence and reproducibility. Recent studies have demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9 system has great potential to confer plant immunity by either directly targeting or cleaving the viral genome in both RNA and DNA viruses. Similarly, the approach can be used for targeting the host susceptibility genes more particularly in case of RNA viruses. In the present review, different approaches and strategies being used to improve plant resistance against devastating viruses are discussed in view of recent advances in CRISPR systems. This review also describes the major pitfalls of CRISPR/Cas9 system that utilizes highly efficient and novel platforms to engineer interference to single and multiple plant RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muntazir Mushtaq
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, J&K, 180009, India
| | - Shazia Mukhtar
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, J&K, 180009, India
| | - Aafreen Sakina
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Aejaz Ahmad Dar
- School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, J&K, 180009, India.
| | - Rohini Bhat
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajagurunagar, Pune, Maharashtra, 410505, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Sector 81, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab, 140308, India
| | - Kutubuddin Molla
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16801, USA
| | - Ajaz Ahmad Kundoo
- Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Mohd Saleem Dar
- Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
De Mori G, Falchi R, Testolin R, Bassi D, Savazzini F, Dondini L, Tartarini S, Palmisano F, Minafra A, Spadotto A, Scalabrin S, Geuna F. Resistance to Sharka in Apricot: Comparison of Phase-Reconstructed Resistant and Susceptible Haplotypes of 'Lito' Chromosome 1 and Analysis of Candidate Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1576. [PMID: 31867032 PMCID: PMC6905379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sharka, a common disease among most stone fruit crops, is caused by the Plum Pox Virus (PPV). Resistant genotypes have been found in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), one of which-the cultivar 'Lito' heterozygous for the resistance-has been used to map a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on linkage group 1, following a pseudo-test-cross mating design with 231 individuals. In addition, 19 SNP markers were selected from among the hundreds previously developed, which allowed the region to be limited to 236 kb on chromosome 1. A 'Lito' bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was produced, screened with markers of the region, and positive BAC clones were sequenced. Resistant (R) and susceptible (S) haplotypes were assembled independently. To refine the assembly, the whole genome of 'Lito' was sequenced to high coverage (98×) using PacBio technology, enabling the development of a detailed assembly of the region that was able to predict and annotate the genes in the QTL region. The selected cultivar 'Lito' allowed not only to discriminate structural variants between the two haplotypic regions but also to distinguish specific allele expression, contributing towards mining the PPVres locus. In light of these findings, genes previously indicated (i.e., MATHd genes) to have a possible role in PPV resistance were further analyzed, and new candidates were discussed. Although the results are not conclusive, the accurate and independent assembly of R and S haplotypes of 'Lito' is a valuable resource to predict and test alternative transcription and regulation mechanisms underpinning PPV resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria De Mori
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Rachele Falchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Raffaele Testolin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Daniele Bassi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Savazzini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Dondini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartarini
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Palmisano
- Centro di Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura “Basile Caramia”, Locorotondo, Italy
| | - Angelantonio Minafra
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Simone Scalabrin
- IGA Technology Services, Science and Technology Park, ZIU, Udine, Italy
| | - Filippo Geuna
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences (DISAA), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Catch Me If You Can! RNA Silencing-Based Improvement of Antiviral Plant Immunity. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070673. [PMID: 31340474 PMCID: PMC6669615 DOI: 10.3390/v11070673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites which cause a range of severe plant diseases that affect farm productivity around the world, resulting in immense annual losses of yield. Therefore, control of viral pathogens continues to be an agronomic and scientific challenge requiring innovative and ground-breaking strategies to meet the demands of a growing world population. Over the last decade, RNA silencing has been employed to develop plants with an improved resistance to biotic stresses based on their function to provide protection from invasion by foreign nucleic acids, such as viruses. This natural phenomenon can be exploited to control agronomically relevant plant diseases. Recent evidence argues that this biotechnological method, called host-induced gene silencing, is effective against sucking insects, nematodes, and pathogenic fungi, as well as bacteria and viruses on their plant hosts. Here, we review recent studies which reveal the enormous potential that RNA-silencing strategies hold for providing an environmentally friendly mechanism to protect crop plants from viral diseases.
Collapse
|