1
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Bager P, Bossen L, Gantzel R, Grønbæk H. High-dose oral thiamine versus placebo for chronic fatigue in patients with primary biliary cholangitis: A crossover randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301354. [PMID: 38551983 PMCID: PMC10980237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Fatigue has high negative impact on many patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and treatment options are limited. Recently we showed favorable effects of four weeks of high-dose thiamine treatment on fatigue in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. We aimed to investigate the effect and safety of high-dose (600-1800 mg daily) oral thiamine treatment on chronic fatigue in patients with PBC. METHODS Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial including patients with severe PBC-related fatigue. Participants were allocated 1:1 to either group 1) 4 weeks of high-dose thiamine, 4 weeks of washout, and 4 weeks of placebo; or group 2) 4 weeks of placebo, washout, and high-dose thiamine, respectively. Fatigue severity was quantified using the fatigue subscale of the PBC-40 questionnaire. The primary outcome was a fatigue reduction of ≥ 5 points after 4 weeks of high-dose thiamine treatment. RESULTS We enrolled 36 patients; 34 completed the study. The overall mean reduction in fatigue was 5.0 points (95% CI: 2.5 to 7.5; p < 0.001) for the combined group 1 and group 2. Crossover analysis showed a mean increase in fatigue of 0.3 points (95% CI: -4.2 to 3.8) after high-dose thiamine treatment compared to a 1.4 points (95% CI: 6.2 to -3.4) mean reduction after placebo (p = 0.55). Only mild and transient adverse events were recorded. CONCLUSION Four weeks of high-dose oral thiamine treatment in patients with PBC was well tolerated and safe. However, high-dose thiamine was not superior to placebo in reducing PBC-related fatigue. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04893993) and EudraCT (2020-004935-26).
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Affiliation(s)
- Palle Bager
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Bossen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Gantzel
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Grønbæk
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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2
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Chang ML, Cheng JS, Le PH, Chen WT, Ku HP, Chien RN. Evolutionary relationship between antimitochondrial antibody positivity and primary biliary cholangitis in Taiwan: a 16-year hospital cohort study. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2024; 17:17562848241241227. [PMID: 38560427 PMCID: PMC10981211 DOI: 10.1177/17562848241241227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background How antimitochondrial antibody (AMA)-positive patients evolve to have primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) in viral hepatitis-endemic areas is unknown. Objectives We aimed to investigate this evolution in Taiwan. Design/methods A 16-year medical center-based cohort study of 2,095,628 subjects was conducted in Taiwan, an Asian country endemic to viral hepatitis. AMA-positive subjects were those with positive AMA with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ⩽1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN), and PBC was defined as positive AMA with ALP >1.5 × ULN. Results AMA-positive subjects had a lower average age- and sex-adjusted prevalence than PBC patients (4.68/105 versus 11.61/105, p = 0.0002), but their incidence was comparable (0.99/105 versus 1.12/105, p = 0.36). The former group had a borderline significantly lower mean age (56.59 years versus 58.10 years, p = 0.06) and a lower female-to-male ratio (2.85:1 versus 5.44:1, p < 0.0001). Both AMA-positive subjects (prevalence change: 20.0%, p < 0.01; incidence change: -9.2%, p < 0.01) and PBC patients (prevalence change: 14.6%, p < 0.01; incidence change: -4.7%, p < 0.01) prevalence rate increased but the incidence rate decreased. Among the 423 AMA-positive subjects, 77 (18.2%) developed PBC, for a mean duration of 1.757 years. Compared with AMA-positive subjects, PBC patients had similar concurrent chronic hepatitis B (CHB) rates (2.7% versus 4.3%, p = 0.197) but lower chronic hepatitis C (CHC) rates (3.69% versus 15.60%, p < 0.01). Conclusion PBC was more prevalent than AMA-positive subjects, and PBC patients had a higher female-to-male ratio than AMA-positive subjects, of whom 18.2% developed PBC (mean lag: 1.757 years). Upward trends in prevalence rates and downward trends in incidence rates were noted for both AMA-positive subjects and PBC. CHB was rare, CHC was more prevalent among PBC patients than the general population, and CHC was less prevalent among PBC than among AMA-positive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ling Chang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, No. 5, Fu Hsing Street, Kuei Shan, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jur-Shan Cheng
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Puo-Hsien Le
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chen
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ping Ku
- Clinical Informatics and Medical Statistics Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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3
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Reshetnyak VI, Maev IV. New insights into the pathogenesis of primary biliary cholangitis asymptomatic stage. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:5292-5304. [PMID: 37899787 PMCID: PMC10600802 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i37.5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic progressive liver disease and one of the most important progressive cholangiopathies in adults. Damage to cholangiocytes triggers the development of intrahepatic cholestasis, which progresses to cirrhosis in the terminal stage of the disease. Accumulating data indicate that damage to biliary epithelial cells [(BECs), cholangiocytes] is most likely associated with the intracellular accumulation of bile acids, which have potent detergent properties and damaging effects on cell membranes. The mechanisms underlying uncontrolled bile acid intake into BECs in PBC are associated with pH change in the bile duct lumen, which is controlled by the bicarbonate (HCO3-) buffer system "biliary HCO3- umbrella". The impaired production and entry of HCO3- from BECs into the bile duct lumen is due to epigenetic changes in expression of the X-linked microRNA 506. Based on the growing body of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cholangiocyte damage in patients with PBC, we propose a hypothesis explaining the pathogenesis of the first morphologic (ductulopenia), immunologic (antimitochondrial autoantibodies) and clinical (weakness, malaise, rapid fatigue) signs of the disease in the asymptomatic stage. This review focuses on the consideration of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Ivanovich Reshetnyak
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Igor Veniaminovich Maev
- Department of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases and Gastroenterology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
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4
