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Tanaka A, Maeda S, Nomura T, Llamas-Covarrubias MA, Tanaka S, Jin L, Lim EL, Morikawa H, Kitagawa Y, Akizuki S, Ito Y, Fujimori C, Hirota K, Murase T, Hashimoto M, Higo J, Zamoyska R, Ueda R, Standley DM, Sakaguchi N, Sakaguchi S. Construction of a T cell receptor signaling range for spontaneous development of autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 2023; 220:213728. [PMID: 36454183 PMCID: PMC9718937 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic selection and peripheral activation of conventional T (Tconv) and regulatory T (Treg) cells depend on TCR signaling, whose anomalies are causative of autoimmunity. Here, we expressed in normal mice mutated ZAP-70 molecules with different affinities for the CD3 chains, or wild type ZAP-70 at graded expression levels under tetracycline-inducible control. Both manipulations reduced TCR signaling intensity to various extents and thereby rendered those normally deleted self-reactive thymocytes to become positively selected and form a highly autoimmune TCR repertoire. The signal reduction more profoundly affected Treg development and function because their TCR signaling was further attenuated by Foxp3 that physiologically repressed the expression of TCR-proximal signaling molecules, including ZAP-70, upon TCR stimulation. Consequently, the TCR signaling intensity reduced to a critical range generated pathogenic autoimmune Tconv cells and concurrently impaired Treg development/function, leading to spontaneous occurrence of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmune arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. These results provide a general model of how altered TCR signaling evokes autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Frontier Research in Tumor Immunology, Center of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Maeda
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mara Anais Llamas-Covarrubias
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Lin Jin
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Ee Lyn Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Morikawa
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yohko Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shuji Akizuki
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ito
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Fujimori
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tosei Murase
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Motomu Hashimoto
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junichi Higo
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Rose Zamoyska
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ryuzo Ueda
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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2
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Han S, Georgiev P, Ringel AE, Sharpe AH, Haigis MC. Age-associated remodeling of T cell immunity and metabolism. Cell Metab 2023; 35:36-55. [PMID: 36473467 PMCID: PMC10799654 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging results in remodeling of T cell immunity and is associated with poor clinical outcomes in age-related diseases such as cancer. Among the hallmarks of aging, changes in host and cellular metabolism critically affect the development, maintenance, and function of T cells. Although metabolic perturbations impact anti-tumor T cell responses, the link between age-associated metabolic dysfunction and anti-tumor immunity remains unclear. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of aged T cell metabolism, with a focus on the bioenergetic and immunologic features of T cell subsets unique to the aging process. We also survey insights into mechanisms of metabolic T cell dysfunction in aging and discuss the impacts of aging on the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. As the average life expectancy continues to increase, understanding the interplay between age-related metabolic reprogramming and maladaptive T cell immunity will be instrumental for the development of therapeutic strategies for older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeongJun Han
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Georgiev
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alison E Ringel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Marcia C Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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3
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CD96 Downregulation Promotes the Immune Response of CD4 T Cells and Associates with Ankylosing Spondylitis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3946754. [PMID: 35769669 PMCID: PMC9234051 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3946754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors (IRs) play an indispensable role in regulating T cell activation and expansion. This study is aimed at exploring the correlation between IRs and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Bioinformatics analysis of two datasets (GSE25101 and GSE73754), including 68 AS cases and 36 healthy controls, demonstrated that “T cell receptor signaling pathway” was significantly enriched, and two IRs (CD112R and CD96) were downregulated in AS cases. Real-time Quantitative PCR Detecting System (qPCR) analysis confirmed the decreased expression of CD112R and CD96 in the peripheral blood of AS patients. Flow cytometry demonstrated that the frequency of CD96-positive cells among CD4 T cells in AS patients was significantly reduced and that expressed on the cells was also significantly lower than the healthy controls. In addition, the expression of CD96 was altered on human primary CD4 T cells extracted from 3 healthy volunteers and cocultured with allogeneic dendritic cells (DCs). Also, low expression of CD96 elevated the phosphorylation of ERK in CD4 T cells and increased the level of TNF-α, IL-23, IL-17A, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the cell culture supernatant. These results suggested that CD96 is crucial for the pathogenesis of AS and may be a potential target in the treatment of the disease.
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4
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Genetic association and single-cell transcriptome analyses reveal distinct features connecting autoimmunity with cancers. iScience 2022; 25:104631. [PMID: 35800769 PMCID: PMC9254016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are at a significantly higher risk of cancers with unclear mechanism. By searching GWAS catalog database and Medline, susceptible genes for five common ADs, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, Sjögren syndrome, systemic sclerosis, and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, were collected and then were overlapped with cancer driver genes. Single-cell transcriptome analysis was performed in the comparation between SLE and related cancer. We identified 45 carcinogenic autoimmune disease risk (CAD) genes, which were mainly enriched in T cell signaling pathway and B cell signaling pathway. Integrated single-cell analysis revealed immune cell signaling was significantly downregulated in renal cancer compared with SLE, while stemness signature was significantly enriched in both renal cancer or lymphoma and SLE in specific subpopulations. Drugs targeting CAD genes were shared between ADs and cancer. Our study highlights the common and specific features between ADs and related cancers, and sheds light on a new discovery of treatments.
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5
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Li C, Cao Z, Li W, Liu R, Chen Y, Song Y, Liu G, Song Z, Liu Z, Lu C, Liu Y. A review on the wide range applications of hyaluronic acid as a promising rejuvenating biomacromolecule in the treatments of bone related diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1264-1275. [PMID: 33039536 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a multifunctional high molecular weight polysaccharide produced by synoviocytes, fibroblasts, and chondrocytes, and is naturally found in many tissues and fluids, and more abundantly in articular cartilage and synovial fluid. Naturally occurring HA is thought to participate in many biological processes, such as regulation of cell adhesion and cell motility, manipulation of cell differentiation and proliferation, and providing mechanical properties to tissues (Girish and Kemparaju, 2007). Due to its excellent physicochemical properties such as high viscosity, elasticity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and nonimmunogenicity, HA based formulations have a wide range of applications and serves as a promising rejuvenating biomacromolecule in biomedical applications. In recent decades, HA is currently a popular topic, and has been widely used in bone related diseases for its remarkable efficacy in articular cartilage lubrication, analgesia, anti-inflammation, immunomodulatory, chondroprotection, anti-cancer and etc. Moreover, the safety and tolerability of HA based formulations have also been well-documented for treatment of various types of bone related diseases (Chen et al., 2018). This review gives a deep understanding on the special benefits and provides a mechanism-based rationale for the use of HA in bone related diseases conditions with special reference to osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), bone metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Yurong Song
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guangzhi Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Zhiqian Song
