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Meng F, Liu X, Duan H, Li C, Hu Y, Peng X, Zhao G, Lin J. Aspergillus fumigatus-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mitigate Fungal Keratitis by Modulating the Immune Cell Function. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:500-512. [PMID: 38175918 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a refractory global disease characterized by a high incidence of blindness and a lack of effective therapeutic options, and Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus, AF) is one of the most common causative fungi. This study aimed to investigate the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from A. fumigatus in the immune cell function and their protective role in A. fumigatus keratitis in order to explore their therapeutic potential. First, we isolated and characterized the EVs (AF-derived EVs). In vitro, we stimulated RAW264.7 cells and polymorphonuclear cells with AF-derived EVs. The expression levels of inflammatory factors increased in both immune cells along with an M1 polarization variation of RAW264.7 cells. After being incubated with AF-derived EVs, both immune cells exhibited an increased conidia-phagocytic index and a decreased conidia survival rate. In vivo, we injected EVs subconjunctivally on mice resulting in a heightened production of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in tear fluid. By the injection of EVs on mice in advance, a significant reduction in severity of A. fumigatus FK was witnessed by lower clinical scores, inflammatory appearances, and mitigated fungal load. Collectively, these results positioned AF-derived EVs as a promising and innovative immune therapy for combating FK, while also providing a platform for further investigation into developing an optimal formulation for modulating inflammation in the context of FK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyue Meng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huijin Duan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingzhe Hu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao City 266000, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Fabjanowska J, Kowalczuk-Vasilev E, Klebaniuk R, Milewski S, Gümüş H. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as a Nutritional Support of the Reproductive and Immune System of Cattle-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3589. [PMID: 38003206 PMCID: PMC10668692 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the role of n-3 fatty acids as a nutrient crucial to the proper functioning of reproductive and immune systems in cattle. Emphasis was placed on the connection between maternal and offspring immunity. The summarized results confirm the importance and beneficial effect of n-3 family fatty acids on ruminant organisms. Meanwhile, dietary n-3 fatty acids supplementation, especially during the critical first week for dairy cows experiencing their peripartum period, in general, is expected to enhance reproductive performance, and the impact of its supplementation appears to be dependent on body condition scores of cows during the drying period, the severity of the negative energy balance, and the amount of fat in the basic feed ration. An unbalanced, insufficient, or excessive fatty acid supplementation of cows' diets in the early stages of pregnancy (during fetus development) may affect both the metabolic and nutritional programming of the offspring. The presence of the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family in the calves' ration affects not only the performance of calves but also the immune response, antioxidant status, and overall metabolism of the future adult cow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fabjanowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (J.F.); (R.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Edyta Kowalczuk-Vasilev
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (J.F.); (R.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Renata Klebaniuk
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (J.F.); (R.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szymon Milewski
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (J.F.); (R.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Hıdır Gümüş
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy, 15030 Burdur, Türkiye;
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3
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Razzuoli E, Armando F, De Paolis L, Ciurkiewicz M, Amadori M. The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020175. [PMID: 35215119 PMCID: PMC8875149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a plethora of biological activities, by initiating signaling cascades which lead to the transcription of genes involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral effector mechanisms. In hindsight, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved multiple IFN escape strategies toward efficient replication in the host. Hence, in order to achieve insight into preventive and treatment strategies, it is essential to explore the mechanisms underlying the IFN response to viral infections and the constraints thereof. Accordingly, this review is focused on three RNA and three DNA viruses of major importance in the swine farming sector, aiming to provide essential data as to how the IFN system modulates the antiviral immune response, and is affected by diverse, virus-driven, immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Livia De Paolis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- National Network of Veterinary Immunology (RNIV), Via Istria 3, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
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Al-Moussawy M, Abdelsamed HA, Lakkis FG. Immunoglobulin-like receptors and the generation of innate immune memory. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:179-195. [PMID: 35034136 PMCID: PMC10074160 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01240-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Host immunity is classically divided into "innate" and "adaptive." While the former has always been regarded as the first, rapid, and antigen-nonspecific reaction to invading pathogens, the latter represents the more sophisticated and antigen-specific response that has the potential to persist and generate memory. Recent work however has challenged this dogma, where murine studies have successfully demonstrated the ability of innate immune cells (monocytes and macrophages) to acquire antigen-specific memory to allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. The immunoreceptors so far identified that mediate innate immune memory are the paired immunoglobulin-like receptors (PIRs) in mice, which are orthologous to human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs). These receptor families are mainly expressed by the myelomonocytic cell lineage, suggesting an important role in the innate immune response. In this review, we will discuss the role of immunoglobulin-like receptors in the development of innate immune memory across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouhamad Al-Moussawy
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Hossam A Abdelsamed
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. .,Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.