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Janik MK, Wunsch E, Milkiewicz P. Health-related quality of life and symptoms in autoimmune liver diseases. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino) 2023; 69:50-60. [PMID: 36856273 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5895.20.02792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) has emerged as an important tool in the evaluation of both the well-being of patients and the results of their clinical management. Over the years, a large number of questionnaires focusing on various aspects of quality of life have been developed. They are frequently divided into generic questionnaires, which can be used under various conditions, disease-specific and symptom-specific questionnaires. Autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or primary biliary cirrhosis, comprise a group of rare liver conditions (i.e. affecting fewer than 5 in 10,000 people in the general population). Unfortunately, HRQoL has not been well-studied in this group of patients. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the data available in the literature on HRQoL in these conditions, emphasizing the important role that quality of life plays in the successful management of such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej K Janik
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Wunsch
- Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland - .,European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), Warsaw, Poland.,Translational Medicine Group, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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5
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Liu CH, Bowlus CL. Treatment of Primary Biliary Cholangitis: First-Line and Second-Line Therapies. Clin Liver Dis 2022; 26:705-726. [PMID: 36270725 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease of the interlobular bile ducts leading to secondary damage of hepatocytes and may progress to cirrhosis and liver failure. The first-line treatment is ursodeoxycholic acid; up to 40% of patients do not have an adequate response and remain at risk of disease progression. Obeticholic acid has been conditionally approved for the treatment of PBC as add-on therapy and bezafibrate has shown similar efficacy in this group of patients. Several new therapies are in development and may further add to the treatment options available to patients with PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Heng Liu
- Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 W Queen Ln, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA
| | - Christopher L Bowlus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis School of Medicine, 4150 V Street, PSSB 3500, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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6
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Changes of Intestinal Permeability («Triple Sugar Test») in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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You H, Ma X, Efe C, Wang G, Jeong SH, Abe K, Duan W, Chen S, Kong Y, Zhang D, Wei L, Wang FS, Lin HC, Yang JM, Tanwandee T, Gani RA, Payawal DA, Sharma BC, Hou J, Yokosuka O, Dokmeci AK, Crawford D, Kao JH, Piratvisuth T, Suh DJ, Lesmana LA, Sollano J, Lau G, Sarin SK, Omata M, Tanaka A, Jia J. APASL clinical practice guidance: the diagnosis and management of patients with primary biliary cholangitis. Hepatol Int 2022; 16:1-23. [PMID: 35119627 PMCID: PMC8843914 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-021-10276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Beijing, Mainland, China
| | - Xiong Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, Mainland, China
| | - Cumali Efe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gazi Yaşargil Education and Research Hospital, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Center for Liver Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, Mainland, China
| | - Sook-Hyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kazumichi Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Weijia Duan
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Beijing, Mainland, China
| | - Sha Chen
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Beijing, Mainland, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kong
- Clinical Epidemiology and EBM Unit, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, Mainland, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, Mainland, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Center, Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, Mainland, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospial, Beijing, Mainland, China
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin Mo Yang
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Tawesak Tanwandee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rino A Gani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Diana A Payawal
- Department of Medicine, Fatima University Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Barjesh C Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Jinlin Hou
- Department of Infectious Disease and Hepatology Unit, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Mainland, China
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - A Kadir Dokmeci
- Department of Medicine, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Darrell Crawford
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jia-Horng Kao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Teerha Piratvisuth
- NKC Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand
| | - Dong Jin Suh
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jose Sollano
- Department of Medicine, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - George Lau
- Humanity and Health Clinical Trial Center, Humanity and Health Medical Group, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shiv K Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India
| | - Masao Omata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yamanashi Central Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan. .,University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jidong Jia
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 95 Yong-an Road, Beijing, Mainland, China.
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8
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Changes of Serum Cytokine Levels and Relation to Clinical Specificity in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis. BIONANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-022-00937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Lifetime evolution of ADHD treatment. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1085-1098. [PMID: 33993352 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02336-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been traditionally considered a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children and adolescents characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, disruptive behavior, and impulsivity. Although still debated, it is evident that ADHD is also present in adulthood, but this diagnosis is rarely carried out, mainly for the frequent comorbidity with other psychiatric and/or substance abuse disorders. Given the need to shed more light on the pharmacological treatment of ADHD, we performed a naturalistic review to review and comment on the available literature of ADHD treatment across the lifespan. Indeed, stimulants are endowed of a prompt efficacy and safety, whilst non-stimulants, although requiring some weeks to be fully effective, are useful when a substance abuse history is detected. In any case, the pharmacological management of ADHD appears to be still largely influenced by the individual experience of the clinicians. Further longitudinal studies with a careful and detailed characterization of participants across different phases of the lifespan are also required to provide relevant confirmations (or denials) regarding pharmacological treatments amongst the different age groups.