- Institution of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- Institution of Basic Theory, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Cheng Lu
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
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6
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Oh-Hora M, Lu X, Shiokawa M, Takayanagi H, Yamasaki S. Stromal Interaction Molecule Deficiency in T Cells Promotes Spontaneous Follicular Helper T Cell Development and Causes Type 2 Immune Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2616-2627. [PMID: 30910863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate T cell responses are controlled by strict balance between activatory and inhibitory pathways downstream of TCR. Although mice or humans with impaired TCR signaling develop autoimmunity, the precise molecular mechanisms linking reduced TCR signaling to autoimmunity are not fully understood. Engagement of TCR activates Ca2+ signaling mainly through store-operated Ca2+ entry activated by stromal interaction molecule (Stim) 1 and Stim2. Despite defective T cell activation, mice deficient in both Stim1 and Stim2 in T cells (conditional double knockout [cDKO]) developed lymphoproliferative disorders and skin inflammation with a concomitant increase in serum IgG1 and IgE levels. In cDKO mice, follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were dramatically increased in number, and they produced IL-4 spontaneously. These inflammatory symptoms were abolished by the deletion of IL-4 in cDKO mice. Tfh development and inflammatory symptoms in cDKO mice were abrogated by further deletion of NFAT2 in T cells. These findings suggest that Tfh cells spontaneously developed in the absence of Ca2+ signaling and caused unregulated type 2 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatsugu Oh-Hora
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; .,Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Xiuyuan Lu
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moe Shiokawa
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; and
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; .,Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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7
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Fan K, Wang F, Li Y, Chen L, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Duan JY, Huang T, Zhong J, Liu RB, Mao X, Fan H, Guo X, Jin J. CRL4 DCAF2 is required for mature T-cell expansion via Aurora B-regulated proteasome activity. J Autoimmun 2018; 96:74-85. [PMID: 30245026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proliferation of T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues requires T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cell cycle entry. However, the underlying mechanism regulating cell cycle progression in mature T cells is incompletely understood. Here, we have identified an E3 ubiquitin ligase, CRL4DCAF2, as a critical mediator controlling M phase exit in activated T cells. DCAF2 expression is induced upon TCR stimulation and its deficiency attenuates T cell expansion. Additionally, DCAF2 T cell-specific knockout mice display impaired peripheral T cell maintenance and reduced severity of various autoimmune diseases. Continuous H4K20me1 modification caused by DCAF2 deficiency inhibits the induction of Aurkb expression, which regulates 26S proteasome activity during G2/M phase. CRL4DCAF2 deficiency causes M phase arrest through proteasome-dependent mechanisms in peripheral T cells. Our findings establish DCAF2 as a novel target for T cell-mediated autoimmunity or inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqi Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yiyuan Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhengjun Gao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jin-Yuan Duan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhong
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rong-Bei Liu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xintao Mao
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hengyu Fan
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jin Jin
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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8
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Yang XD, Sun SC. Deubiquitinases as pivotal regulators of T cell functions. Front Med 2018; 12:451-462. [PMID: 30054854 PMCID: PMC6705128 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T cells efficiently respond to foreign antigens to mediate immune responses against infections but are tolerant to self-tissues. Defect in T cell activation is associated with severe immune deficiencies, whereas aberrant T cell activation contributes to the pathogenesis of diverse autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. An emerging mechanism that regulates T cell activation and tolerance is ubiquitination, a reversible process of protein modification that is counter-regulated by ubiquitinating enzymes and deubiquitinases (DUBs). DUBs are isopeptidases that cleave polyubiquitin chains and remove ubiquitin from target proteins, thereby controlling the magnitude and duration of ubiquitin signaling. It is now well recognized that DUBs are crucial regulators of T cell responses and serve as potential therapeutic targets for manipulating immune responses in the treatment of immunological disorders and cancer. This review will discuss the recent progresses regarding the functions of DUBs in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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9
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Ahmed AR, Kaveri S. Reversing Autoimmunity Combination of Rituximab and Intravenous Immunoglobulin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1189. [PMID: 30072982 PMCID: PMC6058053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this concept paper, the authors present a unique and novel protocol to treat autoimmune diseases that may have the potential to reverse autoimmunity. It uses a combination of B cell depletion therapy (BDT), specifically rituximab (RTX) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), based on a specifically designed protocol (Ahmed Protocol). Twelve infusions of RTX are given in 6–14 months. Once the CD20+ B cells are depleted from the peripheral blood, IVIg is given monthly until B cells repopulation occurs. Six additional cycles are given to end the protocol. During the stages of B cell depletion, repopulation and after clinical recovery, IVIg is continued. Along with clinical recovery, significant reduction and eventual disappearance of pathogenic autoantibody occurs. Administration of IVIg in the post-clinical period is a crucial part of this protocol. This combination reduces and may eventually significantly eliminates inflammation in the microenvironment and facilitates restoring immune balance. Consequently, the process of autoimmunity and the phenomenon that lead to autoimmune disease are arrested, and a sustained and prolonged disease and drug-free remission is achieved. Data from seven published studies, in which this combination protocol was used, are presented. It is known that BDT does not affect check points. IVIg has functions that mimic checkpoints. Hence, when inflammation is reduced and the microenvironment is favorable, IVIg may restore tolerance. The authors provide relevant information, molecular mechanism of action of BDT, IVIg, autoimmunity, and autoimmune diseases. The focus of the manuscript is providing an explanation, using the current literature, to demonstrate possible pathways, used by the combination of BDT and IVIg in providing sustained, long-term, drug-free remissions of autoimmune diseases, and thus reversing autoimmunity, albeit for the duration of the observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Razzaque Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Center for Blistering Diseases, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Srinivas Kaveri
- INSERM U1138 Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
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10
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Genetic determinants of co-accessible chromatin regions in activated T cells across humans. Nat Genet 2018; 50:1140-1150. [PMID: 29988122 PMCID: PMC6097927 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over 90% of genetic variants associated with complex human traits map to non-coding regions, but little is understood about how they modulate gene regulation in health and disease. One possible mechanism is that genetic variants affect the activity of one or more cis-regulatory elements leading to gene expression variation in specific cell types. To identify such cases, we analyzed ATAC-seq and RNA-seq profiles from stimulated primary CD4+ T cells in up to 105 healthy donors. We found that regions of accessible chromatin (ATAC-peaks) are co-accessible at kilobase and megabase resolution, consistent with the three-dimensional chromatin organization measured by in situ Hi-C in T cells. Fifteen percent of genetic variants located within ATAC-peaks affected the accessibility of the corresponding peak (local-ATAC-QTLs). Local-ATAC-QTLs have the largest effects on co-accessible peaks, are associated with gene expression and are enriched for autoimmune disease variants. Our results provide insights into how natural genetic variants modulate cis-regulatory elements, in isolation or in concert, to influence gene expression.