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5
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Amadori M, Listorti V, Razzuoli E. Reappraisal of PRRS Immune Control Strategies: The Way Forward. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091073. [PMID: 34578106 PMCID: PMC8469074 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is still a major issue worldwide in the pig farming sector. Despite extensive research efforts and the practical experience gained so far, the syndrome still severely affects farmed pigs worldwide and challenges established beliefs in veterinary virology and immunology. The clinical and economic repercussions of PRRS are based on concomitant, additive features of the virus pathogenicity, host susceptibility, and the influence of environmental, microbial, and non-microbial stressors. This makes a case for integrated, multi-disciplinary research efforts, in which the three types of contributing factors are critically evaluated toward the development of successful disease control strategies. These efforts could be significantly eased by the definition of reliable markers of disease risk and virus pathogenicity. As for the host's susceptibility to PRRSV infection and disease onset, the roles of both the innate and adaptive immune responses are still ill-defined. In particular, the overt discrepancy between passive and active immunity and the uncertain role of adaptive immunity vis-à-vis established PRRSV infection should prompt the scientific community to develop novel research schemes, in which apparently divergent and contradictory findings could be reconciled and eventually brought into a satisfactory conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Amadori
- Italian Network of Veterinary Immunology, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Valeria Listorti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 16129 Genoa, Italy; (V.L.); (E.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d’Aosta, 16129 Genoa, Italy; (V.L.); (E.R.)
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6
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Amadori M, Spelta C. The Autumn Low Milk Yield Syndrome in High Genetic Merit Dairy Cattle: The Possible Role of a Dysregulated Innate Immune Response. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020388. [PMID: 33546430 PMCID: PMC7913622 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Milk yield worldwide is dominated by few cosmopolitan dairy cattle breeds producing high production levels in the framework of hygiene standards that have dramatically improved over the years. Yet, there is evidence that such achievements have gone along with substantial animal health and welfare problems for many years, exemplified by reduced life expectancy and high herd replacement rates. Also, these animals are very susceptible to diverse environmental stressors, among which hot summer climate plays a central role in the occurrence of diverse disease cases underlying early cull from the herd. Milk production is also affected by heat stress, both directly and indirectly, as shown by low milk yield in the following autumn period. This article highlights the low milk yield syndrome and sets it into a conceptual framework, based on the crucial role of the innate immune system in the response to non-infectious stressors and in adaptation physiology at large. Abstract The analysis of milk yield data shows that high genetic merit dairy cows do not express their full production potential in autumn. Therefore, we focused on metabolic stress and inflammatory response in the dry and peripartum periods as possible causes thereof. It was our understanding that some cows could not cope with the stress imposed by their physiological and productive status by means of adequate adaptation strategies. Accordingly, this study highlights the noxious factors with a potential to affect cows in the above transition period: hot summer climate, adverse genetic traits, poor coping with unfavorable environmental conditions, outright production diseases and consequences thereof. In particular, the detrimental effects in the dry period of overcrowding, photoperiod change and heat stress on mammary gland development and milk production are highlighted in the context of the autumn low milk yield syndrome. The latter could be largely accounted for by a “memory” effect on the innate immune system induced in summer by diverse stressors after dry-off, according to strong circumstantial and indirect experimental evidence. The “memory” effect is based on distinct epigenetic changes of innate immunity genes, as already shown in cases of bovine mastitis. Following a primary stimulation, the innate immune system would be able to achieve a state known as “trained immunity”, a sort of “education” which modifies the response to the same or similar stressors upon a subsequent exposure. In our scenario, the “education” of the innate immune system would induce a major shift in the metabolism of inflammatory cells following their reprogramming. This would entail a higher basal consumption of glucose, in competition with the need for the synthesis of milk. Also, there is strong evidence that the inflammatory response generated in the dry period leads to a notable reduction of dry matter intake after calving, and to a reduced efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. On the whole, an effective control of the stressors in the dry period is badly needed for better disease control and optimal production levels in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Amadori
- RNIV, Italian Society of Veterinary Immunology, 25125 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Chiara Spelta
- Private Veterinary Practitioner, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
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7