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10
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Mucci F, Avella MT, Marazziti D. ADHD with Comorbid Bipolar Disorders: A Systematic Review of Neurobiological, Clinical and Pharmacological Aspects Across the Lifespan. Curr Med Chem 2020; 26:6942-6969. [PMID: 31385763 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190805153610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, disruptive behaviour, and impulsivity. Despite considered typical of children for a long time, the persistence of ADHD symptoms in adulthood gained increasing interest during the last decades. Indeed, its diagnosis, albeit controversial, is rarely carried out even because ADHD is often comorbid with several other psychiatric diosrders, in particular with bipolar disorders (BDs), a condition that complicates the clinical picture, assessment and treatment. AIMS The aim of this paper was to systematically review the scientific literature on the neurobiological, clinical features and current pharmacological management of ADHD comorbid with BDs across the entire lifespan, with a major focus on the adulthood. DISCUSSION The pharmacology of ADHD-BD in adults is still empirical and influenced by the individual experience of the clinicians. Stimulants are endowed of a prompt efficacy and safety, whilst non-stimulants are useful when a substance abuse history is detected, although they require some weeks in order to be fully effective. In any case, an in-depth diagnostic and clinical evaluation of the single individual is mandatory. CONCLUSION The comorbidity of ADHD with BD is still a controversial matter, as it is the notion of adult ADHD as a distinct nosological category. Indeed, some findings highlighted the presence of common neurobiological mechanisms and overlapping clinical features, although disagreement does exist. In any case, while expecting to disentangle this crucial question, a correct management of this comorbidity is essential, which requires the co-administration of mood stabilizers. Further controlled clinical studies in large samples of adult ADHD-BD patients appear extremely urgent in order to better define possible therapeutic guidelines, as well as alternative approaches for this potentially invalidating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Mucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione BRF, Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica in Psichiatria e Neuroscienze, Lucca, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Avella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Fondazione BRF, Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica in Psichiatria e Neuroscienze, Lucca, Italy
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11
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Gerber LH, Weinstein AA, Mehta R, Younossi ZM. Importance of fatigue and its measurement in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3669-3683. [PMID: 31391765 PMCID: PMC6676553 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i28.3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of fatigue in the group of people with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are protean. The liver is central in the pathogenesis of fatigue because it uniquely regulates much of the storage, release and production of substrate for energy generation. It is exquisitely sensitive to the feedback controlling the uptake and release of these energy generation substrates. Metabolic contributors to fatigue, beginning with the uptake of substrate from the gut, the passage through the portal system to hepatic storage and release of energy to target organs (muscle and brain) are central to understanding fatigue in patients with chronic liver disease. Inflammation either causing or resulting from chronic liver disease contributes to fatigue, although inflammation has not been demonstrated to be causal. It is this unique combination of factors, the nexus of metabolic abnormality and the inflammatory burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis that creates pathways to different types of fatigue. Many use the terms central and peripheral fatigue. Central fatigue is characterized by a lack of self-motivation and can manifest both in physical and mental activities. Peripheral fatigue is classically manifested by neuromuscular dysfunction and muscle weakness. Therefore, the distinction is often seen as a difference between intention (central fatigue) versus ability (peripheral fatigue). New approaches to measuring fatigue include the use of objective measures as well as patient reported outcomes. These measures have improved the precision with which we are able to describe fatigue. The measures of fatigue severity and its impact on usual daily routines in this population have also been improved, and they are more generally accepted as reliable and sensitive. Several approaches to evaluating fatigue and developing endpoints for treatment have relied of biosignatures associated with fatigue. These have been used singly or in combination and include: physical performance measures, cognitive performance measures, mood/behavioral measures, brain imaging and serological measures. Treatment with non-pharmacological agents have been shown to be effective in symptom reduction, whereas pharmacological agents have not been shown effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn H Gerber
- Department of Medicine, Beatty Center for Liver and Obesity Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA 22042, United States
| | - Ali A Weinstein
- Center for the Study of Chronic Illness and Disability, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States
| | - Rohini Mehta
- Beatty Center for Liver and Obesity Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA 22042, United States
| | - Zobair M Younossi
- Department of Medicine, Beatty Center for Liver and Obesity Research, Inova Health System, Falls Church, VA 22042, United States
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12
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Stechmiller JK, Lyon D, Schultz G, Gibson DJ, Weaver MT, Wilkie D, Ferrell AV, Whitney J, Kim J, Millan SB. Biobehavioral Mechanisms Associated With Nonhealing Wounds and Psychoneurologic Symptoms (Pain, Cognitive Dysfunction, Fatigue, Depression, and Anxiety) in Older Individuals With Chronic Venous Leg Ulcers. Biol Res Nurs 2019; 21:407-419. [PMID: 31142148 DOI: 10.1177/1099800419853881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of chronic venous leg ulcers (CVLUs) are increasing worldwide, as are the associated financial costs. Although it has long been known that their underlying etiology is venous insufficiency, the molecular aspects of healing versus nonhealing, as well as the psychoneurologic symptoms (PNS; pain, cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, depression, and anxiety) associated with CVLUs remain understudied. In this biobehaviorally focused review, we aim to elucidate the complex mechanisms that link the biological and molecular aspects of CLVUs with their PNS. Innovations in "omics" research have increased our understanding of important wound microenvironmental factors (e.g., inflammation, microbial pathogenic biofilm, epigenetic processes) that may adversely alter the wound bed's molecular milieu so that microbes evade immune detection. Although these molecular factors are not singularly responsible for wound healing, they are major components of wound development, nonhealing, and PNS that, until now, have not been amenable to systematic study, especially over time. Further, this review explores our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which the immune activation that contributes to the development and persistence of CVLUs also leads to the development, persistence, and severity of wound-related PNS. We also make recommendations for future research that will expand the field of biobehavioral wound science. Biobehavioral research that focuses on the interrelated mechanisms of PNS will lead to symptom-management interventions that improve quality of life for the population burdened by CVLUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce K Stechmiller