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11
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Marshall A, Celentano A, Cirillo N, Mirams M, McCullough M, Porter S. Immune receptors CD40 and CD86 in oral keratinocytes and implications for oral lichen planus. J Oral Sci 2018; 59:373-382. [PMID: 28904313 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic T-cell-mediated mucocutaneous inflammatory disease that targets stratified epithelia, including those lining the oral cavity. The intraoral variant of LP (OLP) is associated with interferon (IFN)-γ production by infiltrating T lymphocytes; however, the role of epithelial cells in the etiopathogenesis OLP is not completely understood. There is however a growing body of evidence regarding the involvement of epithelial-derived cytokines, immune receptors, and costimulatory molecules in the pathobiological processes that promote and sustain OLP. In the present study, we used a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to assess whether CD40-a receptor found mainly on antigen presenting cells-and the costimulatory molecule CD86 were expressed in oral keratinocytes (three strains of primary normal oral keratinocytes and the H357 cell line) in the presence or absence of IFN-γ. To further characterize the involvement of CD40 in OLP, expression and distribution of receptor and ligand (CD40/CD154) in tissues from OLP were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The present results are the first to show that both CD40 and CD86 are constitutively expressed at low levels in oral keratinocytes and that their expression was enhanced by IFN-γ stimulation. The intensity of CD40 staining in OLP tissues was strong. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that CD40 and CD86 play a role in the pathophysiology of oral inflammatory diseases such as OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Celentano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples.,Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne
| | - Nicola Cirillo
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne
| | - Michiko Mirams
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne
| | - Michael McCullough
- Melbourne Dental School and Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, The University of Melbourne
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12
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Nagy N, Kuipers HF, Marshall PL, Wang E, Kaber G, Bollyky PL. Hyaluronan in immune dysregulation and autoimmune diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 78-79:292-313. [PMID: 29625181 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tissue microenvironment contributes to local immunity and to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases - a diverse set of conditions characterized by sterile inflammation, immunity against self-antigens, and destruction of tissues. However, the specific factors within the tissue microenvironment that contribute to local immune dysregulation in autoimmunity are poorly understood. One particular tissue component implicated in multiple autoimmune diseases is hyaluronan (HA), an extracellular matrix (ECM) polymer. HA is abundant in settings of chronic inflammation and contributes to lymphocyte activation, polarization, and migration. Here, we first describe what is known about the size, amount, and distribution of HA at sites of autoimmunity and in associated lymphoid structures in type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Next, we examine the recent literature on HA and its impact on adaptive immunity, particularly in regards to the biology of lymphocytes and Foxp3+ regulatory T-cells (Treg), a T-cell subset that maintains immune tolerance in healthy individuals. We propose that HA accumulation at sites of chronic inflammation creates a permissive environment for autoimmunity, characterized by CD44-mediated inhibition of Treg expansion. Finally, we address potential tools and strategies for targeting HA and its receptor CD44 in chronic inflammation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Nagy
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Hedwich F Kuipers
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Payton L Marshall
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Esther Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gernot Kaber
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul L Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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13
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Liaunardy-Jopeace A, Murton BL, Mahesh M, Chin JW, James JR. Encoding optical control in LCK kinase to quantitatively investigate its activity in live cells. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2017; 24:1155-1163. [PMID: 29083415 PMCID: PMC5736103 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LCK is a tyrosine kinase essential for initiating T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. A complete understanding of LCK function is constrained by a paucity of methods to quantitatively study its function within live cells. To address this limitation, we generated LCK*, in which a key active site lysine is replaced by a photo-caged equivalent, using genetic code expansion. This enabled fine temporal and spatial control over kinase activity, allowing us to quantify phosphorylation kinetics in situ using biochemical and imaging approaches. We find that auto-phosphorylation of the LCK active site loop is indispensable for its catalytic activity and that LCK can stimulate its own activation by adopting a more open conformation, which can be modulated by point mutations. We then show that CD4 and CD8, the T cell coreceptors, can enhance LCK activity, helping to explain their effect in physiological TCR signaling. Our approach also provides general insights into SRC-family kinase dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben L Murton
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC-LMB, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mohan Mahesh
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jason W Chin
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R James
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, MRC-LMB, Cambridge, UK
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14
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Lin L, Du L. The role of secreted factors in stem cells-mediated immune regulation. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:24-32. [PMID: 28778535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are characterized by self-renew and multipotent differentiation abilities. Besides their roles in cell compensation, stem cells are also rich sources of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, micro-RNAs and exosomes and serve as drug stores to maintain tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have revealed that the secretome of stem cells is regulated by the local inflammatory cues and highlighted the roles of these secretory factors in stem cell based therapies. Importantly, stem cell conditioned medium, in the absence of stem cell engraftment, have shown efficiency in treating diseases involves immune disorders. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the regulatory effects of stem cells secreted factors on different immune cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, NK cells, T cells, and B cells. We also discuss how stem cells released factors participate in the initiation, maintenance and resolution of inflammation. The in depth understanding of interaction between stem cells secreted factors and immune system would lead to new strategies to restore tissue homeostasis and improve the efficiency of stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China.
| | - Liming Du
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, China.
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15
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Xiao Z, Ye Z, Tadwal VS, Shen M, Ren EC. Dual non-contiguous peptide occupancy of HLA class I evoke antiviral human CD8 T cell response and form neo-epitopes with self-antigens. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5072. [PMID: 28698575 PMCID: PMC5505988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05171-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Host CD8 T cell response to viral infections involves recognition of 8-10-mer peptides presented by MHC-I molecules. However, proteasomes generate predominantly 2-7-mer peptides, but the role of these peptides is largely unknown. Here, we show that single short peptides of <8-mer from Latent Membrane Protein 2 (LMP2) of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) can bind HLA-A*11:01 and stimulate CD8+ cells. Surprisingly, two peptide fragments between 4-7-mer derived from LMP2(340-349) were able to complement each other, forming combination epitopes that can stimulate specific CD8+ T cell responses. Moreover, peptides from self-antigens can complement non-self peptides within the HLA binding cleft, forming neoepitopes. Solved structures of a tetra-complex comprising two peptides, HLA and β2-microglobulin revealed the free terminals of the two peptides to adopt an upward conformation directed towards the T cell receptor. Our results demonstrate a previously unknown mix-and-match combination of dual peptide occupancy in HLA that can generate vast combinatorial complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Xiao
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Zhiyong Ye
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Vikeramjeet Singh Tadwal
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Meixin Shen
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Ee Chee Ren
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 119260, Singapore.
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16
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Abstract
Hypothesized 40 years ago, molecular mimicry has been thereafter demonstrated as an extremely common mechanism by which microbes elude immune response and modulate biosynthetic/metabolic pathways of the host. In genetically predisposed persons and under particular conditions, molecular mimicry between microbial and human antigens can turn a defensive immune response into autoimmunity. Such triggering role and its pathogenetic importance have been investigated and demonstrated for many autoimmune diseases. However, this is not the case for autoimmune thyroid disease, which appears relatively neglected by this field of research. Here we review the available literature on the possible role of molecular mimicry as a trigger of autoimmune thyroid disease. Additionally, we present the results of in silico search for amino acid sequence homologies between some microbial proteins and thyroid autoantigens, and the potential pathogenetic relevance of such homologies. Relevance stems from the overlap with known autoepitopes and the occurrence of specific HLA-DR binding motifs. Bioinformatics data published by our group support and explain the triggering role of Borrelia, Yersinia, Clostridium botulinum, Rickettsia prowazekii and Helicobacter pylori. Our new data suggest the potential pathogenic importance of Toxoplasma gondii, some Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, Candida albicans, Treponema pallidum and hepatitis C virus in autoimmune thyroid disease, indicating specific molecular targets for future research. Additionally, the consistency between in silico prediction of cross-reactivity and experimental results shows the reliability and usefulness of bioinformatics tools to precisely identify candidate molecules for in vitro and/or in vivo experiments, or at least narrow down their number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Benvenga
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - Endocrinology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Master Program on Childhood, Adolescent and Women's Endocrine Health, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- Interdepartmental Program on Molecular & Clinical Endocrinology and Women's Endocrine Health, University Hospital, Policlinico G. Martino, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Guarneri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine - Dermatology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
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17