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Manohar P, Loh B, Athira S, Nachimuthu R, Hua X, Welburn SC, Leptihn S. Secondary Bacterial Infections During Pulmonary Viral Disease: Phage Therapeutics as Alternatives to Antibiotics? Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1434. [PMID: 32733404 PMCID: PMC7358648 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary bacterial infections manifest during or after a viral infection(s) and can lead to negative outcomes and sometimes fatal clinical complications. Research and development of clinical interventions is largely focused on the primary pathogen, with research on any secondary infection(s) being neglected. Here we highlight the impact of secondary bacterial infections and in particular those caused by antibiotic-resistant strains, on disease outcomes. We describe possible non-antibiotic treatment options, when small molecule drugs have no effect on the bacterial pathogen and explore the potential of phage therapy and phage-derived therapeutic proteins and strategies in treating secondary bacterial infections, including their application in combination with chemical antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanth Manohar
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Belinda Loh
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Sudarsanan Athira
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Ramesh Nachimuthu
- Antibiotic Resistance and Phage Therapy Laboratory, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Xiaoting Hua
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Leptihn
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University, Haining, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Infection Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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8
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Connolly E, Hussell T. The Impact of Type 1 Interferons on Alveolar Macrophage Tolerance and Implications for Host Susceptibility to Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:495. [PMID: 32265937 PMCID: PMC7098967 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
That macrophages adapt to environmental cues is well-established. This adaptation has had several reiterations, first with innate imprinting and then with various combinations of trained, tolerant, paralyzed, or primed. Whatever the nomenclature, it represents a macrophage that is required to perform very different functions. First, alveolar macrophages are one of the sentinel cells that flag up damage and release mediators that attract other immune cells. Next, they mature to support T cell priming and survival. Finally they are critical in clearing inflammatory immune cells by phagocytosis and extracellular matrix turnover components by efferocytosis. At each functional stage they alter intrinsic components to guide their activity. Training therefore is akin to changing function. In this mini-review we focus on the lung and the specific role of type I interferons in altering macrophage activity. The proposed mechanisms of type I IFNs on lung-resident alveolar macrophages and their effect on host susceptibility to bacterial infection following influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Connolly
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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9
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van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Monocyte mobilisation, microbiota & mental illness. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:74-91. [PMID: 31330299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a key player in regulating brain and behaviour. This has led to the strategy of targeting the gut microbiota to ameliorate disorders of the central nervous system. Understanding the underlying signalling pathways in which the microbiota impacts these disorders is crucial for the development of future therapeutics for improving CNS functionality. One of the major pathways through which the microbiota influences the brain is the immune system, where there is an increasing appreciation for the role of monocyte trafficking in regulating brain homeostasis. In this review, we will shed light on the role of monocyte trafficking as a relay of microbiota signals in conditions where the central nervous system is in disorder, such as stress, peripheral inflammation, ageing, traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also cover how the gastrointestinal microbiota is implicated in these mental illnesses. In addition, we aim to discuss how the monocyte system can be modulated by the gut microbiota to mitigate disorders of the central nervous system, which will lead to novel microbiota-targeted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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10
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Noe JT, Mitchell RA. Tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in the control of macrophage activation and effector phenotypes. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:359-367. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ru1218-496r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. Noe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
- J.G. Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
| | - Robert A. Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
- J.G. Brown Cancer CenterUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Louisville Louisville Kentucky USA
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11