- 1 Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Debra Lyon
- 2 College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gregory Schultz
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Daniel J Gibson
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Wound Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael T Weaver
- 2 College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Diana Wilkie
- 4 Center for Palliative Care Research and Education, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Joanne Whitney
- 5 School of Nursing, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Junglyun Kim
- 2 College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Susan B Millan
- 6 UF Health Wound Care and Hyperbaric Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Lin CY, Cheng YT, Chang ML, Chien RN. The extrahepatic events of Asian patients with primary biliary cholangitis: A 30-year cohort study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7577. [PMID: 31110209 PMCID: PMC6527707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extrahepatic complications of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) in Asian patients remain elusive. A 30-year cohort study of 150 Taiwanese PBC patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was conducted. Patients with alkaline phosphatase levels >1.67 × ULN after 1-year treatment were considered suboptimal responders. At baseline, of 150 patients (mean age: 53.75 years), 128 (85.3%) were females, and 34 (22.8%) had cirrhosis. The cumulative incidences of various incident events were all-cause mortality or liver transplantation: 46.7%; extrahepatic mortality: 24.5%; extrahepatic malignancies: 8.1%; hypertension: 46.2%; dyslipidemia: 44.1%; diabetes: 30.6%; hyperuricemia: 11.2%; acute coronary syndrome: 3.1%; cerebral vascular accident (CVA): 8.9%; autoimmune diseases: 16%; and osteoporosis: 20.9%. The 5- to 20-year cumulative incidences for all-cause mortality or liver transplantation and extrahepatic mortality were 16.2–41.3% and 3.1–11.9%, respectively. Baseline associations were age and alpha-fetoprotein levels with extrahepatic mortality, 80% due to sepsis; age with extrahepatic malignancies and hypertension; gender and hyperuricemia with CVA; and UDCA response with autoimmune disease. Conclusions: Sepsis accounted for most extrahepatic mortality in PBC patients, and the longer the follow-up was, the higher the extrahepatic/all-cause mortality ratio. Baseline age is crucial for incident extrahepatic events and only CVA shows gender-dimorphism; the association between UDCA response and autoimmune disease requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yu Lin
- Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Cheng
- Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Chang
- Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Rong-Nan Chien
- Liver Research Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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14
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Zakharia K, Tabibian A, Lindor KD, Tabibian JH. Complications, symptoms, quality of life and pregnancy in cholestatic liver disease. Liver Int 2018; 38:399-411. [PMID: 28921801 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases (CLDs) encompass a variety of disorders of bile formation and/or flow which generally result in progressive hepatobiliary injury and ultimately end-stage liver disease. Many patients with CLD are diagnosed between the ages of 20-50 years, a particularly productive period of life professionally, biologically and in other respects; it is not surprising, thus, that CLD is often associated with impaired health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and uncertainty regarding implications for and outcomes of pregnancy. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are the most prominent CLDs, both having considerable morbidity and mortality and representing major indications for liver transplantation. These disorders, as a consequence of their complications (eg ascites, hepatic osteodystrophy), associated conditions (eg inflammatory bowel disease) and symptoms (eg pruritus and fatigue), can significantly impair an array of domains of HRQOL. Here we review these impactful clinical aspects of PSC and PBC as well as the topics of fertility and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Zakharia
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, Beaumont Health - Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, USA
| | - Anilga Tabibian
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Keith D Lindor
- Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - James H Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
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15
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Blomberg J, Gottfries CG, Elfaitouri A, Rizwan M, Rosén A. Infection Elicited Autoimmunity and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: An Explanatory Model. Front Immunol 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 29497420 PMCID: PMC5818468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) often also called chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a common, debilitating, disease of unknown origin. Although a subject of controversy and a considerable scientific literature, we think that a solid understanding of ME/CFS pathogenesis is emerging. In this study, we compiled recent findings and placed them in the context of the clinical picture and natural history of the disease. A pattern emerged, giving rise to an explanatory model. ME/CFS often starts after or during an infection. A logical explanation is that the infection initiates an autoreactive process, which affects several functions, including brain and energy metabolism. According to our model for ME/CFS pathogenesis, patients with a genetic predisposition and dysbiosis experience a gradual development of B cell clones prone to autoreactivity. Under normal circumstances these B cell offsprings would have led to tolerance. Subsequent exogenous microbial exposition (triggering) can lead to comorbidities such as fibromyalgia, thyroid disorder, and orthostatic hypotension. A decisive infectious trigger may then lead to immunization against autoantigens involved in aerobic energy production and/or hormone receptors and ion channel proteins, producing postexertional malaise and ME/CFS, affecting both muscle and brain. In principle, cloning and sequencing of immunoglobulin variable domains could reveal the evolution of pathogenic clones. Although evidence consistent with the model accumulated in recent years, there are several missing links in it. Hopefully, the hypothesis generates testable propositions that can augment the understanding of the pathogenesis of ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Blomberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Clinical Microbiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Amal Elfaitouri