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Wu J, Carlock C, Ross A, Shim J, Lou Y. CD8αα+MHC Class II+ Cell with the Capacity To Terminate Autoimmune Inflammation Is a Novel Antigen-Presenting NK-like Cell in Rats. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4274-4282. [PMID: 27799310 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of immune tolerance mechanisms, which inhibit pre-existing autoimmune inflammation, may provide us with new strategies for treating autoimmune diseases. We have identified a CD8αα+MHC class II+ cell with professional APC capacity during our investigation on spontaneous recovery from autoimmune glomerulonephritis in a rat model. This cell actively invades inflamed target tissue and further terminates an ongoing autoimmune inflammation by selective killing of effector autoreactive T cells. In this study, we show that this cell used a cytotoxic machinery of Ly49s+ NK cells in killing of target T cells. Thus, this CD8αα+MHC class II+ cell was a dually functional Ag-presenting NK-like (AP-NK) cell. Following its coupling with target T cells through Ag presentation, killing stimulatory receptor Ly49s6 and coreceptor CD8αα on this cell used rat nonclassic MHC class I C/E16 on the target T cells as a ligand to initiate killing. Thus, activated effector T cells with elevated expression of rat nonclassic MHC class I C/E16 were highly susceptible to the killing by the CD8αα+ AP-NK cell. Granule cytolytic perforin/granzyme C from this cell subsequently mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, inhibition of granzyme C effectively attenuated the killing. As it can recognize and eliminate effector autoreactive T cells in the inflamed target tissue, the CD8αα+ AP-NK cell not only represents a new type of immune cell involved in immune tolerance, but it also is a potential candidate for developing a cell-based therapy for pre-existing autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Wu
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Colin Carlock
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - April Ross
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Junbo Shim
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
| | - Yahuan Lou
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054
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18
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Friedenberg SG, Meurs KM, Mackay TFC. Evaluation of artificial selection in Standard Poodles using whole-genome sequencing. Mamm Genome 2016; 27:599-609. [PMID: 27510710 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-016-9660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying regions of artificial selection within dog breeds may provide insights into genetic variation that underlies breed-specific traits or diseases-particularly if these traits or disease predispositions are fixed within a breed. In this study, we searched for runs of homozygosity (ROH) and calculated the d i statistic (which is based upon F ST) to identify regions of artificial selection in Standard Poodles using high-coverage, whole-genome sequencing data of 15 Standard Poodles and 49 dogs across seven other breeds. We identified consensus ROH regions ≥1 Mb in length and common to at least ten Standard Poodles covering 0.6 % of the genome, and d i regions that most distinguish Standard Poodles from other breeds covering 3.7 % of the genome. Within these regions, we identified enriched gene pathways related to olfaction, digestion, and taste, as well as pathways related to adrenal hormone biosynthesis, T cell function, and protein ubiquitination that could contribute to the pathogenesis of some Poodle-prevalent autoimmune diseases. We also validated variants related to hair coat and skull morphology that have previously been identified as being under selective pressure in Poodles, and flagged additional polymorphisms in genes such as ITGA2B, CBX4, and TNXB that may represent strong candidates for other common Poodle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Friedenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Kathryn M Meurs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, 3510 Thomas Hall, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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19
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Hu H, Wang H, Xiao Y, Jin J, Chang JH, Zou Q, Xie X, Cheng X, Sun SC. Otud7b facilitates T cell activation and inflammatory responses by regulating Zap70 ubiquitination. J Exp Med 2016; 213:399-414. [PMID: 26903241 PMCID: PMC4813674 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction from the T cell receptor (TCR) is crucial for T cell-mediated immune responses and, when deregulated, also contributes to the development of autoimmunity. How TCR signaling is regulated is incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate a ubiquitin-dependent mechanism in which the deubiquitinase Otud7b has a crucial role in facilitating TCR signaling. Upon TCR ligation, Otud7b is rapidly recruited to the tyrosine kinase Zap70, a central mediator of TCR-proximal signaling. Otud7b deficiency attenuates the activation of Zap70 and its downstream pathways and impairs T cell activation and differentiation, rendering mice refractory to T cell-mediated autoimmune and inflammatory responses. Otud7b facilitated Zap70 activation by deubiquitinating Zap70, thus preventing the association of Zap70 with the negative-regulatory phosphatases Sts1 and Sts2. These findings establish Otud7b as a positive regulator of TCR-proximal signaling and T cell activation, highlighting the importance of deubiquitination in regulating Zap70 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jae-Hoon Chang
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xuhong Cheng
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030
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20
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Maselli A, Conti F, Alessandri C, Colasanti T, Barbati C, Vomero M, Ciarlo L, Patrizio M, Spinelli FR, Ortona E, Valesini G, Pierdominici M. Low expression of estrogen receptor β in T lymphocytes and high serum levels of anti-estrogen receptor α antibodies impact disease activity in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:3. [PMID: 26759713 PMCID: PMC4709986 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0057-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current evidence indicates that estrogens, in particular 17β-estradiol (E2), play a crucial role in the gender bias of autoimmune diseases although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. Immune cells have estrogen receptors (ERs), i.e., ERα and ERβ, that play pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, respectively, and the presence of one estrogen receptor (ER) subtype over the other might change estrogen effects, promoting or dampening inflammation. In this study, we contributed to define the influences of E2 on T cells from female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a representative autoimmune disease characterized by a higher prevalence in women than in men (female/male ratio 9:1). Particularly, our aim was to evaluate whether alterations of ERα and ERβ expression in T cells from female SLE patients may impact lymphocyte sensitivity to E2 and anti-ERα antibody (anti-ERα Ab) stimulation interfering with cell signaling and display a direct clinical effect. Methods Sixty-one premenopausal female patients with SLE and 40 age-matched healthy donors were recruited. Patients were divided into two groups based on the SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI-2K) (i.e., <6 and ≥6). ER expression was evaluated in T lymphocytes by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analyses. Serum anti-ERα Ab levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ER-dependent signaling pathways were measured by a phosphoprotein detection kit. Results Intracellular ERβ expression was significantly lower in T cells from patients with SLEDAI-2K ≥6 as compared with healthy donors and patients with SLEDAI-2K <6 and negatively correlated with disease activity. The expression of intracellular and membrane-associated-ERα was similar in SLE and control T cells. ER-dependent signaling pathways were activated in T cells from SLE patients with SLEDAI-2K ≥6, but not with SLEDAI-2K <6, when both membrane and intracellular ERs were stimulated by co-treatment with E2 and anti-ERα Abs. Conclusions Our results demonstrate an altered ER profile in SLE patients, possibly contributing to SLE pathogenesis and interfering with clinical activity, and highlight the potential exploitation of T cell-associated ERβ as a biomarker of disease activity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13293-016-0057-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Maselli
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Conti
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano Alessandri
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Tania Colasanti
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Barbati
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Vomero
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ciarlo
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Patrizio
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Spinelli
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Ortona
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,San Raffaele Pisana Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Valesini
- Lupus Clinic, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Pierdominici
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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21
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Shi JH, Sun SC. TCR signaling to NF-κB and mTORC1: Expanding roles of the CARMA1 complex. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:546-57. [PMID: 26260210 PMCID: PMC4679546 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Naïve T-cell activation requires signals from both the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the costimulatory molecule CD28. A central mediator of the TCR and CD28 signals is the scaffold protein CARMA1, which functions by forming a complex with partner proteins, Bcl10 and MALT1. A well-known function of the CARMA1 signaling complex is to mediate activation of IκB kinase (IKK) and its target transcription factor NF-κB, thereby promoting T-cell activation and survival. Recent evidence suggests that CARMA1 also mediates TCR/CD28-stimulated activation of the IKK-related kinase TBK1, which plays a role in regulating the homeostasis and migration of T cells. Moreover, the CARMA1 complex connects the TCR/CD28 signals to the activation of mTORC1, a metabolic kinase regulating various aspects of T-cell functions. This review will discuss the mechanism underlying the activation of the CARMA1-dependent signaling pathways and their roles in regulating T-cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hong Shi
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, 212 Yuhua East Road, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, TX 77030, USA; The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Wu W, Yan C, Shi X, Li L, Liu W, Xu C. Lipid in T-cell receptor transmembrane signaling. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 118:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Spalinger MR, Scharl M. The role for protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 in regulating intestinal homeostasis. United European Gastroenterol J 2015; 4:325-32. [PMID: 27403297 DOI: 10.1177/2050640615600115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease represents a chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent knowledge suggests a crucial role for genetic, immunological and bacterial factors in inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis. Variations within the gene locus encoding PTPN22 have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. PTPN22 is critically involved in controlling immune cell activation and thereby plays an important role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Although in B and T cells the mechanism showing how PTPN22 affects cell signalling pathways is well studied, its role in myeloid cells remains less defined. Regulation of the innate immune system plays an essential role in the intestine, and levels of PTPN22 in myeloid cells are drastically reduced in the intestine of inflammatory bowel disease patients. Therefore, additional studies to define the role of PTPN22 in myeloid cells might clearly enhance our understanding of how PTPN22 contributes to intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne R Spalinger
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Scharl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Understanding the cell-intrinsic cues that permit self-reactivity in lymphocytes, and therefore autoimmunity, requires an understanding of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression in these cells. In this Review, we address seminal and recent research on microRNA (miRNA) regulation of central and peripheral tolerance. Human and mouse studies demonstrate that the PI3K pathway is a critical point of miRNA regulation of immune cell development and function that affects the development of autoimmunity. We also discuss how miRNA expression profiling in human autoimmune diseases has inspired mechanistic studies of miRNA function in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, and asthma.