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Morgan DJ, Casulli J, Chew C, Connolly E, Lui S, Brand OJ, Rahman R, Jagger C, Hussell T. Innate Immune Cell Suppression and the Link With Secondary Lung Bacterial Pneumonia. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2943. [PMID: 30619303 PMCID: PMC6302086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary infections arise as a consequence of previous or concurrent conditions and occur in the community or in the hospital setting. The events allowing secondary infections to gain a foothold have been studied for many years and include poor nutrition, anxiety, mental health issues, underlying chronic diseases, resolution of acute inflammation, primary immune deficiencies, and immune suppression by infection or medication. Children, the elderly and the ill are particularly susceptible. This review is concerned with secondary bacterial infections of the lung that occur following viral infection. Using influenza virus infection as an example, with comparisons to rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection, we will update and review defective bacterial innate immunity and also highlight areas for potential new investigation. It is currently estimated that one in 16 National Health Service (NHS) hospital patients develop an infection, the most common being pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections and infection of surgical sites. The continued drive to understand the mechanisms of why secondary infections arise is therefore of key importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morgan
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Casulli
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christine Chew
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Connolly
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvia Lui
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver J Brand
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rizwana Rahman
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Jagger
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Hussell
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, The Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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12
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Amadori M. Control of bovine mastitis in the 21st century: Immunize or tolerize? Res Vet Sci 2018; 121:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Trevisi E, Minuti A. Assessment of the innate immune response in the periparturient cow. Res Vet Sci 2017; 116:47-54. [PMID: 29223307 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The transition period is the most critical phase in the life of high yielding dairy cows. Within a few weeks, cows are submitted to many challenges (physiological, nutritional, psychological, management) that require prompt and effective adaptive responses. The immune system is involved in this process, and many changes of the cow's immune system components have been observed around calving. Cows are considered to be immunosuppressed in late lactation, and available data suggest that the immune system is dysregulated around parturition. Significant attention has been focused on modification of cellular functions (e.g. the reduction of phagocytosis and diapedesis), but growing interest concerns the components of the innate immune system, which often exhibits increased responses such as susceptibility to inflammatory events and the related acute phase response (APR). Systemic inflammation plays a significant role in early lactation, affects many liver functions and has been associated with the impairment of cow performance (i.e. reduced feed intake, milk yield, fertility, welfare). The assessment of variations in immune-metabolic indices offers opportunities to predict the onset of the health troubles and to anticipate the proper therapies needed to guarantee health, good welfare and fertility in the following lactation. The frequency of diseases (metabolic and infectious) before calving is rare, but several clues suggest that various metabolic and immune variations can begin during the dry period. Interesting preliminary results encourage this perspective and possible candidates are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erminio Trevisi
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; PRONUTRIGEN-Centro di Ricerca Nutrigenomica e Proteomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy.
| | - Andrea Minuti
- Istituto di Zootecnica, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; PRONUTRIGEN-Centro di Ricerca Nutrigenomica e Proteomica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
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14
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Liu Y, Kloc M, Li XC. Macrophages as Effectors of Acute and Chronic Allograft Injury. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2016; 3:303-312. [PMID: 28546901 PMCID: PMC5440082 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-016-0130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplants give a second chance of life to patients with end-stage organ failure. However, the immuno-logical barriers prove to be very challenging to overcome and graft rejection remains a major hurdle to long-term transplant survival. For decades, adaptive immunity has been the focus of studies, primarily based on the belief that T cells are necessary and sufficient for rejection. With better-developed immunosuppressive drugs and protocols that effectively control adaptive cells, innate immune cells have emerged as key effector cells in triggering graft injury and have therefore attracted much recent attention. In this review, we discuss current understanding of macrophages and their role in transplant rejection, their dynamics, distinct phenotypes, locations, and functions. We also discuss novel therapeutic approaches under development to target macrophages in transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yianzhu Liu
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Malgorzata Kloc