- Department of Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Clinical Microbiology, Academic Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Tana MM, Alao H, Morris N, Bernstein S, Hattenbach J, Rehman RB, Brychta R, Sarkar S, Zhao X, Walter M, Buckley A, Chen K, Rotman Y. Fatigued Patients with Chronic Liver Disease Have Subtle Aberrations of Sleep, Melatonin and Cortisol Circadian Rhythms. FATIGUE : BIOMEDICINE, HEALTH & BEHAVIOR 2017; 6:5-19. [PMID: 30546968 PMCID: PMC6287634 DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2018.1408539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We sought to examine whether disturbances in central and peripheral circadian rhythms were related to the experience of fatigue in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). METHODS Fatigued and non-fatigued patients with compensated CLD were enrolled in a prospective pilot study. Patients underwent a one week evaluation of free-living sleep and physical activity patterns, followed by a 24-hour admission, during which they underwent serial blood sampling, polysomnography, a 6-minute walk test and continuous core temperature measurements under standardized conditions. Blood samples were analyzed for liver tests, melatonin levels, lipids, and cortisol. Circadian rhythms were analyzed using single cosinor analyses. RESULTS Six fatigued and six non-fatigued patients were studied; five participants had cirrhosis. Fatigue severity was positively associated higher peak melatonin levels (rho=0.59, p=0.04) and a delay in night-time melatonin peak and inversely associated with sleep efficiency (rho=-0.63, p=0.04). Polysomnography, 6-minute walk test, and core temperature measurements did not differ significantly between the fatigued and non-fatigued patients. Although liver enzymes, bilirubin and albumin demonstrated a circadian pattern, it was not associated with fatigue. Fatigued patients showed a blunted and delayed cortisol rhythm and fatigue was strongly correlated with cortisol amplitude (rho=-0.77, p=0.004) and phase (r=-0.66, p=0.02). CONCLUSION Subtle aberrations in melatonin and adrenal circadian rhythms, as well as reduced sleep efficiency, likely contribute to fatigue in patients with CLD. These abnormalities may ultimately be a therapeutic target to improve quality of life for fatigued patients with CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M. Tana
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Unit, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The UCSF Liver Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Hawwa Alao
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Unit, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Co-first authors
| | - Nevitt Morris
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Unit, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shanna Bernstein
- National Institute of Digestive Diseases and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jacob Hattenbach
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rahiya B. Rehman
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Unit, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Brychta
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Souvik Sarkar
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Unit, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiongce Zhao
- National Institute of Digestive Diseases and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Walter
- National Institute of Digestive Diseases and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashura Buckley
- Sleep and Neurodevelopment Service, Office of the Clinical Director, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yaron Rotman
- Liver & Energy Metabolism Unit, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Co-first authors
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17
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Hinkle JL, Becker KJ, Kim JS, Choi-Kwon S, Saban KL, McNair N, Mead GE. Poststroke Fatigue: Emerging Evidence and Approaches to Management: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. Stroke 2017; 48:e159-e170. [PMID: 28546322 DOI: 10.1161/str.0000000000000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At least half of all stroke survivors experience fatigue; thus, it is a common cause of concern for patients, caregivers, and clinicians after stroke. This scientific statement provides an international perspective on the emerging evidence surrounding the incidence, prevalence, quality of life, and complex pathogenesis of poststroke fatigue. Evidence for pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for management are reviewed, as well as the effects of poststroke fatigue on both stroke survivors and caregivers.
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18
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Lin P, Jiang CM. Latest advances in diagnosis of autoimmune liver disease. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2016; 24:4085-4091. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v24.i29.4085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune liver disease (AILD) includes autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and overlap syndromes. AILD is the main inducing factor for late chronic liver failure, and in Western countries it is also one of the major liver diseases for which orthotopic liver transplantation is performed. In recent years, with the increasing incidence of AILD in both China and other countries, clinicians have paid more and more attention to AILD. Further standardization of diagnostic criteria for AILD has become a new hot research topic, and experts and scholars have put forward some corresponding opinions. This article describes the latest advances in the diagnosis of AILD.
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Abstract
Depression and fatigue are common after stroke and negatively impact the quality of life of stroke survivors. The biological bases of these symptoms are unknown, but an abundance of data point to a role for inflammation. This review highlights evidence supporting the contribution of inflammation to poststroke depression and poststroke fatigue. Potential treatments for poststroke depression and poststroke fatigue are explored, with a special emphasis on those that modulate the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra J Becker
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
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20
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21
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Moore C. Evaluation and management of insomnia, muscle cramps, fatigue, and itching in cirrhotic patients. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2016; 7:5-7. [PMID: 31041016 PMCID: PMC6490243 DOI: 10.1002/cld.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Moore
- Section of Hepatology, Department of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIL
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22
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Zhao X, Wong P. Managing Sleep Disturbances in Cirrhosis. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:6576812. [PMID: 27242950 PMCID: PMC4868900 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6576812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances, particularly daytime sleepiness and insomnia, are common problems reported by patients suffering from liver cirrhosis. Poor sleep negatively impacts patients' quality of life and cognitive functions and increases mortality. Although sleep disturbances can be an early sign of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), many patients without HE still complain of poor quality sleep. The pathophysiology of these disturbances is not fully understood but is believed to be linked to impaired hepatic melatonin metabolism. This paper provides an overview for the clinician of common comorbidities contributing to poor sleep in patients with liver disease, mainly restless leg syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. It discusses nondrug and pharmacologic treatment options in these patients, such as the use of light therapy and histamine (H1) blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, QC, Canada H4A 3J1
| | - Philip Wong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, 1001 Boulevard Decarie, Montreal, QC, Canada H4A 3J1
- *Philip Wong:
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23