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25
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Manna P, Jain SK. Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate and cellular signaling: implications for obesity and diabetes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 35:1253-75. [PMID: 25721445 DOI: 10.1159/000373949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃) is one of the most important phosphoinositides and is capable of activating a wide range of proteins through its interaction with their specific binding domains. Localization and activation of these effector proteins regulate a number of cellular functions, including cell survival, proliferation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, intracellular vesicle trafficking, and cell metabolism. Phosphoinositides have been investigated as an important agonist-dependent second messenger in the regulation of diverse physiological events depending upon the phosphorylation status of their inositol group. Dysregulation in formation as well as metabolism of phosphoinositides is associated with various pathophysiological disorders such as inflammation, allergy, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and metabolic diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that the impaired metabolism of PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ is a prime mediator of insulin resistance associated with various metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes. This review examines the current status of the role of PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ signaling in the regulation of various cellular functions and the implications of dysregulated PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ signaling in obesity, diabetes, and their associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Manna
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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26
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Regulation of T-cell activation and migration by the kinase TBK1 during neuroinflammation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6074. [PMID: 25606824 PMCID: PMC4302769 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of an immune or autoimmune response involves T-cell activation in lymphoid organs and subsequent migration to peripheral tissues. Here we show that T-cell-specific ablation of the kinase TBK1 promotes T-cell activation but causes retention of effector T cells in the draining lymph node in a neuroinflammatory autoimmunity model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). At older ages, the T-cell-conditional TBK1-knockout mice also spontaneously accumulate T cells with activated phenotype. TBK1 controls the activation of AKT and its downstream kinase mTORC1 by a mechanism involving TBK1-stimulated AKT ubiquitination and degradation. The deregulated AKT-mTORC1 signalling in turn contributes to enhanced T-cell activation and impaired effector T-cell egress from draining lymph nodes. Treatment of mice with a small-molecule inhibitor of TBK1 inhibits EAE induction. These results suggest a role for TBK1 in regulating T-cell migration and establish TBK1 as a regulator of the AKT-mTORC1 signalling axis. T cells that are activated by self-antigens in the periphery can migrate into the brain causing neuroinflammatory disease. Here the authors show that TBK1 is necessary for activated T-cell egress from the lymph node, and blocking TBK1 ameliorates autoimmunity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.
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27
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, including microvesicles, exosomes and apoptotic bodies are recognized as carriers of pathogen-associated molecules with direct involvement in immune signaling and inflammation. Those observations have enforced the way these membranous vesicles are being considered as promising immunotherapeutic targets. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in autoimmunity and highlights their potential use as disease biomarkers as well as targets for the treatment and prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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Sun Y, Zhu X, Chen X, Liu H, Xu Y, Chu Y, Wang G, Liu X. The mediator subunit Med23 contributes to controlling T-cell activation and prevents autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5225. [PMID: 25301163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell activation is critical for successful immune responses and is controlled at multiple levels. Although many changes of T-cell receptor-associated signalling molecules affect T-cell activation, the transcriptional mechanisms that control this process remain largely unknown. Here we find that T cell-specific deletion of the mediator subunit Med23 leads to hyperactivation of T cells and aged Med23-deficient mice exhibit an autoimmune syndrome. Med23 specifically and consistently promotes the transcription of multiple negative regulators of T-cell activation. In the absence of Med23, the T-cell activation threshold is lower, which results in enhanced antitumour T-cell function. Cumulatively, our data suggest that Med23 contributes to controlling T-cell activation at the transcriptional level and prevents the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xufeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yajing Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Komrokji RS, Mailloux AW, Chen DT, Sekeres MA, Paquette R, Fulp WJ, Sugimori C, Paleveda-Pena J, Maciejewski JP, List AF, Epling-Burnette PK. A phase II multicenter rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin trial in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes identifying a novel model for response prediction. Haematologica 2014; 99:1176-83. [PMID: 24488560 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2012.083345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation is a mechanism contributing to ineffective hematopoiesis in a subset of myelodysplastic syndrome patients. We report the first US multicenter non-randomized, phase II trial examining the efficacy of rabbit(r)-anti-thymocyte globulin using 2.5 mg/kg/day administered daily for 4 doses. The primary end point was hematologic response; secondary end points included duration of response, time to response, time to progression, and tolerance. Nine (33%;95% confidence interval=17%-54%) of the 27 patients treated experienced durable hematologic improvement in an intent-to-treat analysis with a median time to response and median response duration of 75 and 245 days, respectively. While younger age is the most significant factor favoring equine(e)-anti-thymocyte globulin response, treatment outcome on this study was independent of age (P=0.499). A shorter duration between diagnosis and treatment showed a positive trend (P=0.18), but International Prognostic Scoring System score (P=0.150), karyotype (P=0.319), and age-adjusted bone marrow cellularity (P=0.369) were not associated with response classification. Since activated T-lymphocytes are the primary cellular target of anti-thymocyte globulin, a T-cell expression profiling was conducted in a cohort of 38 patients consisting of rabbit and equine-antithymocyte globulin-treated patients. A model containing disease duration, CD8 terminal memory T cells and T-cell proliferation-associated-antigen expression predicted response with the greatest accuracy using a leave-one-out cross validation approach. This profile categorized patients independent of other covariates, including treatment type and age using a leave-one-out-cross-validation approach (75.7%). Therefore, rabbit-anti-thymocyte globulin has hematologic remitting activity in myelodysplastic syndrome and a T-cell activation profile has potential utility classifying those who are more likely to respond (NCT00466843 clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami S Komrokji
- Malignant Hematology Division, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Adam W Mailloux
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Dung-Tsa Chen
- Biostatistics Program, H. Lee H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | | | - William J Fulp
- Biostatistics Program, H. Lee H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Chiharu Sugimori
- Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kuratsukihigashi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Alan F List
- Malignant Hematology Division, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
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30
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Luu VP, Vazquez MI, Zlotnik A. B cells participate in tolerance and autoimmunity through cytokine production. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:1-12. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.856006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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31
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Barbeau DJ, La KT, Kim DS, Kerpedjieva SS, Shurin GV, Tamama K. Early growth response-2 signaling mediates immunomodulatory effects of human multipotential stromal cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:155-66. [PMID: 24007274 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
While most studies have suggested multipotential stromal cell or mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies are useful for immune-mediated diseases, MSCs' immunomodulatory effects were not entirely reproduced in some studies, indicating the necessity to determine the underlying mechanism of MSCs' effects on immune response regulation to maximize their immunomodulatory effects. We have identified the transcription factor early growth response gene-2 (EGR2) as a novel molecular switch regulating known immunomodulatory molecules in human MSCs. EGR2 binds to the promoter regions of these genes, interleukin-6 (IL6), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), indoleamine dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), and cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX2/PTGS2), and siRNA against EGR2 was shown to downregulate these genes and reduce the production of prostaglandin E2, an immunomodulatory mediator produced downstream of COX2/PTGS2. Moreover, EGR2 knockdown restores T-lymphocyte proliferation reduced by MSC coculture. Therefore, EGR2 is a potential target for the optimization of immunomodulatory properties of MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique J Barbeau