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xian C. Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas Medical Center, 6670 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Monocytes and macrophages are key players in tissue homeostasis and immune responses. Epigenetic processes tightly regulate cellular functioning in health and disease. Recent Advances: Recent technical developments have allowed detailed characterizations of the transcriptional circuitry underlying monocyte and macrophage regulation. Upon differentiation and activation, enhancers are selected by lineage-determining and signal-dependent transcription factors. Enhancers are shown to be very dynamic and activation of these enhancers underlies the differences in gene transcription between monocytes and macrophages and their subtypes. CRITICAL ISSUES It has been shown that epigenetic enzymes regulate the functioning of these cells and targeting of epigenetic enzymes has been proven to be a valuable tool to dampen inflammatory responses. We give a comprehensive overview of recent developments and understanding of the epigenetic pathways that control monocyte and macrophage function and of the epigenetic enzymes involved in monocyte and macrophage differentiation and activation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The key challenges in the upcoming years will be to study epigenetic changes in human disease and to better understand how epigenetic pathways control the inflammatory repertoire in disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 758-774.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten A Hoeksema
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Abstract
In addition to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondria perform other functions such as heme biosynthesis and oxygen sensing and mediate calcium homeostasis, cell growth, and cell death. They participate in cell communication and regulation of inflammation and are important considerations in aging, drug toxicity, and pathogenesis. The cell's capacity to maintain its mitochondria involves intramitochondrial processes, such as heme and protein turnover, and those involving entire organelles, such as fusion, fission, selective mitochondrial macroautophagy (mitophagy), and mitochondrial biogenesis. The integration of these processes exemplifies mitochondrial quality control (QC), which is also important in cellular disorders ranging from primary mitochondrial genetic diseases to those that involve mitochondria secondarily, such as neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic syndromes. Consequently, mitochondrial biology represents a potentially useful, but relatively unexploited area of therapeutic innovation. In patients with genetic OXPHOS disorders, the largest group of inborn errors of metabolism, effective therapies, apart from symptomatic and nutritional measures, are largely lacking. Moreover, the genetic and biochemical heterogeneity of these states is remarkably similar to those of certain acquired diseases characterized by metabolic and oxidative stress and displaying wide variability. This biologic variability reflects cell-specific and repair processes that complicate rational pharmacological approaches to both primary and secondary mitochondrial disorders. However, emerging concepts of mitochondrial turnover and dynamics along with new mitochondrial disease models are providing opportunities to develop and evaluate mitochondrial QC-based therapies. The goals of such therapies extend beyond amelioration of energy insufficiency and tissue loss and entail cell repair, cell replacement, and the prevention of fibrosis. This review summarizes current concepts of mitochondria as disease elements and outlines novel strategies to address mitochondrial dysfunction through the stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagir B Suliman
- Departments of Medicine (C.A.P.), Anesthesiology (H.B.S.), Duke Cancer Institute (H.B.S.), and Pathology (C.A.P.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham North Carolina
| | - Claude A Piantadosi
- Departments of Medicine (C.A.P.), Anesthesiology (H.B.S.), Duke Cancer Institute (H.B.S.), and Pathology (C.A.P.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham North Carolina
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17
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Galindo-Villegas J. Recent findings on vertebrate developmental immunity using the zebrafish model. Mol Immunol 2015; 69:106-12. [PMID: 26589453 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To grant survival against sterile or microbe induced inflammation, all animals rely on correct immune system functioning. The development of immunity occurs in vertebrates during embryogenesis in a process called hematopoiesis, which is characterized by the formation of blood cellular components such as embryonic erythrocytes and primitive macrophages. These cells are formed in a sterile environment from a rare subset of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) during a brief period of the primitive hematopoietic wave. Diverse signals, like Notch, are indispensable in HSC emergence and differentiation. However, to successfully replicate the process in vitro using pluripotent precursors, the full set of required signals is still a matter of debate. Among the latest findings, proinflammatory signals produced by transient primitive myelocites in zebrafish have been seen to act as essential mediators in establishing the HSC program of the adult vertebrate hematopoietic system. In this regard, the zebrafish immune model has emerged as a feasible live vertebrate model for examining developmental immunity and related host-microbe interactions, both at the molecular and cellular level. Thus, using the zebrafish embryo, this review summarizes recent findings, on the signals required for immune development and further maturation of the system, in a context where no adaptive immune response has yet been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Galindo-Villegas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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