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Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis is a chronic cholestatic liver disease characterised by destruction of small intrahepatic bile ducts, leading to fibrosis and potential cirrhosis through resulting complications. The serological hallmark of primary biliary cirrhosis is the antimitochondrial antibody, a highly disease-specific antibody identified in about 95% of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. These patients usually have fatigue and pruritus, both of which occur independently of disease severity. The typical course of primary biliary cirrhosis has changed substantially with the introduöction of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). Several randomised placebo-controlled studies have shown that UDCA improves transplant-free survival in primary biliary cirrhosis. However, about 40% of patients do not have a biochemical response to UDCA and would benefit from new therapies. Liver transplantation is a life-saving surgery with excellent outcomes for those with decompensated cirrhosis. Meanwhile, research on nuclear receptor hormones has led to the development of exciting new potential treatments. This Seminar will review the current understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis, discuss management of the disease and its sequelae, and introduce research on new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Carey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ahmad H Ali
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Keith D Lindor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona State University, College of Health Solutions, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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24
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Tabibian JH, Lindor KD. Primary biliary cirrhosis: safety and benefits of established and emerging therapies. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2015. [PMID: 26212223 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2015.1073260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic, cholestatic liver disease characterized histologically by lymphocytic cholangitis and intralobular bile duct destruction. It is a progressive disorder associated with increased mortality and decreased quality of life related to hepatic fibrosis, troublesome symptoms such as fatigue and pruritus, and ultimately endstage cirrhosis. PBC affects adults around the world, and therefore effective treatment of PBC and its associated symptoms constitute significant issues for patients and providers as well as on a public health level. The only approved pharmacotherapy for PBC to date is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), a choleretic, hydrophilic bile acid which has been in clinical use for decades. UDCA is effective in a majority of patients with PBC, but nearly a third of patients are UDCA non-responders. Non-response to UDCA is associated with an increased risk of death or need for liver transplantation (LT). Whereas LT is an effective treatment, it engenders substantial cost and a risk of PBC recurrence, among other complications. Patients who are non-responders to UDCA or have highly symptomatic disease (e.g., intractable pruritus) are thus in critical need of novel therapeutic approaches, which are both safe and effective. AREAS COVERED In this review, we provide a synopsis regarding the safety and benefits of established and emerging pharmacotherapies for PBC and present viewpoints on how they may evolve over the next several years. EXPERT OPINION It is our belief that the pharmacoscope of PBC, as with other cholestatic liver diseases, is likely to see important advancements in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Tabibian
- a 1 Mayo Clinic, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Rochester, MN, USA
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25
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Reshetnyak VI. Primary biliary cirrhosis: Clinical and laboratory criteria for its diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7683-708. [PMID: 26167070 PMCID: PMC4491957 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i25.7683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic progressive cholestatic granulomatous, and destructive inflammatory lesion of small intralobular and septal bile ducts, which is likely to be caused by an autoimmune mechanism with a the presence of serum antimitochondrial antibodies and a potential tendency to progress to cirrhosis. Despite the fact that the etiology of this disease has been unknown so far, there has been a considerable body of scientific evidence that can reveal the clinical and laboratory signs of PBC and the individual components of its pathogenesis and elaborate diagnostic criteria for the disease and its symptomatic therapy. Deficiencies in autoimmune tolerance are critical factors for the initiation and perpetuation of the disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize the data available in the literature and the author’s findings on clinical and laboratory criteria for the diagnosis of PBC. This review describes the major clinical manifestations of the disease and the mechanisms of its development. It presents the immunological, biochemical, and morphological signs of PBC and their significance for its diagnosis. A great deal of novel scientific evidence for the problem of PBC has been accumulated. However, the inadequate efficiency of therapy for the disease lends impetus to the quest for its etiological factors and to further investigations of its pathogenetic mechanisms and, on this basis, to searches for new methods for its early diagnosis.
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26
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Purohit T, Cappell MS. Primary biliary cirrhosis: Pathophysiology, clinical presentation and therapy. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:926-941. [PMID: 25954476 PMCID: PMC4419097 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i7.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune, slowly progressive, cholestatic, liver disease characterized by a triad of chronic cholestasis, circulating anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), and characteristic liver biopsy findings of nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis and interlobular bile duct destruction. About 10% of PBC patients, however, lack AMA. A variant, called PBC-autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) overlap, is characterized by the above findings of PBC together with findings of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, elevated serum immunoglobulin G, and circulating anti-smooth muscle antibodies, with liver biopsy demonstrating periportal or periseptal, lymphocytic, piecemeal necrosis. PBC is hypothesized to be related to environmental exposure in genetically vulnerable individuals. It typically occurs in middle-aged females. Prominent clinical features include fatigue, pruritis, jaundice, xanthomas, osteoporosis, and dyslipidemia. The Mayo Risk score is the most widely used and best prognostic system. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the primary therapy. It works partly by reducing the concentration and injury from relatively toxic bile acids. PBC-AIH overlap syndrome is treated with ursodeoxycholic acid and corticosteroids, especially budesonide. Obeticholic acid and fibrate are promising new, but incompletely tested, therapies. Liver transplantation is the definitive therapy for advanced disease, with about 70% 10-year survival after transplantation. Management of pruritis includes local skin care, dermatologist referral, avoiding potential pruritogens, cholestyramine, and possibly opioid antagonists, sertraline, or rifaximin. Management of osteoporosis includes life-style modifications, administration of calcium and vitamin D, and alendronate. Statins are relatively safe to treat the osteopenia associated with PBC. Associated Sjogren’s syndrome is treated by artificial tears, cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion to stimulate tear production; and saliva substitutes, cholinergic agents, and scrupulous oral and dental care. Complications of cirrhosis from advanced PBC include esophageal varices, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and hepatoma formation.