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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32
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New insights into the catalytic mechanism of histidine phosphatases revealed by a functionally essential arginine residue within the active site of the Sts phosphatases. Biochem J 2013; 453:27-35. [PMID: 23565972 DOI: 10.1042/bj20121769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sts (suppressor of T-cell receptor signalling)-1 and Sts-2 are HPs (histidine phosphatases) that negatively regulate TCR (T-cell receptor) signalling pathways, including those involved in cytokine production. HPs play key roles in such varied biological processes as metabolism, development and intracellular signalling. They differ considerably in their primary sequence and substrate specificity, but possess a catalytic core formed by an invariant quartet of active-site residues. Two histidine and two arginine residues cluster together within the HP active site and are thought to participate in a two-step dephosphorylation reaction. To date there has been little insight into any additional residues that might play an important functional role. In the present study, we identify and characterize an additional residue within the Sts phosphatases (Sts-1 Arg383 or Sts-2 Arg369) that is critical for catalytic activity and intracellular function. Mutation of Sts-1 Arg383 to an alanine residue compromises the enzyme's activity and renders Sts-1 unable to suppress TCR-induced cytokine induction. Of the multiple amino acids substituted for Arg383, only lysine partially rescues the catalytic activity of Sts-1. Although Sts-1 Arg383 is conserved in all Sts homologues, it is only conserved in one of the two sub-branches of HPs. The results of the present study highlight an essential role for Sts-1 phosphatase activity in regulating T-cell activation and add a new dimension of complexity to our understanding of HP catalytic activity.
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33
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Vargas L, Hamasy A, Nore BF, E. Smith CI. Inhibitors of BTK and ITK: State of the New Drugs for Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammatory Diseases. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:130-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Vargas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge; Sweden
| | | | | | - C. I. E. Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge; Sweden
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34
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Bouzid D, Fourati H, Amouri A, Marques I, Abida O, Haddouk S, Ben Ayed M, Tahri N, Penha-Gonçalves C, Masmoudi H. Association of ZAP70 and PTPN6, but Not BANK1 or CLEC2D, with inflammatory bowel disease in the Tunisian population. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:321-6. [PMID: 23406209 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), consisting of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), are complex disorders with multiple genes contributing to disease pathogenesis. We aimed to identify the associations of genetic variations in the ZAP70, PTPN6, BANK1, and CLEC2D genes encoding for intracellular signaling molecules with IBDs. One hundred seven patients (39 CD and 68 UC) with IBD and 162 healthy control subjects from the Southern Tunisia were recruited. We genotyped 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ZAP70 (rs1020396, rs11686881, rs13420683, and rs17695937), 2 SNPs in PTPN6 (rs7310161 and rs759052), 3 SNPs in BANK1 (rs10516487, rs17266594, and rs3733197), and 1 SNP in CLEC2D (rs3764021). ZAP70 displayed a strong genetic association with CD for rs13420683 [allele C, p=0.003, P(corr)=0.006, odds ratio (OR)=2.25 (1.32; 3.85); genotype CC, p=0.016, P(corr)=0.048, OR=2.57 (1.22; 5.41)]. However, in UC, a weak association with PTPN6 was observed [TT (p=0.01; P(corr)=0.03; OR=2.11 (1.18; 3.76)]. No significant association in the BANK1 and CLEC2D genes was observed. These results suggest the involvement of the ZAP70 and PTPN6 genes in the genetic component conferring a general susceptibility to CD and UC, respectively. This work provides motivation for studies aiming to replicate these findings in larger populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorra Bouzid
- Immunology Department, Medicine School and Habib Bourguiba Hospital, Sfax, Tunisia.
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35
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Role of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in cell signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 991:105-39. [PMID: 23775693 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6331-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many lipids present in cellular membranes are phosphorylated as part of signaling cascades and participate in the recruitment, localization, and activation of downstream protein effectors. Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) is one of the most important second messengers and is capable of interacting with a variety of proteins through specific PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 binding domains. Localization and activation of these effector proteins controls a myriad of cellular functions including cell survival, proliferation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and gene expression. Aberrations in the production and metabolism of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 have been implicated in many human diseases including cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and heart disease. This chapter provides an overview of the role of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 in cellular regulation and the implications of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 dysregulation in human diseases. Additionally, recent attempts at targeting PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 signaling via small molecule inhibitors are summarized.
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36
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Sweet RA, Lee SK, Vinuesa CG. Developing connections amongst key cytokines and dysregulated germinal centers in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 24:658-64. [PMID: 23123277 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmunity owing to overactivity of Tfh and dysregulated germinal centers has been described in mice and humans. Cytokines such as IL-21, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-17 are elevated in the plasma of mouse models of lupus, arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, and in subsets of patients with autoimmune disease. Monoclonal antibodies targeting these cytokines are entering clinical trials. While these cytokines exert pleiotropic effects on immune cells and organs, it is becoming clear that each and all of them can profoundly regulate Tfh numbers and/or function and induce or maintain the aberrant germinal center reactions that lead to pathogenic autoantibody formation. Here we review recent discoveries into the roles of IL-21, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17 in germinal center responses and antibody-driven autoimmunity. These new insights used in conjunction with biomarkers of an overactive Tfh pathway may help stratify patients to rationalize the use of emerging monoclonal anti-cytokine antibody therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sweet
- Department of Pathogens and Immunity, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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37
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Kuhns MS, Davis MM. TCR Signaling Emerges from the Sum of Many Parts. Front Immunol 2012; 3:159. [PMID: 22737151 PMCID: PMC3381686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
“How does T cell receptor signaling begin?” Answering this question requires an understanding of how the parts of the molecular machinery that mediates this process fit and work together. Ultimately this molecular architecture must (i) trigger the relay of information from the TCR-pMHC interface to the signaling substrates of the CD3 molecules and (ii) bring the kinases that modify these substrates in close proximity to interact, initiate, and sustain signaling. In this contribution we will discuss advances of the last decade that have increased our understanding of the complex machinery and interactions that underlie this type of signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kuhns
- Department of Immunobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, AZ, USA
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38
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Fenofibrate inhibited the differentiation of T helper 17 cells in vitro. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:145654. [PMID: 22792085 PMCID: PMC3388320 DOI: 10.1155/2012/145654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled activity of T cells mediates autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Recent findings suggest that enhanced activity of interleukin-17 (IL-17) producing T helper 17 cells (Th17 cells) plays an important role in autoimmune diseases and inflammatory diseases. Previous papers have revealed that a lipid-lowering synthetic ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα), fenofibrate, alleviates both atherosclerosis and a few nonlipid-associated autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune colitis and multiple sclerosis. However, the link between fenofibrate and Th17 cells is lacking. In the present study, we hypothesized that fenofibrate inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells. Our results showed that fenofibrate inhibited transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and IL-6-induced differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro. However, other PPARα ligands such as WY14643, GW7647 and bezafibrate did not show any effect on Th17 differentiation, indicating that this effect of fenofibrate might be PPARα independent. Furthermore, our data showed that fenofibrate reduced IL-21 production and STAT3 activation, a critical signal in the Th17 differentiation. Thus, by ameliorating the differentiation of Th17 cells, fenofibrate might be beneficial for autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases.
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39
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Payne NL, Dantanarayana A, Sun G, Moussa L, Caine S, McDonald C, Herszfeld D, Bernard CC, Siatskas C. Early intervention with gene-modified mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing interleukin-4 enhances anti-inflammatory responses and functional recovery in experimental autoimmune demyelination. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:179-89. [PMID: 22568986 PMCID: PMC3427232 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can be isolated from most adult tissues and hold considerable promise for tissue regenerative therapies. Some of the potential advantages that MSCs have over other adult stem cell types include: (1) their relative ease of isolation, culture and expansion; (2) their immunomodulatory properties; (3) they can provide trophic support to injured tissues; (4) they can be transduced by retroviral vectors at a high efficiency; (5) they have an ability to home to sites of inflammation and injury. Collectively these characteristics suggest that MSCs are attractive vehicles for cell and gene therapy applications. In the current study, we investigated whether transplantation of human adipose-derived MSCs (Ad-MSCs) engineered to overexpress the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-4 was efficacious in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ad-MSCs transduced with a bicistronic lentiviral vector encoding mouse IL-4 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (Ad-IL4-MSCs) stably expressed, relatively high levels of both transgenes. Importantly the phenotypic and functional attributes of Ad-IL4-MSCs, such as the expression of homing molecules and differentiation capacity, was not altered by the transduction process. Notably, the early administration of Ad-IL4-MSCs in mice with EAE at the time of T-cell priming attenuated clinical disease. This protective effect was associated with a reduction in peripheral MOG-specific T-cell responses and a shift from a pro- to an anti-inflammatory cytokine response. These data suggest that the delivery of Ad-MSCs genetically engineered to express anti-inflammatory cytokines may provide a rational approach to promote immunomodulation and tissue protection in a number of inflammatory and degenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie L. Payne
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Ashanti Dantanarayana
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Guizhi Sun
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Leon Moussa
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Sally Caine
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Courtney McDonald
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Daniella Herszfeld
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Claude C.A. Bernard
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Christopher Siatskas
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories; Monash University; Clayton, VIC Australia
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Bohgaki T, Mozo J, Salmena L, Matysiak-Zablocki E, Bohgaki M, Sanchez O, Strasser A, Hakem A, Hakem R. Caspase-8 inactivation in T cells increases necroptosis and suppresses autoimmunity in Bim-/- mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 195:277-91. [PMID: 22006951 PMCID: PMC3198166 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of the pro-apoptotic factor Bim, caspase-8 plays an important role in restraining autoimmunity by inducing cell death in T cells. Dysregulation of either the extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathway can lead to various diseases including immune disorders and cancer. In addition to its role in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, caspase-8 plays nonapoptotic functions and is essential for T cell homeostasis. The pro-apoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family member Bim is important for the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and its inactivation leads to autoimmunity that is further exacerbated by loss of function of the death receptor Fas. We report that inactivation of caspase-8 in T cells of Bim−/− mice restrained their autoimmunity and extended their life span. We show that, similar to caspase-8−/− T cells, Bim−/− T cells that also lack caspase-8 displayed elevated levels of necroptosis and that inhibition of this cell death process fully rescued the survival and proliferation of these cells. Collectively, our data demonstrate that inactivation of caspase-8 suppresses the survival and proliferative capacity of Bim−/− T cells and restrains autoimmunity in Bim−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Bohgaki
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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41
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Doníz-Padilla L, Martínez-Jiménez V, Niño-Moreno P, Abud-Mendoza C, Hernández-Castro B, González-Amaro R, Layseca-Espinosa E, Baranda-Cándido L. Expression and function of Cbl-b in T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and detection of the 2126 A/G Cblb gene polymorphism in the Mexican mestizo population. Lupus 2011; 20:628-35. [PMID: 21558139 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310394896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by abnormalities in the function of T and B lymphocytes and in the signaling pathways induced through their receptors. Cbl-b is an intracellular adaptor protein that plays a key role in the negative regulation of lymphocyte activity. We explored the expression and function of Cbl-b in T lymphocytes from SLE patients. In addition, the possible association of SLE and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the Cblb gene was determined. We studied 150 SLE patients, 163 healthy individuals, and 14 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The expression of Cbl-b was analyzed in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the negative regulatory function of Cbl-b was assessed by analyzing actin polymerization and the phosphorylation of JNK and c-Jun induced through CD3. Furthermore, the 2126(A/G) SNP of the Cblb gene was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We found a significant small reduction in the expression of Cbl-b as well as increased levels of activation of c-Jun and actin polymerization in T lymphocytes from patients with SLE compared with healthy controls or RA patients. In addition, a significant association between the 2126(A/G) SNP and SLE was detected. Our data suggest that Cbl-b may contribute to the deregulated activation of T lymphocytes observed in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Doníz-Padilla
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
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42
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Bagga V, Silakari O, Ghorela VS, Bahia MS, Rambabu G, Sarma J. A three-dimensional pharmacophore modelling of ITK inhibitors and virtual screening for novel inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 22:171-190. [PMID: 21391146 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2010.510480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is a key member of the Tec family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases, and has been found to be a novel target for a number of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. A three-dimensional pharmacophore model has been generated for protein ITK from its known inhibitors. The best HypoGen model consisted of four pharmacophore features: one hydrogen bond acceptor, one hydrogen bond donor and two hydrophobic rings. This model showed a correlation coefficient of 0.947, a root mean square deviation of 0.914 and a configuration cost of 16.866. The model was validated using test set prediction and Fischer's test. A test set containing 204 compounds showed an r(2) of 0.745 between estimated activity and activity measured experimentally. Fisher's test gave a confidence level of 95%. The best pharmacophore model (Hypo1) was then employed for virtual screening (3D database searching), including Lipinsiki's filter, to obtain a pool of more drug-like molecules. The molecular pool thus retrieved was subjected to docking analysis with a study protein to remove any molecules showing false positive activity for ITK.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Bagga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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43
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Le Saout C, Villard M, Cabasse C, Jacquet C, Taylor N, Hernandez J. IL-2 mediates CD4+ T cell help in the breakdown of memory-like CD8+ T cell tolerance under lymphopenic conditions. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12659. [PMID: 20856822 PMCID: PMC2939396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lymphopenia results in the proliferation and differentiation of naïve T cells into memory-like cells in the apparent absence of antigenic stimulation. This response, at least in part due to a greater availability of cytokines, is thought to promote anti-self responses. Although potentially autoreactive memory-like CD8+ T cells generated in a lymphopenic environment are subject to the mechanisms of peripheral tolerance, they can induce autoimmunity in the presence of antigen-specific memory-like CD4+ T helper cells. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we studied the mechanisms underlying CD4 help under lymphopenic conditions in transgenic mice expressing a model antigen in the beta cells of the pancreas. Surprisingly, we found that the self-reactivity mediated by the cooperation of memory-like CD8+ and CD4+ T cells was not abrogated by CD40L blockade. In contrast, treatment with anti-IL-2 antibodies inhibited the onset of autoimmunity. IL-2 neutralization prevented the CD4-mediated differentiation of memory-like CD8+ T cells into pathogenic effectors in response to self-antigen cross-presentation. Furthermore, in the absence of helper cells, induction of IL-2 signaling by an IL-2 immune complex was sufficient to promote memory-like CD8+ T cell self-reactivity. Conclusions/Significance IL-2 mediates the cooperation of memory-like CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the breakdown of cross-tolerance, resulting in effector cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation and the induction of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Le Saout