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27
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Menzies V, Jallo N, Kinser P, Robins JLW, An K, Driscoll C, Starkweather A, Bajaj JS, Lyon DE. Shared symptoms and putative biological mechanisms in chronic liver disease: implications for biobehavioral research. Biol Res Nurs 2015; 17:222-9. [PMID: 25037448 PMCID: PMC5818716 DOI: 10.1177/1099800414541541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease affects over 25 million people in the United States and, despite advances in medical management resulting in increased survival, a majority of these individuals report multiple co-occurring symptoms that severely impair functioning and quality of life. The purpose of this review is to (1) propose defining these co-occurring symptoms as a symptom cluster of chronic liver disease (CLD), (2) discuss putative underlying biological mechanisms related to CLD, including the liver-gut-brain axis and influence of the microbiome, and (3) discuss the implications for biobehavioral research in this patient population. Biobehavioral research focusing on the interrelated, and possibly synergistic, mechanisms of these symptoms may lead to the development and testing of targeted symptom management interventions for improving function and quality of life in this growing patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Menzies
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Nancy Jallo
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Patricia Kinser
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jo Lynne W Robins
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kyungeh An
- Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Carolyn Driscoll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Debra E Lyon
- College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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28
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Shouval D. The impact of chronic hepatitis C infection on the circadian clock and sleep. J Hepatol 2014; 60:685-6. [PMID: 24434502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Shouval
- Liver Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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29
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Karlsen TH, Vesterhus M, Boberg KM. Review article: controversies in the management of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014; 39:282-301. [PMID: 24372568 DOI: 10.1111/apt.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable advances over the last two decades in the molecular understanding of cholestasis and cholestatic liver disease, little improvement has been made in diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. AIMS To critically review controversial aspects of the scientific basis for common clinical practice in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and to discuss key ongoing challenges to improve patient management. METHODS We performed a literature search using PubMed and by examining the reference lists of relevant review articles related to the clinical management of PBC and PSC. Articles were considered on the background of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) practice guidelines and clinical experience of the authors. RESULTS Ongoing challenges in PBC mainly pertain to the improvement of medical therapy, particularly for patients with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. In PSC, development of medical therapies and sensitive screening protocols for cholangiocarcinoma represent areas of intense research. To rationally improve patient management, a better understanding of pathogenesis, including complications like pruritis and fatigue, is needed and there is a need to identify biomarker end-points for treatment effect and prognosis. Timing of liver transplantation and determining optimal regimens of immunosuppression post-liver transplantation will also benefit from better appreciation of pre-transplant disease mechanisms. CONCLUSION Controversies in the management of PBC and PSC relate to topics where evidence for current practice is weak and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Karlsen
- Norwegian PSC Research Center, Division of Cancer Medicine, Surgery and Transplantation, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Abstract
The care of the patient with cholestasis hinges on identifying the etiology, treating reversible causes, and managing chronic cholestatic processes. PBC and PSC are important causes of chronic cholestasis, and are the most common causes of cholestatic liver disease. Effective therapy is available for patients with PBC, whereas none exists for patients with PSC. Awareness of the complications that may be associated with cholestasis and implementing the appropriate management are essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Gossard
- Cholestatic Liver Disease Study Group, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Zenouzi R, Weiler-Normann C, Lohse AW. Is fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis cured by transplantation? J Hepatol 2013; 59:418-9. [PMID: 23742911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Wang L, Li J, Liu H, Li Y, Fu J, Sun Y, Xu R, Lin H, Wang S, Lv S, Chen L, Zou Z, Li B, Shi M, Zhang Z, Wang FS. Pilot study of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell transfusion in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28 Suppl 1:85-92. [PMID: 23855301 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment is an effective medical therapy for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC); however, 40% of PBC patients show an incomplete response to the UDCA therapy. This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC) transfusion in PBC patients with an incomplete response to UDCA. METHODS We conducted a single-arm trial that included seven PBC patients with a suboptimal response to UDCA treatment. UC-MSCs were first cultured, and then 0.5 × 10(6) cells/kg body weights were infused through a peripheral vein. UC-MSCs were given three times at 4-week intervals, and patients were followed up for 48 weeks. Primary outcomes were to evaluate the safety and feasibility of UC-MSC treatment, and secondary outcomes were to evaluate liver functions and patient's quality of life. RESULTS No obvious side-effects were found in the patients treated with UC-MSCs. Symptoms such as fatigue and pruritus were obviously alleviated in most patients after UC-MSC treatment. There was a significant decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase levels at the end of the follow-up period as compared with baseline. No significant changes were observed in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time activity, international normalized ratio, or immunoglobulin M levels. The Mayo risk score, a prognostic index, was also stable during the treatment and follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS UC-MSC transfusion is feasible and well tolerated in patients with PBC who respond only partially to UDCA treatment, thus representing a novel therapeutic approach for patients in this subgroup. A larger, randomized controlled cohort study is warranted to confirm the clinical efficacy of UC-MSC transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Wang
- Research Center for Biological Therapy, The Institute of Translational Hepatology, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mells GF, Pells G, Newton JL, Bathgate AJ, Burroughs AK, Heneghan MA, Neuberger JM, Day DB, Ducker SJ, Sandford RN, Alexander GJ, Jones DEJ. Impact of primary biliary cirrhosis on perceived quality of life: the UK-PBC national study. Hepatology 2013; 58:273-83. [PMID: 23471852 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has a complex clinical phenotype, with debate about the extent and specificity of frequently described systemic symptoms such as fatigue. The aim of this study was to use a national patient cohort of 2,353 patients recruited from all clinical centers in the UK to explore the impact of disease on perceived life quality. Clinical data regarding diagnosis, therapy, and biochemical status were collected and have been reported previously. Detailed symptom phenotyping using recognized and validated symptom assessment tools including the PBC-40 was also undertaken and is reported here. Perception of poor quality of life and impaired health status was common in PBC patients (35% and 46%, respectively) and more common than in an age-matched and sex-matched community control group (6% and 15%, P < 0.0001 for both). Fatigue and symptoms of social dysfunction were associated with impaired perceived quality of life using multivariate analysis. Fatigue was the symptom with the greatest impact. Depression was a significant factor, but appeared to be a manifestation of complex symptom burden rather than a primary event. Fatigue had its greatest impact on perceived quality of life when accompanied by symptoms of social dysfunction, suggesting that maintenance of social networks is critical for minimizing the impact of fatigue. CONCLUSION The symptom burden in PBC, which is unrelated to disease severity or ursodeoxycholic acid response, is significant and complex and results in significant quality of life deficit. The complexity of symptom burden, and its lack of relation to disease severity and treatment response, suggest that specific approaches to symptom management are warranted that address both symptom biology and social impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Mells
- Department of Hepatology Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Cambridge UK
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Abstract
Cholestasis is defined as impairment of bile formation or bile flow. Care of the patient with cholestatic features is dependent on identifying the cause of the cholestasis, initiating appropriate treatment of reversible conditions, and the recognition and management of cholestasis-specific complications. Cholestasis may include extrahepatic ducts and intrahepatic bile ducts, or may be limited to one or the other. Jaundice and pruritus are the hallmarks of cholestasis clinically but biochemical evidence may, and often does, precede the clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea A Gossard
- Cholestatic Liver Disease Study Group, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55901, USA.
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Regulatory T cells suppress sickness behaviour development without altering liver injury in cholestatic mice. J Hepatol 2012; 56:626-31. [PMID: 22027577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholestatic liver diseases are commonly accompanied by debilitating symptoms, collectively termed sickness behaviours. Regulatory T cells (T(regs)) can suppress inflammation; however, a role for T(regs) in modulating sickness behaviours has not been evaluated. METHODS A mouse model of cholestatic liver injury due to bile duct ligation (BDL) was used to study the role of T(regs) in sickness behaviour development. RESULTS BDL mice developed reproducible sickness behaviours, as assessed in a social investigation paradigm, characterized by decreased social investigative behaviour and increased immobility. Depletion of peripheral T(regs) in BDL mice worsened BDL-associated sickness behaviours, whereas infusion of T(regs) improved these behaviours; however, liver injury severity was not altered by T(reg) manipulation. Hepatic IL-6 mRNA and circulating IL-6 levels were elevated in BDL vs. control mice, and were elevated further in T(reg)-depleted BDL mice, but were decreased after infusion of T(regs) in BDL mice. IL-6 knock out (KO) BDL mice exhibited a marked reduction in sickness behaviours, compared to wildtype BDL mice. Furthermore, IL-6 KO BDL mice injected with rmIL-6 displayed sickness behaviours similar to wildtype BDL mice, whereas saline injection did not alter behaviour in IL-6 KO BDL mice. BDL was associated with increased hippocampal cerebral endothelial cell p-STAT3 expression, which was significantly reduced in IL-6 KO BDL mice. CONCLUSIONS T(regs) modulate sickness behaviour development in the setting of cholestatic liver injury, driven mainly through T(reg) inhibition of circulating monocyte and hepatic IL-6 production, and subsequent signalling via circulating IL-6 acting at the level of the cerebral endothelium.
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Hirschfield GM. Diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011; 25:701-12. [PMID: 22117636 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Primary biliary cirrhosis is the archetypal autoimmune liver disease, with the disease label describing a chronic granulomatous lymphocytic small bile duct cholangitis, which now most commonly presents asymptomatically and at an early pre-cirrhotic stage. Disease is more common than thought, with 1 in 1000 women over the age of 40 affected. Characteristic immunologic features of the disease assist clinicians in ready non-invasive diagnosis of patients, even if asymptomatic with only anicteric/cholestatic liver biochemical profiles. Over 90% of patients are anti-mitochondrial antibody positive, and for those negative, a significant proportion have highly specific anti-nuclear antibody profiles. Liver biopsy remains useful in certain settings where clarity is needed to confirm diagnosis, exclude alternative disease, and assess the relative contribution of PBC to other co-existent liver injury, and seeks to demonstrate in particular the classic bile duct lesions, as well as the degree of interface activity.
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Gam CMB, Nielsen HB, Secher NH, Larsen FS, Ott P, Quistorff B. In cirrhotic patients reduced muscle strength is unrelated to muscle capacity for ATP turnover suggesting a central limitation. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2010; 31:169-74. [PMID: 21143366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.2010.00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We investigated whether in patients with liver cirrhosis reduced muscle strength is related to dysfunction of muscle mitochondria. METHODS The mitochondrial respiratory capacity of the tibial anterior muscle was evaluated in seven patients and eight healthy control subjects by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS) to express ATP turnover in vivo and by respirometry of permeabilized fibres from the same muscle to express the in vitro capacity for oxygen consumption. RESULTS Maximal voluntary contraction force for plantar extension was low in the patients (46% of the control value; P < 0.05), but neither the capacity for mitochondrial ATP synthesis, V(max-ATP) (0.38 ± 0.26 vs. 0.50 ± 0.07 mM s(-1) ; P = 0.13) nor the in vitro VO(2max) (0.52 ± 0.21 vs. 0.48 ± 0.21 μmol O2 (min g wet wt.)(-1) P = 0.25) were lowered correspondingly. Also, the activity of citrate synthesis and the respiratory chain complexes II and IV were similar in patients and controls. However during the contractions, the contribution to initial anaerobic ATP production from glycolysis relative to that from PCr was reduced in the patients (0.73 ± 0.22 vs. 0.99 ± 0.09; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the markedly lower capacity for force generation in patients with liver cirrhosis is unrelated to their capacity for muscle ATP turnover, but the attenuated initial acceleration of anaerobic glycolysis suggests that these patients could be affected by a central limitation to force generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M B Gam
- Department of Anaesthesia, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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