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Villard
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Clémence Cabasse
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Jacquet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Javier Hernandez
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, UMR 5535 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Montpellier 2 and Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail:
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44
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Song Q, Han Q, Bradshaw EM, Kent SC, Raddassi K, Nilsson B, Nepom GT, Hafler DA, Love JC. On-chip activation and subsequent detection of individual antigen-specific T cells. Anal Chem 2010; 82:473-7. [PMID: 20000848 DOI: 10.1021/ac9024363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The frequencies of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells in samples of human tissue have been difficult to determine accurately ex vivo, particularly for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis or type 1 diabetes. Conventional approaches involve the expansion of primary T cells in vitro to increase the numbers of cells, and a subsequent assessment of the frequencies of antigen-specific T cells in the expanded population by limiting dilution or by using fluorescently labeled tetramers of peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptors. Here we describe an alternative approach that uses arrays of subnanoliter wells coated with recombinant peptide-loaded MHC class II monomers to isolate and stimulate individual CD4+ T cells in an antigen-specific manner. In these experiments, activation was monitored using microengraving to capture two cytokines (IFNgamma and IL-17) released from single cells. This new method should enable direct enumeration of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells ex vivo from clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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45
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Customized Cell-Based Treatment Options to Combat Autoimmunity and Restore β-Cell Function in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Current Protocols and Future Perspectives. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 654:641-65. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3271-3_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Jeong SM, Lee C, Lee SK, Kim J, Seong RH. The SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex modulates peripheral T cell activation and proliferation by controlling AP-1 expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:2340-50. [PMID: 19910461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.026997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex has been implicated in the activation and proliferation of T cells. After T cell receptor signaling, the SWI/SNF complex rapidly associates with chromatin and controls gene expression in T cells. However, the process by which the SWI/SNF complex regulates peripheral T cell activation has not been elucidated. In this study, we show that the SWI/SNF complex regulates cytokine production and proliferation of T cells. During T cell activation, the SWI/SNF complex is recruited to the promoter of the transcription factor AP-1, and it increases the expression of AP-1. Increased expression of the SWI/SNF complex resulted in enhanced AP-1 activity, cytokine production, and proliferation of peripheral T cells, whereas knockdown of the SWI/SNF complex expression impaired the AP-1 expression and reduced the activation and proliferation of T cells. Moreover, mice that constitutively expressed the SWI/SNF complex in T cells were much more susceptible to experimentally induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis than the normal mice were. These results suggest that the SWI/SNF complex plays a critical role during T cell activation and subsequent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, and Research Center for Functional Cellulomics, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanangno, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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47
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St Rose MC, Qui HZ, Bandyopadhyay S, Mihalyo MA, Hagymasi AT, Clark RB, Adler AJ. The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b regulates expansion but not functional activity of self-reactive CD4 T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:4975-83. [PMID: 19801520 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cbl-b is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that limits Ag responsiveness in T cells by targeting TCR-inducible signaling molecules. Cbl-b deficiency thus renders T cells hyperresponsive to antigenic stimulation and predisposes individuals toward developing autoimmunity. In part because Cbl-b(-/-) T cells do not require CD28 costimulation to become activated, and insufficient costimulation is a critical parameter that confers anergy induction over effector differentiation, it has been hypothesized that Cbl-b(-/-) T cells are resistant to anergy. This possibility has been supported in models in which anergy is normally induced in vitro, or in vivo following exposure to soluble Ag boluses. In the current study, we characterized the response of Cbl-b(-/-) CD4 T cells in an in vivo system in which anergy is normally induced by a constitutively expressed peripheral self-Ag. Cbl-b expression increased in self-Ag-induced anergic wild-type CD4 T cells, and Cbl-b(-/-) CD4 T cells underwent more robust proliferation and expansion upon initially encountering cognate self-Ag compared with wild-type counterparts. Nevertheless, both wild-type and Cbl-b(-/-) CD4 T cells ultimately developed the same impaired ability to respond to antigenic restimulation. The more extensive expansion that occurred during the initial induction of anergy did, however, allow the anergic CD4 T cells to expand to greater numbers when they were functionally resuscitated following replacement of the initial source of tolerizing self-Ag with a viral form of the same Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Clare St Rose
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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48
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Müller S, Rihs S, Dayer Schneider JM, Paredes BE, Seibold I, Brunner T, Mueller C. Soluble TNF-α but not transmembrane TNF-α sensitizes T cells for enhanced activation-induced cell death. Eur J Immunol 2009; 39:3171-80. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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49
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Voshol H, Ehrat M, Traenkle J, Bertrand E, van Oostrum J. Antibody-based proteomics: analysis of signaling networks using reverse protein arrays. FEBS J 2009; 276:6871-9. [PMID: 19860827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases drive the cellular signal transduction networks that underlie the regulation of growth, survival and differentiation. To repair the deregulations of signaling cascades that are associated with numerous disease states, therapeutic strategies, based on controlling aberrant protein kinase activity, are emerging. To develop such therapies it is crucial to have knowledge of the full complexity of signaling networks at a molecular level in order to understand the information flow through signaling cascades and their cell and tissue specificity. Antibody-based proteomic approaches (such as reverse-phase protein microarrays) are a powerful tool for using to obtain those signaling maps, through the study of phosphorylation states of pathway components using antibodies that specifically recognize the phosphorylated form of kinase substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Voshol
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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50
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Tigno-Aranjuez JT, Jaini R, Tuohy VK, Lehmann PV, Tary-Lehmann M. Encephalitogenicity of complete Freund's adjuvant relative to CpG is linked to induction of Th17 cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5654-61. [PMID: 19812193 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For decades, CFA has been the classic adjuvant for the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Its encephalitogenic activity has been originally linked to the induction of Th1 responses. CpG, which is also a potent Th1 inducer, has been suggested by some studies to be comparably encephalitogenic. In this study, using the SJL proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151 peptide EAE model, we show that active immunizations using CFA but not CpG 1826/IFA as an adjuvant induced disease. Passive induction of EAE resulted in severe disease when cells were transferred from PLP in CFA-primed mice but resulted in only a mild, transient disease when cells originated from PLP in CpG 1826/IFA-primed mice. In accordance with these findings, immunizations using CFA but not CpG 1826/IFA as an adjuvant elicited a delayed-type hypersensitivity response. ELISPOT analysis revealed that CFA promoted the differentiation of much higher levels of PLP-specific, IL-17-secreting cells compared with CpG 1826/IFA. Both adjuvants induced comparable frequencies of PLP-specific, IFN-gamma-secreting cells and also induced Ag-specific proliferation to the same extent. The severity of EAE in PLP in CFA-immunized mice was reduced when IL-17 was neutralized in vivo, demonstrating the crucial role of this cytokine in disease induction. The data show that immunizations using the autoantigen in CpG 1826/IFA result in very low frequencies of Ag-specific IL-17 cells, suggesting a lower risk of Th17-mediated pathology when using this adjuvant.
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